Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Purposes of Organization
Divides work to be done into specific jobs and
departments.
Organizational Structure
Work Specialization
The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided
Departmentalization by Type
Functional
Grouping jobs by functions
performed
Product
Grouping jobs by product
line
Geographical
Grouping jobs on the basis
of territory or geography
Process
Grouping jobs on the basis
of product or customer
flow
Customer
Grouping jobs by type of
customer and needs
Functional Departmentalization
Advantages
Efficiencies from putting together similar specialties and people with
common skills, knowledge, and orientations
Coordination within functional area
In-depth specialization
Disadvantages
Poor communication across functional areas
Geographical Departmentalization
Advantages
More effective and efficient handling of specific regional issues that arise
Serve needs of unique geographic markets better
Disadvantages
Duplication of functions
Product Departmentalization
+
+
+
Process Departmentalization
Customer Departmentalization
- Duplication of functions
- Limited view of organizational goals
Unity of Command
The concept that a person should have one boss and should
supervised by a manager.
Width of span is affected by:
Standardization of tasks
Decentralization
More Centralization
Environment is stable.
Lower-level managers are not as capable or
experienced at making decisions as upperlevel managers.
Lower-level managers do not want to have a
say in decisions.
work.
break down external barriers between the organization and its customers
and suppliers.
Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries:
Eliminates the chain of command
Has limitless spans of control
Uses empowered teams rather than departments
Eliminates external boundaries:
Uses virtual, network, and modular organizational structures to get
closer to stakeholders.
community.
QUALITY PRODUCT
THE QUALITY OF PRODUCT IS SUBJECT TO THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND
DEMAND IN THE SAME MANNER AS ITS PRICE.DEMAND OF QUALITY
GOES ON INCEASING AS IMPROVED PRODEUCTS ARE MADE TO
AVAILABLE.
QUALITY OF CONFORMANCE
QUALITY COST
Cost Of Quality
Quality cost can be divided in two categories
Quality Control Costs
Prevention Costs
This include:
Cost incurred in the process of preventing poor quality from
occurring
Quality planning costs such as the costs of developing and
of this cost
Costs of maintaining records of information and related to
quality.
Appraisal Costs
This include:
Costs are incurred in the process of covering defects.
Cost of quality inspections
Cost of product testing
Cost of performing audits to make sure that quality standards
as being met
Cost of worker time spent measuring quality
Cost of equipment used for quality appraisal
item
Cost of scrap (cost of material, labor, and machine cost spent in
customer site.
Costs of customer complaints
Costs of product returns and repairs
Costs of warranty claims
Recalls costs
Cost of defects
Cost of Defects
Product
design
Product
production
Location of defects
Customer
site
Attitude of operator
Operator contribute the maximum to quality of product.
His attitude to work is a decisive factor in determining the
supposed to do.
He must have means by which he can
know the result.
He must be able to regulate the
process.
OPERATORS ERROR
The quality of a product is ultimately depend upon two things ,
namely ,
Management
Operator
If any of the factor doesnt works well then it will leads to
degradation of quality of a product.
LACK OF AWARENESS
There are some errors which are made by the operators
REMEDIES
EDUCATION OF WORKERS
Company product ,their uses and customers.
Company quality policy and objectives.
Effect of quality on companys sales and profitability.
Effect of quality errors on the product and the cosumer.
DATA COLLECTION
Collect full information , study and analyze a problem.
The information may be in the form of flow process chart ,
control chart.
By identifying the problem it can be solved by using
suitable efforts.
MOTIVATION TO WORKERS
It plays a very important role to minimize the error .
It can be in the form of good wages , financial
incentives , etc
Quality bonus will provide a strong motivation for the
operator to improve the quality of work.
WORKERS INVOLVEMENT IN
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
The most effective means of Stimulating interest in
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