FIVE: The Industrial Revolution, Beer, and Liquor

Written by Wolfgang Schivelbusch

Friday, 22 February 2013 00:00 -

In the 1840s the young Friedrich Engels reported from the industrial areas of England: "It is
not surprising that the workers should drink heavily. Sheriff Alison asserts that 30,000 workers
are drunk in Glasgow every Saturday night. And this is certainly no underestimate. . . . It is
particularly on Saturday evenings that intoxication can be seen in all its bestiality, for it is then
that the workers have just received their wages and go out for enjoyment at rather earlier hours
than on other days of the week. On Saturday evenings the whole working class streams from
the slums into the main streets of the towns. On such an evening in Manchester I have seldom
gone home without seeing many drunkards staggering in the road or lying helpless in the gutter.
On Sunday the same sort of things happen, but with less noisy disturbances. And when the
revellers have no money left they go to the nearest pawnshop with whatever they have. . . .
When we consider the vast extent of drunkenness among the English workers, Lord Ashley's
assertion that the workers spend 25,000,000 pounds sterling a year on spiritous liquor can be
readily accepted. It is easy to see the consequences of widespread drunkennessthe
deterioration in personal circumstances, the catastrophic decline in health and morals, the
breaking up of homes." If one compares this depiction of proletarian drunkenness in the
nineteenth century with similar complaints from the sixteenth century, little enough seems to
have changed. The texts agree down to their very wording. Again we have the vision of
drunkards reeling and wallowing in the gutter, as distressing to observers of drunkenness in the
age of the Reformation as in that of industrialization.

Are we to conclude from this that in these three centuries nothing had changed in the
character, quality, quantity, or social import of drinking and drunkenness? Did people in the age
of the Industrial Revolution still drink and get drunk in the same way, with the same motives, the
same consequences, and the same drinks as people in the sixteenth century?
On the contrary, the success of the new beverages coffee, tea, and chocolate prove that in
the interim a quite considerable shift in drinking mores had occurred. As we have seen, these
hot beverages deprived alcohol of the status it had once enjoyed as the universal drink. Yet the
sobriety they established was limited to specific sectors of the population, primarily the middle
class. From the seventeenth century on, the bourgeoisie found unrestrained drinking
increasingly offensive. Alcohol was not banned, of course, but it was domesticated. The
middle-class citizen drank moderately, and he drank in a private circle (at home, in his club, or
out amid a table of "regulars"). In Victorian England stopping in at a pub became almost as
scandalous as visiting a brothel.

Things were quite different, however, for the lower classes. They had never had a share in the
coffee culture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They remained bound to medieval
custom in their drinking habits. Alcohol had an incomparably larger place in the lives of the
proletariat than it did among the bourgeoisie. For the former, drink and drunkenness carried no
social stigma; on the contrary, they were almost a symbol of class identity. In no other class did
the archaic drinking ritualstoasting of drinking buddies, competing over how much you could

1/5

FIVE: The Industrial Revolution, Beer, and Liquor

Written by Wolfgang Schivelbusch
Friday, 22 February 2013 00:00 -

hold, etc.survive as vigorously as they did among the working class. Traces of these rituals
can still be glimpsed today in workers' pubs. Yet it would be pure romanticism, that is, pure
cynicism, to describe the role of alcohol among the proletariat as nothing but a survival of these
archaic customs. Alongside the motive of drinking to symbolize social fellowship, there is
another motive at least as importantescapism. Workers do not drink out of sheer exuberance;
they drink to cast off the misery of their lives for a few hours. In every age, even in the Middle
Ages, alcohol has to some extent been a "cure for cares," "for what ails." It would be a mistake
to idealize the past by suggesting that before industrialization peasants drank solely out of joie
de vivre, while later workers "drowned their sorrows" in drink. Both motives have always been a
part of drinking.

TRAGEDIES OF ALCOHOL
Pictorial narratives describing the ruinous path that led from the first
swallow of gin to murder were very popular in nineteenth-century
antialcohol propaganda. The illustrations shown here are taken from
one such series: above, the youngest child has died due to the
negligence of its alcoholic parents; top of facing page, the violent
husband kills his wife; bottom of facing page, the husband goes mad
at the sight of his wife's corpse.

2/5

FIVE: The Industrial Revolution, Beer, and Liquor

Written by Wolfgang Schivelbusch
Friday, 22 February 2013 00:00 -

social
been
man
comes
inhospitable
that
harried,
product
circumstances
contingencies
body,
without;
have
temptation
drinks?
very
Nevertheless,
compensates
great
sought
no
in
enfeebled
misery
home
On
earlier
in
hypochrondriacal
his
other
particular
number
towards
the
need
momentarily
and
from
into
and
place
times.
in
contrary,
in
through
dirty;
life,
for
workers'
for
his
the
of
inebriation,
of
to
companionship
workers
the
Friedrich
his
job
inability
nineteenth
he
indigestion,
meetand
itAmong
bad
toil
to
precariousness
urgently
tired
mood,
is
lives
free
a
and
air
must
to
moral
and
Engels
how
that
himself
and
which
introduce
makes
century
needs
all
is
listless;
succumb
could
the
can
and
bad
exacerbated
told,
sketched
is
through
motive
the
be
something
of
physical
nutrition,
the
industrialization
he
how
any
he
his
satisfied
prospect
to
possibly
product
finds
degree
is
existence,
of
drink."
the
drink
the
escapism
necessity
to
urgently
asituation
to
the
only
worker
residence
in
be
restore
of
the
unhealthy
the
point
in
security
in
brought
his
demands
any
next
that
following
a
became
not
from
dependance
tavern,
of
him,
state
that
to
under
day
unendurability
into
which
such
conditions,
have
he
is
far
tolerable;
some
to
words:
since
his
must
without
these
an
resist
stronger
the
own
on
intensification
stimulus
he
have
strongest
individual
"The
circumstances
all
the
and
life;
all
and
his
by
manner
than
comfort,
something
allures
worker
which
tense,
his
his
from
overall
weak
itimportant
working
friends
had
is
ofdank,
a
aof
of
among
at
As
sobriety.
adopted
Alcohol's
drinkdistilled
approximately
such,
nonalcoholic
these
The
itfar-reaching
created
new
polarity,
drinks.
role
the
spirits.
new
as
ones.
same
of
Coffee
an
qualities
these
escapist
It
time.
isacceleration
was
effects
certainly
Liquor
alcoholic
of
bourgeois,
alcoholic
"cure
was
not
for
beverages
a
cares"
inebriation,
liquor
inverse
complete
proletarian.
was
in
liquor
of
the
coincidence
quite
just
polarity
was
as
closely
pharmacologically
coffee
as
of
modern
that
the
bound
created
both
two
as
up
classes
became
coffee
new
with
and
qualities
a
that
was
new
socially.
form
had
alcoholic
classes.
innovations
military.
subjected
operate
received
guarantee
required
member
Spiritous
wheel
been
with
It
In
of
measure
in
content.
used
seems
in
of
his
liquor
the
his
which
the
a
relative
smooth
mathematically
daily
seventeenth
mechanical
only
seventeenth
had
to
Beer
of
later
have
ration,
as
autonomy
anaesthetization
existed
functioning.
medicine.
proved
still
been
corps.
served
sufficed
century
century.
since
and
important
a
became
concomitant
Apparently
Herein
The
as
rationalistically
the
as
liquor
aWhereas
(that
The
amilitary's
Middle
sort
in
means
for
lay
became
the
individual
is,
of
industrialization,
the
there
not
seventeenth
physiological
Ages.
of
liquor
the
rudiments
intoxication)
organized
nutrition
an
existed
new
soldier
Up
everyday
allotments
until
discipline
no
and
who
and
corps
liquor
the
later
need
to
eighteenth
intoxication
drink.
psychological
had
make
sixteenth
seem
industrial
of
to
too
as
previously
troops.
which
As
yet
found
the
to
with
for
have
century,
centuries
soldier
for
the
discipline.
Liquor,
its
a
so
lubricant
the
drink
military
ensured
been
first
many
an
lower
however,
which
use
a
so
integral
able
cog
was
to
high
the
in
to
in
he
the
in
itto
traditional
These
nature
precise,
but
instantaneous.
related
alcohol
one-tenth
effect,
Revolution.
can
the
mechanical
Liquor
sugar
have
inebriation
traditional
be
the
might
was
further
to
content
distilled
dealt
content
other
the
ways
acceleration,
severed.
It
loom
be
was
quantity
lifestyle
a
extended.
process
Liquor
processes
over
of
termed
deathblow
spirits
worked
of
to
life
the
that
Distillation
drinking
consequences.
and
thus
as
of
contained
is
organic
and
plants
liquor,
The
of
industrialization
hand
gradual,
labor.
of
to
represents
traditional
the
what
traditional
industrialization
from
in
or
raised
alcoholic
reduced
hand,
ten
liquor
in
the
which
one-tenth
times
beer
a
the
mechanical
as
drinking,
process
is
price
beverages,
had
in
alcohol
they
tossed
itreflected
meant
the
the
were,
of
on
made
the
alcohol
beer
are
modern
drinking
of
the
which
off,
content
that
in
weaver's
time
acceleration
prepared.
and
liquor
craft
in
eighteenth-century
and
a
that
had
itcoffee,
age.
person
at
wine
had
traditional
of
far
intoxication
aof
first
their
been
loom
weaving.
true
beyond
The
In
formerly
are
had
could
of
liquor
alcoholic
child
based
was
tenfold
drunk
intoxication,
beerwhich
as
the
In
now
is
this
to
taken.
of
devastating
more
England,
slowly
fact,
on
weaving.
the
natural
intensification
content
relationship
get
wine
Industrial
liquor
The
or
drunk
in
intrinsically
less
limits.
and
could
long
maximized
to
is
The
an
and
destroy
identical
with
beer.
effect
sips,
with
analogy
not
To
of
the
be
help
and
on

HOGARTH'S
GIN
LANE
AND
BEER
STREET
This
famous
engraving
depicting
the
world's
ruin
through
liquor
is
apopulation
comment
upon
the
so-called
epidemic
of
the
eighteenth
century.
Henry
Fielding,
the
author
and
Hogarth's
contemporary,
wrote
on
the
same
subject:
"A
new
kind
of
drunkenness,
unknown
to
our
ancestors,
is
lately
sprung
up
amongst
us,
and
which,
ifof
not
put
a
stop
to,
will
infallibly
destroy
a
great
part
of
the
inferior
people.
The
drunkenness
Ihundred
here
intend
is
that
acquired
by
the
strongest
intoxicating
liquors,
and
particulary
by
that
poison
called
Gin
[at
the
time
the
generic
term
in
English
for
all
liquors];
which
Iinto
have
great
reason
to
think
is
the
principal
sustenance
(if
itplaces
may
be
so
called)
more
than
an
thousand
people
in
this
metropolis."
Gin
Lane
offers
an
image
of
destructioncollapsing
houses,a
dehumanized
mother
who
drops
her
child,
people
assaulting
one
another,
suicides,
and
only
the
pawnbroker's
shop
thrivingin
its
counterimage,
Beer
Street,
peace,
contentedness,
and
industriousness
prevail.
This
contrast
of
beer
and
hard
liquor
survived
nineteenthand
twentieth-century
discussions
of
the
socialist
movement,
indeed
to
the
present
day.
people.
soared.
million
million,
year
England's
At
the
1974
gallons
that
Toward
From
start
in
West
meant
the
of
a
in
half-million
the
the
Germany's
eighteenth
1737,
approximately
eighteenth
middle
and
of
gallons
century.)
to
per
the
over
century
capita
century
eight
(about
11
liquor
million
beer
liters
consumption
2and
million
was
of
consumption
by
gin
mid-century.
still
per
liters)
the
capita.
of
foremost
in
liquor,
was
1684,
With
(By
2.6
now
beverage
production
way
liters,
aof
called
of
a
comparison:
bare
"gin,"
of
rose
the
third
of
suddenly
to
English
roughly
of
over
for
the
6 of
for
In
offered
In
this
athe
cheap
sense
clear
second
and
indications
the
half
powerful
so-called
of
the
of
intoxicant.
eighteenth
gin
the
epidemic
interconnection
century,
was
a
gin
historical
between
consumption
the
episode.
Industrial
dropped
But
for
Revolution
to
that
aIts
more
very
and
reason
normal
the
need
it5
level.
destructiveness
cultures.
Drinking
connections.
and
created:
compound
one
nothing.
conveyed
they
same
Gin
journalist
penny,
lay
struck
mischievous
until
They
"Such
and
The
those
set
assuring
they
intoxication
Alcoholic
traditional
Tobias
accordingly
up
a
was
typically
wretches
shameful
painted
recovered
potion."
comparable
them
Smollett
inebriation
drinking
beer-drinking
totally
boards
who
provided
that
degree
some
has
were
they
lost
patterns
to
in
gave
left
of
use
cellars
the
their
public,
might
overwhelmed
profligacy
us
English
of
way
effect
characteristic
acould
their
be
direct
inviting
to
dead
whiskey
alcoholic
faculties,
populace
not
prevailed
record
with
people
drunk
cope
strewed
later
role
intoxication.
stupor.
and
like
with
for
that
to
the
of
had
two
then
be
aWhile
this
the
establishing
novel
thunderbolt.
with
The
drunk
upon
pence,
retailers
highly
they
straw,
In
eighteenth-century
effect
the
for
these
had
and
concentrated
North
the
of
to
social
such
recourse
dismal
have
this
which
small
social
American
strong
bonds
poisonous
straw
expense
they
caverns
to
inebriant.
the
spirits
or
novelist
for
Indian

THE GIN
JUGGERNAUT
Caricature
by George
Cruikshank,
one ofofthe
tirelesscentury.
crusaders
against
alcoholism.
From
the beginning
themost
nineteenth

3/5

FIVE: The Industrial Revolution, Beer, and Liquor

Written by Wolfgang Schivelbusch
Friday, 22 February 2013 00:00 -

THE
GIN
PALACE
Caricature
by
Cruikshank.
Hogarth's
motif
of
the
mentally
incompetent
alcoholic
mother
(see
p.
154)
is
given
a
variant
here
in
the
mother
who
gives
her
child
liquor.
The
drinkers
stand
inside
acost
giant
fox
trap;
Death
stands
by,
ready
to
take
them.
The
illustration
is
of
interest
not
only
for
its
moral
message.
Itfor
isat
one
of
the
earliest
pictures
documenting
the
new
mode
of
drinking
while
standing
at
the
bar.
(See
also
pp.
200
and
201.)
utter
(Monckton).
catastrophe.
and
the
background,
into
traditional
The
so-called
the
in
disorientation.
gin
reality
cities.
epidemic
self-definition,
Yet
What
or
meant
enclosures
There
rather
the
was
has
the
drunkenness
they
the
euphemistically
rightly
expulsion
(another
the
found
breeding
old
been
themselves
norms
of
euphemism
of
ground,
the
whole
and
termed
masses
a.village
lifeways,
for
exposed
"social
the
"rural
expropriation
populations
gin
this
catastrophe
had
exodus,"
to
epidemic.
time
athe
suddenly
frightening,
merely
from
the
by
of
The
large
"flight
enormous
broken
reflected
their
uprooted
alien
landowners)
from
indigenous
down.
world.
another
proportions"
the
masses
The
countryside,"
All
soil
their
formed
social
result
poured
through
situation
began
other
Gin
age
held
solitary
at
and
out
least
civilization
drinking,
momentarily.
promise
aof
drinking
form
to
working-class
It
of
provided
drinking
had
been
alcoholic
people
collective.
to
stupefaction,
to
industrialized
help
them
forget
not
Europe
social
their
and
intoxication.
unbearable
America.
In
So
Industrial
contrast
viewedas
The
Liquor
world
was
has
Revolution.
of
in
beer
never
the
the
benign
was
engravings
lost
It
all
the
would
alcoholic
right;
stigma
of
henceforth
with
Hogarthas
beverage:
of
liquor
having
be
the
been
itconsidered
a
represented,
guarantee
involved
came
apart
of
with
so
vicious
to
this
at
speak,
the
form
first
seams.
brutal
the
of
contentment,
alcohol.
golden
phase
Beer
age.
of
health.
the
Itinevery
was
Thus
become
now
greater
them,
beer,
hindereth
whereas
many
But
doth,
a
which
this
of
did
petition
part
common
whom
the
therefore
not
was
we
greatly
of
prohibition
their
drank
have
to
and
the
predominant
Kingdom)
work,
helped
every
good
been
English
sold
neither
morning
strong
brandy
killed
the
in
their
every
Parliament
promotion
view
by
did
beer
bodies
would
and
drinking
little
itcalled
even
take
and
evening
ale-house
.from
requiring
of
.limited
at
ale,
away
thereof,
our
prevent
aworld
1673
and
time
used
own
their
after
come
all
when
reads:
itthe
grain,
to
senses,
not
laborious
drink
hard
destruction
into
agreeing
liquor
"Before
and
labor,
ahappiness,
England
nor
pot
did
people
did
of
them
brandy,
with
some
not
of
ale
in
His
them
(which
yet
their
such
no
or
strong
Majesty's
represent
which
agreat
much
constitution."
flagon
quantities
are
drink
prejudice;
is
for
money,
now
of
subjects
a
the
to
strong
threat.
refresh
as
itwas
itthe

THE
PROGRESS
A
useDRUNKARD'S
of(Mid-nineteenth
the
old iconographic
model
theitages
of lifeto
applied
to the
evolution
of then
drinkers:
ininto
an
ascending
proceeds
maximum
enjoyment,
down
bodily
andofline
mental
degradation
and finally
suicide.
century.)

THE
INEBRIOMETER
A
further
example
nineteenth-century
antialcohol
propaganda
sought
graphically
to how
pillory
the stage.
advance
or intensification
ofdrunk"
drunkenness.
The of
scale
from "temperate"
to "dead
with
small
illustrations
forranges
each

4/5

FIVE: The Industrial Revolution, Beer, and Liquor

Written by Wolfgang Schivelbusch
Friday, 22 February 2013 00:00 -

GIN
AND
WATER
A
moral
contrast
in
the
manner
of
Hogarth's
Gin
Lane
and
Beer
Street.
The
high
Victorian
representation
of
goes
far
beyond
eighteenth-century
ideas
in
that
now
beer
too
is
condemned,
and
thoroughly
alcohol-free
drinking
demanded.
With
the
rediscovery
of
drinking
water
a
new
phase
began,
culminating
in
the
United
States
with
Coca-Cola.
movement
problem
Discussions
to
abstinence.
harmless
Calvin-Luther
fine
not
"Down
discomfort.
want
can
clear-sighted,
emphatically
brainsthat
Contrasting
two
fact,
on
insight
make
to
distinct
with
our
make
became
but
use
grounds
in
entire
into
We
Comfort
The
of
is
on
the
actually
opposition.)
beer
ourselves
cold-blooded
positions.
of
the
how
do
the
sobriety,
other
other
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as

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