Technicaltraining.

Productinformation.
F48ChassisandSuspension

BMWService

Generalinformation
Symbolsused
Thefollowingsymbolisusedinthisdocumenttofacilitatebettercomprehensionortodrawattention
toveryimportantinformation:

Containsimportantsafetyinformationandinformationthatneedstobeobservedstrictlyinorderto
guaranteethesmoothoperationofthesystem.
Informationstatusandnational-marketversions
BMWGroupvehiclesmeettherequirementsofthehighestsafetyandqualitystandards.Changes
inrequirementsforenvironmentalprotection,customerbenefitsanddesignrendernecessary
continuousdevelopmentofsystemsandcomponents.Consequently,theremaybediscrepancies
betweenthecontentsofthisdocumentandthevehiclesavailableinthetrainingcourse.
ThisdocumentbasicallyrelatestotheEuropeanversionofleft-handdrivevehicles.Someoperating
elementsorcomponentsarearrangeddifferentlyinright-handdrivevehiclesthanshowninthe
graphicsinthisdocument.Furtherdifferencesmayariseasaresultoftheequipmentspecificationin
specificmarketsorcountries.
Additionalsourcesofinformation
Furtherinformationontheindividualtopicscanbefoundinthefollowing:

Owner'sHandbook

IntegratedServiceTechnicalApplication.

Contact:conceptinfo@bmw.de
2015BMWAG,Munich
ReprintsofthispublicationoritspartsrequirethewrittenapprovalofBMWAG,Munich
Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentformsanintegralpartofthetechnicaltrainingofthe
BMWGroupandisintendedforthetrainerandparticipantsintheseminar.Refertothelatestrelevant
informationsystemsoftheBMWGroupforanychanges/additionstothetechnicaldata.
Informationstatus:June2015
BV-72/TechnicalTraining

F48ChassisandSuspension
Contents
1.

Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.
Longitudinalandcorneringforcesatthewheel....................................................................................................2
1.2.
Technicaldata............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

2.

Front Axle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.
Kingpinoffset...............................................................................................................................................................................................................6
2.2.
NotesforService................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.

Rear Axle..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
3.1.
NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

4.

Brake................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1.
Electromechanicalparkingbrake............................................................................................................................................. 15

5.

DynamicDamperControl......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.1.
Systemcomponents.................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.
Operationandfunction............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
5.2.1.
NORMALsuspension............................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2.2.
SPORTsuspension...................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.3.
Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
5.4.
NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

6.

TirePressureMonitoringSystem............................................................................................................................................................. 24
6.1.
NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

7.

Steering...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.1.
Steeringangle.........................................................................................................................................................................................................29
7.1.1.
Geometricalcenterofrack............................................................................................................................... 29
7.1.2.
Straight-aheadvalue................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.1.3.
Numberofrotorrevolutions............................................................................................................................ 30
7.2.
Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................................................. 31
7.3.
NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

8.

DynamicStabilityControl....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.1.
Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
8.2.
DSCfunctions........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
8.2.1.
Electromechanicalparkingbrake............................................................................................................34
8.2.2.
HillDescentControl.................................................................................................................................................... 35

F48ChassisandSuspension
1.Introduction

F48Chassisandsuspension

Index

Explanation

Wheels

Suspension/dampingaction

Suspension

Centrallinkrearaxle

Dampingaction

Brakes

Single-jointspring-strut-typefrontaxle

ThedynamichandlingcharacteristicsofthenewBMWX1areachievedbyacompletelynewly
developedchassisandsuspensionwithawidetoeandcomplexsupportbearings,amongother
things.ThespringandshockabsorbersettinghighlighttheinteractivecharacteroftheF48.

F48ChassisandSuspension
1.Introduction
Specialfeatures:

Newlydevelopedsingle-jointspring-strut-typefrontaxle

Negativekingpinoffset.

Newlydevelopedcentrallinkrearaxle

Diagonaldual-circuitbrakesystem(X-split)

Low-frictionsteeringsystem

OptionalDynamicDamperControl(SA223)

OptionalMsportssuspension(SA704)

1.1.Longitudinalandcorneringforcesatthewheel
Thewheelsatthevehiclemusttransmitlongitudinalandcorneringforcesviathetirecontactareas.
Thefollowinggraphicshowstheconnectionbetweenthedrivingpowerandthecorneringforceat
thewheel.

Drivingpowerandcorneringforceatthewheel

Index

Explanation

Resultingforce=Maximumoverallforce

Resultingforcetoohigh

Fre

Resultingforce

FS

Corneringforce

Fu

Drivingpower

Fv

Verticalwheelforce

Fg

Maximumoverallforce

F48ChassisandSuspension
1.Introduction
Theareashowninwhitecorrespondstothemaximumavailableoverallforce,whichthewheelcan
transmittotheroadway.Themaximumoverallforceisinfluencedbythepropertiesofthetire,theroad
conditionandtheverticalwheelforce.If,forexample,thecoefficientoffrictionbetweenthewheeland
theroadwaydecreasesduetowetconditions,theavailableoverallforceisreduced.
Theresultingforceofdrivingpowerandcorneringforcecannotexceedthemaximumoverallforce.
Iftheresultingforceistoohigh,thewheellosesadhesionandputsthevehicleinanunstabledriving
condition.Ifthedrivingpowerincreases,alowercorneringforceisavailable.Theoppositeisalsotrue,
meaningthatthemaximumdrivingpowerisonlypossibleforstraight-aheaddriving.
Incontrasttovehicleswitharear-wheeldrive,thefrontwheelsofX1vehiclesalsohavetoabsorbthe
drivingpowers,inadditiontothesteeringforces.Hencewhyanunevenaxle-loaddistribution,witha
higheraxleloadatthefrontaxle,isdesiredinvehicleswithafront-wheeldrive.
Theverticalwheelforceisthusincreasedandalsothemaximumavailableoverallforce.
InthenewBMWX1xDrive28i,theaxleloadatthefrontaxleisapproximately56%.

1.2.Technicaldata
ThefollowingtableshowsthetechnicaldataofthechassisandsuspensionoftheF48.
Designation

BMWX1xDrive28i

Wheelbase

2670

Fronttrackwidth,basicwheels

1557

Reartrackwidth,basicwheels

1562

Tires,basicwheels
Basicwheelrims
Frontaxle
Suspension/dampingaction,front
Anti-rollbar,front
Rearaxle
Suspension/dampingaction,rear
Rearanti-rollbar
Steering

205/55R179W
7.5Jx17
Single-jointspring-strut-typefrontaxle
Steelsprings,conventional
mechanical
Centrallinkrearaxle
Steelsprings,conventional
mechanical
EPSrack

Frontbrake

Brakedisc,ventilated

Rearbrakes

Brakedisc,ventilated

Parkingbrake

Electromechanicalparkingbrake

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle

F48Single-jointspring-strut-typefrontaxle

Index

Explanation

Springstrut

Anti-rollbarlink

Anti-rollbar

Wishbonerubbermount,rear

ElectronicPowerSteering(electromechanicalpowersteering)(EPS)

Supportbearing

Coilspring

Wheelbearing

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle
Index

Explanation

Swivelbearing

10

Wishbone

11

Frontaxlesupport

12

Anti-rollbarlink

13

Trackrod

14

Wishbonerubbermount

Allcomponentsofthesingle-jointspring-strut-typefrontaxleoftheF48havebeenfullyredeveloped.
Excellentaxlekinematics,aswellashighrigidity,ensureagilesingle-jointmovementandaprecise
steeringsensation,toalargeextentwithoutengineinfluences.
Thefriction-optimizedwheelbearingensuresareductioninthefuelconsumption.
Withintheframeworkofthemodularprinciple,thefrontaxleintheF48isalsodesignedforusein
vehicleswithothertrackwidths.

F48materialoffrontaxlesupport,wishboneandswivelbearing

Index

Explanation

High-strengthsteel

Aluminium

Theuseofaluminium(swivelbearing)andhigh-strengthsteels(frontaxlesupport,wishbone)reduces
theunsprungmasses.
Engineandtransmissionmountsabsorbtheweightoftherespectivedrivecomponentsandtogether
withtheengineanti-rollbarlinksupporttheenginetorque.Therearwishbonerubbermountsare
designedashydromounts.
5

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle
2.1.Kingpinoffset

F48Negativekingpinoffset

Index

Explanation

Kingpinoffset

Wheelcenteraxis

Axisofmovement

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle
Thekingpinoffsetisthedistancefromtheintersectionpointoftheaxisofmovementwiththeroadway
tothecenterofthewheelcontactface.IntheF48negativekingpinoffsetsareused,inorderto
counteracttheyawmomentaroundtheverticalvehicleaxisinthecaseofbrakingwithonlyonebrake
circuit.

F48effectofkingpinoffsetwithone-sidedbrakeforce(schematicdiagram)

Index

Explanation

Intersectionpointofaxisofmovementwithroadway(exaggerated)

centerofwheelcontactface

centerofgravityofvehicle

Distancefromcenterofwheelcontactfacetothevehiclelongitudinalaxis

Kingpinoffset

Fx

One-sidedapplicationofbrakeforce

M1

Torqueatthewheel

M2

Yawmomentaroundtheverticalvehicleaxis

IntheF48adiagonaldual-circuitbrakesystem(X-split)isused.Oneofthewheelsofthefrontaxle
andoneofthewheelsoftherearaxle,whicharelocateddiagonallyopposite,areeachsuppliedbyone
brakecircuit.Intheeventofafailureofabrakecircuit,thevehicleisthusdeceleratedatthefrontaxle
onlyviaonewheel.
7

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle
However,ayawmomentaroundtheverticalvehicleaxis(M2)occursasaconsequence,bytheonesideddecelerationofthewheelsatthefrontandrearaxle.Inordertoguaranteesufficientdriving
stabilityinthiscase,anegativekingpinoffsetisusedintheF48.Asaresult,intheeventofbraking
withonlyonebrakecircuitatorqueisgeneratedatthewheel(M1),whichcounteractstheyawmoment
aroundtheverticalvehicleaxis(M2).

2.2.NotesforService

F48toeandcambercorrection,frontaxle

Index

Explanation

Swivelbearing

Trackrod

IntheF48acambercorrectionisonlypossibleusingthreedifferentswivelbearingsavailablefrom
sparepartsservice.Theseenabledifferentcamberadjustments,atintervalsof30minutes(0.5).
Thetoeadjustmentisstillpossibleviathetrackrods.

F48ChassisandSuspension
2.FrontAxle
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenwheelalignmentatthefrontaxleisnecessary:
Componentreplaced

Wheelalignmentrequired

Frontaxlesupport

Yes

Steeringgear

Yes

Wishbone

Yes

Wishbonerubbermount

Yes

Wishbonerubbermount,rear

No

Trackrod

Yes

Swivelbearing

Yes

Wheelbearing

No

Springstrut

No

Coilspring

No

Supportbearing

No

Screwconnectionunfastened

Wheelalignmentrequired

Frontaxlesupporttobody

No

Steeringgeartofrontaxlesupport

Yes

Wishbonetofrontaxlesupport

Yes

Wishbonetoswivelbearing

No

Trackrodtosteeringgear

No

Trackrodendtotrackrod

Yes

Trackrodendtoswivelbearing

No

Springstruttoswivelbearing

No

Supportbearingtobody

No

Bottomsteeringshafttosteeringgear

No

Steeringcolumntobottomsteeringshaft

No

F48ChassisandSuspension
3.RearAxle

F48centrallinkrearaxle

Index

Explanation

Bearingsupport

Trailingarm

Wheelbearing

Coilspring

Supportbearingwithadapterplate

Anti-rollbar

Rearaxlesupport

Wishbone,bottom

Wishbone,top

10

Anti-rollbarlink

11

Shockabsorber

IntheF48aspace-saving,modularcentrallinkrearaxleisused.Theaxleprincipleisparticularly
suitableforthedynamichandlingcharacteristicsofthevehicle.Italsooffersverygoodconditionsfor
theintegrationofthexDrive.Allcomponentsoftherearaxlewerenewlydeveloped.Thetargeteduse
ofhigh-strengthsteels,aswellastheincreasedrigidityofthewheelsuspensionparts,formthebasis
fortheuniquedrivingdynamicsinthisclassofvehicle.
10

F48ChassisandSuspension
3.RearAxle

F48suspension/dampingaction,rear

Lessspaceisrequiredinthewheelarchthankstotheseparatearrangementofshockabsorbersand
coilsprings.Thisresultsinagenerousspatialofferingandahighlevelofentrycomfortfortherear
seatpassengers,aswellasexcellentuseoftheluggagecompartment.
Thefriction-optimizedwheelbearingsreducethefuelconsumption.
Withintheframeworkofthemodularprinciple,therearaxleintheF48isalsodesignedforusein
vehicleswithothertrackwidths.

11

F48ChassisandSuspension
3.RearAxle
3.1.NotesforService

F48toeandcambercorrection,rearaxle

Index

Explanation

Bearingsupport(attrailingarm)

Eccentricbolt(atbottomwishbone)

Thetoeandcamberadjustmentissetviathebearingsupportatthetrailingarm(toe),aswellasviathe
eccentricboltatthebottomwishbone(camber).
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenwheelalignmentattherearaxleisnecessary:
Componentreplaced

Wheelalignmentrequired

Rearaxlesupport

Yes

Wishbone,top

Yes

Wishbone,bottom

Yes

Bearingsupport(attrailingarm)

Yes

Wheelbearing

No

Shockabsorber

No

12

F48ChassisandSuspension
3.RearAxle
Componentreplaced

Wheelalignmentrequired

Trailingarm

Yes

Anti-rollbarlink

No

Anti-rollbar

No

Screwconnectionunfastened

Wheelalignmentrequired

Rearaxlesupporttobody

No

Topwishbonetorearaxlesupport

Yes

Bottomwishbonetorearaxlesupport

Yes

Topwishbonetotrailingarm

No

Bottomwishbonetotrailingarm

Yes

Trailingarmrubbermounttotrailingarmbearing
support

Yes

Shockabsorbertotrailingarm

No

Anti-rollbarlinktotrailingarm

No

Wheelbearingtotrailingarm

No

Anti-rollbartorearaxlesupport

No

Trailingarmbearingsupporttobody

Yes

13

F48ChassisandSuspension
4.Brake

F48overviewofthebrakesystem(withX-split)

Index

Explanation

Brakecircuit1

Brakecircuit2

DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)

Brakefluidexpansiontank

Brakeservo

Parkingbrakebutton

Brakecaliper(withactuatorforEMF)

Brakepadwearsensor

Wheelspeedsensor

Brakecaliper

IntheF48adiagonaldual-circuitbrakesystem(X-split)isused.Oneofthewheelsofthefrontaxleand
oneofthewheelsoftherearaxle,whicharelocateddiagonallyopposite,aresuppliedbyonebrake
circuit.Intheeventofafailureofabrakecircuit,abrakedfrontwheelisalwaysavailable.
Asaresult,theprescribedminimumdecelerationisachievedintheeventofafailureofabrakecircuit
despitealowrearaxleload.

14

F48ChassisandSuspension
4.Brake
However,ayawmomentoccursaroundtheverticalvehicleaxisinthecaseofbrakingwithonlyone
brakecircuit,becauseonebrakedfrontwheeltransmitssignificantlyhigherbrakeforcesthantherear
wheelbrakedontheothersideofvehicle.
Inordertoguaranteesufficientdrivingstability,anegativekingpinoffsetisthereforeusedintheF48.

4.1.Electromechanicalparkingbrake
TheactivationoftheEMFisalsoperformedintheF48viatheDynamicStabilityControl(DSC).
Aseparatecontrolunitcouldthereforebedispensedwith.

15

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
ADynamicDamperController(SA223)isavailableasoptionalequipmentfortheF48.Withthis
systemthecustomercanadjustthecharacteristicsofthevehicletoatighter,moreagilesetting.
Thechassisandsuspensioniseffectedmanuallyintwostages.Thesystemmanageswithout
sensors.Inaddition,thedifferentsuspensionsaremorenoticeablebythecustomer.

5.1.Systemcomponents

F48DynamicDamperControl

Index

Explanation

BodyDomainController(BDC)

Operatingunit,centerconsole(withdrivingexperienceswitch)

Optionalequipmentsystem(SAS)

Rearshockabsorberwithadapterplateandelectricalline

Frontshockabsorberwithprotectivecapandelectricalline

Themountingoftheshockabsorbersatthesupportbearingisdifferenttovehicleswithoutdynamic
dampercontrol.Thefrontshockabsorberissecuredusingaself-locking12-edgenutM14x1.5,the
rearshockabsorberissecuredusingaself-locking6-edgenutM12x1.0anddouble-conedisc.
16

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
Theoptionalequipmentsystem(SAS)receivesinformationaboutthepositionofthedriving
experienceswitchfromtheBodyDomainControllerandactivatesthe2-stageadjustableshock
absorberaccordingly.

F48Optionalequipmentsystem

Theoptionalequipmentsystem(SAS)islocatedbehindtherightluggagecompartmenttrimpanel.

17

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl

F48Structureoftheswitchableshockabsorbers

Index

Explanation

Shockabsorber

Sockethousing

Pistonrod

Workingpiston

Pistonborehole,normalvalve

Pistonborehole,sportvalve

Gasket

18

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
Index

Explanation

Electricalline

Solenoidcoil

10

Ferromagneticcore

11

Sealingwasher

12

O-ring

13

Coilspring

14

Roundslide

15

Normalvalve

16

Bypassvalve

17

Sportvalve

5.2.Operationandfunction
Thecharacteristicsoftheshockabsorberscanbeadaptedintwostagesusingthedrivingexperience
switch:

COMFORTandECOPRO:NORMALsuspension

SPORT:SPORTsuspension(configurable*).

*InSPORTmodethereistheoptiontogivethedrivetrainandthechassisandsuspension
componentsasportydimensionindependentofeachother.
TheBodyDomainControllerdetectsthepositionofthedrivingexperienceswitchandtransmitsthis
informationviaFlexRaytotheoptionalequipmentsystem(SAS).
Fromaspeedof4km/htheoptionalequipmentsystem(SAS)checksthepositionofthedriving
experienceswitchandactivatestheshockabsorbersaccordingly.Atvehiclestandstilltheshock
absorbersarenotactivated.InthebasicsettingtheshockabsorbersareintheSPORTsuspension
setting.TheychangetoNORMALsuspensionsettinguponactivation.

19

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl

F48workingpiston,DynamicDamperControl

Index

Explanation

Normalsuspension

Sportsuspension

Compressionstage

Rebound

Electricalline

Pistonrod

Workingpiston

Solenoidcoil

Ferromagneticcore

Coilspring

Sealingwasher

O-ring

Roundslide

10

Pistonborehole,normalvalve

11

Normalvalve

20

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
Index

Explanation

12

Bypassvalve

13

Pistonborehole,sportvalve

14

Gasket

15

Sportvalve

Anormalvalveandsportvalvearelocatedintheworkingpistonoftheshockabsorber.Theflow
channelthroughthenormalvalvecanbeenabledwithasolenoidvalve.

5.2.1.NORMALsuspension
Intheupperareaoftheworkingpistonthereisasolenoidwithasolenoidcoilandferromagneticcore.
Withtheactivationofthesolenoidtheroundsliderlyingunderneathispulledupwardsandtheflow
channelisenabledthroughthenormalvalve.
Theoilflowthroughtheworkingpistonisdirectedthroughthesportvalveandthenormalvalve.

5.2.2.SPORTsuspension
Ifthesolenoidisnotactivated,acoilspringpushesthecontroledgeoftheroundsliderontothevalve
seatofthenormalvalve.Theoilflowthroughthenormalvalveisthusinterrupted.Theoilflowthrough
theworkingpistonisonlydirectedthroughthesportvalve.

21

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
5.3.Systemwiringdiagram

F48SystemwiringdiagramforDynamicDamperControl

22

F48ChassisandSuspension
5.DynamicDamperControl
Index

Explanation

Solenoidvalveforshockabsorber,frontleft

Solenoidvalveforshockabsorber,frontright

Powerdistributionbox,passengercompartment

BodyDomainController(BDC)

Optionalequipmentsystem(SAS)

Solenoidvalveforshockabsorber,rearright

Solenoidvalveforshockabsorber,rearleft

Drivingexperienceswitch(inoperatingunit,centerconsole)

5.4.NotesforService
Thedynamicdampercontroliscapableofself-diagnosisandifnecessarycaninputafaultinthe
faultmemory.
AsthesuspensionisalwaysinSportmodeatvehiclestandstill,theshockabsorberscanalsobe
activatedwithhelpofthediagnosissystemusingthe"Componentactivation"function.

Riskofdamage
Intheeventofimproperrepairwork,theshockabsorbersortheirplugconnectionsmayincurdamage.
ItisimperativethecurrentrepairinstructionsareobservedwhenworkingattheDynamicDamper
Control.

23

F48ChassisandSuspension
6.TirePressureMonitoringSystem

F48TirePressureMonitoringSystem(TPMS)

Index

Explanation

Wheelelectronics,frontright

Centralinformationdisplay(CID)

Wheelelectronics,rearright

Remotecontrolreceiver

Wheelelectronics,rearleft

Instrumentcluster(KOMBI)

Wheelelectronics,frontleft

DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)

BodyDomainController(BDC)

AccordingtoanUSregulation,carmanufacturershavetoequiptheirmodelsintroducedonthemarket
since2012withasystemformonitoringthetirepressure,whichwarnsthedriveroftoolittleairinthe
tires.From2014allnewvehiclesmustalreadyhavethistechnology.

24

F48ChassisandSuspension
6.TirePressureMonitoringSystem
IntheF48thetirepressuremonitoringarestandardequipment.TPMSisasystemwhichmonitorsthe
tirepressures.ThefunctionisintegratedintheDynamicStabilityControl(DSC),wherebynoseparate
TPMScontrolunitisrequired.
Ineachofthefourmountedwheelsthereiswheelelectronics,whichrecordthetirepressureandthe
temperatureinthetires.Thewheelelectronicssendthisinformationwithradiosignalstotheremote
controlreceiver.TheremotecontrolreceiverforwardsthisinformationviatheBDCtotheDSCwith
helpofthevehicleelectricalsystem.Theevaluationfunctionoftheinformationtakesplaceinthe
DSCcontrolunit.
Thetirepressuresaredisplayedviathecentralinformationdisplay.Warningsduetoinsufficienttire
pressureareoutputviathecentralinformationdisplayorinstrumentcluster.

6.1.NotesforService
Theservicelifeofthebatteriesofthewheelelectronicsisroughly10yearsor300,000km.Before
eachtirechangethebatterystatusofthewheelelectronicsshouldbedeterminedusingthediagnosis
system,asitisnotpossibletocheckwhenthetiresaremounted.Iftheremainingservicelifeofthe
tiresexceedsthatofthebattery,thewheelelectronicsmustalsobereplaced.

F48Wheelelectronicswithrepairkit

25

F48ChassisandSuspension
6.TirePressureMonitoringSystem
Index

Explanation

Wheelelectronics

Specificationoftransmissionfrequency

Pressuresensor

Repairkit

Valveunit

Sealingring

Unionnut

Valvecap

Intheeventofaleakatthevalveunitarepairkitisavailable.Therefore,theentirewheelelectronicsdo
nothavetobereplaced.

26

F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering

F48Overviewofsteering

Index

Explanation

Steeringwheel

Steeringcolumnadjustment

Topsteeringshaft

Bottomsteeringshaft

ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)

ThesteeringassistanceandalsotheresettingforcescanbefreelydefinedwiththeElectronicPower
Steering(EPS).Thismeansthesteeringbehavioranddrivabilitycanbeadaptedoptimallytothe
correspondingdrivingsituation.

27

F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering
Theloweranduppersteeringshaftscanbetelescopedtogether.Thisprotectsthedriveragainst
severeinjuriesintheeventofafrontalcrash.Withthemechanicalsteeringcolumnadjustmentthe
steeringwheelpositioncanbeoptimallyadjustedtotheseatpositionandbodyheight.

F48ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)

Index

Explanation

Rackhousing

Inputshaft

Housingventilation

EPSunit

Gaiter

Trackrod

Trackrodend

Socket,12Vvoltagesupply

Socket,FlexRay

The12Vsteeringhasamaximumassistanceoutputof0.3kW.Thesteeringassistancetakesplace
viatheEPSunitparalleltotheinputshaft.Theelectricmotortransmitstherequestedsteering
assistancetothepinionshaftviathewormdrive.Thesteeringsystemthusworkswithparticularly
lowfriction.
28

F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering
TheEPSunitismadeupofthefollowingcomponents:

EPScontrolunit

Three-phaseelectricmotor

Inverterforconvertingthe12Vdirectcurrentvoltagetothree-phase
ACvoltage,fortheactivationoftheelectricmotor

Inadditiontotheinputshaft,thereishousingventilation.Theformationofcondensateisthus
preventedduetoalternatingtemperatures.
TheindividualcomponentsthatcanbereplacedindividuallyinServiceattheEPSarethegaiters,the
trackrodsandthetrackrodends.ItisnotpossibletoexchangetheEPScontrolunitortheelectric
motorseparately.
TheEPSisaprerequisiteforimplementationoftheParkingManeuverAssistant(PMA).
TheVariablesportsteering(SA2VL)knownfromcurrentBMWmodelsisalsoavailableasanoption.

7.1.Steeringangle
ThesteeringangleintheF48isnotrecordedbyaseparatesensoratthesteeringwheel,butbythe
EPScontrolunit.ItevaluatesthesignalsofarotorpositionsensorintheelectricmotoroftheEPSunit.
ThefollowingvaluesarestoredintheEPScontrolunitforthepurposeofdeterminingthesteering
angle:

Geometricalcenterofrack

Straight-aheadvalue

Numberofrotorrevolutions

7.1.1.Geometricalcenterofrack
ThegeometricalcenteroftherackisstoredintheEPScontrolunitbythesteeringmanufacturer
(Nexteer)duringinstallationandcannotbechanged.

7.1.2.Straight-aheadvalue
Dependingonthesizeoftheproductiontolerance,thestraight-aheadvaluedeviatesbyafewdegrees
fromthegeometriccenteroftherack.Itmustbetaughtinagainaftertheinstallationofthesteering
oraftereveryremovalofthesteeringmountingbolts.Thiscanbeeffectedwithhelpofthediagnosis
systemviatheservicefunction"Commissioning".
Oncestored,thestraight-aheadvaluewillnotbedeletedifthevehiclevoltageislostandcanbe
overwrittenasoftenasisrequired.

29

F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering
7.1.3.Numberofrotorrevolutions
Inordertobeabletocalculatethepositionofthesteeringshaft,therevolutionsoftherotorinthe
electricmotoroftheEPSunitmustbecontinuouslycountedafterthestraight-aheadvalueisstored.
Intheeventofalossofthevoltagesupply,thisvalueislostandmustbetaughtinagain.
Thenumberofrotorrevolutionsorthesteeringanglecanbedeterminedbytwodifferentteach-in
routines:

Static
Turnsteeringwheelwhenignitionisswitchedonfromthesteeringwheelcenterpositionto
thelimitpositionattheright,tothelimitpositionattheleftandbackagaintothesteering
wheelcenterposition.

Dynamic
1.Roughvalue:Thesteeringangleiscalculatedbasedonashortstraight-aheaddriving
routeatadrivingspeedof<18km/hwithaprecisionof+/-30(approximately2
revolutionsoftherotor).
2.Precisevalue:Thesteeringangleisdeterminedonashortstraight-aheaddrivingroute
atadrivingspeedof<60km/hwithaprecisionof+/7.5.

Withstaticteachingofthesteeringangle,therevolutionsoftherotorarecountedbytheEPScontrol
unitandstored.
Withdynamicteachingofthesteeringangle,thewheelspeedsofthewheelsontherearaxle,theyaw
rateandthelateralaccelerationareevaluated.Ifthesevaluesarewithinthestoredtolerancesovera
shortdistancetravelled,thesteeringangleissavedintheEPScontrolunit.
Thesteeringangleis,however,alsoanimportantvariableforcalculatingawiderangeofDSC
functions.ForthisreasontheEPScontrolunitsendsthesteeringangleinformationviaFlexRay
totheDynamicStabilityControl(DSC).
Ifitwasnotpossibletodeterminethesteeringangletotherequireddegreeofaccuracy,theDSC
indicatorandwarninglightisactivatedifthedrivingspeedof12to37mphisexceeded.Thistellsthe
driverthatthevariousDSCfunctionsareonlyoperationaltoalimitedextent.Ifthesteeringangleis
determineddynamicallyduringthecourseofthejourney,theDSCfunctionsareavailableagain.This
could,forexample,occurifacustomerhasreplacedthebatteryandexitsthespeedrangeof12to37
mphtooquickly.

30

F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering
7.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F48systemwiringdiagramforElectronicPowerSteering(electromechanicalpowersteering)(EPS)

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F48ChassisandSuspension
7.Steering
Index

Explanation

ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)

DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)

Powerdistributionbox,passengercompartment

BodyDomainController(BDC)

AdvancedCrashSafetyModule(ACSM)

Steeringcolumnswitchcluster(SZL)

Instrumentcluster(KOMBI)

DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)

Batterypowerdistributionbox

7.3.NotesforService
Torelievetheloadonthebattery,thevehicleisdeliveredintransportmode.Thismeansthatthe
steeringangleisnotstoredintheEPScontrolunitandmustbesetupagainbytheServicepersonnel
withtheassistanceoftheteach-inroutine.
TheEPSsteeringhasavoltagerangeofbetween9Vand16V.Ifafaultoccurswhichcausesadrop
inthesupplyvoltage(upto9V,thecurrentlevelisincreasedtocompensateforthelossofpower.To
protectthesystem,thesteeringassistanceisswitchedoffifthesupplyvoltageislessthan9V
orhigherthan16V.
SystemfaultswiththeEPSareshownbythesteeringindicatorandwarninglightintheinstrument
cluster.
Possiblecausesfortheilluminationoftheindicatorandwarninglight:

FaultintheEPScontrolunit,anintegratedsensororintheelectricmotor

SoftwareerrorintheEPScontrolunit

OvertemperaturethresholdofEPShasbeenreached

Undervoltageorovervoltageprotectionlevelreached

Malfunctionofexternalsignalsaffectingthesteeringassistance

Steeringanglenottaughtincorrectlyorcompletely

IftheEPShasbeenreplacedoritsmountingboltshavebeenundone,the"Start-up"servicefunction
mustberunwiththeassistanceofthediagnosissystem.
Ifthe12VsupplyvoltagetotheEPSislost,andupondeactivationoftransportmode,thesteering
anglemustbetaughtinstaticallyordynamically.
Ifthesteeringanglecouldnotbecalculated,theDSCfunctionsareonlyavailabletoalimitedextent.

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F48ChassisandSuspension
8.DynamicStabilityControl
8.1.Overview

F48DSCunit

Index

Explanation

DSCunit

DSCcontrolunit

DSChydrauliccontrolunit

Electricmotor

TheDynamicStabilityControlformsthecoreofthevehiclecontrolsystemsthatenhanceactive
safety.Itoptimizesdrivingstabilityinalldrivingconditionsandalsotractionwhendrivingoff
andaccelerating.Furthermore,itidentifiesunstabledrivingconditionssuchasundersteeringor
oversteeringandhelpsmaintainthevehicleonasteadycourse.
TheDSCunitismadeupoftheDSCcontrolunitandtheDSChydrauliccontrolunitwithelectric
motor.TheDSCcontrolunitisconnectedtotheDSChydrauliccontrolunitusingthreescrews
andcanbereplacedseparatelyinService.

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F48ChassisandSuspension
8.DynamicStabilityControl
8.2.DSCfunctions
Duetofurtherdevelopmentsinthemeantime,theDynamicStabilityControl(DSC)functionsnowhave
manymainfunctionsandsubfunctions.
Mainfunction

Subfunction

ABS

EBV

Electronicbrakeforcedistribution

CBC

CorneringBrakeControl

DBC

DynamicBrakeControl

AntilockBrakeSystem

Drybyapplyingbrake
FadingBrakeSupport
ASC

AutomaticStabilityControl

MSR

Enginedragtorquecontrol

DSC

DynamicStabilityControl

GMR

Yawmomentcontrol
TrailerStabilityControl

DTC

DynamicTractionControl
Braketemperaturemodel
Drive-offassistant

LMV

Longitudinaltorquedistribution

HDC

HillDescentControl
Yawmomentcompensation

DCC

DynamicCruiseControl

RPA

RunFlatIndicator

TPMS

TirePressureMonitoringSystem

8.2.1.Electromechanicalparkingbrake
Dynamicemergencybraking
Thelawrequiresthattherearetwooperatingfacilitiesforthebrakes.IntheF48thesecondoperating
unitafterthebrakepedalistheparkingbrakebuttoninthecenterconsole.Iftheparkingbrakebutton
ispulledupwhilethevehicleismoving,theDSCsystemperformsadynamicemergencybraking
operationinadefinedsequence.Thisfunctionisintendedforemergencysituationsinwhichthedriver
isnotabletobrakethevehicleusingthebrakepedal.Otheroccupantscanalsobringthevehicletoa
standstillinthiswayif,forexample,thedriversuddenlyfallsunconscious.
Iftheparkingbrakebuttonisoperatedduringthejourneyaboveadefineddrivingspeed,theDSCunit
initiatesadynamicemergencybrakingoperation.Duringdynamicemergencybraking,brakepressure
isgeneratedhydraulicallyatallfourwheelbrakes.TheDSCfunctionsarefullyactiveandthebrake
lightsareoperated.Theslipofallwheelsaremonitoredtoensureastablebrakingoperationuntilthe
vehiclecomestoastandstill.Thetwoactuatorsoftheelectromechanicalparkingbrakeareactivated
assoonasthevehiclecomestoastandstill.Nowonlytheparkingbrakesecuresthevehicletoprevent
itfromrollingaway.

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F48ChassisandSuspension
8.DynamicStabilityControl
Braketeststand
TheF48hasateststandmodeforcheckingthebrakingpoweroftheelectromechanicalparking
brakeonabraketeststand.Whentheteststandmodeisactivated,thevehicleisdeceleratedviathe
actuatorsoftheelectromechanicalparkingbrakewhentheparkingbrakebuttonispressed.ADSC
pressurebuild-upinallfourwheelbrakesdoesnotoccur.Thismakesitpossibletodeterminethe
brakeforcesoftheelectromechanicalparkingbrake.
IntheF48teststandmodeisautomaticallydetectedbymeansofaplausibilitycheck(wheelspeed
comparison).Thedetectionlastsamaximumof5seconds(canberecognizedbyslowflashingofthe
redparkingbrakeindicatorlight).
Afteractivationofteststandmodethesystemisinteststandmode.Theparkingbrakeindicatorlight
acknowledgesthisstatusbyflashingatafrequencyof1hertz.Usingtheparkingbrakebuttonthe
EMFcanbeappliedinfivestages.Inthiscase,thebrakingvariesbetweentheminimumbrakingpower
inthefirststageandthemaximumbrakingpoweroncetheparkingbrakebuttonhasbeenpressedfive
times.Ifthebuttonisoperatedcontinuously,thesystemincreasesthebrakingpowerautomatically
incrementallyuptothemaximumbrakingpower.Theflashingfrequencyoftheparkingbrakeindicator
lightchangesfrom1hertzto3hertzwhentheparkingbrakebuttonispressedinteststandmode.
Automaticrelease
Forautomaticrelease,stepontheacceleratorpedal.TheLEDandindicatorlampgoout.Theparking
brakeisautomaticallyreleasedwhenyoustepontheacceleratorifthefollowingapplies:

Engineon

Drivemodeengaged

Driverbuckledinanddoorsclosed

8.2.2.HillDescentControl
HillDescentControlisadownhilldrivingassistantthatautomaticallycontrolsvehiclespeedonsteep
downhillgradients.Withoutapplyingthebrakes,thevehiclemovesatslightlymorethanwalking
speed.HillDescentControlcanbeactivatedatspeedsbelowapproximately22mph.
Whendrivingdownhill,thevehiclereducesitsspeedtoapproximatelywalkingspeedandthenkeeps
itsspeedconstant.Aslongasthereisactivebraking,thesystemisonstandby.Thesystemdoesnot
brakethevehicleduringthistime.
OnlyuseHDCinlowgearsorinselectorleverpositionDorR.

35

F48ChassisandSuspension
8.DynamicStabilityControl
Increasingordecreasingvehiclespeed
Specifydesiredspeedintherangefromapproximately4mphtoapproximately15mphusingthe
rockerswitchofthecruisecontrolonthesteeringwheel.Vehiclespeedcanbechangedbylightly
accelerating.

Presstherockerswitchuptothepointofresistance:thespeedincreasesgradually.

Pressuptherockerswitchpastthepointofresistance:thespeedincreaseswhiletherocker
switchispressed.

Presstherockerswitchdowntothepointofresistance:thespeeddecreasesgradually.

Presstherockerswitchdownpastthepointofresistance:whendrivingforward,thespeed
decreasestoapproximately6mph/10km/h;whenreversing,thespeeddecreasesto
approximately4mph.

Vehiclespeedcanbechangedbylightlyaccelerating.

36

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