Kafir

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Kafir(Arabic:kfirplural
kuffrfemininekfirah)isanArabicterm(fromtherootKFR"to
cover")"unbeliever",or"disbeliever".Itisusedasaderogatoryterm.[1][2][3]Theterm[2]alludestoaperson
whorejectsordisbelievesinGodandtheteachingsoftheIslamicProphetMuhammad,[4]anddeniesthe
dominionandauthorityofGod[5]orotherwisedoesnotheedthebeliefsandprescriptionsheldbythereligion
ofIslam.Unbeliefiscalledkufr.Kafirissometimesusedinterchangeablywithmushrik(,thosewho
commitpolytheism),anothertypeofreligiouswrongdoermentionedfrequentlyintheQuranandIslamic
works.[6]ThepracticeofdeclaringanotherselfprofessedMuslimakafirisknownastakfir.[7]

Contents
1
2
3
4

Etymology
Usage
IntheQuran
Typesofunbelievers
4.1 PeopleoftheBook
4.2 Visitingkafir
4.3 Polytheists
4.4 Sinners
4.5 Takfir
4.6 Murtad
5 Typesofdisbelief
6 Historyofusage
6.1 HistoricalrelationsbetweenMuslimsandnonMuslims
7 UseoutsideIslam
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Externallinks

Etymology
ThewordkfiristheactiveparticipleoftherootKFR.AsapreIslamictermitdescribedfarmersburying
seedsintheground.OneofitsapplicationsintheQuranisalsothesamemeaningasfarmer.[8]Sincefarmers
covertheseedswithsoilwhileplanting,thewordkfirimpliesapersonwhohidesorcovers.Ideologically,it
impliesapersonwhohidesorcoversthetruth.Poetspersonifythedarknessofnightaskfir,perhapsasa
survivalofpreIslamicreligiousormythologicalusage.[9]Thenounfordisbelief,[10]"blasphemy",[11]
"impiety"[12]ratherthanthepersonwhodisbelieves,iskufr.
TheHebrewwords"kipper"and"kofer"sharethesamerootas"kafir"

,orKFR."Kipper"hasmany
meaningsincluding,to"deny","atonefor","cover","purge","represent",or"transfer".Thelasttwomeanings
involve"kofer"thatmean"ransom"."Kipper"and"kofer"aremostlylikelyusedtogetherintheJewishfaithto
indicateGod'stransferofguiltfrominnocentpartiesusingguiltypartiesas"ransom".[13]

Usage

ThepracticeofdeclaringanotherMuslimasakafiristakfir.[7]Kufrunbeliefandshirk(polytheism)areused
throughouttheQuranandsometimesusedinterchangeablybyMuslims.[6][14]HoweverKufristhe"denialof
theTruth"(truthintheformofarticlesoffaithinIslam),andshirkmeansdevoting"actsofworshiptoanything
besideAllah"[14]or"theworshipofidolsandothercreatedbeings".[6]Soamushrikmayworshipotherthings
whilealso"acknowledgingAllah".[6]InthestructureofIslamicthought,kufrrepresentsallthingsunacceptable
andoffensivetoGod(Allh).[15]

IntheQuran
ThedistinctionbetweenthosewhobelieveinIslamandthosewhodonotisanessentialoneintheQuran,the
bookofIslam.Kafir,anditspluralkafirun,isuseddirectly134timesinQuran,itsverbalnoun"kufr"isused
37times,andtheverbalcognatesofkafirareusedabout250times.[16]
AccordingtotheE.J.Brill'sFirstEncyclopaediaofIslam,19131936,Volume4,thetermfirstappliedinthe
QurantounbelievingMeccans,whoendeavoured"torefuteandreviletheProphet".Awaitingattitudetowards
thekafirwasrecommendedatfirstforMuslims,laterMuslimswereorderedtokeepapartfromunbelieversand
defendthemselvesagainsttheirattacks,andfinallytotaketheoffensive.[17]MostpassagesintheQuran
referringtounbelieversingeneraltalkabouttheirfateonthedayofjudgementanddestinationinhell.[17]
AccordingtoscholarMarilynWaldman,astheQuran"progresses"(asthereadergoesfromtheversesrevealed
firsttolaterones),themeaningbehindthetermkafirdoesn'tchangebut"progresses",i.e."accumulates
meaningovertime".AstheIslamicProphetMuhammad'sviewsofhisopponentschange,hisuseofkafir
"undergoesadevelopment".KafirmovesfrombeingonedescriptionofMuhammad'sopponentstotheprimary
one.LaterintheQuran,kafirbecomesmoreandmoreconnectedwithshirk.Finally,towardstheendofthe
Quran,kafirbeginstoalsosignifythegroupofpeopletobefoughtbythemu'minn(believers).[18]

Typesofunbelievers
PeopleoftheBook
WhetherJewsorChristians(AhlalKitab,orPeopleoftheBook)arekafirisdisputed.ScholarCyrilGlasse
criticizestheuseofkafirun[pl.ofkafir]todescribeChristiansas"looseusage",[4]whilesalafistIslamicscholar
MuhammadSaalihalMunajjidstates"JewsandChristiansarebothkaafirsandmushrikeen".[6]Accordingto
theBrillFirstEncyclopediaofIslam,theAhlalkitabare"usuallyregardedmorelenientlythanotherkuffar[pl.
ofkafir]..."[17]
TraditionallyPeopleoftheBookconqueredbyMuslimswereentitledtoaspecialstatusknownasdhimmiby
payingataxknownasjizyaandobservingotherrestrictionsontheirrights(seeforexamplethePactofUmar).

Visitingkafir
Musta'min(protectedones)arepeoplewhocometoanIslamiccountryasmessengers,merchants,visitors,or
studentswantingtolearnaboutIslam.Musta'minareundertheprotectionoftheMuslimstateandnotobliged
topayJizya,butmustnotwagewaragainstMuslimsandareencouragedtoembraceIslam.

Polytheists
Traditionally,anyoneconqueredorcapturedbyMuslimswhowasnotaMuslim,aChristianoraJew(kafirun
alAsliyun)hadthe"choiceofconversionordeath,whichlatermightberemittedtoslavery".[19][Quran9:5(http://w
ww.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/009qmt.php#009.005)][20][21]Overtime,religionsthatmightotherwisebe

consideredshirkwerealsogranteddhimmistatus.[21]AsIslamspreadeastintoIndiaitwasfoundtheHindu
polytheistswere"toonumeroustoputtothesword",andeventuallyachieved"defactostatusasdhimmis".[22]

Sinners
WhetheraMuslimcouldcommitasingreatenoughtobecomeakafirwasdisputedbyjuristsintheearly
centuriesofIslam.Themosttolerantview(thatoftheMurdji'a)wasthateventhosewhohadcommitteda
majorsin(kabira)werestillbelieversand"theirfatewaslefttoGod".[17]Themoststrictview(thatofKharidji
Ibadis,descendedfromtheKharijites)wasthateveryMuslimwhodieshavingnotrepentedofhissinswas
consideredakafir.Inbetweenthesetwopositions,theMu'tazilabelievedthattherewasastatusbetween
believerandunbelievercalled"rejected"orfasiq.[17]

Takfir
TheKharijitesviewthattheselfproclaimedMuslimwhohadsinnedand"failedtorepenthadipsofacto
excludedhimselffromthecommunity,andwashenceakafir"[23](apracticeknownastakfir)wasconsideredso
extremebytheSunnimajoritythattheyinturndeclaredtheKharijiteskafir,[24]followingthehadiththat
declared,"IfaMuslimchargesafellowMuslimwithkufr,heishimselfakafiriftheaccusationshouldprove
untrue".[17]
Nevertheless,inIslamictheologicalpolemicskafirwas"afrequenttermfortheMuslimprotagonist"holding
theoppositeview,accordingtoBrill'sIslamicEncyclopedia.[17]

Murtad
Anothergroupthatwas"distinguishedfromthemassofkafirun"[17]werethemurtad,orapostateexMuslims,
whichwereconsideredrenegadesandtraitors,theconceptoffreedomofreligionnotbeingaccepted.[17]Their
traditionalpunishmentwasdeath,even,accordingtosomescholars,iftheyrecantedtheirabandonmentof
Islam.[25]

Typesofdisbelief
Muslimbelief/doctrineisoftensummarizedin"theSixArticlesofFaith",[26](thefirstfivearementioned
togetherintheQur'an2:285[27]).
1.Allah,[28]
2.Hisangels,[28]
3.HisMessengers,[28]
4.HisRevealedBooks,[28]
5.TheDayofResurrection,[28]
6.AlQadar,DivinePreordainments,i.e.whateverAllahhasordainedmustcometopass[28]
AccordingtoDrMuhammadTaqiudDinalHilali,"kufrisbasicallydisbeliefinanyofthearticlesoffaith.He
alsolistsseveraldifferenttypesofmajordisbelief,(disbeliefsosevereitexcludesthosewhopracticeit
completelyfromthefoldofIslam):
1.KufratTakdhib:disbeliefindivinetruthorthedenialofanyofthearticlesofFaith(quran39:32)[28]
2.Kufralibawattakabburma'atTasdiq:refusingtosubmittoAllah'sCommandmentsafterconvictionof
theirtruth(quran2:34)[28]
3.KufrashShakkwazZann:doubtingorlackingconvictioninthesixarticlesofFaith.(quran18:3538)[28]

4.KufralI'raadh:turningawayfromthetruthknowinglyordeviatingfromtheobvioussignswhichAllah
hasrevealed.(quran46:3)[28]
5.KufranNifaaq:hypocriticaldisbelief(quran63:23)[28]
MinordisbelieforKufranNi'mahindicates"ungratefulnessofAllah'sBlessingsorFavours".[28]
Accordingtoanothersource,theTafsirIbnKathir,[5]thereareeightkindsofAlKufralAkbar(majorunbelief),
somearethesameasthosedescribedbyAlHilali(KufralI'rad,KufranNifaaq)andsomedifferent.
1.Kufrul'Inaad:Disbeliefoutofstubbornness.ThisappliestosomeonewhoknowstheTruthandadmitsto
knowingtheTruth,andknowingitwithhistongue,butrefusestoacceptitandrefrainsfrommakinga
declaration.Allahsays:ThrowintoHelleverystubborndisbeliever.[29]
2.KufrulInkaar:Disbeliefoutofdenial.Thisappliestosomeonewhodenieswithbothheartandtongue.
Allahsays:TheyrecognizethefavorsofAllah,yettheydenythem.Mostofthemaredisbelievers.[30]
3.KufrulJuhood:Disbeliefoutofrejection.Thisappliestosomeonewhoacknowledgesthetruthinhis
heart,butrejectsitwithhistongue.ThistypeofkufrisapplicabletothosewhocallthemselvesMuslims
butwhorejectanynecessaryandacceptednormsofIslamsuchasSalaatandZakat.Allahsays:They
deniedthem(oursigns)eventhoughtheirheartsbelievedinthem,outofspiteandarrogance.[31]
4.KufrulNifaaq:Disbeliefoutofhypocrisy.Thisappliestosomeonewhopretendstobeabelieverbut
concealshisdisbelief.Suchapersoniscalledamunafiqorhypocrite.Allahsays:Verilythehypocrites
willbeinthelowestdepthsofHell.Youwillfindnoonetohelpthem.[32]
5.KufrulKurh:DisbeliefoutofdetestinganyofAllah'scommands.Allahsays:Perdition(destruction)has
beenconsignedtothosewhodisbelieveandHewillrendertheiractionsvoid.Thisisbecausetheyare
aversetothatwhichAllahhasrevealedsoHehasmadetheiractionsfruitless.[33]
6.KufrulIstihzaha:Disbeliefduetomockeryandderision.Allahsays:Say:WasitatAllah,Hissignsand
Hisapostlesthatyouweremocking?Makenoexcuses.Youhavedisbelievedafteryouhavebelieved.[34]
7.KufrulI'raadh:Disbeliefduetoavoidance.Thisappliestothosewhoturnawayandavoidthetruth.
Allahsays:AndwhoismoreunjustthanhewhoisremindedofhisLord'ssignsbutthenturnsawayfrom
them.Thenheforgetswhathehassentforward(fortheDayofJudgement).[35]
8.KufrulIstibdaal:DisbeliefbecauseoftryingtosubstituteAllah'sLawswithmanmadelaws.Allahsays:
OrhavetheypartnerswithAllahwhohaveinstitutedforthemareligionthatAllahhasnotallowed.[36]
Allahsays:Saynotconcerningthatwhichyourtonguesputforthfalsely(that)islawfulandthisis
forbiddensoastoinventalieagainstAllah.Verily,thosewhoinventalieagainstAllahwillnever
prosper.[37]

Historyofusage
HistoricalrelationsbetweenMuslimsandnonMuslims
WhentheIslamicempireexpanded,theword"kafir"wasusedbroadlyforallpagansandanyonewho
disbelievedinIslam.[38][39]AccordingtotheBrill'sFirstEncyclopediaofIslam,Muslimtolerancetowards
unbelievershaswaxedandwaned,withreligiousfanaticismunheardofandChristiansholdinghighofficial
officesearlyinMuslimhistory,buthatredandmassacresofkafirappearingasIslamdeclinedpoliticallyinthe
18th,19thand20thcenturies.[17]
However,therewasextensivereligiousviolenceinIndiabetweenMuslimsandnonMuslimsduringtheDelhi
SultanateandMughalEmpire(beforethepoliticaldeclineofIslam).[40][41][42]IntheirmemoirsonMuslim
invasions,enslavementandplunderofthisperiod,manyMuslimhistoriansinSouthAsiausedthetermKafir
forHindus,Buddhists,SikhsandJains.[38][39][43][44]RaziuddinAquilstatesthat"nonMuslimswereoften
condemnedaskafirs,inmedievalIndianIslamicliterature,includingcourtchronicles,Sufitextsandliterary
compositions"andfatwaswereissuedthatjustifiedpersecutionofthenonMuslims.[45]

RelationsbetweenJewsandMuslimsintheArabworldanduseoftheword"kafir"wereequallyascomplex,
andoverthelastcentury,issuesregarding"kafir"havearisenovertheconflictinIsraelandPalestine.[46]
CallingtheJewsofIsrael,"theusurpingkafir",YasserArafatturnedontheMuslimresistanceand"allegedly
setaprecedentforpreventingMuslimsfrommobilizingagainst'aggressordisbelievers'inotherMuslimlands,
andenabled'thecowardly,alienkafir'toachievenewlevelsofinterventioninMuslimaffairs."[46]

UseoutsideIslam
Bythe15thcentury,thewordKaffirwasusedbyMuslimsinAfricato
refertothenonMuslimAfricannatives.Manyofthosekufariwere
enslavedandsoldbytheirMuslimscaptorstoEuropeanandAsian
merchants,mainlyfromPortugal,whobythattimehadestablished
tradingoutpostsalongthecoastofWestAfrica.TheseEuropeantraders
adoptedthatArabicwordanditsderivatives.[47]
SomeoftheearliestrecordsofEuropeanusageofthewordcanbe
foundinThePrincipalNavigations,Voyages,Traffiquesand
DiscoveriesoftheEnglishNationbyHakluyt,Richard,15521616.[48]
Involume4,Hakluytwrites:"callingthemCafarsandGawars,which
is,infidelsordisbelievers.[49]Volume9referstotheslaves(slaves
calledCafari)andinhabitantsofEthiopia(andtheyusetogoinsmall
shippes,andtradewiththeCafars)bytwodifferentbutsimilarnames.
ThewordisalsousedinreferencetothecoastofAfricaaslandof
Cafraria.[50]
Bythelate19thcenturythewordwasincommonusethroughout
Europeanditscolonies,oftenappearedinthenewspapersandother
writtenworksofthetime.[51][52][53][54][55]OneoftheUnionCastleLine
shipsoperatingofftheSouthAfricancoastwasnamedSSKafir.[56]

TheKafirsofNatalandtheZulu
CountrybyRev.JosephShooter

Intheearlytwentiethcentury,inhisbookTheEssentialKafir,Dudley
Kiddwritesthattheword"kafir"hascometobeusedforalldarkskinnedSouthAfricantribes.Thus,inmany
partsofSouthAfrica,"kafir"hasbecomesynonymouswiththeword,"native".[57]CurrentlyinSouthAfrica,
however,thewordkaffirisoftenusedasaracialslur,appliedpejorativelyoroffensivelytoAfricanblacks.[58]
Thesong"Kafir"byAmericantechnicaldeathmetalbandNilefromtheirsixthalbumThoseWhomtheGods
DetestusesassubjectmattertheviolentattitudesthatMuslimextremistshavetowardKafirs.[59]
TheNuristanipeoplewereformallyknownasKaffirsofKafiristanbeforetheAfghanIslamizationofthe
region.Moreover,theirnativenamewasKapir,duetothelackofa"P"inArabic,theycoincidentallywere
calledKafirs,whichwasincorrectbutagaincorrectsincetheywerepolytheists,moreoverHenotheists.[60]
TheKalashpeoplelocatedintheHinduKushmountainrangesouthwestofChitralareknownasKafirsbythe
MuslimpopulationofChitral.[61]
InmodernSpanish,thewordcafre,derivedfromtheArabickafirbywayofPortuguese,alsomeans"uncouth"
or"savage".[62]

Seealso
Kafirun(Sura)
AhlalFatrah

ApostasyinIslam
Dhimmi
DivisionsoftheworldinIslam
Gvur
Kafiristan
Kaffraria
Mumin
Shirk
Takfir
NonIslamspecific:
Heathen(disambiguation)
Infidel
Kofer
Kaffir(racialterm)
Blasphemy

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Externallinks
TakfirAnathematizing(http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?
Lookupkafirin
HD=1&ID=216&CATE=13)
Wiktionary,thefree
UniversalValidityofReligionsandtheIssueofTakfir(http://qa.s
dictionary.
unnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=2534&CATE=124)
Inminds.co.uk(http://www.inminds.co.uk/imamcassiemtalk.html)
Hermeneuticsoftakfir(http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Articles/Hermeneutics%20of%20takfir.ht
ml)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kafir&oldid=738584545"
Categories: Islamandotherreligions Ethnoculturaldesignations Islamrelatedslurs
Islamicbeliefanddoctrine
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