Chapter1 - Motion in One Dimension - Gen - Med - Section1-2 PDF

Chapter1:
Motion in One Dimension
1
Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course for med. Students/ Fall Semester 2016-2017
Contents
2.1 Displacement
2.2 Velocity
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Motion Diagrams
2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
2.6 Freely Falling Objects
Introduction
Dynamics
The branch of physics involving the motion of
an object and the relationship between that
motion and other physics concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics

In kinematics, you are interested in the
description of motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion
3
Introduction
Quantities in Motion
Any motion involves three concepts
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
These concepts can be used to study objects in

motion
4
Introduction
Position
Defined in terms of a
frame of reference
One dimensional, so
generally the x- or
y-axis
Defines a starting
point for the motion
5
2.1 Displacement
Section 2.1
Defined as the change in position

displacement = final position initial position
x x f x i
xf : stands for final and xi or xo : stands for initial
May be represented as y if vertical

Units are
Meters (m) in SI
Centimeters (cm) in cgs or
Feet (ft) in US Customary
7
2.1 Displacement
Section 2.1
Example: Distance vs. Displacement

Assume a player moves from
one end of the court to the
other and back.
Distance is twice the length of
the court
Distance is always
positive
Displacement is zero
x = xf xi = 0 since
xf = xi
2.1 Displacement
Section 2.1
Positive and Negative Displacements
9
2.1 Displacement
Section 2.1
Vector and Scalar Quantities

Vector quantities need both magnitude and
direction to completely describe them
Scalar quantities are completely described by

magnitude only
10
2.1 Displacement
Vectors
Section 2.1
A quantity that requires both a magnitude and

a direction can be represented by a vector.
Graphically, we represent a vector by an arrow
The velocity of this car is 100 m/s (magnitude) to the left
This boy pushes on his friend with a force of 25 N to

the right
11
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Average Velocity
Average velocity is the total displacement
divided by the time interval during which the
displacement occurred.
change in position
displacement
average velocity =
=
change in time
time interval
vavg
x x f xi
=
=
t t f ti
In SI, the unit of velocity is meters per second, a

bbreviated as m/s.
12
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Velocity and Speed

Velocity describes motion with both a direction and a
magnitude (Vector quantity).
Speed has no direction, only magnitude (Scalar
quantity).
Average speed is equal to the total distance
traveled divided by the time interval.
distance traveled
average speed =
time of travel
13
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Average Speed and Average Velocity

The average speed is not the magnitude of the
average velocity
For example, a runner ends at her starting point
Her displacement is zero
Therefore, her velocity is zero
However, the distance traveled is not zero, so
the speed is not zero
14
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Speed vs. Velocity
Cars on both paths have the same average velocity

since they had the same displacement in the same
time interval
The car on the blue path will have a greater
average speed since the distance it traveled is
larger while the time is kept constant for both
15
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Reading Quiz
If Sam walks 100 m to the right, then 200 m to the
left, his net displacement vector points
A. to the right.
B. to the left.
C. has zero length.
D. Cannot tell without more information.
16
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Answer
If Sam walks 100 m to the right, then 200 m to the
left, his net displacement vector points
A. to the right.
B. to the left.
C. has zero length.
D. Cannot tell without more information.
17
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Reading Quiz
Velocity vectors point
A. in the same direction as displacement vectors.
B. in the opposite direction as displacement vectors.
C. perpendicular to displacement vectors.
D. in the same direction as acceleration vectors.
E. Velocity is not represented by a vector.
18
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Answer
Velocity vectors point
A. in the same direction as displacement vector
s.
B. in the opposite direction as displacement vectors.
C. perpendicular to displacement vectors.
D. in the same direction as acceleration vectors.
E. Velocity is not represented by a vector.
19
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Graphical Interpretation of Velocity

Velocity can be determined from a position-time
graph
Average velocity equals the slope of the line joining
the initial and final positions
An object moving with a constant velocity will have
a graph that is a straight line
20
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Constant Average Velocity

The straight line indicates
constant velocity
The slope of the line for a

displacement vs time graph
is
the
value
of
the
average velocity
21
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Non Constant Average Velocity

T h e
motion
is
non-
constant velocity
The average velocity is the
slope of the blue line
joining two points
VAB is the average velocity
between points A and B.
VAD is the average velocity
between points A and D.
22
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Checking Understanding
Maria is at position x = 23 m. She then undergoes a
displacement x = 50 m. What is her final position?
A. 27 m
B. 50 m
C. 23 m
D. 73 m
23
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Checking Understanding
Maria is at position x = 23 m. She then undergoes a
displacement x = 50 m. What is her final position?
A. 27 m
B. 50 m
C. 23 m
D. 73 m
24
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Instantaneous Velocity
The limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as the
time interval approaches zero
lim
t0
x
t
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is

happening at every point of time
25
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph

The slope of the line tangent to the
position-vs.time graph is defined to be the
instantaneous velocity at that time
The instantaneous speed is defined as the

magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
26
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph

The slope of the line
tangent to the
position-vs.-time graph
at a specific point on
the curve is the
instantaneous velocity.
The slope at point B is
different than at point
E.
Each of these points
represents an
instantaneous velocity
value on the graph.
27
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Constant Velocity
Uniform velocity is constant velocity
The instantaneous velocities are always the same
All the instantaneous velocities will also equal the
average velocity
t
28
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Time Graphs Velocity

a) uniform velocity
Both graphs demonstrate

a uniform velocity. The
slope shown by a is 0.
This means there is no
acceleration.
The velocity shown by b
is uniform with
acceleration present.
29
2.2 Velocity
Section 2.2
Velocity against Time Graphs

b) uniform acceleration
The slope of a v/t graph represents acceleration.
This graph illustrates nonuniform acceleration as

velocity is not uniform
30
2.3 Acceleration
Section 2.3
31

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Chapter1:

Motion in One Dimension

Kinematics is a part of dynamics

These concepts can be used to study objects in

Defined as the change in position

May be represented as y if vertical

Example: Distance vs. Displacement

Positive and Negative Displacements

Vector and Scalar Quantities

Scalar quantities are completely described by

A quantity that requires both a magnitude and

The velocity of this car is 100 m/s (magnitude) to the left

This boy pushes on his friend with a force of 25 N to

In SI, the unit of velocity is meters per second, a

Velocity and Speed

Average Speed and Average Velocity

Speed vs. Velocity

Cars on both paths have the same average velocity

Graphical Interpretation of Velocity

Constant Average Velocity

The slope of the line for a

Non Constant Average Velocity

The instantaneous velocity indicates what is

Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph

The instantaneous speed is defined as the

Instantaneous Velocity on a Graph

Time Graphs Velocity

Both graphs demonstrate

Velocity against Time Graphs

This graph illustrates nonuniform acceleration as

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