Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1. Summary
2. Introduction
3. Method
4. Results
5. Conclusions
6. Figures
6.1 Map showing position of cropmark and linear feature 1: 2500
6.2 Aerial photograph 58/RAF/1713 F21 0036 13.04.1955
6.3 Ground Resistance Plot. Cropmark eastern arm.
6.4 Location of resistance surveyed areas. 1 : 2500
6.5 Photograph of well and linear feature from south.
6.6 Ground Resistance Plot. Linear Alignment
7. References
8. Acknowledgements
EDINBURGH ARCRAEOLOGICAL FLELD SOCIETY
1. Summary
The initial objective of the project was to survey and record a well at the western end of
the Hopetoun Estate but this was expanded to add a ground resi~tancesurvey when a
cropmark was found on an RCAHMS aerial photograph. The eastern limb of the
cropmark was adjacent to the well. This part of the cropmark was under grass but was
crossed obliquely by a new farm track; the ground resistance measurements were made to
the north and south of this track across the line of the cropmark. The southern side of the
cropmark was in a ploughed area which was fieldwalked and produced little in the way of
finds. On the north side of the flat topped hill, that was enclosed on three sides by the
cropmark, the remains of a bank and ditch were found; the croprnark is not apparent on
this side of the hill and the relationship between bank, ditch and cropmark is unknown.
About 250m. to the north of the cropmark a linear feature was observed that crossed a
field under cultivation; two very limited areas of ground resistance measurement were
taken across this alignment where it emerged onto a field under grass.
2. Introduction
The initial approach that had been made to the Factor of the Hopetoun Estate was to
obtain permission to examine and record the well site at NGR NT 061 786. The well is
shown on the map (Fig.6.1) and it is recorded by Brooke (Ref7.1) as lying in "Nyniwells
Field". A relationship is suggested between the name of the field and the early church at
Abercorn, 2km. to the east, due to the involvement of St. Ninian.
In preparation for this project aerial photographs in the RCAHMS collection were
examined and a large cropmark was found that does not appear on the NMRS database.
The cropmark lies immediately to the west of the well and its size and shape are indicated
in Fig.6.1.
Due to the finding of the croprnark permission was also requested to perform some
fieldwalking and ground resistance measurements +cross its eastern limb. Whle these
measurements were being made it was realized that a h e a r feature, also indicated on Fig.
6.1, crossed the field to the north and two small sets of ground resistance readings were
taken across the line of the feature where it crossed westwards into a field under grass.
Geologically the area is primarily part of the Upper Oil Shale Group comprising
mudstones, sandstones, limestones, coal seams and some ten oil shale seams. Within this
group there is a large area of agglomerate in vent stretching from west of the Binns to
within 250m. of Hawthornsyke and within this agglomerate two centres of olivine-basalt.
One of these centres forms Binns Hill and the other, to the east, is surrounded by the large
rectangular cropmark. The flat top of thls eastern hill appears to have been artificially
levelled but this may be due purely to the lava flow. A fault runs E-W along the north side
of this agglomerate in vent area and may be the reason for this side being steeper than the
south and west sides. Basaltic Tuff is shown extending both east and west from the
agglomerate on the BGS map (Ref. 7.2).
The geophysical surveys were conducted using a Geoscan Research RM 4 equipment and
PA 1 frame taking readings every metre; the readings were manually recorded and then
typed into a computer running the Geoscan Research Geoplot programme. The hmited
amount of time that was made available for the surveys together with the poor weather
conditions meant that only four transects were made across the eastern arm of the
cropmark with two small sets being made across the linear feature that lay to the north.
A small triangular area had been ploughed at the southern end of the cropmarks eastern
arm and the whole of the south side of the cropmark lay in a ploughed field; both of these
areas were fieldwalked
The elevation of the hill is such that a good view is obtained both up and down stream
from Blackness Castle which the hill overlooks. The north side of the hill, on which no
cropmark appears, drops away sharply to an area that appears boggy and is uncultivated.
The remains of a wall and ditch run along this north side of the hlll. Visits were made to
the site and ground resistance readings were taken on 22 November 2001 and on 16 and
29 January 2002.
2
3. Method
The eastern limb of the cropmark, see Figs. 6.1 and 2, lay just to the west of the well. Tt
ran south from the well t o a rectangular depression that showed clearly on the aerial
photograph. The photograph was taken approximately vertically and it was felt that no
transcription was necessary to find the area of cropmark on the ground.
A baseline was set up from the well to the northwest corner of the depression and the
corner point was defined by being measured in to two electricity supply poles to ensure
that the baseline could be re-established at a later date. The baseline was not exactly
co-linear with the eastern arm of the cropmark but by making transects at right angles to
this line crossing of the cropmark could be ensured.
Two block transects were made on 22 November 2001; the first was 20m. south of the
well and it measured 20m. N-S and 31m. E-W. The second was sited 80m. south of the
well on the south side of the obliquely crossing farm track and measured 7m. N-S and
3 1m. E-W. (Blocks 1 and 2)
The printouts of these readings confirmed that a feature had been recorded, the northern
block looked particularly interesting and the measirements made on 16 January 2002 were
located to the north and south of this block. That on the north side was 1lm. N-S by 36m.
E-W and that to the south was 6m. N-S by 36m. E-W, (Blocks 3 and 4). These areas
extended 5m. further to the west in order to include a high resistance area that appeared
on the edge of the earlier transect. The combined print of these three surveys gives a block
starting 9m. south of the well and extending a total of 37m. southwards. The printout of
the four surveys is shown in Fig.6.3 and the spacing of the four transects in relation to the
baseline in Fig. 6.4, together with the position of the linear alignment transects.
As the 21 January 2002 was to be the final visit to the site it was decided to record the
linear feature that crossed the field to the north of the cropmark. A compass bearing was
taken across the field on the line of the feature (82" M) and a reciprocal bearing from the
same point gave the line across the field to the north of the flat topped hill. The line was
identified by a change in the colour of the coarse grass in the field.
Two small transects were made across the feature; the first was spaced 5m. from, and ran
parallel to, the wall; it measured 26m. along the line of the wall by 8m. at rightangles.
Transect 2 was 105m. from the field wall and measured I lm, across by 1Om, along the
observed line of the feature. The line of readings taken on the north side of transect 2 were
the same distance north of the centre line of the feature as the eleventh reading taken in
the f i s t transect adjacent to the wall.
A small triangular ploughed field that lay immediately t o the north of the rectangular
depression straddled the cropmark and was fieldwalked. The line of the cropmark to the
west of the rectangular depression was within a ploughed field and terminates in another
rectangular shape rather less clear than that at the southeast corner. The cropmark then
turns through just over a rightangle to head northwards towards the flat topped hill. This
whole ploughed area was the subject of a walkover survey up to the point where the
cropmark leaves this field and appears to cross the western shoulder of the hill. Viewed
from the south the crossing point shows a distinct change of slope.
3
4. Results
It is hoped that further work may be permitted to explore, in more detail, both cropmarks
and, if excavation permission was given, to attempt to obtain dating evidence.
6. Figures
6.5 Photograph of well and of linear feature. Both viewed fiom the south
7. References
7.2 British Geological Survey Scotland Sheet 32W 1; 50,000 Solid Edn.
7.6 McNeill P.G.B. and MacQueen H.L. Atlas of Scottish History to 1707
The Society wishes to record thanks to the following for their help and cooperation, in
various ways, towards the completion of this project.
8.1 The Factor of the Hopetoun Estate, at the time of this investigation Mr R.McD.
Seligman, for his permission to survey on the Estate and to Prof W MacLennan for
making the day to day arrangements.
8.2 Mrs V E Dean for comments on the green glaze pottery
8.3 RCAHMS for permission to use the aerial photograph Fig. 6.2.