Art Deco

Terracotta sunburst design above front doors of the Eastern

Columbia Building in Los Angeles; built 1930

attributes is an embrace of technology. This distinguishes

Deco from the organic motifs favoured by its predecessor
Art Nouveau.
Historian Bevis Hillier dened Art Deco as an assertively
modern style [that] ran to symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear;
it responded to the demands of the machine and of new
material [and] the requirements of mass production.[2]

Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York City; designed by William Van Alen; built 192830

Art Deco (/rt dko/), or Deco, is an inuential visual

arts design style that rst appeared in France just before
World War I [1] and began ourishing internationally in
the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned
after World War II.[2] It took its name, short for Arts
Dcoratifs, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts
Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in
Paris in 1925.[3] It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colours,
bold geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation.

During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour,

exuberance and faith in social and technological progress.

1 Etymology

The rst use of the term Art Deco is sometimes attributed

to architect Le Corbusier, who penned a series of articles in his journal L'Esprit nouveau under the headline 1925 Expo: Arts Dco. He was referring to the
1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et InDeco emerged from the interwar period when rapid in- dustriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern
dustrialisation was transforming culture. One of its major Decorative and Industrial Arts).[3]
1

ORIGINS

Tamara de Lempicka, The Musician, 1929 (oil on canvas)

Joseph Csaky, Deux gures, 1920, relief, limestone, polychrome,
80 cm. Exhibited Lonce Rosenberg, Galerie de L'Eort Moderne (1920), now at Krller-Mller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands

The term came into more general use in 1966, when a

French exhibition celebrating the 1925 event was held under the title Les Annes 25: Art Dco/Bauhaus/Stijl/Esprit
Nouveau.[4] Here the term was used to distinguish the new
styles of French decorative crafts that had emerged since
the Belle Epoque.[3] The term Art Deco has since been
applied to a wide variety of works produced during the
Interwar period (L'Entre Deux Guerres), and even to those
of the Bauhaus in Germany. However, Art Deco originated in France. It has been argued that the term should
be applied to French works and those produced in countries directly inuenced by France.[5]
Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic
label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the
rst book on the subject: Art Deco of the 20s and 30s.[2]
Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art
dealers and cites The Times (2 November 1966) and an
essay named Les Arts Dco in Elle magazine (November 1967) as examples of prior usage.[6] In 1971, Hillier
organised an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of
Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of
Art Deco.[7]

2 Origins
Some historians trace Decos roots to the Universal Exposition of 1900.[8] After this show a group of artists established an informal collective known as La Socit des
artistes dcorateurs (Society of Decorative Artists) to promote French crafts. Among them were Hector Guimard,
Eugne Grasset, Raoul Lachenal, Paul Bellot, Maurice
Dufrne and Emile Decoeur. These artists are said to
have inuenced the principles of Art Deco.[9]
The Art Deco era is often anecdotally dated from 1925
when the Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes was organized to showcase
new ideas in applied arts,[3][10][11][12] although the style
had been in full force in France for several years before that date. Deco was heavily inuenced by premodern art from around the world and observable at
the Muse du Louvre, Muse de l'Homme and the
Muse national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Ocanie. During the 1920s, aordable travel permitted in situ exposure to other cultures. There was also popular interest

3
in archeology due to excavations at Pompeii, Troy, the come ubiquitous within the context of Art Deco.[24]
tomb of Tutankhamun, etc. Artists and designers integrated motifs from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece,
Rome, Asia, Mesoamerica and Oceania with Machine 3 Architecture
Age elements.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
Deco was also inuenced by Cubism, Constructivism,
Functionalism, Modernism, and Futurism.[15][19]

Thtre des Champs-lyses, by Auguste Perret, 15

Avenue Montaigne, Paris (19101913)

In 1905, before the onset of Cubism, Eugne Grasset

wrote and published Mthode de Composition Ornementale, lments Rectilignes,[20] within which he systematically explored the decorative (ornamental) aspects of
geometric elements, forms, motifs and their variations, in
contrast with (and as a departure from) the undulating Art
Nouveau style of Hector Guimard, so popular in Paris a
few years earlier. Grasset stresses the principle that various simple geometric shapes like triangles and squares
are the basis of all compositional arrangements.[21]

The Majorelle Building, Paris by Henri Sauvage

(19121914)
The Studio Building, Paris, by Henri Sauvage (1926)
La Samaritaine department store, by Henri Sauvage,
Paris (19251928)
The Grand Rex movie palace in Paris (1932)
Grand dining room of the ocean liner SS Normandie
(1935), with Lalique glass ceiling.

At the 1907 Salon d'Automne in Paris, Georges Braque

exhibited Viaduc l'Estaque (a proto-Cubist work), now
Auditorium and stage of Radio City Music Hall,
at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Simultaneously,
New York City (1932)
there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul
Czanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906.
Czanne was interested in the simplication of forms to Between 1910 and 1913, Paris saw the construction of
their geometric essentials: the cylinder, the sphere, the the Thtre des Champs-lyses, 15 avenue Montaigne,
another sign of the radical aesthetic change experienced
cone.
by the Parisian milieu of the time. The rigorous comPaul Iribe created for the couturier Paul Poiret esthetic position of its facade, designed by Auguste Perret, is a
designs that shocked the Parisian milieu with its nov- major example of early Art Deco.[25][26] The building inelty. These illustrations were compiled into an album, Les cludes exterior bas reliefs by Antoine Bourdelle, a dome
Robes de Paul Poiret raconte par Paul Iribe, published in by Maurice Denis, paintings by douard Vuillard and
1908.[22]
Jacqueline Marval, and a stage curtain design by KerAt the 1910 Salon des Indpendants, Jean Metzinger, Xavier Roussel. It took its inspiration from classical arHenri Le Fauconnier and Robert Delaunay, shown to- chitecture, and featured straight lines, geometric forms,
gether in Room 18, elaborated upon Czannian syntax, and decoration in the form of sculptured plaques attached
[27]
revealing to the general public for the rst time a mo- to the exterior.
bile perspective in their art, soon to become known as Another important gure of early French art deco arCubism. Several months later, the Salon d'Automne saw chitecture was Henri Sauvage, who switched from art
the invitation of Munich artists who for several years had nouveau to art deco in designing the Majorelle building
been working with simple geometric shapes. Leading up in Paris for furniture designer Louis Majorelle (1912
to 1910 and culminating in 1912, the French designers 1914); the studio building in 192628; the Gambetta
Andr Mare and Louis Sue turned towards the quasi- Palace movie theater in 1920, and a new facade for the
mystical Golden ratio, in accord with Pythagorean and La Samaritaine department store (192528). [28]
Platonic traditions, giving their works a Cubist sensibilBy the 1930s the style had become much more amboyity.
ant, and added much more decoration on the facade. It
The artists of the Section d'Or exhibited (in 1912) works was particularly popular for movie theaters, such as the
considerably more accessible to the general public than Grand Rex in Paris (1932), and Radio City Music Hall in
the analytical Cubism of Picasso and Braque. The Cu- New York City; and in the decoration of skyscrapers.
bist vocabulary was poised to attract fashion, furniture
The art deco style was not limited to buildings on land;
and interior designers.[23]
the ocean liner SS Normandie, whose rst voyage was
These revolutionary changes occurring at the outset of in 1935, featured art deco design, including a dining
the 20th century are summarized in the 1912 writings room whose ceiling and decoration was made of glass by
of Andr Vera. Le Nouveau style, published in the jour- Lalique.
nal L'Art dcoratif, expressed the rejection of Art Nouveau forms (asymmetric, polychrome and picturesque)
and called for simplicit volontaire, symtrie manifeste,
4 Interior design
l'ordre et l'harmonie, themes that would eventually be-

4.1

6 INFLUENCE

La Maison Cubiste (The Cubist House) chitectural, plaster (Faade architecturale).[32][33]

Several years after World War I, in 1927, Cubists
Joseph Csaky, Jacques Lipchitz, Louis Marcoussis,
Henri Laurens, the sculptor Gustave Miklos, and others collaborated in the decoration of a Studio House,
rue Saint-James, Neuilly-sur-Seine, designed by the architect Paul Ruaud and owned by the French fashion designer Jacques Doucet, also a collector of PostImpressionist and Cubist paintings (including Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, which he bought directly from Picassos
studio). Laurens designed the fountain, Csaky designed
Doucets staircase,[34] Lipchitz made the replace mantel,
and Marcoussis made a Cubist rug.[35][36][37]

5 Attributes
Deco emphasizes geometric forms: spheres, polygons,
rectangles, trapezoids, zigzags, chevrons, and sunburst
motifs. Elements are often arranged in symmetrical patterns. Modern materials, such as aluminum, stainless
steel, Bakelite, chrome, and plastics, are frequently used.
Stained glass, inlays, and lacquer are also common. Colors tend to be vivid and high contrast.[13][14][15][38][39][40]

Raymond Duchamp-Villon, 1912, La Maison Cubiste (Cubist

House) at the Salon d'Automne, 1912, detail of the entrance

6 Inuence

In the Art Dcoratif section of the 1912 Salon

d'Automne, an architectural installation was exhibited
that quickly became known as La Maison Cubiste (The
Cubist House). The facade was designed by Raymond
Duchamp-Villon and the interior by Andr Mare along
with a group of collaborators. Mares ensembles were
accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed
paintings and sculptures their independence, writes
Christopher Green, creating a play of contrasts, hence
the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and
Mares old friends Lger and Roger de La Fresnaye".[29]
La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a
staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living roomthe Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Jean
Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Marie Laurencin and Fernand
Lger were hungand a bedroom. It was an early example of L'art dcoratif, a home within which Cubist art
could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern,
bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed
through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the
ground oor of the facade.[30] This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Parker Duofold desk set, c. 1930
Show, New York, Chicago and Boston,[31] listed in
the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Art Deco was a globally popular style and aected many
Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled Facade ar- areas of design. It was used widely in consumer products

5
such as automobiles, furniture, cookware, china, textiles, 8
jewelry, clocks, and electronic items such as radios, telephones, and jukeboxes. It also inuenced architecture,
8.1
interior design, industrial design, fashion, graphic arts,
and cinema.

Surviving examples
Africa

During the 1930s, Art Deco was used extensively for

public works projects, railway stations,[41] ocean liners (including the le de France, Queen Mary, and
Normandie), movie palaces, and amusement parks.
The austerities imposed by World War II caused Art
Deco to decline in popularity: it was perceived by some
as gaudy and inappropriately luxurious. A resurgence of
interest began during the 1960s.[11][15][42] Deco continues to inspire designers and is often used in contemporary
fashion, jewelry, and toiletries.[43]

Streamline Moderne

The Cinema Impero was constructed in Asmara (Eritrea) in

1937 during the Italian rule. It is a famous example of the Art
Deco style.

During Portuguese colonial rule in Angola and

Mozambique, a large number of buildings were
erected especially in the capital cities of Luanda and
Maputo.
Africas most celebrated examples of Art Deco were
built in Eritrea during Italian rule. Many buildings
survive in Asmara, the capital, and elsewhere.
There are a few Art Deco buildings in Egypt,
one of the most famous being the former Cadillac
dealership in downtown Cairo and Casa d'Italia in
Port Said (1936)designed by the Italian architect
Clemente Busiri Vici.
Chrysler Airow sedan, designed by Carl Breer (1934)

Main article: Streamline Moderne

Also, there are many buildings in downtown

Casablanca, Moroccos economic capital.
Cities in South Africa also contain examples of Art
Deco design such as the City Hall, in Benoni, Gauteng, constructed in 1937.

A style related to Art Deco is Streamline Moderne

(or Streamline) which emerged during the mid-1930s.
Streamline was inuenced by modern aerodynamic principles developed for aviation and ballistics to reduce air
8.2 Asia
friction at high velocities. Designers applied these principles to cars, trains, ships, and even objects not intended to
In Bangladesh, a number of Art Deco structures are
move, such as refrigerators, gas pumps, and buildings.[14]
found in Chittagong and Rajshahi. Built during the
1950s, they include the University of Rajshahi, the
One of the rst production vehicles in this style was the
Chittagong Customs House and the Jamuna Bhaban
Chrysler Airow of 1933. It was unsuccessful commeramong others.
cially, but the beauty and functionality of its design set a
precedent.[44]
In China, at least 60 buildings, of which many are
Streamlining quickly inuenced automotive design and
Art Deco, designed by Hungarian architect Lszl
evolved the rectangular horseless carriage into sleek veHudec survive in downtown Shanghai.[48]
hicles with aerodynamic lines, symmetry, and V-shapes.
There are a few Art Deco survivors in Hong Kong,
These designs continued to be popular after World War
II.[45][46][47]
(The Peninsula Hong Kong 1928, Bank of China

8 SURVIVING EXAMPLES
ners, notably Albert Aalbers's DENIS bank (1936)
in Braga Street and the renovated Savoy Homann
Hotel (1939). Others were Thomas Karsten, Henri
Maclaine Pont, J Gerber and C.P.W. Schoemaker.
The Sociteit Concordia (now Merdeka Building)
is a historic building in Bandung designed by Van
Galen Last and C.P. Wol Schoemaker. In Jakarta,
surviving Art Deco buildings include the Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij building (1929), now
the Museum Bank Mandiri, by J. de Bruyn, A. P.
Smiths, and C. Van de Linde; the Jakarta Kota Station (1929) designed by Frans Johan Louwrens Ghijsels, and the Metropole Cinema in Menteng.
In Japan, the 1933 residence of Prince Asaka in
Tokyo is an Art Deco house turned museum.
Examples of Art Deco architecture in Malaysia include the Central Market, the Coliseum Theatre,
the Odeon Cinema and the Lee Rubber Building in
Kuala Lumpur, and the Standard Chartered Building, India House, and the OCBC Bank Building in
George Town, Penang.

New India Assurance Building, Mumbai, India: Master, Sarhe

and Bhuta, with N.G. Parsare, 1936

Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco

buildings after Miami.[50] The Art Deco style was
also adopted in Chennai where the rst art deco
building - the Oriental Insurance was completed in
1935. Other art deco buildings in the city are the
Taj Connemara hotel (1937) and Dare House, the
headquarters of EID Parry (1939).[51]
In the Philippines, Art Deco buildings are found
mostly in Manila, Baguio, Iloilo City, Quezon City,
and Sariaya. The best surviving examples in Manila
include Far Eastern University's Nicanor Hall (as
well as the distinct lettering design of the universitys name), the three surviving Art Deco standalone movie houses, and the Manila Metropolitan
Theater.

Jaarbeurs building in Bandung, Indonesia

Building (Hong Kong) 1952) with high prole buildings demolished to make way for the modern skylines (HSBC Building 1935, demolished 1978).
Residential buildings in Hong Kong Island and
Kowloon used basic Art Deco theme at a much
smaller scale. The Star Ferry Pier, Central and Tsim
Sha Tsui Ferry Pier (both built 1957 and former demolished 2006) were both Streamline Moderne with
some Art Deco elements.
In Indonesia, the largest stock of Dutch East Indiesera buildings is found in the large cities of Java.
Bandung has one of the largest remaining collections
of 1920s Art Deco buildings in the world,[49] including those by several Dutch architects and plan-

8.3 Central and South America

In Argentina, architect Alejandro Virasoro introduced Art Deco in 1926 and developed the use of
reinforced concrete, with the Banco El Hogar Argentino and the Casa del Teatro (both in Buenos
Aires) being his most important works. The
Kavanagh building (1934), by Snchez, Lagos and
de la Torre, was the tallest reinforced concrete structure at its time, and a notable example of late Art
Deco style. In the Buenos Aires Province, architect Francisco Salamone designed cemetery portals, city halls and slaughterhouses commissioned by
the provincial government in the 1930s; his designs
combined Art Deco with futurism.
Another country with many examples of Art Deco
architecture is Brazil, especially in Porto Alegre,

8.4

Cuba

7
Art deco buildings are also numerous in
Montevideo, Uruguay, including the Palacio
Salvo, which was South Americas tallest building
when it was built in the late 1920s.

8.4 Cuba
Some of the nest examples of Art Deco art and architecture are found in Cuba, especially in Havana.
The Bacardi Building is noted for its particular Art
Deco style.[53] The style is expressed by the architecture of residences, businesses, hotels, and many
pieces of decorative art, furniture, and utensils in
public buildings, as well as in private homes.[2]

8.5 Europe
8.5.1 France
Folies Bergre (1929)
Facade of the Thtre des Champs-lyses (1910
13)
MK-2 Gambetta cinema, Paris (1920)
Art deco oce for a French Ambassador from the
1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, designed by
Pierre Charlau
La Samaritaine Department store facade (192628)
The Palais de Tokyo art museum (1937)

Kavanagh building, Buenos Aires. 1934 design by Gregorio

Snchez, Ernesto Lagos, Luis Mara de la Torre

Goinia and cities like Cip (Bahia), Ira (Rio

Grande do Sul) and Rio de Janeiro, especially
in Copacabana (see Belmond Copacabana Palace).
Also in the Brazils north-east notably in cities such
as Campina Grande in the state of Paraba there
are Art Deco buildings which have been termed
Sertanejo Art Deco because of their peculiar architectural features.[52] The reason for the style being so widespread in Brazil is its coincidence with
the fast growth and radical economic changes of the
country during the 1930s.
In Santiago, Chile, the Hotel Carrera (no longer a
hotel) is a good example of Art Deco architecture.

Notable art deco buildings in Paris today include the

Thtre des Champs-lyses by Auguste Perret (1910
13), the Majorielle building (1911), the MK-2 Gambetta
movie theater at 4 rue Belgrand, Paris, (1920), the Studio building (192628), and La Samaritaine department
store facade (192628), by Henri Sauvage; the Palais de
Tokyo, constructed for the 1937 Paris Universal Exposition, now the museum of modern art of the City of Paris;
and the Grand Rex movie theater (1932).
An art deco oce for a French Ambassador, designed by
Pierre Charlau for the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, is on display at the Museum of Decorative Arts,
next to the Louvre, in Paris.
8.5.2 Belgium
West portal of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart,
Koekelberg
Brussels Central station, main entrance
The former National Radio Institute on Place Flagey

8
One of the largest Art Deco buildings in Western Europe is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg,
Brussels. In 1925, architect Albert van Huel won the
Grand Prize for Architecture with his scale model of the
basilica at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.[54]

8 SURVIVING EXAMPLES
a pioneering design in Art Deco and Streamline Moderne,
that displays how the Deco style spread and evolved in
Europe.[55]
8.5.4 Greece

Another prominent Art Deco landmark in Brussels is the

Art Deco in Athens incorporated insolently many of the
1938-built former National Radio Institute of Belgium,
structural and formal characteristics of the Classical idmore commonly known as the Flagey building after its
iom, at times transforming them to mere decorative ellocation.
ements, or oppositely, imprinting to them a functionalThe Brussels Central station, a late work of architect ity. Thematically it moved beyond the Classical period
Victor Horta, also has many Art Deco elements, although and looked for its models in the Mycenaean, Archaic,
Horta has become better known for his earlier Art Nou- Hellenistic and Byzantine arts. The classicizing trends
veau work.
however, as one would expect in the city of Parthenon,
held strongly, and despite what it has been sometimes suggested, Art Deco was never really independent in Athens.
8.5.3 Germany
Rather, it accommodated itself in the midst of a strong
and ideologically charged classicizing tradition and produced some of the most original and less expected works
of the Greek architectural heritage.[56]
8.5.5 Lithuania
Like Romania, Lithuania too experienced booming industrial growth during the Interwar period. This resulted
in the rapid modernization of the city of Kaunas in particular. At this time it became the temporary capital of
Lithuania. Vytautas the Great War Museum, built in
1936 and located in downtown Kaunas, along with the
Central Post Building and the Pienocentras HQ Building
(1934) are the three most prominent Art Deco structures
in the city. Today many of these buildings still stand,
and apartment complexes and large government buildings alike survive from this time, even through the Nazi
and Soviet occupations of Kaunas. Many other buildings
around the city were built in the Bauhaus style.
The Mossehaus with Art Deco elements by Erich Mendelsohn
from 1923. Jerusalemer Str., Berlin

In Germany two variations of Art Deco ourished in the

1920s and 30s: The Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) employed the same curving horizontal lines and nautical motifs that are known as Streamline Moderne in
the Anglophone world. While Neue Sachlichkeit was
rather austere and reduced (eventually merging with the
Bauhaus style), Expressionist architecture came up with
a more emotional use of shapes, colors and textures,
partly reinterpreting shapes from the German and Baltic
Brick Gothic style. Notable examples are Erich Mendelsohn's Mossehaus and Schaubhne theater in Berlin, Fritz
Hger's Chilehaus in Hamburg and his Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin, the Anzeiger Tower in Hannover
and the Borsig Tower in Berlin. Art deco architecture was
revived in the late-20th century by architects like Hans
Kollho (see his tower on Potsdamer Platz), Jan Kleihues
and Tobias Nfer.

8.5.6 Norway
An example of Art Deco in Norway is found in the
Student Society in Trondheim (built 192729). Its interior is based on an abandoned circus, so that the exterior
exhibits a characteristic round shape.
8.5.7 Romania

As a result of the inter-war period of rapid development, cities in Romania have numerous Art Deco buildings, including government buildings, hotels, and private
houses. The best representative in this regard is the capital, Bucharest, which, despite the widespread destruction of its architecture during Communist times, still
has many Art Deco examples, both on its main boulevards and in the lesser known parts of the city.[57][58][59]
The 1921 Mossehaus in Berlin by Erich Mendelsohn was Constanta has the second number of Art Deco build-

8.5

Europe

ings after Bucharest.[60] Ploieti also has many Art Deco 8.5.10 United Kingdom
houses.[61]
8.5.8

Russia

Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro) (1938)

Former Express Building (1939) in Manchester, designed by Sir

Owen Williams

During the 1930s, Art Deco had a noticeable eect on

house design in the United Kingdom,[15] as well as the
design of various public buildings.[11] Straight, whiterendered house frontages rising to at roofs, sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows, as well as
convex-curved metal corner windows, were all characteristic of that period.[42][62][63]

The Art Deco Museum in Moscow.

Art Deco made a huge impact to an early Soviet architecture. For instance best known Seven Sisters in Moscow
were inspired by the US skyscrapers Chrysler Building
and Empire State Building. There are also some stations
in Moscow Metro in Art Deco style.
The Art Deco Museum in Moscow represents one of the
largest collections of art deco end art nouveau objects in
Russia. The collection includes more than 800 sculptures
in bronze and ivory of the 1920s and 30s, more than 500
items of furniture, as well as a signicant number of objects of decorative and applied arts and graphics.
8.5.9

Spain

Valencia was built profusely in Art Deco style during

the period of economic bounty between wars in which
Spain remained neutral. Particularly remarkable are the
famous bath house Las Arenas, the building hosting the
rectorship of the University of Valencia, and the cinemas
Rialto (currently the Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana) and Capitol (reconverted into an oce building).

The London Underground is famous for many examples of Art Deco architecture,[64] and there are a
number of buildings in the style situated along the
Golden Mile in Brentford. Also in West London is
the Hoover Building, which was originally built for
The Hoover Company and was converted into a superstore in the early 1990s.
The former Arsenal Stadium has the famous East
Stand facade. It remains at the Arsenal football
club's old home at Highbury, London Borough of Islington, which was vacated in the summer of 2006.
Opened in October 1936, the structure now has
Grade II listed status and has been converted into
apartments. William Bennie, the organizer of the
project, famously used the Art Deco style in the nal
design which was considered one of the most opulent and impressive stands of world football.
Du Cane Court, in Balham, south-west London, is a
good example of the Art Deco style. It was thought
to be possibly the largest block of privately owned
apartments under one roof in Britain at the time it
was built, and the rst to employ pre-stressed concrete. It has a grand reception area and is surrounded
by Japanese-style gardens; and it has had many famous residents, especially from the performing arts.
Elsewhere in south-west London, is Battersea Power
Station, which has appeared in lms and artwork
including the cover of Pink Floyds 1977 album

10

8 SURVIVING EXAMPLES
Animals. Partially built in the 1930s, the building
retains its powerful Art Deco facade. In the middle
of Lambeth is the Sunlight Laundry, one of the few
surviving Art Deco buildings which is still owned by
the commissioning rm and still used for its original
purpose.

East General Hospital (1929), Toronto Coach Terminal (1931), Metro Theatre (Toronto) (1938),
Canada Permanent Trust Building (1930), Hart
House Theatre (1919), Bloor Collegiate Institute
(1920), Arcadian Court (1929), Balfour Building
(1930)

In North East England, the Wills Building, an old

cigarette factory, is a ne Art Deco building built in 8.6.2 Mexico
the late 1940s in Newcastle upon Tyne.
In Mexico City, art deco residential buildings
In North West England, the Midland Hotel, Moreabound in the chic Condesa neighborhood, many decambe is considered one of the nest surviving exsigned by Francisco J. Serrano. The interior of the
amples from this period, with sculptures by artist
Palacio de Bellas Artes is a ne example. Another
Eric Gill. The buildings and structures related to
is the Edicio El Moro which has the Loteria Nathe Queensway Tunnel which connects Liverpool
cional nowadays. It was also the biggest building of
and Birkenhead are also distinctly Art Deco. Other
Mexico City at the time it was completed.
notable Art Deco buildings in Liverpool include
Philharmonic Hall and the former terminal building
at Liverpool Airportnow the Crowne Plaza LJLA. 8.6.3 United States
See Art Deco architecture in Liverpool.
In Yorkshire, Leeds Central Station and the adjoining Queens Hotel are both major examples of Art
Deco buildings which have been preserved for 21st
century usage.
The City Hall in Norwich is a ne example of the
Art Deco style. It has a 206 ft clock tower and the
balcony is the longest in the UK at 365 ft long.

8.6
8.6.1

North America
Canada

In Canada Art Deco structures that survive are mainly in

urban centres like Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Ontario,
and Vancouver. They range from public buildings like
Vancouver City Hall to commercial buildings (College
Park) to public works (R. C. Harris Water Treatment
Plant).
Hamilton boasts a collection of Art Deco buildings.
The Hamilton GO Centre, the Pigott Building, an
18-storey condominium (1929), The Sunlife Building, The Bell Telephone Baker Exchange, Dominion
Bualo City Hall, Bualo, New York, Dietel, Wade & Jones,
Public Building refurbished into the John Sopinka 1931.
Courthouse (1936), and The Hamilton Port Authority (1953).
The U.S. has many examples of Art Deco architecture.
In Montral, the Salle Ernest Cormier at Universit Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York have
de Montral is considered an example of the Art many Art Deco buildings. The famous skyscrapers are
the best-known, but notable Art Deco buildings can be
Deco style.
found in various neighborhoods. Art deco was popular
Toronto hosts some Art Deco buildings including: during the later years of the movie palace era of theatre
Maple Leaf Gardens (1931), Automotive Build- construction. Excellent examples of Art Deco theatres
ing (1929), Princes Gates (1927), Royal Ontario still exist throughout the United States, such as the Fargo
Museum (1933 east wing), Exhibition Place Band- Theatre in Fargo, North Dakota, and The Campus Theshell, Tip Top Tailors Building (1929), Toronto atre in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.

8.6

North America

11

Detail of the uppermost oors of the Louisiana State Capitol, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 193032. Architects: Weiss,
Dreyfrouth and Sierth
Bullocks Wilshire, Los Angeles, John and Donald Parkinson,
1929

In 2005, work began on the conversion of the former

Jersey City Medical Center in Beacon, Jersey City,
now a national historic site, to a residential enclave.
The development is situated on 14 acres (5.7 ha) and
hosts the largest collection of Art Deco buildings in
New Jersey.
In Beaumont, Texas, the First National Bank Building, Jeerson County Courthouse, and Kyle Building are some of the few Art Deco buildings still in
the city.
The Cincinnati Union Terminal occupies an Art
Deco-style passenger railroad station that began operation in 1933. Its semi-dome is the largest in the
Western Hemisphere, measuring 180 feet (55 m)
wide and 106 feet (32 m) high.[65] After the decline of railroad travel, most of the building was converted to other uses, and is now the Cincinnati Museum Center. It serves more than one million visitors per year and is the 17th most visited museum in
the United States.[66][67] Cincinnati is also home to
the Carew Tower, a 49-story Art Deco skyscraper
nished in 1931.

Cochise County Courthouse doors, Bisbee, Arizona, 1931. Architect: Roy W. Place

The Cinema Theater in Rochester, New York was

renovated and had an Art Deco style facade installed
in 1949.
Fair Park in Dallas contains a large collection of Art
Deco buildings, art, and sculpture. Fair Park was

12

8 SURVIVING EXAMPLES
building is a good example of the Great Depression's eect on Art Deco construction. Original
plans were for a twin tower to go next to it on its west
side. However, it was never built due to nancial
constraints. As a result, the 476-foot (145 m) tower
has a bare west side with no windows. Other examples of Deco in Kansas City include the 909 Walnut,
the Jackson County Courthouse, Kansas City City
Hall, and the Municipal Auditorium.
The recently opened Smith Center in Downtown
Las Vegas incorporates many design elements from
Hoover Dam and, therefore, is a contemporary example of the use of Art Deco style.
Los Angeles Art Deco architecture is particularly
found along Wilshire Boulevard, a main thoroughfare that experienced a period of intense construction activity during the 1920s. Notable examples include the Bullocks Wilshire building and the
Pellissier Building and Wiltern Theatre, built in
1929 and 1931 respectively. Both buildings experienced recent restoration.[69][70]

One of the four Guardians of Trac pylons on the Hope Memorial Bridge, Cleveland, Ohio, 1932. Architect: Frank Walker,
sculptor: Henry Hering

built for the 1936 Worlds Fair, also known as the

Texas Centennial Exposition, celebrating the 100th
anniversary of the Republic of Texas. The park is
277 acres and is the last surviving pre-1950 Worlds
Fair site. Fair Park hosts the annual State Fair of
Texas, the largest state fair in the United States.
Detroit's many examples of Art Deco architecture include the Fisher Building, Fox Theatre, and
Guardian Building, all of which are now National
Historic Landmarks, as well as the David Stott and
Penobscot Buildings.
Flint, Michigan is home to The Paterson Building
which has extensive Art Deco features throughout
the interior and exterior.
The Hoover Dam features Art Deco motifs throughout, including its concrete water intake towers and
brass elevator doors.
Houston's Deco survivors include the Houston City
Hall, the JPMorgan Chase Building, Ezekiel W.
Cullen Building, and the 1940 Air Terminal Museum.[68]
Kansas City, Missouri is home to the Kansas City
Power and Light Building, completed in 1931. This

Miami Beach, Florida has a large collection of

Art Deco buildings, with some 30 blocks of hotels
and apartment houses dating from the 1920s to the
1940s. In 1979, the Miami Beach Architectural
District[71] was listed on the National Register of
Historic Places. Nearly all the buildings have been
restored.[72]
Milwaukee is home to the Wisconsin Gas Building, a
classic stepped Art Deco design completed in 1930,
which replaced a Prohibition-era speakeasy formally
on the site. Another prime example of Art Deco
architecture, the Wisconsin Tower, was completed
that same year.
Minneapolis has the Foshay Tower which was nished in 1929, built immediately before the Great
Depression. It is the only obelisk-shaped oce
building in the world. Minneapolis also has the Rand
Tower, the CenturyLink Building, the Minneapolis
Post Oce, and the Wells Fargo Center, an example
of modern Art Deco architecture.
New York's borough of the Bronx has several Art
Deco buildings in the Grand Concourse, including the Bronx County Courthouse, 888 Grand Concourse, designed by Emery Roth, and 1150 Grand
Concourse, the Fish Building. [73]
Rochester, Minnesota has the Plummer Building
from 1927, the original building for the worldfamous Mayo Clinic.
San Francisco, California examples include the
Golden Gate Bridge, 450 Sutter Street, the Shell
Building, Coit Tower, the Pacic Telephone Building, and the Russ Building.

8.7

Oceania

13

St. Paul, Minnesota is home to the First National

Bank Building and the Saint Paul City Hall.

by architect Percy Edgar Everett, is reminiscent of

the design of the Empire State Building.

The Guadalupe County Courthouse and the nearby

Municipal Building in Seguin, Texas show successful use of the style in public buildings erected as
make-work projects in small towns during the New
Deal.

In St Kilda, Victoria, the Palais and the Astor theatres are considered some of the nest surviving Art
Deco buildings in Australia, while many rural towns
such as Wagga Wagga, Innisfail, Albury and Grith
also have signicant amounts of Art Deco buildings
and homes.

Syracuse, New York is home to the Niagara Mohawk Building, completed in 1932 and listed as a
National Historic Landmark. Niagara Mohawk was
considered at the time to be the nations most powerful electricity supplier; thus, the building emphasized a vast futuristic look with an electric style embedded into it.
Much of the Art Deco heritage of Tulsa, Oklahoma
remains from that citys oil boom days.[74]
Cleveland's Hope Memorial Bridge is noted for its
four Berea sandstone pylons sculpted with colossal gures of Guardians of Trac by Henry Hering.[75] The bridge is listed in the National Register
of Historic Places.

8.7

Oceania

8.7.1

Australia

See also: List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney, List of Art

Deco buildings in Melbourne, List of Art Deco buildings
in Tasmania, and List of Art Deco buildings in Perth
Australia also has many surviving examples of Art Deco

Sydneys ANZAC War Memorial and miniskyscrapers, such as the Grace Building (Sydney)
and the AWA Tower in Sydney, which consists of a
radio transmission tower atop a 15-story building.
Sydney has a large number of surviving Art Deco
houses, particularly in its inner suburbs.
8.7.2 New Zealand

Central Hotel, one of the many heritage buildings of Napier registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust[76]

Hastings, New Zealand was also rebuilt in Art Deco

style after the 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake, and
many ne Art Deco buildings survive.

Former Russell Street Police Headquarters, 194043, Melbourne, Australia

architecture. Among the most notable are:

The Manchester Unity Building (Melbourne) features purely decorative towers to circumvent the
height restriction laws of the time, and the former
Russell Street Police Headquarters in Melbourne,
with its main multi-storey brick building designed

The city of Napier, New Zealand, was rebuilt in

the Art Deco style after being largely razed by the
Hawkes Bay earthquake of 3 February 1931 and
is the worlds most consistently Art Deco city. Although a few Art Deco buildings were replaced with
contemporary structures during the 1960s, 1970s
and 1980s, most of the centre remained intact
long enough to become recognized as architecturally
unique, and from the 1990s onwards had been protected and restored. As of 2007, Napier has been
nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status, the rst cultural site in New Zealand to be
nominated.[77][78] According to the World Heritage
Trust, when Napier is compared to the other cites
noted for their Art Deco architecture, such as Miami Beach, Santa Barbara, Bandung in Indonesia
(planned originally as the future capital of Java), and
Asmara in Eritrea (built by the Italians as a model

14

10

SEE ALSO

colonial city), none ... surpass Napier in style and

coherence.[79]

Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, Federico

Mariscal, completed 1934

Wellington has retained a sizeable number of Art

Deco buildings, in spite of constant post-World War
II development.[80]

Edmond Amateis, 1937, Wall sculpture, Nix Federal Building, Philadelphia

Gallery

Wisdom, with Light and Sound, 30 Rockefeller Center, NYC: Lee Lawrie, 1933
Womens Smoking Room at the Paramount Theatre,
Oakland. Timothy L. Pueger, architect, 1931
U.S. postage stamp commemorating the 1939 New
York Worlds Fair, 1939
Henryk Kuna, Rytm (Rhythm), in Skaryszewski
Park, Warsaw, Poland, 1925
Disused Snowdon Theatre, Montreal, Canada.
Opened 1937, closed 1984. Daniel J. Crighton, architect

Bourdelle, 191012, Apollon et sa mditation entoure

des 9 muses (The Meditation of Apollo and the Muses),
bas-relief, Thtre des Champs Elyses, Paris. This
work represents one of the earliest examples of what
became known as Art Deco sculpture

Union Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio; Paul Philippe

Cret, Alfred T. Fellheimer, Steward Wagner,
Roland Wank, 1933

1941 Packard Custom Super Eight One-Eighty Formal sedan

Federal Art Project poster promoting milk drinking

in Cleveland, Ohio, 1940

RCA, now GE Building, 30 Rockefeller Center, under construction, 1933

Interior drawing, Eatons College Street department

store, Toronto, Canada

1931 Philips radio, model 930A

Niagara Mohawk Building, Syracuse, New York.

Melvin L. King and Bley & Lyman, architects, completed 1932

Ralph Stackpole's sculpture group over the door of

the San Francisco Stock Exchange; (Timothy L.
Pueger, 1930)
Pennsylvania RRs S-1 locomotive, designed by
Raymond Loewy, at the 1939 New York Worlds
Fair
Municipal Auditorium of Kansas City, Missouri:
Hoit Price & Barnes, and Gentry, Voskamp &
Neville, 1935

Lobby, Empire State Building, New York City.

William F. Lamb, opened 1931

Paul Landowski, Christ the Redeemer, constructed

between 1922 and 1931 in Rio de Janeiro, was the
largest Art Deco statue in the world until the 2010
statue Christ the King in wiebodzin, Poland.

10 See also

U.S. Works Progress Administration poster, John See also: the categories Art Deco architecture, Art Deco
ships, Art Deco sculptures and memorials, Art Deco
Wagner, artist, ca. 1940
games, Art Deco architects, Art Deco artists, Art Deco
Beau Brownie camera, Walter Dorwin Teague designers and Art Deco sculptors.
1930 design for Eastman Kodak
Former Teatro Eden, now Aparthotel Vip Eden in
Lisbon, Portugal: Cassiano Branco and Carlo Florencio Dias, 1931
1937 Cord automobile model 812, designed in 1935
by Gordon M. Buehrig and sta
Delano Hotel, 1947 (Robert Swartburg) and National Hotel, 1940 (Roy F. France), Collins Ave.,
Miami Beach

Art Deco Jewelry estate jewelry

1933 Chicago Worlds Fair Century of Progress
Clockarium
1936 Fair Park built for Texas Centennial Exposition
Art Deco stamps

15
International style
List of Art Deco architecture
Paris architecture of the Belle poque
Paris between the Wars (1919-1939)
Henri Sauvage
Socialist realism, the Soviet version of Art Deco architecture.

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11

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12

Bibliography

Bayer, Patricia (1999). Art Deco Architecture: Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and
Thirties. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-50028149-9.
Benton, Charlotte; Benton, Tim; Wood, Ghislaine;
Baddeley, Oriana (2003). Art Deco: 19101939.
Bulnch. ISBN 978-0-8212-2834-0.
Breeze, Carla (2003). American Art Deco: Modernistic Architecture and Regionalism. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-01970-4.
Duncan, Alaistair (2009). Art Deco Complete: The
Denitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s
and 1930s. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-8046-4.

Savage, Rebecca Binno; Kowalski, Greg (2004). Art

Deco in Detroit (Images of America). Arcadia. ISBN
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Texier, Simon (2012).
Paris: Panorama de
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Unes, Wolney (2003). Identidade Art Dco de Goinia (in Portuguese). Ateli. ISBN 85-7480-090-2.
Vincent, G.K. (2008). A History of Du Cane Court:
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Ward, Mary; Ward, Neville (1978). Home in the
Twenties and Thirties. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-71100785-3.

13 External links
Art Deco -Historic Places in Canada
Art Deco Brazilian Northeast
Art Deco Chicago
Art Deco Miami Beach Photos
Art Deco Montreal

Gallagher, Fiona (2002). Christies Art Deco. Pavilion Books. ISBN 978-1-86205-509-4.

Art Deco Napier, New Zealand

Hillier, Bevis (1968). Art Deco of the 20s and 30s.

Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0-289-27788-1.

Art Deco Sydney, Australia

Long, Christopher (2007). Paul T. Frankl and Modern American Design. Yale University Press. ISBN
0-300-12102-4.
Lucie-Smith, Edward (1996). Art Deco Painting.
Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3576-1.
Ray, Gordon N. (2005). Tansell, G. Thomas, ed.
The Art Deco Book in France. Bibliographical Society of The University of Virginia. ISBN 978-1883631-12-3.
Lehmann, Niels (2012). Rauhut, Christoph, ed.
Modernism London Style. Hirmer. ISBN 978-37774-8031-2.
Okroyan, Mkrtich (20082011). Art Deco Sculpture: From Root to Flourishing (vol.1,2). Russian
Art Institute. ISBN 978-5-905495-02-1.
Plum, Giles (2014). Paris architectures de la Belle
Epoque (in French). Parigramme. ISBN 978-284096-800-9.
Poisson, Michel (2009). 1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris (in French). Parigramme. ISBN
978-2-84096-539-8.

Art Deco Gallery bronze and ivory sculpture

Art Deco Society, Victoria, Australia
Art Deco Society of Western Australia
Art Deco Society of Washington
Art Deco Society of California
Illustrations: The Art Deco Book in France
Durban Deco Directory: South Africa
Tulsa, Oklahoma Art Deco Heritage
Victoria and Albert Museum Art Deco
Art Deco buildings in North Carolina
Pictures of the Paterson Building
Reims (France), Art deco
Map of Art Deco buildings in London
Art Deco in Athens, photo gallery
Art Deco Rio de Janeiro, includes photos and map
of the buildings
Shanghai (China), Art Deco
Art Deco Museum in Moscow

18

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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Tineviaene, Sagevillegas, O.Koslowski, CopperSquare, Widr, Bret Murray, Tortlandia, Helpful Pixie Bot, Novusuna, HMSSolent, Gkvxyz,
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Eric Corbett, D Eaketts, Aeon815, South johnstone local, Sothatsbrendan, Kind Tennis Fan, Averruncus, Erinarchivist, VioletGirae, Racer
Omega, JaconaFrere, Miss Mel181, Suelru, MahyAttar, Yoloseb, Natedog313, Krishan92, Matthew0598, Monkbot, Golf, Rainmaker23,
Janbat, CathyReves, Chimpanzee slave master, LauruskaKve, Dauvit Broun, Emilitog, Stinger20, Qwickcheck, Asiamediatina, Runelionx,
XxKsuqaredswagxX, Jono boii, Kangaroolou, Pootrick, Mercenary002, Pootuz, JeremiahY, CAPTAIN RAJU, Dilidor, Hu1232, CLCStudent, Javiernunez13, Gfoxy, SilverLives, Deathlasercannon, Gerhthreher, Ntmamgtw, Jth12345 and Anonymous: 1020

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File:1934ChryslerAirflow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/1934ChryslerAirflow.jpg License: CC

BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Randy Stern
File:Antoine_Bourdelle,_1910-12,_Apollon_et_sa_mditation_entoure_des_9_muses_(The_Meditation_of_Apollon_and_the_
Muses),_bas-relief,_Thtre_des_Champs_Elyses_DSC09313.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/
Antoine_Bourdelle%2C_1910-12%2C_Apollon_et_sa_m%C3%A9ditation_entour%C3%A9e_des_9_muses_%28The_Meditation_of_
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Berlin%2C_Mitte%2C_Schuetzenstrasse%2C_Mosse-Zentrum_05.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Beek100
File:Buffalo_City_Hall,_Buffalo,_NY_-_IMG_3740.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Buffalo_
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File:Central_Hotel,_Napier_05.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Central_Hotel%2C_Napier_05.
jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Art Deco Napier Original artist: Russell James Smith from Auckland, New Zealand
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org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Chrysler_Building_spire%2C_Manhattan%2C_by_Carol_Highsmith_%28LOC_highsm.04444%29.png
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File:Cochise_County_Courthouse_Bisbee_Arizona_ArtDecoDoors.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
4/41/Cochise_County_Courthouse_Bisbee_Arizona_ArtDecoDoors.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: I Peter Bronski created this
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Carl Milles
File:Eastern_Columbia_Building_entrance.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Eastern_Columbia_
Building_entrance.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Photographed by Binksternet in August 2002. Transferred from en.wikipedia
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Manchester.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2817384 Original artist: Stephen Richards
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File:Joseph_Csaky,_Deux_figures,_1920,_relief,_limestone,_polychrome,_80_cm,_Krller-Mller_Museum,_Otterlo,
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jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: User:Maha
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platform.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FritzDaCat

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Museum-art-deco.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Museum-art-deco.jpg License: CC BY-SA

4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SilverLives
File:NewIndiaAssuranceBdg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/NewIndiaAssuranceBdg.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: New India Assurance Building Original artist: Colin Rose from Montreal, Canada
File:Raymond_Duchamp-Villon,_1912,_La_Maison_Cubiste_(Cubist_House)_at_the_Salon_d'Automne,_1912,_detail_of_
the_entrance._Photograph_by_Duchamp-Villon.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Raymond_
Duchamp-Villon%2C_1912%2C_La_Maison_Cubiste_%28Cubist_House%29_at_the_Salon_d%27Automne%2C_1912%2C_detail_
of_the_entrance._Photograph_by_Duchamp-Villon.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Duchamp-Villon: Collections du Centre
Georges Pompidou, Musee National d'Art Moderne et du Musee des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, 1998 Original artist: Raymond Duchamp-Villon
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