CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Place And Time Of The Study

The writer held the research at the ninth grade students of SMPN 11 Kota
Cirebon. This school is located on jl.Perjuangan Kota Cirebon. It has 24
classrooms, 1 library, 2 labs, 4 offices, and 1 school health center.
The writer held the research by the end of August until September 2013. This
research began with observation which is held by the end of August 2013. After
that, the writer held experiment by applying Total Physical Response (TPR) in
teaching Present Continuous Tense.

3.2 Research Methodology

Katherine. H. Voegtle (2002: 178) stated Experimental research, which

comes out of the scientific realism framework, is thought by many to be the only
type of research that can result in findings that suggest causal relationships.
Based on the statement, the writer took experimental method which is considered
by the writer as the suitable method for this research.

3.3 Population and Sample

3.3.1 Population

In this research the writer uses the ninth grade students of SMPN 11
Kota Cirebon as the population. It consists of eight classes and each class
consists of about 40 students. So, total of the population is 320 students.
It is based on Gay (1987:102) which give definition of population that is
the group of interest to the researcher, the group to which she or he would
like

the

results

of

the

study

to

be

generalizable.

Meanwhile,

Johnson(1987:110) states that population is the entire group of entities or

person to which the results of a study are intended to apply.

3.3.2 Sample

According to Fraenkel and Wallen, A sample is a group in a research

study on which information is obtained (1993: 78).
Based on the statement, the writer uses Purposive Sampling technique.
The sample is taken randomly; the sample of this study covers one class and
the writer chooses class XI A as the sample of the study. This class consists of
40 students.

3.4 Technique of Collecting the Data

Collecting the data is crucial in this research because it determines the

process of research. The writer collected the data in several procedures in order to

get the empirical data required. The procedures will be conducted in four ways;
they are:

3.4.1 Observation

This procedure is conducted in order to find out the basic data of the
students. It includes students basic ability, the way of teaching and learning
process and also the factors influenced students in achieving materials
(Present Continuous Tense). These factors can be the supportive factor or
unsupportive factor.

3.4.2 Pre Test

Pre-test was the first activity before the teacher did the teachinglearning activities and a post test. The purpose of holding pre-test is to find
out the ability of the students before the treatment.

3.4.3 Treatment (Teaching and Learning Activities)

In this step, the writer applied Total Physical Response (TPR) as the
method in teaching Present Continuous Tense at the classroom.

3.4.4 Post Test

In the last activity, the students did a post-test. This test is taken to find
out the final result of the research.

3.5 Technique of Analyzing the Data

In order to reach the purpose of this research, the writer uses experimental
method with pre-test and post-test design. Where the formula of the design is:
O1

O2

Where:
O1 = pre-test
X = treatment
O2 = post-test
From the design above, we find out activity that has been done before
treatment (O1) is pre-test and activity that has been done after the treatment is
post-test. So the difference between O1 and O2 is O2 O1 is assumed as an effect
of the treatment. So, in analyzing the data the writer uses the t-test from Sudjono
(2003, 305) that is used to count the effectiveness of the treatment. The formula is:
MD
t 0=
SE MD

MD = Mean of Differences, the average score from the differences gained

scores, between X variable, which are calculated with the formula:
D
MD=
N
D = the total score between X variable and Y variable. D is
gained with the formula: D = X-Y
N = Number of cases
SEMD = the standard error from mean of differences which is gained with
the formula:
SD D
SE MD =
N 1

SDD = the standard deviation from the differences between scores

of X variable and Y variable which is gained with the
formula:
2
D

SD D =

( )
N