TYNDALE-BISCOE AND MALLINSON SOCIETY

UNIT-III ASSIGNMENT WORK FOR CLASS-VIII

(SESSION 2015-16)

Note: All work to be practised at home in any notebook. Parents to assist their ward/s with the following.

English/Urdu/Hindi --- Read the lessons of Unit-III syllabus and underline/highlight the new words,
learn word meanings and go through the exercises given at the end of the lessons with the help of
the study material provided below.
Science/Social Studies --- Read the lessons of Unit-III syllabus and go through the sub-topics,
definition of terms and the exercises given at the end of the lessons with the help of the study
material provided below.
Mathematics --- With the help of the study material provided below practise all the exercises of the
lessons prescribed in Unit-III syllabus.
ENGLISH

Polo - The King Of Games

The Brook
Colors Of Rainbow
Meeting Poets
POLO THE KING OF GAMES
Question/ Answers
Q1.
Why is polo called the game of kings?
Ans. Polo is called the game of kings because in its early history it was played by kings only. This game was
patronized by kings and the horses cavalry and was played by the likes of Darius, Genghis Khan and
Alexander the Great.
Q2.
Where did polo originate?
Ans. Polo originated in central Asia.
Q3.
What was the status of polo during the Mughal reign?
Ans. Under the Mughals, polo was the national sport of India until the end of the 16 th century. During this
period polo enjoyed the patronage of kings and nobles and was widely played in the provinces of the
empire and in the courts of the Rajput kings.
Q4.
In whose reign did polo come to Ladakh and how?
Ans. According to legends, polo came to central Ladakh from its neighboring country Baltistan. Historians
date the introduction of polo in Ladakh to king Jamyang Namgyals reign in the 16th century who
married Gyal Khatun, a princess from Baltistan. Others say that it was brought by the colony of baltics,
settled at Chushot.
Q5.
How is polo played in Ladakh?
Ans. Polo is played in Ladakh with great verve. It has become a part of a cultural heritage and is more than a
game. Ladakhi polo, unlike the modern polo is a fast and furious game and is a test of human endurance
skills and horse strength.
The game attracts huge crowds with people donning their colourful costumes. The game is usually
played in the afternoon. Each team consists of six players and the game lasts for an hour with a ten
minute break. There are two rounds of twenty minutes each with a few restraints and rough riding
reminiscent of the Mongol horsemen. No polo match in Ladakh is complete without its musical
accompaniment of surna and daman.
Q6.
How is polo in Ladakh different from the international format?
Ans. Polo in Ladakh is different from the international format in player count as well as duration.
Ladakhi Polo-Ladakhi Polo is fervishly quicker and more demanding in comparison to international
Polo. Each team consists of six players and the game lasts for an hour with two twenty minutes halves
of play and a ten minute break in between. After a goal, sides change and the scorer gets to take strike.
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International Polo:
An international polo team is made of four polo players. The four players on each team are assigned
positions, designated by the numbers 1 to 4. The game lasts for 30 minutes and there are four rounds of
7.5 minutes duration each. After each round teams change their side and the stallions are substituted.
GRAMMAR WORK [pg. 38]
PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun with some other words in the
sentence.
Eg. I saw a sheep in the field.
He is fond of pizza.
This flight goes to Pune.
The cat climbed up the tree.

Preposition can be used to show place and position, time, direction and movement, cause and reason.

Prepositions are usually placed before a noun or a proper noun.

Some prepositions are used after certain adjectives.eg. My parents were astonished by my good
grades.
Poem- THE BROOK
JOURNEY OF THE BROOK

Written by
starts from

goes through

reaches

How does it move?

Clues:- Chatters, bubbles, babbles, curves

What it meets on its way

What it is compared to

Pen down all the above points together to form a paragraph.

My summary is done.
THE BROOK - Question/ Answers
Q1.
Who is I referred to in the poem?
Ans. I refers to the brook in the poem.
Q2.
Trace the journey of the brook.
Ans. [same as summary]
Q3.
Explain the lines
For men may come and men may go
But I go on forever.
Ans. These lines have been taken from the poem The Brook written by Alfred Tennyson. These lines
highlight the eternal nature of the brook which continues to flow without stopping. It says that the brook
is immortal hence goes on forever whereas men are mortal.

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Q4.
Ans.

Alliteration examples from the poem.

Alliteration is a figure of speech in which there is a repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or
more words succeeding each other. Examples of alliteration from the poem are:
For men may come and men may go
And half a hundred bridges
Q5.
Can the journey of the brook be compared to human life? How?
Ans. Yes, the journey of the brook can be compared to human life.
The Brook has been personified in the poem by the poet. The brook takes its birth in the mountain
tops, winding its way through forests, hills, villages and farms, finally joining the sea. Similarly, human
beings also are born to die one day.
Human beings, just like the brook, pass through odd and even situations before reaching their
destination.
COLOURS OF RAINBOW - Question/ Answer
Q1.
What did the narrator observe when he looked out?
Ans. The narrator observed the beauties of nature when he looked out from his window. He was amused to
see the water falling from the awning of the window and droplets dripping down from the chilli plants
that were sporting the red chillies. He was also happy to see the clear sky.
Q2.
Why was the narrator unable to pay attention to what his daughter was saying?
Ans. The narrator was unable to pay attention to what his daughter was saying because he was lost in his own
thoughts.
Q3.
Why did the narrator have a tiff with his wife?
Ans. The narrator had a tiff with his wife because he did not pay any heed to his wife. Moreover, his wife
hurled a lot of complaints as they were living a hard life. She even grumbled that her health had been
affected because of the poor diet.
Q4.
What did the narrator find when he returned home late at night?
Ans. When the narrator came back home he found his wife waiting for him. She was looking weak as she had
not eaten anything since morning.
POEM - MEETING POETS
Complete the burger with the help of the clues given to frame the sum-up of the poem.
Title of the poem
has been written by

Name of the poet

The poet is confused . . .
The poet further says that the best way to
meet the poets is
It is just like what?

Pen down all the above points together to form a paragraph.

My summary is done.
Question/ Answers
Ans1. The poet is confused when she meets poet because of their physical appearance. The color of their
socks, their wigs and wasp in their voice confuse the poet.
Ans 2. The best was to know poets is to read their works of art.
Ans 3. The poet compares the poets with the cool speckled shells of the sea.
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Ans 4. The phrase wasp in the voice means that the poets are bitter in their tone but they always speak the
truth.
MATHS
Exercise 11.1

Exponents and Powers

Question 1: Evaluate
Solutionj: (i)

(ii)

(iii)
Question 2: Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent
Solution:
(i) (4)5 (4)8 = (4)5 8 (am an = am n)
= ( 4)3

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) (3 7 310) 35 = (37 (10)) 35 (am an = am n)

= 33 35
= 33 + ( 5) (am an = am + n)
= 32

(v) 23 (7)3 =

Question 3: Find the value of

Solution:

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(ii) (21 41) 2 2 = [21 {(2)2} 1] 2 2

= (2 1 2 2) 2 2
= 21+ (2) 22 (am an = am + n)
= 23 22
= 23

(2)

(am an = am n)

= 23 + 2
= 2 1

(iii)

(iv) (31 + 41 + 51)0

= 1 (a0 = 1)

(v)

Question 4: Evaluate

Solution:

(i)

(ii)
2 4 x5 3
23

= 243 x53 = 2x125 = 250

(iii)

Question 5: Find the value of m for which 5m 53 = 55.

Solution:
5m 53 = 55
5m ( 3) = 55 (am an = am n)
5m + 3 = 5 5
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Since the powers have same bases on both sides, their respective exponents must be
equal.
m+3=5
m=53
m=2
Question:6 Evaluate
(i)

(ii)

Soluti on :

(i)

(ii)

Question 7: Simplify
Soluti on

(i)

(ii)

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Exercise 11.2
Q1.
Express the following numbers in standard form.
Solution:
(i) 0.0000000000085 = 8.5 1012
(ii) 0.00000000000942 = 9.42 1012
15
(iii) 6020000000000000 = 6.02 10
(iv) 0.00000000837 = 8.37 109
(v) 31860000000 = 3.186 1010
Q2.
Express the following numbers in usual form
Solution:
(i) 3.02 106 = 0.00000302
(ii) 4.5 104 = 45000
8
(iii) 3 10 = 0.00000003
(iv) 1.0001 109 = 1000100000
(v) 5.8 1012 = 5800000000000
(vi) 3.61492 106 = 3614920
Q3.Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form
Solution:
(ii) 0.000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 16 = 1.6 1019
(i) 1 micron
= 1 106
(iii) 0.0000005 = 5 107
(iv) 0.00001275 = 1.275 105
(v) 0.07 = 7 102
Q4.
In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 paper sheets each of thickness
0.016mm. What is the total thickness of the stack?
Solution:
Thickness of each book = 20 mm
Hence, thickness of 5 books = (5 20) mm = 100 mm
Thickness of each paper sheet = 0.016 mm
Hence, thickness of 5 paper sheets = (5 0.016) mm = 0.080 mm
Total thickness of the stack = Thickness of 5 books + Thickness of 5 paper sheets
= (100 + 0.080) mm
= 100.08 mm
= 1.0008 102 mm

Direct and Inverse Proportion

Exercise 12.1
Solution: Q1.

A table of the given information is formed as

Number of hours

12

24

Parking charges (in Rs)

60

100

140

180

The ratio of parking charges to the respective number of hours (Rs/ hour) can be calculated
as

Q2:

As each ratio is not same, therefore, the parking charges are not in a direct
proportion to the parking time.
The given mixture of paint is prepared by mixing 1 part of red pigments with 8 parts
of base. For more parts of red pigments, the parts of the base will also be more.
Therefore, the parts of red pigments and the parts of base are in direct proportion.
The given information in the form of a table is as follows.
Parts of red pigment

12

20

Parts of base

x1

x2

x3

x4

According to direct proportion,

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The table can be drawn as follows

Q3.

Parts of red pigment

12

20

Parts of base

32

56

96

160

Let the parts of red pigment required to mix with 1800 mL of base be x. The given
information in the form of a table is as follows.
Parts of red pigment

Parts of base (in mL)

75

1800

The parts of red pigment and the parts of base are in direct proportion.
Therefore, we obtain

Q4.

Thus, 24 parts of red pigments should be mixed with 1800 mL of base.

Let the number of bottles filled by the machine in five hours be x. The given
information in the form of a table is as follows.
Number of bottles

840

Time taken (in hours)

The number of bottles and the time taken to fill these bottles are in direct proportion.
Therefore, we obtain

Q5.

Thus 700 bottles will be filled in 5 hours.

Let the actual length of bacteria be x cm and the enlarged length of bacteria be y cm, if the
photograph is enlarged for 20,000 times.
The given information in the form of a table is as follows.
Length of bacteria (in cm)

Number of times photograph of Bacteria was enlarged

50000

20000

The number of times the photograph of bacteria was enlarged and the length of bacteria are
in direct proportion. Therefore, we obtain

Hence, the actual length of bacteria is 104 cm.

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Let the length of bacteria when the photograph of bacteria is enlarged 20, 000 times be y.

Q6.

Hence, the enlarged length of bacteria is 2 cm.

Let the length of the mast of the model ship be x cm.
The given information in the form of a table is as follows:
-

Height of mast

Length of ship

Model ship

9 cm

Actual ship

12 m

28 m

We know that the dimensions of the actual ship and the model ship are directly
proportional to each other.
Therefore, we obtain:

Q7.

Thus, the length of the model ship is 21 cm.

(i) Let the number of sugar crystals in 5 kg of sugar be x. The given information in the form
of a table is as follows.
Amount of sugar (in kg)

Number of crystals

9 106

The amount of sugar and the number of crystals it contains are directly proportional to
each other. Therefore, we obtain

Hence, the number of sugar crystals is 2.25 107.

(ii) Let the number of sugar crystals in 1.2 kg of sugar be y. The given information in
the form of a table is as follows

Q8.

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Amount of sugar (in kg)

1.2

Number of crystals

9 106

Hence, the number of sugar crystals is

.
Let the distance represented on the map be x cm. The given information in the form of a
table is as follows.
Distance covered on road in (in km)

18

72

Distance represented on map (in cm)

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The distances covered on road and represented on map are directly proportional to each
other. Therefore, we obtain

Q9.

Hence, the distance represented on the map is 4 cm.

(i) Let the length of the shadow of the other pole be x m.
1 m = 100 cm
The given information in the form of a table is as follows.
Height of pole (in m)

5.60

10.50

Length of shadow (in m)

3.20

More the height of an object, more will be the length of its shadow.
Thus, the height of an object and length of its shadow are directly proportional to each
other. Therefore, we obtain

Hence, the length of the shadow will be 6 m.

(ii) Let the height of the pole be y m. The given information in the form of a table is as
follows.
Height of pole (in m)

5.60

Length of shadow (in m)

3.20

The height of the pole and the length of the shadow are directly proportional to each other.
Therefore,

Q10.

Thus, the height of the pole is 8.75 m or 8 m 75 cm.

Let the distance travelled by the truck in 5 hours be x km.
We know, 1 hour = 60 minutes
5 hours = (5 60) minutes = 300 minutes
The given information in the form of a table is as follows.
Distance travelled (in km)

14

Time (in min)

25

300

The distance travelled by the truck and the time taken by the truck are directly
proportional to each other. Therefore,

Hence, the distance travelled by the truck is 168 km.

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Q1.

Q2.

Exercise 12.2
Answers:
(i)
These are in inverse proportion because if there are more workers, then it will take lesser
time to complete that job.
(ii)
No, these are not in inverse proportion because in more time, we may cover more distance
with a uniform speed.
(iii)
No, these are not in inverse proportion because in more area, more quantity of crop may be
harvested.
(iv)
These are in inverse proportion because with more speed, we may complete a certain
distance in a lesser time.
(v)
These are in inverse proportion because if the population is increasing, then the area of the
land per person will be decreasing accordingly.
A table of the given information is as follows.
Number of winners
Prize for each winner (in Rs)

10

20

100000

50000

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

From the table, we obtain

1 100000 = 2 50000 = 100000
Thus, the number of winners and the amount given to each winner are inversely
proportional to each other. Therefore,
1 100000 = 4 x1

1 100000 = 5 x2

1 100000 = 8 x3

1 100000 = 10 x4

1 100000 = 20 x5

Q2.

Hence, the number of spokes in such a wheel is 9.

Number of winners
Prize for each winner (in Rs)

10

20

100000

50000

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

From the table, we obtain

1 100000 = 2 50000 = 100000
Thus, the number of winners and the amount given to each winner are
inversely proportional to each other. Therefore,
1 100000 = 4 x1

1 100000 = 5 x2

1 100000 = 8 x3
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1 100000 = 10 x4

1 100000 = 20 x5

Q3.

A table of the given information is as follows.

Number of spokes
Angle between a pair of consecutive spokes

10

12

90

60

x1

x2

x3

From the given table, we obtain

4 90 = 360 = 6 60
Thus, the number of spokes and the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes are
inversely proportional to each other. Therefore,
4 90 = x1 8

Similarly,

and

Thus, the following table is obtained.

Number of spokes
Angle between a pair of consecutive spokes
(i)
(ii)

(iii)

Q4.

10

12

90

60

45

36

30

Yes, the number of spokes and the angles formed between the pairs of consecutive
spokes are in inverse proportion.
Let the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes on a wheel with 15 spokes be x.
Therefore,
4 90 = 15 x

Hence, the angle between a pair of consecutive spokes of a wheel, which has 15
spokes in it, is 24.
Let the number of spokes in a wheel, which has 40 angles between a pair of
consecutive spokes, be y.
Therefore,
4 90 = y 40

Hence, the number of spokes in such a wheel is 9.

Number of remaining children = 24 4 = 20
Let the number of sweets which each of the 20 students will get, be x. The following table is
obtained.
Number of Students
Number of Sweets

24
25

20
x

If the number of students is lesser, then each student will get more number of sweets.
Since this is a case of inverse proportion,
24 5 = 20 x

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Q5.

Hence, each student will get 6 sweets.

Let the number of days that the food will last if there were 10 more animals in the cattle be x.
The following table is obtained.
Number of animals
Number of days

20

20 + 10 = 30

More the number of animals, lesser will be the number of days for which the food will last.
Hence, the number of days the food will last and the number of animals are inversely proportional
to each other.
20 6 = 30 x
Therefore,

Thus, the food will last for 4 days.

Q6.

Let the number of days required by 4 persons to complete the job be x. The following table is
obtained.
Number of days

Number of persons

If the number of persons is more, then it will take lesser time to complete the job.
Hence, the number of days and the number of persons required to complete the job are inversely
proportional to each other.
Therefore,
43=x4

Q7.

Thus, the number of days required to complete the job is 3.

Let the number of boxes filled, by using 20 bottles in each box, be x.
The following table is obtained.
Number of bottles

12

20

Number of boxes

25

More the number of bottles, lesser will be the number of boxes.

Hence, the number of bottles and the number of boxes required to pack these are inversely
proportional to each other. Therefore, 12 25 = 20 x

Q8.

Hence, the number of boxes required to pack these bottles is 15.

Let the number of machines required to produce articles in 54 days be x. The following table is
obtained.
Number of machines

42

Number of days

63

54

More the number of machines, lesser will be the number of days that it will take to produce the
given number of articles. Thus, this is a case of inverse proportion. Therefore,
42 63 = 54 x

Hence, the required number of machines to produce the given number of articles in 54 days is 49.

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Q9.

Let the time taken by the car to reach the destination, while travelling with a speed of 80
km/hr, be x hours.
The following table is obtained.
Speed (in km/hr)

60

80

Time taken (in hours)

More the speed of the car, lesser will be the time taken by it to reach the destination. Hence, the
speed of the car and the time taken by the car are inversely proportional to each other. Therefore,
60 2 = 80 x

Q10.

The time required by the car to reach the given destination is 1 hours.
(i)
Let the number of days required by 1 man to fit all the windows be x. The following
table is obtained.
Number of persons

Number of days

Lesser the number of persons, more will be the number of days required to fit all the windows.
Hence, this is a case of inverse proportion. Therefore,
2 3 = 1 x = 6
Hence, the number of days taken by 1 man to fit all the windows is 6.
(ii)
Let the number of persons required to fit all the windows in one day be y. The following
table is formed.

Q11.

Number of persons

Number of days

Lesser the number of days, more will be the number of persons required to fit all the windows.
Hence, this is a case of inverse proportion. Therefore,
23=y1
y=6
Hence, 6 persons are required to fit all the windows in one day.
Let the duration of each period, when there are 9 periods a day in the school, be x minutes.
The following table is obtained.
Duration of each period (in minutes)
Number of periods

45

If there is more number of periods a day in the school, then the duration of each period will be
lesser. Hence, this is a case of inverse proportion. Therefore
45 8 = x 9

Hence, in this case, the duration of each period will be 40 minutes.

SOCIAL STUDIES
(HISTORY)
Topics:
1. Women, caste and reform.
2. Changes in the visual arts.
LESSON: Women, caste and reform.
Q1.
What social ideas did the following people support?
A1:
(i)
Rammohan Roy: He founded the Brahma Samaj in 1828 A.D. Brahmo Samaj took the
following steps for modernizing the Indian society.
a) It organized a movement to bring an end to the practice of sati.
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b) It propagated widow-remarriage and encouraged inter-caste marriage.

c) It strongly opposed caste-system and child marriage.
d) It favoured the introduction of western education to enlighten the people.
(ii)
Dayanand Saraswati: He founded Arya Samaj in 1875 A.D. Arya Samaj took the following
steps to revive Hinduism and reorganize the Hindu society.
a) It believed in the worship of one God.
b) It was against idol worship.
c) It opposed the ritual superstitions, blind faiths, sacrifices etc.
d) It condemned caste system and priesthood.
e) It preached social equality.
(iii) Veerasalingam Pantulu: He was a great social reformer of southern India. He was greatly
influenced by Brahmo Samaj. His contributions to the cause of social reforms were the following:
a) He laid stress on promoting girls education.
b) His greatest contribution was to the emancipation of women.
(iv)
Jyotirao Phule: He was the founder of Satya Shodhak Samaj. It was founded in 1848 for the
upliftment of the oppressed classes. He established many schools for the education of girls of lower
classes. He also condemned the caste structure.
(v)
Pandita Ramabai: She was a great scholar of Sanskrit. She founded widows home at Poona to
provide shelter to widows who had been treated badly by their husbands relatives. She was against the
oppressive and miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women.
(vi)
Periyar: He founded the self-respect movement. He felt that all religious authorities saw social
divisions and inequality as God-given. Therefore, untouchables have to free themselves from all
religions, in order to achieve social equality.
(vii) Mumtaz Ali: She was a reformer of the Muslim community. She quoted verses from the Holy
Quran to argue for womens education. She encouraged women to read about religion and domestic
management in a language they could understand.
(viii) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar: He was a great social reformer. He played a great role in passing
of the law which made remarriage of widows legal. He set up girls school in order to improve the
condition of women.
Q2.
How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws?
A2.
The reformers believed that changes were necessary in society, and unjust practices needed to be done
away with. They thought that the best way to ensure such changes was by persuading people to give up
old practices and adopt a new way of life. Whenever they wished to challenge any practice that seemed
harmful, they tried to find a verse or a sentence in the ancient sacred text that supported their point of
view. Then they suggested that the practice as it existed was against early tradition.
Q3.
What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school?
A3.
The different reasons for not sending girls to school were:
1) The people feared that schools would take girls away from home and prevent them from doing their
domestic work.
2) The girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school. Many people felt that this would
have a corrupting influence on them.
3) They also felt that girls should stay away from public spaces in order to protect themselves.
Q4.
Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have
supported them too? If so, for what reasons?
A4.
Many people in India, specially the upper class showed their resentment towards the Christian
missionaries because they saw their activities as a threat to the social superiority that they enjoyed.
Christian missionaries questioned and criticized caste inequalities. They began setting up schools for
tribal groups and lower caste children thus opening an opportunity for them to make their way into a
changing world. The lower class people on the other hand supported the efforts of the Christian
missionaries because they saw it as a ray of hope for them to lead better lives and avail new
opportunities.
Q5.
In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were
regarded as Low?

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A5.

Industrialization during British rule encouraged urbanization. This created opportunities for the people
who came from low castes:
1) Some people went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Indonesia.
2) Drains had to be dug, roads laid, buildings constructed and cities cleaned. This required coolies,
diggers, carriers, bricklayers, sewage cleaners, sweepers and rickshaw pullers creating job opportunities
for untouchables and other low caste people.
3) The Army also offered opportunities to the low caste people in the Mahar regiment.
Q6.
How did Jyotirao the reformer justify his criticism of caste inequality in society?
A6.
(1)
He attacked the Brahmans & their claim of racial superiority.
(2)
He argued that the Aryans being foreigners, came from outside the subcontinent, defeated and
subjugated the true children of the country.
(3)
According to Phule, the upper castes had no right to their land & power. The land belonged to
indigenous people, the so called low castes.
(4)
Phule claimed that before Aryan rule their existed a Golden Age, when warrior peasants tilled
the land and ruled the Maratha countryside in a just and fair way.
Q7.
Why did Phule dedicate his book Gulamgiri to American movement to free slaves?
A7.
In 1873, Phule wrote a book name Gulamgiri meaning slavery. The American Civil war had been
fought, leading to the end of slavery in America. He dedicated his book to all those Americans who had
fought to free slaves.
Q8.
What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
A8.
Ambedkars aim through the temple entry movements between 1927 and 1935 was mainly to make
everyone see the power of caste prejudice within the society. As a child he had himself experienced the
miseries and humiliation that the Mahar community was subjected to. Through the temple entry
movement he actually wanted to inspire and empower his followers to fight and challenge the atrocities
inflicted upon them by the upper class section of the society.
Q9.
Why were Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their
criticism help the national struggle in any way?
A9.
Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker were critical of the national movement because they found that
even the nationalists practiced casteism. They argued that the nationalists promoted the interests of the
upper caste only. Their criticism helped in making the national movement more broad based.
LESSON: Changes in the visual arts.
Q3.
Describe in your own words one painting from this chapter which suggests that the British were more
powerful than Indians. How does the artist depict this?
A3.
In one of the paintings by Zoffany, Indians are shown as submissive, inferior, serving their white
masters, whereas the British are shown as superior and imperious. They are shown flaunting their
clothes, standing regally or sitting arrogantly. Indians are shown to occupy a shadowy background
doing the odd jobs.
Q4.
Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?
A4.
Around the early 19th century, local villagers, scroll painters and potters moved to Kalighat because it
was the time when the city of Calcutta was expanding. New buildings and roads were being built,
markets were being established. The city appeared as a place of opportunity where people could come
to make a new living.
After the 1840s, there was a shift in the paintings i.e. they began to produce paintings on social &
political themes. In these paintings, they depicted the social life under British rule. This change was the
result of living in a society where values, tastes, social norms and customs were undergoing rapid
changes. Their paintings were their way of responding to the world around them.
Q5.
Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varmas paintings as national?
A5.
Raja Ravi Varma was one of the first artists who tried to create a style that was both modern and
national. He mastered the western art of oil painting & realistic life style, but painted themes from
Indian mythology. He dramatized on canvas, scene after scene, from the Ramayana & the Mahabharata,
drawing on the theatrical performances of mythological stories.
Q6.
Why did the British history paintings in India reflect the attitudes of imperial conquerors?
A6.
The imperial art, called history painting sought to dramatise and recreate various episodes of British
imperial history. Through these paintings the British painters, depicted for the British public, a
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Q7.
A7.

Q8.
A8.

favourable image of British influence on India. These paintings celebrated the British: their power, their
victories and their supremacy. They also sought to create a public memory of imperial triumphs.
Victories had to be remembered, implanted in the memory of people, both in India & Britain. Only then
could the British appear all-powerful.
Why do you think some artists wanted to develop a national style of art?
Some of the artists rejected the art of Ravi Varma as imitative and westernized, therefore they turned for
inspiration to medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting in the Ajanta caves. They were also
influenced by the art of Japanese artists who visited India at that time to develop an Asian art
movement.
Their effort was to define authentic Indian style of art. They felt that artists had to explore real life and
look for inspiration from living folk art and tribal designs.
Why did some artists produce cheap popular prints? What influence would such prints have had on the
minds of people who looked at them?
The cheap popular prints could be sold cheap in the market. Even the poor could buy them. Besides
some artists set up printing presses and produced prints for the market. These prints put a deep influence
on the minds of people who looked at them for example Bharat Mata appearing as a goddess carrying
the national flag or nationalist heroes sacrificing their head to the Mata, and gods and goddesses
slaughtering the British.
CIVICS

Topic: Global Issues:

Textual questions:
Q1.
Why are Human Rights essential?
A1:
Human Rights are those rights which a person should have to lead an honourable life as a human being.
All individuals should enjoy these rights without any distinction of race, religion, caste, colour or
gender. These laws have been given a proper place in the constitutions of almost all the democratic
countries of the world.
It was on the 10th Dec, 1948 that the UN adopted the universal declaration of Human Rights and called
upon the different member nations to assure all the human rights to their people. 10th Dec thus became a
historic day in world history. This day is therefore celebrated all over the world every year as Human
Rights Day.
Q2.
Describe how arms race is a waste of resource.
A2.
Arms race is a waste of resources. Millions of scientists, engineers and other workers devote their time
and skill to produce new weapons. Nations spend huge amount of money on armament. As a result, the
basic needs of humanity are not met. The WHO programme to eradicate malaria is dragging on owing
to lack of funds where as the amount required is approximately equal to expenditure of one day on
worlds military expenditure. Diseases like malaria, trachoma, leprosy and yam (tropical skin disease)
impose heavy annual load of economic loss and human suffering in the third world. The world can get
rid of all these four diseases for an expenditure of $500 million which is the cost of an aircraft carrier.
Developing countries suffer greatly from arms race. This affects their plans for social and economic
development. Arms race causes uneven economic development.
Q3.
Briefly explain the disparities between the developed and the developing countries.
A3.
There are some glaring disparities between the developed and the developing countries:
a) The rich countries are technologically developed and economically well off. The people of the
developed countries usually enjoy every luxury of the world which is not the case with the developing
nations.
b) The standard of living is very high in developed countries. Literacy rate, purchasing power, health
service, communication, transportation, employment and food security etc. keep these countries and
their people always ahead of developing or poor countries.
c) The poor countries on the other hand are industrially, technologically and economically
underdeveloped. These countries continue to live under dependence of the rich.
d) The Per capita income in developing countries is quite low as compared to the developed countries.
Q4.
What do you mean by the child labour? What are its causes?

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A4.

Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. Basically, child
labour is exploiting the under age children in any form forcing them to work illegally which harms or
abuses them. This abuse may be physical or mental, depriving the children of their right of basic
education and growth.
The causes of child labour are:
a) poverty
b) inadequate school facilities
c) family size and
d) cruel employers.
Q5.
What are the negative effects of population explosion?
A5.
The negative effects of population explosion are:
a) It leads to poverty and slows down the pace of development.
b) It puts increased pressure on land which reduces the fertility of soil.
c) It leads to all kinds of shortage of food, water, housing, education and employment facilities.
d) It is responsible for slow economic growth of the country.
e) It has been one of the biggest hurdles in the way of realizing the goal of prosperity for the vast masses
of the world.
Q6.
Write short notes on the following:
A6.
(a)
Terrorism: It means to threaten, to tremble or to frighten. It also means an organized violence
against governments, men, women, and children etc to attain a certain objective. It is an act of violence
aimed at causing terror and panic among the public. It has no sanction in religion, morality and
international law.
(b)
Poverty: It means inability to acquire the minimum basic needs for a decent human existence
like food, clothing, shelter, education and health care. Poverty very adversely affects the life of the
people. Because of poverty one cannot get even bare necessities of day-to-day life. It affects the general
health of the people. It also affects the economic development of the country.
(c)
Nuclear Arms Race: An arms race is a competition between two or more parties to have the
best armed forces. Each party competes to produce a large number of weapons, better arms and superior
military technology.
GEOGRAPHY
Topic: Industries:
Answer the following questions:
Q1.
What is meant by the term industry?
A1:
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron & steel industry which deals with the
production of goods, coal mining industry which deals with the extraction of coal & tourism industry
which deals with providing service.
Q2.
Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?
A2.
The main factors which influence the location of an industry are the availability of raw material, land,
water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.
Q3.
Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why?
A3.
Iron and steel Industries are often referred to as the backbone of modern industry because of the
following reasons:
(a) It provides raw material for numerous industries.
(b) It is used to make machines for all industries.
(c) It is required for the development of infrastructure like bridges and also for the manufacture of
transport modes like trains & ships.
(d) It is also exported to many countries from India to South Korea, Japan etc which leads to increase in
foreign exchange and GDP (Gross Development Progress) of India.
Q4.
Why did cotton textile industry rapidly expand in Mumbai?
A4.
The first successful cotton textile industry was established in Mumbai in 1854 because of the following
reasons: (a) Warm and moist climate. (b) Port for importing machinery. (c) Availability of raw material.
(d) Skilled labour.
Q5.
What are the similarities between information technology in Bangalore and California?
A5.
The similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California are:
(a) Both of them have advanced technological centre and educational institutions.
(b) Both the cities are environmentally clean with pleasant climate.
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(c) Both the cities have availability of skilled work force.

(d) Both of them have a good network of roads and both are located close to airports.
Q6.
Distinguish between (a) Agro based & Mineral based Industries (b) Public Sector Industries &
Joint Sector Industries:
A6.
(a) Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Food processing,
vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro based industries
whereas mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The
products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral
based industry.
(b) Industries composed of organizations which are owned and operated by the government such as
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Air India are called public sector industries. Industries owned and
operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals are called joint sector industries such as
Maruti Udyog Limited.
SCIENCE
PHYSICS
Friction
Friction: Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and/or material
elements sliding against each other. It may be thought of as the opposite of "slipperiness". i.e. it is an opposing
force that comes into play when two surfaces come in contact..
Causes of friction: The main causes of friction are
(i) Friction is caused by masses that travel past each other in opposite directions, which produces heat.
Adhesion, surface roughness, and deformations cause friction.
(ii) The surfaces of bodies are never perfectly smooth. Even a very smooth surface seen under a microscope, is
found to have depressions and projections as shown in the figure below. The interlocking of the irregularities of
the surfaces in contact causes friction.

Types of friction: Friction is of three types, namely Static friction, Dynamic or Kinetic or sliding friction and
Limiting friction.
Static Friction: Static Friction is the friction which is produced between two surfaces in contact with each
other at the position of rest. This friction is more powerful than any other type of friction. It is most difficult to
overcome the static friction because at this position, the irregularities are most effectively pressed against each
other. This type of friction needs a lot of energy to overcome.
Dynamic or Kinetic or Sliding Friction: This type of friction arises when two objects in contact are in
motion. It is less than Static friction. This friction is less effective than static friction because the irregularities
of both surfaces do not get enough time to get locked with each other as the objects are already in motion.
Limiting friction: It is the maximum value of static friction which comes into play when a body is just about
to slide over the surface of another body. For an applied external force greater than the limiting friction, the
body begins to move. Once motion has begun, static friction cannot be considered. A new type of friction
called kinetic friction comes into play.
Laws of limiting friction
Limiting friction always opposes the motion of a body over another.
Limiting friction acts in the direction opposite to the direction of the applied force.
Limiting friction increases with increase in the weight of the body and vice versa.
Limiting friction depends upon the material, the nature of the surfaces in contact and their smoothness.
For any two given surfaces, the magnitude of limiting friction is independent of the shape or the area of
the surfaces in contact.

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Drag: It is the term used to describe the frictional force which is exerted by the fluids on the bodies moving in
it. This friction needs a lot of energy to overcome, so bodies of such objects which move in fluids are
streamlined to counter the friction offered by fluids.
Rolling Friction: Rolling friction is the friction which comes in effect
when two bodies are rolling on each other. Rolling movement of both
objects dont allow the locking of irregularities, thus it is the smallest force
(friction) of all the three types.
When a body rolls over a surface, the frictional force developed
between the surfaces is called rolling friction. For example, when a wheel
rolls over a surface, the surface of the wheel and the surface on which it
rolls are both slightly deformed. A resistance to smooth rolling is produced
due to this deformation. This resistance or opposing force is called rolling
friction. The deformation of a motor car tyre in contact with the road is an example. The tyre becomes slightly
flattened at the point of contact with the road and also the surface in front of the tyre or wheel gets slightly
raised forming a kind of moving ridge.
Friction due to liquids and gases: Liquids and gases also exert friction. However, friction offered by them is
less as compared to that offered by solid surfaces. The best example to demonstrate the friction offered by air is
the meteor shower. Each time a comet passes the Sun it loses some of its gas and ultimately only the dust
particles and bits of rocks are left in space. When these particles enter the earth's atmosphere, they burn due to
the heat produced by air resistance and produce a shower of meteors or shooting stars.
The friction due to water is much less than that between solid surfaces and hence it is difficult to stop
ships or boats. To stop a ship the engine is fired in the opposite direction.
How can friction be decreased? Friction can be decreased by the following methods
i.
It can be reduced by using lubricants like oil, grease and graphite.
ii. It can be reduced by using ball bearings or roller bearings.
iii. It can be reduced by separating the surfaces by an air cushion.
iv. It can be reduced by streamlining the body. Aeroplanes, boats and fishes are examples of streamlined
objects.
v.
It can be reduced by polishing the surfaces.
How can friction be increased? Friction can be increased by the following methods
i.
By making both the surfaces very rough.
ii. By making irregular projections and depressions like those we see on the tyres (grooves).
Advantages of Friction
i.
Due to friction we are able to walk on the surface of the earth.
ii.
The brakes applied in automobiles work only due to friction.
iii.
Nails, screws and the wooden boards are held together due to force of friction.
iv.
The fibers of thread are held together due to force of friction.
v.
We are able to write on paper beacuse of the friction between the pencil/pen and the paper.
Disadvantages of Force of Friction
i.
In overcoming friction, a lot of energy is wasted in the form of heat.
ii.
Friction causes wear and tear of the moving parts of a machine.
iii.
Due to friction, speed of automobiles cannot be increased beyond a certain limit.
Friction is a necessary evil: Friction is the retarding force which comes into play when a body actually moves
or tends to move over the surface of another body. Frictional forces always oppose relative motion and never
help it. Even when no relative motion is actually present but there is only a tendency for relative motion,
frictional force exists between surfaces. For example, without friction between our feet and the ground, it will
not be possible to walk. Any time we want to move an object, friction can make the job far more difficult.
Friction can make it difficult to slide a box across the floor, or ride a bicycle or walk through deep snow
In short, life is impossible without friction - It would be impossible to climb, to fix a nail, to drive a car if there
is no friction. The tyres of the vehicle are made rough to increase friction. Various parts of a machine are able
to rotate due to friction between the belt and pulley.
Friction is an Evil: Friction is an evil due to following reasons.
i. Wear and Tear of the machine parts is due to friction.
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ii. Friction between different parts of the rotating machines produces heat and causes damage to them.
iii. We have to apply extra power to machines in order to overcome friction. Thus the efficiency of the
machines decrease.
Factors of friction: The frictional force depends on the following factors i. It depends on the nature of the surface.
ii. It depends on the smoothness of the surface.
iii. It depends on the hardness with which two surfaces in contact are pressed against each other.
Textual questions: page no. 178
Q1. What do you understand by the term friction? Explain how it is caused.
Ans: Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and/or material elements
sliding against each other. It may be thought of as the opposite of "slipperiness". i.e. it is an opposing force that
comes into play when two surfaces come in contact. The surfaces of bodies are never perfectly smooth. Even a
very smooth surface seen under a microscope, is found to have depressions and projections. The interlocking of
the irregularities of the surfaces in contact causes friction. Friction is caused by masses that travel past each
other in opposite directions, which produces heat. Adhesion, surface roughness, and deformations cause
friction. Friction is caused due to relative motion between two surfaces.
Q2. Distinguish between static and dynamic friction.
Ans: Static friction is the friction that acts between two objects which are not moving in relation to each other.
For example, it is the force that prevents a block from sliding down a ramp with a small incline. Dynamic
friction is the friction that acts between two objects which are moving in relation to each other. For example, it
is the force that makes pushing a heavy box across the floor difficult.
Q3. What is limiting friction? State the laws of limiting friction.
Ans: Limiting friction: It is the maximum value of static friction which comes into play when a body is just
about to slide over the surface of another body. For an applied external force greater than the limiting friction,
the body begins to move. Once motion has begun, static friction cannot be considered. A new type of friction
called kinetic friction comes into play.
Laws of limiting friction
Limiting friction always opposes the motion of a body over another.
Limiting friction acts in the direction opposite to the direction of the applied force.
Limiting friction increases with increase in the weight of the body and vice versa.
The limiting friction depends upon the material, the nature of the surfaces in contact and their
smoothness.
For any two given surfaces, the magnitude of limiting friction is independent of the shape or the area of
the surfaces in contact.
Q4. How is rolling friction caused?
Ans: When a body rolls over a surface, the frictional force developed between the surfaces is called rolling
friction. For example, when a wheel rolls over a surface, the surface of the wheel and the surface on which it
rolls are both slightly deformed. A resistance to smooth rolling is produced due to this deformation. This
resistance or opposing force is called rolling friction. The deformation of a motor car tyre in contact with the
road is an example. The tyre becomes slightly flattened at the point of contact with the road and also the surface
in front of the tyre or wheel gets slightly raised forming a kind of moving ridge.
Q5. Under what conditions the rolling friction increases?
Ans: In case of rolling friction the smaller the depression formed at the point of contact of wheel or roller with
a given surface, the lesser is the force of rolling friction and if the depressions formed at the point of contact of
roller with a given surface are larger the force of friction will be greater. So it is clear in case of rolling friction
the force of friction increases under the condition if the depression formed by the roller is larger.
Textual questions: page no. 182
Q1. State the ways of increasing the friction between two surfaces?
Ans: Friction can be decreased by the following methods
i.
By making both the surfaces very rough.
ii. By making irregular projections and depressions like those we see on the tyres (grooves).
Q2. Name four ways by which friction can be reduced between two surfaces in contact?
Ans: Friction can be decreased by the following methods
i.
It can be reduced by using lubricants like oil, grease and graphite.
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ii.
iii.
iv.

It can be reduced by using ball bearings or roller bearings.

It can be reduced by separating the surfaces by an air cushion.
It can be reduced by streamlining the body. Aeroplanes, boats and paper rockets are examples of
streamlined objects.
v.
It can be reduced by polishing the surfaces.
Q3. State two advantages of friction?
Ans. Some advantages of friction are
i.
Due to friction we are able to walk on the surface of the Earth.
ii.
The brakes applied in automobiles work only due to friction.
iii.
Nails, screws and the wooden boards are held together due to force of friction.
iv.
The fibers of thread are held together due to force of friction.
Q4. State two disadvantages of friction?
Ans: (i) In overcoming friction, a lot of energy is wasted in the form of heat. Friction causes wear and tear of
the moving parts of machines
(ii) Due to friction, speed of automobiles cannot be increased beyond a certain limit.
Q5. Why friction is called a necessary evil?
Ans: Friction is called a necessary evil because in spite of its ill effects, we cannot do without friction. No body
would be at rest without friction. No movement (motion) would come to an end without friction. It is because
of friction that a nail remains fixed in the wall; buildings are intact in their places.
Q6(a). What is a lubricant?
Ans: A solid or liquid material which is applied between the two surfaces in contact in order to reduce the force
of friction between them is known as a lubricant. Oil, grease and graphite are examples of lubricants.
Q6(b). How does a lubricant reduce friction?
Ans: The lubricant reduces friction by separating the two surfaces in such a way that the interlocking of
irregularities are greatly reduced as the spaces between them are filled with the lubricant.
Q6(c). What kind of lubricants are used in (i) a sewing machine, (ii) the axle of a tractor?
Ans: i. In a sewing machine less viscous oils are used as lubricants.
ii. In an axle of a tractor more viscous lubricants like grease are used.
Q7. Name two solid lubricants and state where they are used?
Ans. Graphite and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are the predominant materials used as solid lubricant. Solid
lubricants are useful for conditions when conventional lubricants are inadequate.
Solid lubricants are solid materials, which reduce coefficient of friction and wear and tear by rubbing parts of
machines by preventing direct contact between their surfaces even under high loads.
Q8. Why friction is called a perverse force?
Ans: Friction is called a perverse force because without friction we cannot set the bodies in motion or stop the
moving bodies. So friction is necessary in day to day life, but on the other hand friction wastes energy, brings
about wear and tear and slows down motion. Hence we can say that friction is a friend as well as a foe.
Textual questions (exercises)
Q1. Why are worn out tyres discarded?
Ans: Special kinds of grooves are made in tyres so that they offer the required amount of friction and
automobiles are able to move on the roads properly without slipping. It is for the same reason that the worn-out
tyres (the tyres from which grooves have disappeared due to constant use) are discarded as they slip on the
roads and can cause serious accidents.
Q2. Why do carom coins move faster on carom board when dusted with talcum powder?
Ans: Carom coins move faster on carom board when dusted with the talcum powder because the talcum powder
reduces the sliding friction between the coins and the carom board as the talcum powder fills the irregularities
and makes the surfaces in contact smoother.
Q3. Why is the surface of the conveyor belt made rough?
Ans: The surface of the conveyor belt is made rough because the rough top conveyor belt has cushioning effect,
modifies and absorbs vibrations, impacts and simultaneously prevents slip by increasing the friction between
the belt and the roller. The surface texture resists the tendency for the material to roll down the conveyor.
Rough top conveyor belt is used for transporting light weight goods, such as sacks, boxes and parcels, on
inclined surface.

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Q4. Why is the sewing machine always oiled?

Ans: The sewing machine is always oiled because oil works as lubricant and reduces the force of friction
between the machine parts by separating the interlocking of the irregularities as they are filled with oil. It also
prevents machine parts from wearing out rapidly thus reduces the unwanted noise produced by the worn out
part of the sewing machine.
Q5. Why do new automobile tyres have deep grooves?
Ans: New automobile tyres are provided with deep grooves in order to increase the rolling friction because the
deep grooves provide larger air gap between the contact surfaces of road and the tyres, due to which it is
possible for the tyre to have a strong grip on the road surface and prevent automobiles from slipping.
Q6. Why does a ball rolling on the ground slow down?
Ans: Friction pushes the ball in the opposite direction when it is rolling. When a ball combines rotational and
translational motion, the friction act in the opposite direction of the motion. Force produced by the frictional
force therefore opposes the motion of the ball and hence it comes to rest.
Q7. Why are the boats and aeroplanes given special shapes?
Ans: Fluids like various liquids or air also exerts frictional force known as drag. To minimize the effect of this
drag, streamlining of the motion of the object in the fluid and in the air is necessary, which can be achieved by
modification in the shape of the body. Objects moving in fluids and in air must have a special shape called
streamlined shapes or aerodynamic shapes. Streamlined Shape or Aerodynamic Shape is that shape which
overcomes the friction of fluids. They have pointed fronts with little broader middle portion with tapering shape
at the back.
Q8. Why do meteors burn on entering into the atmosphere?
Ans: Meteors burn on entering the atmosphere because the frictional force between air and meteors hitting the
atmosphere causes the meteors to heat up to the temperature until it essentially evaporates. A meteor moving
through the vacuum of space typically travels at speeds reaching tens of thousands of miles per hour. When the
meteor hits the atmosphere, the air in front of it compresses very quickly due to the friction between the air and
surface of meteor. When a gas is compressed, its temperature rises and this causes the meteor to heat up so
much that it burns. The air burns the meteor until there is nothing left.
Q9. Why do painters use sand papers in polishing doors?
Ans: Painters use sand papers in polishing doors in order to knockout the irregularities on the surfaces of doors
to make them more smooth which help the painters to apply the paint on the smooth surfaces of the doors easily
and without any undulations which in turn helps the paint to spread uniformly throughout the surface.
Q10. Why is it easier to tie a knot with cotton string as compared silk thread?
Ans: Every surface has some irregularities on it. Silk feels more slippery to the touch, as it has less friction than
typical cotton due to less irregularities. In case of silk thread surface, the irregularities do not get enough time
to interlock, so it moves more easily on sliding than a cotton thread which has more irregularities on its surface
than silk which interlocks quickly and produces more friction. Hence, it is easy to tie a knot with cotton thread
than a silk thread.
CHEMISTRY
Chemical effects of electric current
Electric current: An electric current is defined as the ordered motion of electric charges. i.e.the rate of flow of
charge is called electric current or in other words the magnitude of the current 'I' is the charge flowing in the
circuit in one second. Mathematically current is expressed as
Current (I) = Charge (coulomb) / Time (Second)
OR
I = Q/t
Where 'Q' is charge and t stands for time. The unit of electric current is 'ampere' (A).
1 ampere = 1coulomb/second
One ampere is defined as the current flowing through a conductor when the flow of one coulomb of charge
flows in one second. One coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge flowing through a conductor per
second.

Conductors: Substances which allow electricity to pass through them easily are called conductors.
These are made from materials which have low resistances. Metals like copper, aluminium, silver,
iron, brass and also salt solutions are good conductors of electricity.

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Insulators: Substances which do not allow electricity to pass through them easily are called insulators.
These are made from materials which have a high resistance. Some substances like air, plastic, cotton,
rubber, wood, paper, glass, pure water, etc are insulators.
Do liquids conduct electricity?

Some liquids are good conductors and some are poor conductors of electricity. Water conducts
electricity in the form of ions. It is a polar solvent and dissolves everything in it. A good electrolyte
converts in the form of ions in water and conducts electricity. Electricity is the flow of charged
particles. In a liquid, the electrons can pass on charge, so some liquids are very good electrical
conductors. Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
Examples of Liquid Electrical Conductivity: some of the important ones are as follows:
1. Conductivity of electricity through water (due to the fact the normal water have ions in it).
2. Conductivity of electricity through Ethanol (because ethanol develops opposite ions in the solution).
3. Conductivity of liquid in Ethylene Glycol (because ethylene glycol also gives ions in solution and this
creates a region of opposite charges resulting in flow of electrons and then electricity).
4. Conductivity of electricity in Molten Wax.
5. Conductivity of electricity in Molten Sugar solution.
6. Conductivity of electricity in Molten Salt solution.
LED: The full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode. It is like a bulb which can glow even at a feeble current
supply. Ordinary bulbs cannot glow when the current supply is low. So they consume more current and are
therefore, costly. Since LED consumes much lower electricity so, they are economical. LEDs are available
in many colours such as, red, green, yellow, blue etc. They find applications for many purposes like in traffic
signals, on railway platforms for various indicators etc.
Electrode: An electrode is a conductor through which electric current is passed. Found in variable forms,
electrodes may be wires, plates, or rods. An electrode may be made up of metals, such as copper, silver, lead,
or zinc. However, an electrode may also be made of a nonmetal substance, such as carbon. An electrode passes
current between a metallic part and a nonmetallic part of an electrical circuit. Most frequently, conductors that
are metallic carry electrical current. In other circuits, however, current is passed through a nonmetallic
conductor.
In an electrochemical cell, an electrode is called either an anode or a cathode. An anode is
an electrode at which current leaves the cell and oxidation takes place. For example, an anode is the
positive electrode in a storage battery.A cathode is described as a negative electrode. Current enters the cell at
the cathode and reduction takes place. Electrons are repelled from the cathode.
Difference between anode and cathode: Cathodes and anodes are types of electrodes that conduct electrical
currents either into or out of an electrical device. Acathode typically acts as a positively charged terminal while
an anode usually functions as a negatively charged terminal. Cathodes and anodes will sometimes function in
reverse polarity in certain types of devices. As a general rule, when a device is discharging electricity, the
current flows out of the cathode terminal. When a device is being charged with electricity, the current flows
into the cathode causing it to function as the anode while the anode functions as the cathode.
Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a liquid substance which acts as a medium to conduct electricity. Anelectrolyte is
full of ions, which are atoms that have some sort of net electric charge, either positive or negative. A diluted
electrolyte has a relatively small amount of ions for its volume, while a concentrated electrolyte has a high
amount of ions.
Electroplating: Electroplating is the process of coating a desired metal on
another metal surface using electric current. It is one of the most common
applications of chemical effects of electrical current. Metallic plate and the
substance requiring coating are dipped in conducting solution with
conducting wires. The object to be coated is attached to the negative
terminal. When electric current is passed through the solution, the
compounds of the solution starts breaking and free metallic particles get
deposited on the object at the negative terminal of battery. In this way we
can get a coating of desired metal on any object by preparing suitable
conducting solution and using suitable electrodes.
Advantages of electroplating: Electroplating is a very useful process and has many advantages
1. It is used to coat metal surfaces with another metal having desired properties.
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2. It saves certain metal surfaces from rusting, corrosion etc.

3. Coating of chromium on other metals give luster to objects and better corrosion resistance.
4. Cheap metals like iron, aluminium etc. can be coated with costly metals like silver, gold etc. to give
them rich look as in case of artificial jewelry.
Textual questions:
Q1. Fill in the blanks
(a). Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
(The solutions of acids, bases or salts are conducting in nature. They allow the current to pass through.)
(b). The passage of an electric current through a solution causes chemical effects.
(When an electric current passes through a solution, the solution decomposes into its positive and negative ions.
This process of decomposition of the solution is a chemical effect of electric current.)
(c). If you pass current through copper sulphate solution, copper gets deposited on the plate connected to the
negative terminal of the battery
(When an electric current passes through a copper sulphate solution, the solution decomposes into positively
charged copper ions and negatively charged sulphate ions. These positively charged copper ions get attracted
towards the plate which is connected to the negative terminal of a battery.)
(d) The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called
electroplating.
Ans2. The deflection in the compass needle shows that current is flowing through the wound wire and hence,
through the circuit. The circuit is complete since free ends of the tester are dipped in a solution. The solution is
certainly a conducting solution. This is the reason why the compass needle shows a deflection.
Ans3. Liquids like lemon juice, salt water and vegetable oil allow electricity to pass through them. Hence, these
liquids can be used as in the beaker to show the given effect.
Ans4. The bulb may not glow because of the following reasons:
(i) Liquid in the beaker is non-conducting. In such case, the electric current would not be able to pass through
the liquid. Hence, the circuit is not complete.
(ii) Electric current in the circuit is very weak. This can happen if the material used for making the circuit is not
a good conductor of electricity or the battery does not have sufficient energy to generate electricity.
Ans5. (i) Liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B.
The amount of current flowing through a conducting solution depends on the conductivity of the solution. With
more conductivity, more current passes through the solution and vice-versa. Hence, the conductivity of liquid A
is more than the conductivity of liquid B.
Ans6. No, Pure water does not conduct electricity. This is because pure water is devoid of any salts. Pure water
can conduct electricity when a pinch of common salt is added to it, as salt solution is conducting in nature.
Ans7. Water may conduct electricity. If the electrical supply for the area is not shut off and water is poured
over electrical appliances, then electricity may pass through water and harm the firemen. That is why, in case of
a fire, the firemen shut off the main electrical supply for the area before they use the water hoses.
Ans8. Sea water contains more dissolved salts than drinking water. Hence, it is more conducting than drinking
water. Because of this reason, the compass needle deflects more in seawater than in drinking water.
Ans 9. No. It is not safe to repair electrical appliances outdoors during heavy downpour. This is because rain
water contains dissolved salts. Therefore, rain water can conduct electricity. The electrician may get electrical
shocks while working outdoors during rain.
Ans10. Rain water contains dissolved salts. This makes it a conducting solution. There are no dissolved salts
present in the distilled water. Hence, rain water can allow electricity to pass through it while distilled water
cannot.
Ans11. Examples of electroplated objects are as follows:
(i) Chromium plating is done on different parts of cars, buses and motor cycles to give them a shiny
appearance.
(ii) A fine layer of gold is deposited on silver ornaments and they are called gold-plated ornaments. Iron used in
constructing a building is coated with a layer of zinc. This protects iron from corrosion and rusting.
Ans12. Copper ion is positively charged. It is attracted towards the plate which is connected to the negative
terminal of the battery. As copper ions are transferred to the thin copper plate, this thin pure copper plate must
be connected to the negative terminal of the battery. Consequently, impure copper rod is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery.
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BIOLOGY
Reaching the age of Adolescence
Puberty: Puberty is the time in which sexual and physical characteristics mature. It occurs due to hormonal
changes. The changes bring about reproductive maturity.
Adolescence: Adolescence is the time between the beginning of sexual maturation (puberty) and adulthood. It
is a time of psychological maturation, in which a person becomes "adult-like" in behavior. Adolescence is
roughly considered to be the period between 13 and 19 years of age. The adolescent experiences not only
physical growth and change but also emotional, psychological, social, and mental change and growth.
Changes at puberty:
Boys and Puberty: Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood. It lasts roughly from age 11-13
until adulthood. Adolescence includes puberty, physical changes, a change in thinking ability, and all the social
and emotional changes that happen during this stage of life. Adolescence can be an exciting time as well as a
tough time in a boy's life. The changes that happen to a boy's body during puberty can be summarized as:
Physical Changes During Puberty for Boys:
i. Height and weight increase.
ii. Growth of facial hair, moustaches and beard.
iii. Vocal cords get thicker and longer - boys' voices deepen.
iv. The body develops an increased number of red blood cells.
v. Sweat and oil glands become more active, and body odour changes.
vi. Acne can develop.
vii. Some boys develop small and temporary breast tissue.
viii. Reproductive system develops completely.
Girls and Puberty: Adolescence includes puberty, the physical changes, a change in thinking ability, and
all the social and emotional changes that happen during this stage of life. It lasts roughly from age 9 until
adulthood. Adolescence can be an exciting time and a tough time in a girl's life. The changes that happen
to a girl's body during puberty are summarized as:
Physical Changes During Puberty for Girls
i. Mammary glands develop inside the breasts.
ii. Height and weight increase.
iii. Hips and waist become more defined.
iv. Menstruation begins.
v. Mood changes may occur.
vi. Fat tissue normally increases.
vii. Vocal cords get thicker and longer. The voice usually becomes high pitched.
viii. Sweat and oil glands become more active, and body odour changes.
ix. Acne may develop.
x. Reproductive system develops completely.
Secondary sexual characters:
The secondary sexual characteristics begin to appear during puberty as a result of hormonal stimulation. They
become apparent first in females, a little later in males. By the time their physical growth is completed, the
bodies of men and women show several marked differences.
Endocrine glands and their functions
i.
Thyroid gland: It is a soft butterfly shaped gland and secretes the thyroxine hormone which controls
growth and development. Its excessive secretion causes quick metabolism whereas its less secretion
causes slow metabolism leading to overweight and sluggishness.
ii. Ovary: Ovary produces Estrogen and Progesterone, which controls the sexual characteristics in females.
It maintains pregnancy and childbirth.
iii. Testis: Testis produces testosterone, which controls development of secondary and accessory sexual
characteristics in males.
iv. Pituitary gland: These glands secretes growth hormones like ADH, ACTH, FSH and TSH, which
regulates tissues and bones growth, controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney, stimulates
adrenal cortex to male cortisone, stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen and stimulates thyroid to
make thyroxin respectively.

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v.

Pineal: It is a small reddish grey vascular solid body lying between the two cerebral hemispheres of the
brain. It secretes melatonin hormone which regulates the working of gonad.
Hormonal action: The endocrine system acts by releasing hormones that in turn trigger actions in specific
target cells. Receptors on target cell membranes bind only to one type of hormone. More than fifty human
hormones have been identified; all act by binding to receptor molecules. The binding hormone changes the
shape of the receptor causing the response to the hormone.
Role of hormones in initiating reproductive function: The human body also possesses ductless glands which
release their secretions directly into the bloodstream. These glands are called endocrine (Greek: internally
secreting) glands. Their secretions, which may stimulate or regulate the functioning of various other, often
remote organs, are known as hormones (from the Greek hormaein: to arouse). Every human body contains a
number of endocrine glands and many different hormones which serve a great variety of purposes.
In regard to sex and reproduction, the most important endocrine glands are the pituitary gland and the male and
female gonads or sex glands. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is sometimes called the
"master gland" because its hormones stimulate and coordinate the other endocrine glands. Among the pituitary
hormones that are of particular interest here are FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing
hormone). They stimulate the male and female gonads to produce hormones of their own.
The gonads or sex glands are the testicles in the male and the ovaries in the female. The hormones produced by
the gonads are called gonadal hormones, and they can be divided into clearly distinct groups. One group of
hormones that are particularly prominent in mature males is known as androgens. Another group of hormones
particularly prominent in mature females are known as estrogens. (The female gonads also produce still another
hormone called progesterone, which is important for a woman's reproductive life.) However, while there is a
greater amount of androgens in men and of estrogens in women, both groups of hormones are present in every
individual. The gonadal hormones play an important role in a person's sexual maturation.
Role of hormones in metamorphosis: As in insects, a complex interaction of hormones in the amphibian larva
precipitates metamorphosis. Ultimately, two major classes of hormones act together to control amphibian
metamorphosis: the thyroid hormones (made by the thyroid gland) and prolactin (made by the pituitary gland).
Thyroid hormones function somewhat like the molting hormones of insects, in that an increase of their
concentration relative to prolactin leads to metamorphosis of the larva into the adult. Prolactin functions
somewhat like the juvenile hormones of insects, in that it tempers the action of the thyroid hormones. In most
species, thyroid hormones increase dramatically in concentration during metamorphosis and this stimulates
resorption of certain larval organs and differentiation of new adult
organs.
Sex Determination: During the formation of gametes, the females
will have only one type of gametes, all with one X chromosome.
However, the males will produce two types of gametes or sperms, one
with X chromosome and one with Y chromosome. Thus the sex of a
zygote is determined by which male gamete fuses with the female
gamete. If the X gamete fuses with the female gamete (also X), the
zygote will be a female and if the Y gamete fuses with the female
gamete, the zygote will be a male. This type of sex determination is
called XX-XY type.
Reproductive health: The physical and mental well being of an individual is regarded as an individuals
health. Adolescents have unique reproductive and sexual health needs. Therefore the adolescents growing
body require proper care and maintenance, which can be summarized as:
i.
Adolescence is the stage of rapid growth and development, hence the diet for an adolescent has to
be planned carefully keeping in view the requirements with respect to a balanced diet which
includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in requisite proportions.
ii.
Maintenance of personal hygiene in order to avoid the bacterial infections due to increased activity
of sweat glands.
iii.
Adolescents should lead an active life, exercise and play outdoor games regularly so that they have
proper physical and mental growth.
iv.
Adolescents should be made aware of the bad habits and other social evils prevalent in the society
so that they may not be confused or feel insecure in making their decisions.
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AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus known as the Human Immuno
Virus (HIV), which infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function.
Modes of Transmission: HIV is transmitted through unprotected physical relationship, transfusion of
contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy.
Adams apple: A familiar anatomic feature in the front of the neck that is due to the forward projection
(outgrowth) of the thyroid gland the largest and most prominent cartilage of the larynx. The thyroid cartilage
tends to enlarge at adolescence, particularly in males. Enlargement of the Adam's apple is considered, as one of
the secondary sexual characteristics. The primary purpose of the structure is to protect the delicate voice-box
from injuries.
Menstruation: The menstrual cycle is the process by which a woman's body gets ready for the chance of a
pregnancy each month. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days but it can range from 21 days to 35 days.
Most menstrual periods last from three to five days. At about the age of 10 to 13 years, the ovaries of females
are stimulated by the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) of the pituitary. This is called the onset of puberty and
is accompanied by release of hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones control the production of
ova or eggs and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Unlike males where sperms can be produced
throughout the life of man, in females the reproductive phase only lasts till the age of 45-50 years. This phase is
characterized by the presence of menstrual cycle. Each menstrual cycle typically occurs in about 28 to 30 days.
Thus it occurs every month.
Menopause: Stoppage of menstruation is termed as menopause. The menopausal transition begins with
varying menstrual cycle lengths and ends with the final menstruation. This phenomenon develops in women
between the age groups ranging from 45-50 years of age.
Textual questions: (Page no. 130)
Ans1. Hormones are chemical substances which are the secretion of the endocrine glands and are called
hormones. They are responsible for changes taking place in the body at puberty.
Ans2. Adolescence is the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. During this period, the
body undergoes several changes alongside reproductive maturity. It begins around the age of 11 and lasts till 18
or 19 years of age. The period of adolescence may vary from person to person.
Ans3. Menstruation is the process of the shedding of the uterine lining on a regular monthly basis. It begins at
puberty and is the reproductive cycle of the female body. Every month, the uterus prepares itself to receive a
fertilized egg. Therefore, the inner lining of the uterus becomes thick and is supplied with blood to nourish the
embryo. If the egg is not fertilized, then the lining of the uterus breaks down and gets released in the form of
blood through the vagina. This lasts for about two to eight days. This cycle occurs every month and is known as
the menstrual cycle.
Ans4. Changes at puberty:
i. Sudden increase in height and weight.
ii. Broadening of shoulders and widening of chest in boys. In girls, the region below waist becomes wider.
iii. In boys, under the influence of hormones, the larynx becomes prominent, the vocal cords become longer
and thicker. These changes cause the voice to become hoarse.
iv. Appearance of hair in areas such as underarms, face, hands, and legs.
v. Appearance of acne as a result of excessive secretion of oil from skin.
vi. Testis grows and starts producing sperms in males, whereas in females, the ovary enlarges and starts
producing matured eggs.
Ans5.
Endocrine gland
Hormones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Testis
Ovary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Pituitary

1.Testosterone
2. Oestrogen, Progestrone
3. Thyroxine
4. Adrenaline
5. Insulin
6. Growth hormone

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Ans6. Sex hormones are hormones produced by sex organs. For example, testosterone is the male sex hormone
produced by the testis, and oestrogen is the female sex hormone produced by the ovary. These hormones affect
the sexual features of an organism. Hence, they are known as sex hormones.
Functions of sex hormones:
Testosterone: This hormone brings about secondary sex characters in boys such as the growth of a beard, the
voice becoming hoarse, development of reproductive organs, etc.
Oestrogen: This hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in females such as
the enlargement of breasts, development of female reproductive organs, etc.
Ans7. (a-ii) Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because proper diet is needed for the rapid
growth taking place in their body.
(b-i) Reproductive age in women starts when their menstruation starts.
(c-ii) The right meal for adolescents consists of chapatti, dal, vegetables.
Ans8. (a) Adams apple: In human males, the larynx grows larger during puberty and can be seen as a
protruding part of the throat. This protrusion is known as the Adams apple. In boys, under the influence of sex
hormones, the larynx becomes prominent. As a result, the vocal cords become longer and thicker, causing the
voice to become hoarse. However, in females, the larynx is of a small size and is hardly visible. Therefore, girls
have a high pitched voice, while the voice of boys is deep.
Ans8 (b) Secondary sexual characters are those features that help in distinguishing the male and the female
body from each other. They are physical or behavioral characteristics that appear in humans at the time of
puberty.
Secondary sexual characters in boys:
(i) Appearance of moustache and beard.
(ii) Appearance of chest hair.
(iii) Growth of hair in genital area and other parts of the body.
Secondary sexual character in girls:
(i) Enlargement of breasts due to the development of mammary glands.
(ii) Growth of hair in genital area and other body parts.
Ans8 (c) Sex determination in an unborn baby:
The sex of a baby is determined by the type of male gamete that fuses
with the female gamete. All human beings have 23 pairs of
chromosomes in their nuclei. Out of these 23 pairs, the last pair is
known as the sex chromosome. This last pair is homologous or similar
in females and is represented as XX, whereas in males it is dissimilar
or heterozygous and is represented as XY.
Therefore, the male gametes can be either, 22+X or 22+Y and the female gametes are 22+X only.
If the X factor of male crosses with the female gamete, the resultant combination will be XX, a female child
whereas if the Y factor of the male crosses with the female gamete, the resultant combination will be XY, a
male child.
Ans 9. Cross word puzzle: Try yourself.
Ans10. The graph depicts the relation between the age and height of both boys and girls. During puberty, there
is a sudden increase in height of both boys and girls. On the basis of the above graph, it can be observed that
during the age of 4-8 years, girls have less height as compared to boys. However, as soon as girls reach 12- 13
years, their height shows a sudden increase and becomes more than boys. In later years, growth in both sexes
becomes stable. Growth during puberty is under the control of hormones.

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