The Space Required To Accommodate Services PDF

VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN
The space required to accommodate services

Translation into English:
Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen
Vitus Bering
Centre for higher education
To the architect and the plumber

This guidance is prepared by Teknologisk Institut, Energi in corporation
with Arkitekthjlpen and Forsikring & Pension. The aim is to ensure the
quality of technical installations of the house; this includes function, aesthetics and security for water damage and also a reasonable cost of construction.
Before 1990 a normal single-family house contained about 240 hidden
pipe joints, where the risk for water damages was very big. Since then a
new generation of codes for services has been published. The codes are
an excellent basis for technical installations, if the intensions are fulfilled.
Unfortunately, experience shows that in many cases the intensions of the
codes are not fulfilled. This means, that too often technical installations
are made without required space, and these can subsequently not be
maintained.
We would like to call for you as architect, that you also include the technical installations of the building in the superior arrangements of the building, and call for you as plumber, that you make optimal use of the architects planning for the placing of the installations.
The following section marked with red is important for you as architect.
The section marked with blue is special aimed for the plumber.
Leon S Buhl
Teknologisk Institut, Energi
Translation into English
Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen
Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education.
The guidance is prepared by Leon S. Buhl - Teknologisk Institut in corporation with a working group
composed of:
Sune Sand - ArkitektHjlpen, Bent Jensen - Tryg-Baltica, Birgitte Nord - Alka Forsikring, Jens
Winther - Topdanmark og Ole Harpth - F&P.
ISBN: 87-7756-562-2
The plan drawing of the frontpage is performed by Westergaard Arkitekter M.A.A., Vedelsgade 18C,
7100 Vejle.
Layout og production PAJOR Reklamebureau.
Table of contents
For the architect.. 6
Pipe work of the house7
Plumbing in utility room or storeroom.. 8
Space conditions for bath and toilet12
Sanitary equipment13
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 14
Kitchen.15
Flue system from natural gas boiler16
Check list for the architect 17
For the plumber..18
Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19
Space conditions for installations in utility room and boiler room. 20
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 21
Pathways for pipe work 22
Space for insulation.. 23
Handling of pipe in pipe system.. 24
Principles for visible pipe installations 25
Principles for pipes in skirting casing. 26
Principles for manifold installations.27
Principles for heating systems. 28
Floor heating.. 29
Principles for drainage installations 30
Boiler plant.. 31
Domestic hot water supply.. 32
Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33
District heating systems 34
Sanitary equipment35
Machines for washing and dishwashing.36
Manifolds for domestic water... 37
Outlets for taps...38
Manifolds for heating. 39
Floor drains. 40
Domestic water meter installation... 41
Heating meters for district heating.. 42
Check list for the certified plumber..43
Legislation for services. 46
Examples for thought 48
To the architect
This section contains information about space conditions and demands for function, which should be
requested, in connection with arrangement of services in a single-family house.
In the drawing are shown the rooms, in which space
for plumbing equipment and installations normally
should be established.
Pipes
In the floor construction you need space for:
Domestic water supply of PEX pipe in
pipe system or
Domestic water supply of copper
Heating pipes
Floor heating pipes
Drainage pipes
Remember! Pipes leading heat must be insulated
Utility room
In the utility room you need space for following:
Heating system
Domestic hot water system
Manifolds for heating and water system
Flue from boiler system
Meters for water and (heating)
Visible pipe work
The wet rooms of the house

In toilet and bathroom you need space for:
Possible manifolds for pipes

Space between sanitary equipments
Slope to floor drain
To obtain the intentional quality in the technical installations, we recommend that this publication form
part of the project material, and you as architect discuss the mentioned details with the certificated
plumber, so that the necessary coordination between
the work of architect and the work of plumbing is
obtained.
In the following part of this section the conditions,

which are mentioned above, are supplemented
with examples.
Planning of services in the single-family house. A guidance for architects and plumbers.
Translation into English: Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education
Pipe work of the house
Demands for the pipe installations
Pipes for domestic water supply are made without joints. This means, that embedded joints in
walls and floors are not allowed.
Heating pipes could be made with embedded

joints. However, we advise against not having
replaceable joints in directly connected district
heating installations.
Heating pipes of plastic must be a type with

oxygen membrane, so that no oxygen can
penetrate the pipe wall and cause corrosion in
steel parts.
What is a pipe in pipe installation?

When embedded joints in domestic water pipes are
not allowed the installation is often made as a socalled pipe in pipe installation.
This installation consists of an internal media pipe
of PEX and an outside casing pipe.
The media pipe and casing pipe go from manifold to every single tap without joints
In new heating systems pipe in pipe installation is

also used, as the media pipe and casing pipe are led
from manifolds to every single radiator connection
without joints.
What's an oxygen membrane

Plastic pipes for heating are supplied with a membrane on the surface or inside the pipe wall. The
membrane is so tight, that no oxygen can penetrate
the media pipe.
Concerning oxygen membrane see page (29)
Pipe in pipe installation.

The installation consists of a media pipe and a
casing pipe. The casing pipe has two purposes:
1. To be able to lead possible out leaking
water out, so that it can be seen
2. To secure, that the media pipe later in
connection with a possible damage can be
replaced.
Central heating pipes either as traditional

placed in the floor, or as a pipe in
pipe/manifold installation.
Remember!
Room/space for insulation, demands in BR
Plumbing in utility room or storeroom
The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, that

we have space enough for all necessary pipe installations, which shall connect the equipments.
The heating system

The heating system can either be:
Boiler for fuel or natural gas

Heat exchanger for district heating
Alternative heating up by bio-system or heat
pump
Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel or

gas. Min. 60 cm for service in front of boiler.
Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuel

or gas. Min. 60 cm in front of the unit to
make service possible.
Heat exchanger for district heating. The heat

exchanger is normally placed on the wall 1
meter above floor level.

Manifolds for floor heating
To day, many heating systems are designed as
floor heating instead of traditional radiator systems.
A floor heating system needs a regulation system
with manifold, pump and automatic regulation
equipment.
Floor heating plant. Space ought to be set

aside as shown in the drawing. In front of
the manifold arrangement must be about
40 to 60 cm.
Meter installation for domestic water

supply
A domestic water meter in the house is required.
It's the office for domestic water supply, which decide and approve the placing of the meter.
The meter shall be placed, so that it is easy to make
inspections.
Space ought to be set aside as shown in the

drawing. The meter must not be placed below
tabletops or in cupboards or something like
that.
Meter installation for district heating

If the house is heated with district heating, space for
an energy meter is needed. The office for district
heating determines, where and how the meter must
be placed.
Meter for district heating. It is a demand, that

the meter is placed, so that it is easy to read.
10
Domestic hot water supply

Domestic hot water supply can either be a traditional hot water store tank or, with district heating, a
heat exchanger.
Measurement in cm
Measurement in cm
Ordinary hot water store tank for central heating or district heating. The store tank is normally placed about 60 80 cm above floor
level concerning replacement of an anode
from the bottom of tank.
Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solar

heating. The biggest part of the pipe installation
is placed in the lowest part of the cabinet.
Min. 60 cm free space in front of the tank should
be set aside, to make it possible to reach the
pipe installation lowest in the cabinet.
Central heating supplied with fuel.

In a lot of modern boiler units the hot water store
tank is incorporated in the unit, and requires therefore no extra space.
Boiler for natural gas.

Its possible to get units, but its common to place
the hot water store tank just beside the boiler on the
wall.
If we use a hot water store tank prepared for solar
heating, this tank requires more space than a traditional tank. Furthermore space is required for the
pipe installations, because the tank is connected to
solar heating, central heating and domestic water.
It is to be expected, that future building regulations
will make demands for tanks prepared for solar
heating.
It is not always allowed to use heat exchanger for
heating up domestic hot water.
Measurement in cm
Besides the space for the domestic hot water exchanger space should also be set
aside for the pipe connections below this. If
the domestic water supply is a manifold system, space for the manifolds should also be
set aside.
11
Manifolds for domestic hot water supply

Most of all installations to day are designed as
manifold pipe systems, when the installation is hidden in floor or wall constructions. The reason is,
that it is forbidden to have non-replaceable joints
placed inside the building constructions.
When the manifolds for the domestic water installation are placed, following demands shall be respected:
Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaks

from joints and media pipe are discovered at
once. There must be tight sealing round the
pipe coming up the floor.
If the pipe installation is made of plastic pipes

as pipe in pipe, the casing pipes have to be led
up above the floor surface, so that possible out
leaking water will be led out on a waterproof
floor and not penetrating to the building constructions.
The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easy

to inspect and repair.
A floor drain ought to be placed close to the

manifold installation.
Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water

supply.
About 50 x 50 x 20 cm should be sat aside for
the manifold arrangement. Where PEX pipe in
pipe system is used, the casing pipe shall be
led 20 cm above the finished surface of the
floor
Furthermore space for leading domestic coldand hot water pipes to manifolds shall be set
aside.
Those pipes are normally placed visible from
the water meter and the hot water equipment.
Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typical

fill up like shown in the drawing above.
Remember! Domestic hot water pipes must
be insulated.
Space conditions for bath and toilet

In case of long pipelines to bath and toilet room of
the house, the manifolds could necessarily be
placed in the rooms or in direct adjoining rooms.
By placing manifolds in these rooms you should
notice the following:
The manifold must in the same way as in

utility room - be placed, so that possible outleaking water will be discovered at once.
Possible out-leaking water must not be able to

damage the building constructions, but shall be
led to floor drain.
12
Floor drain
In bathrooms with space for shower, it's necessary to
place a floor drain.
It is important to establish sufficient depression and
slope to the floor drain.
Cabinet for manifolds

If it is planned in advance, it is possible to use special cabinets for manifolds.
The manifold cabinet must have a waterproof bottom, so that possible water cannot penetrate the
building constructions.
Possible out-leaking water must only be able to flow
out, where the floor is waterproof.
Example on placing floor drain, so that necessary slope and depression will be obtained.
Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which is

incorporated in the wall construction.
The bottom of the cabinet must be waterproof.
Sanitary equipment
13
When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatories

and bathrooms, you must be sure about necessary
space.
In the following drawings are shown sketches with
examples on space demands and distance conditions.
In bathrooms for older people and handicapped,
more space must be estimated. Wheel chairs must
have a turning area with a radius of min. 1,5 m
and best 1,7 meters.
Measurement in m
Space requirement for different types of sanitary equipment.
See BR-S98
*) Other measurements you can find in HFB, Hndbog for Byggeindustrien.
Measurement in m
Example on space requirements in connection

with lavatories for older people and handicapped.
Measurement in m
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones
14
Definitions and demands for wet rooms

Definitions on the wet rooms wet zones are shown
in the figures.
The areas in the floor, where daily water influence
shall be expected, must have slope towards floor
drain and be without depressions. These areas are
shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings.
Moist zone
Wet zone
Measurement in mm
The figures above show wet- and moist zones

in connection with arrangement of showers.
Pipe penetrations in wet zones

Measurement in mm
Moist zone
Wet zone
The figures above show wet- and moist

zones in connection with bathtub and sink.
In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence

shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must
be allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the
membranes, these penetrations have to be made
watertight.
These demands come from the building regulations
BR 95 and BR-S 98.
Further information: SBI-direction 189
Kitchen
15
In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchen

sink with connected water- and drain installation.
Furthermore, you need space to place an automatic dishwasher.
For the automatic dishwasher you need waterand drain connection.
If the automatic dishwasher doesnt have an
incorporated security for water outflow, it must
be placed on a waterproof bedplate, which secure, that water outflow is discovered at once.
The drainage from the automatic dishwasher is

connected to the drainpipe from the kitchen sink.
The domestic water connection must be done
with an approved flexible tube.
If the automatic dishwasher doesnt have an
incorporated security for water outflow, it must
be placed on a waterproof bedplate.
Flue system from natural gas boiler
16
In connection with a gas boiler system it is important to make good planning of the flue system from
the gas boiler. The solution above roof will be the
best, because you will have no condensing problems on the outer wall.
Very often, the flue can set up limits for the design
of the boiler room or other rooms, where you want
to place the boiler.
In the following drawing are shown examples of
possible flue systems from gas boiler systems.
Gasreglement - Afnit A: Contains the demands for
placing of flue system and for work with gas installations
The local gas distribution company will make the
final approval.
Examples of possibilities for placing the flue

system from gas boilers depending on their
placing in the building.
Check list for the architect
17
Remember!
Description
Has space for scullery / boiler room been set aside,

and does this have a size, which makes space for
the components, that should be placed in the room?
Utility room / boiler room should be able to contain following technical installations:
Boiler or heat exchanger
Hot water store tank or heat exchanger
Manifolds with shunt system, regulating
valves and pumps for floor heating or radiator system
Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water
supply, and perhaps circulation pump for
domestic hot water.
Inlets of service pipe for domestic water
supply or district heating system, with the
meters arrangement.
Is scullery / boiler room and other installation heavy

rooms placed in a way proportional to each other,
that will give the shortest possible pipe routing.
Long pipe routing means that:

Possibility for circulation on domestic hot water supply
Possible renewing of media pipe can be
more difficult.
Is utility room / boiler room placed in a way in the

building, so that its possible to make chimney or
flue system and maybe openings for fresh air for
the boiler.
For gas boiler systems the following have to be

fulfilled:
Either horizontal or vertical flue system
should be possible to establish. Vertical system is best.
Maybe openings for combustion air, but it
depend on choice of boiler system.
Is it possible to place manifolds other places in the

building outside the utility room or boiler room, and
is it possible to get a quick report if leaks occur.
The following must be fulfilled:

If a manifold cabinet is placed in the wall
construction, the cabinet must have a watertight bottom.
Manifolds must not be hidden in cupboard
plinths or recesses in floor construction after
being installed.
Have pathways for the installations been taken into

consideration, and are these sufficient for the installations?
Space for the pipe installation must be available

inclusive the necessary insulation, therefore remember:
The Insulation of the pipes can increase the
diameter with 30-40 mm
Distance between the insulated pipes must
be min. 50 mm.
Pipes placed in building constructions must
not heat up or cool down each other.
To the plumber
This section contains information about the installation technical conditions, which shall be met in connection with planning and execution of the pipe
installations of the single-family house.
Already in the outline phase of the plan solution the
architect has made a lot of lay out proportions,
which you have to continue working from. Its your
job to ensure, that the final installations fulfil the
demands, given in valid regulations and different
codes, and that the installations work all right.
18
Pipe work
In wall- and floor constructions following pipes
can be built in:
Domestic water pipes made of plastic

as pipe in pipe system.
Domestic water pipes made of copper.
Outlets for taps.
Heating pipes.
Floor heating pipes.
Drainage pipes.
From the drawing appears, where you especially

shall be careful, when you plan and execute the
pipe installations.
Utility room
In the utility room following pipes and components ought to be placed:
Heating system for the house.

Domestic hot water system
Manifolds for heating and domestic
water supply system.
Meters for domestic water supply and
possible meter for district heating system.
Lavatory and bathroom

In separate lavatory and bathroom, following
should be taken into consideration:
Pipes and pipe penetrations in wet

zones.
Floor drains placed in shower pit.
Distances between sanitary equipment.
Placing of possible manifolds.
Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing
19
Principles for renewing

The Danish code of practice for domestic water
supply distinguishes between renewable installations and non-renewable installations. Domestic
water installations must be made without joints in
the non-renewable part of the installation. However
it is allowed to make parts of the installation as nonrenewable, when copper pipes or stainless steel
pipes are used.
PEX-pipes could be embedded in floor or wall without a casing pipe, if these are only used for domestic cold water.
The Danish code of practice for domestic water
supply defines renewable pipes in the following
way:
Renewable installations are installations, which are
accessible for repair without doing any harm to the
building constructions.
How do you evaluate if a pipe is renewable?

The most important factor, when you have to
decide, if a pipe is renewable, is not so much
the installation technical aspects, as the respect for the building itself.
If renewing of a pipe demands demolition of
walls or breaking up floors, the pipe is nonrenewable.
The pipe is renewable; if it is visible or if it is
accessible for renewing by removing a cover
by unscrewing few screws.
In case a pipe is insulated the demand about
renewing is valid for the whole pipe construction that is for pipe and insulation.
Non-renewable pipe installations are installations,

which only can be repaired by performing an operation in the building constructions.
Examples on renewable installations
Space conditions for installations in utility room

and boiler room
20
The technical installations are normally
placed in utility room or boiler room. The
room shall be designed in a way, with sufficient space for all necessary components
and additional control and service.
Boiler room with the most important equipment

for technical installations. Besides the components themselves, space for the necessary pipes
and smaller components as pumps etc. have to
be set aside.
There must furthermore be placed a floor

drain or other drains, so that water from
high-pressure safety valves and water from
draining the systems can be led to the drainage installation.
A waterproof floor must be casted below
boilers and store tanks placed directly on the
floor, so that out flowing water not penetrates
the floor construction in this place.
Solar heating
Notice, that a hot water store tank prepared
for solar heating normally takes more space
than an ordinary domestic hot water store
tank. Furthermore a hot water store tank
prepared for solar heating requests more
pipe connections as solar heating pipes,
extra circulation pump and pressure expansion tank.
See also the pages 10, 31 and 32
Utility room or boiler room should be able to
contain following components and additional
pipe installations:
Boiler or heat exchanger for heating up

the building.
Store tank or heat exchanger for domestic
hot water supply.
Manifolds with shunt arrangement, regulation valves and pumps for floor heating or
system with radiators.
Manifolds for domestic water supply (coldand hot water, maybe also circulation on
hot water).
Inlet of service pipes for domestic water
supply and district heating incl. meters
Wash machine and tumble dryer.
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones
21
Definitions and demands for wet rooms

Definitions on wet room zones are shown on the figures.
The areas in the floor, where daily water influence
shall be expected, must have slope towards floor
drain and be without depressions. These areas are
shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings

in connection with arrangement of showers.
The marked area shows, where the floor must
have a slope towards the floor drain. No penetrations with vertical pipes are allowed in wet
zone.

in connection with bathtub and sink.
If a hand shower is placed in connection with
washbasin, a floor drain must be placed inside
the marked area, and slope must be made to
this. No penetrations with vertical pipes are
allowed in the wet zone.
Pipe penetrations in wet zones

In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence
shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must be
allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the membranes, these penetrations have to be made watertight.
Demands from BR95 and BR-S98
Further information: SBI-anvisning 189
Pathways for pipe work

In connection with the pathways for the pipes it is
important to ensure, that sufficient space for every
single pipe and the legal insulation is present.
22
Pipes always have to be done inside the thermal

insulation of the building, so that heat loss will
benefit the building, and so that the pipes are not
expose to frost. This means, that the pipes always
have to be placed inside the insulation of the building.
Space requirements for pipes incl. insulation.
In rooms, where visible pipes are placed below the

ceiling, it will be necessary with a headroom of min.
1,9 m.
Pipes must be placed inside the insulation of building.
BR-demand of headroom below pipes.
Space for insulation

Where heat-leading pipes are placed in the building
components you must have space for not only
every single pipe but also the insulation. Normally
the insulation increases the pipe diameter with 3040 mm.
23
Pipes for a single radiator dont need to be insulated
in the same room as the radiator, if a thermostatic
valve is mounted on the radiator. The distribution
pipes for more radiators always have to be insulated.
Necessary thickness of pipe insulation

for heating- and domestic water pipes.
Heating pipes of copper 10-15 mm.

Heating pipes of steel 15 mm.
Domestic water pipes of copper 15-20

mm.
Domestic water pipes of steel 20 mm.
The domestic hot water pipes, which only supply

one tap, should not be insulated inside the room,
where the tap is placed. Outside the room the pipe
have to be insulated. Domestic hot water pipes,
which lead water for more taps always have to be
insulated.
Pipes for a single radiator dont need to be

insulated in the same room as the radiator, if a
thermostatic valve is mounted on the radiator.
Pipes for heating and domestic hot water, that are
placed between two layers of insulating in a floor
construction and not placed too close to each other,
can be considered as legal insulated.
Are domestic coldwater pipes led together with hot
water and heating pipes, the distance between these
should be made, so that you dont get the cold water
heated.
Domestic hot water pipes in the same room

as tap, dont need to be insulated.
Heating pipes can be placed inside the insulation in ground deck in connection with new
buildings as shown in the drawing.
Handling of pipe in pipe system

In connection with the pipe laying and the handling of
pipe in pipe system for heating and domestic water it
has to be ensured, that these are laid and fixed so,
that the media pipe later can be renewed. This means
in practice, that:
The pipes must be fixed

No sharp bendings on the pipes pipe
All bendings and change of direction shall be
done with soft curves.
Fixing can be done with special steel clamps, which

do not compress the casing pipe flat.
When entering the wall or leading above the floor
construction it is very important, that the bending radius isnt too small. Therefore it will be suitable to use
special bending-clamps in these places.
The drawing shows bending clamps that are

used outside the casing pipe and ensure the
right bending radius.
Remember! All pipes with hot liquid must be insulated.
When entering the wall you can either use

bending-clamps, which give media-pipe and
casing pipe the correct bending radius, or you
can use components, as shown above.
For both types its important, that the media
pipe following can be drawn out from the casing pipe.
Casing pipes can be fixed to the floor construction with special cable clips. The cable
clips must not compress the casing pipes, so
that the media pipe cant be drawn out.
24
Principles for visible pipe installations
25
Visible pipe installations are typically used in utility

room, boiler room and basement. Normally it will be
necessary to connect the different components as
boiler, store tank and manifolds by means of visible
pipe work.
Demands for insulation of visible pipes.

Technical installation as heating and domestic hot
water must always be insulated according to the
Building Regulations.
If the pipes are placed in places, where walking
below them should be possible, the Building Regulations have a demand, that the headroom shall be
1,9 meter below the pipes (incl. insulation).
Its important already in design and planning of the
pipe pathways to consider, that pipes, which have
to be insulated, take more space than non-insulated
pipes.
The table shows pipes incl. insulation.
Pipes that are placed visible must be suspended

in a way that makes it possible to insulate them.
Principles for pipes in skirting casing
26
Skirting cases and prefabricated panels

for pipes.
In case it is necessary to place the pipes inside the
room, but visible pipes are not desired, then it is
possible to hide the pipes behind skirting cases.
When this pathway is chosen, the pipes will still be
replaceable, but not visible.
Lots of prefabricated panels are in trade, and its
possible to use skirting cases of wood as a partly
integrated part of the building constructions.
Pipe installations led along the floor in a skirting panel.
Service shafts
Pipe installations led along the ceiling inside

a pipe panel.
It is not common to use service shafts in single-family

houses. In buildings with 1 storey it will in some
cases be necessary to find a vertical pathway for
parts of the installation placed inside a service shaft.
Principles for manifold installations
27
Manifold installations are chosen where domestic

water installations should be hidden on their way to
the taps. The manifold installation can either be
made as replaceable or non-replaceable, depending on the pipe material that is chosen.
The manifold system have 3 principal factors:
1. The manifolds that are connected domestic
cold- and hot water. Manifolds must be placed
centrally, and in a way, that possible leaks will
be discovered at once, before essential damage is made on building constructions.
2. Pipes without joints in building constructions. The pipes can either be copper pipes or
PEX-pipes.
3. Outlets in wall for taps. In connection with the
taps the joints must be replaceable. Outlets in
the wet zone must be tight, so that no water
can penetrate into the building constructions.
Pipe work in floor construction.

If copper pipes are used, these could be nonreplaceable. If PEX-pipes are used, these
must be led in casing pipes.
Se also the pages 11, 12, 17, 37 and 50
Manifolds in connection with domestic hot

water supply. The connected pipes can either be copper pipes or PEX- pipes.
Outlet in wall construction.
The used principles for joints must be replaceable for both copper and PEX-pipes.
Principle for heating systems

Pipe installations for a heating installation in a building will normally be partly visible in utility room and
boiler room, but will from there be made as hidden
and most often non-replaceable. The most common
thing to do is to place the pipe installation in the
floor construction, and from there lead up the pipes
to every single radiator
28
Pipe work from radiator to radiator without joints

in floor construction.
Building regulation and code of practice for heating

systems have no demands for replaceable pipes
and no hidden joints. But its mentioned, that hidden
joints are not sufficient in district heating systems
with directly connection.
A lot of heating installations are nowadays made so
that the pipes are led in unbroken length as nonreplaceable in the floor construction, while all joints
are made as replaceable in connection with the
connections to for example radiators or manifolds.
Concerning oxygen diffusion: see page 34
Pipe work in floor construction with joints
The installation can either be made of steel

pipes or copper pipes. The joints are placed
below the floor, which is legal, but not the best
solution. By directly connected district heating
systems this solution is not recommended,
because leaks can give big damages in the
constructions.
Pipes are led from radiator to radiator without

joints in the floor construction. The installation
can either be made of copper pipes or plastic
pipes with oxygen membrane.
Pipe work from manifolds to every single radiator

without joints in floor
Pipes are led unbroken from a centrally placed

manifold to every single radiator without hidden
joints. The installation can either be made of
copper pipes or plastic pipes with oxygen membrane.
Manifolds must be placed above floor.
Floor heating
29
Floor construction and floor heating

The floor construction for floor heating must fulfil BR.
demands for U-values. However, it is at the same time
advisable, doing extra insulation to minimize the heat
loss downwards. Normally this can be done with 25 %
extra insulation.
Pipes for floor heating in concrete floors must be
placed in a dept of 6-10 cm in the finished concrete
slap.
In a wood construction the pipes are placed just below
the floor covering. The pipes are often placed on heat
distributing plates of aluminium.
The manufacturer of the wooden floor should be consulted regarding risk for following damages in the
wooden floor.
The floor heating installation can either be made of
plastic pipes (PEX, PP or PB) or copper pipes. Other
materials are not recommended.
Structure of a floor heating construction with

the pipes placed in a wooden floor.
The floor heating installation will normally be able to

heat the dwelling by a heat-forward temperature of 35
40 oC.
If the floor heating installation is made of plastic pipes,
these should be a type with an oxygen stop, which
prevents absorption of oxygen through the pipe wall.
The oxygen stop can either be a nylon covering
placed outside the pipe, or an aluminium casing
placed in the middle of the pipe wall.
Pipes with oxygen stop are normally signed like this:
DIN 4726/9 SAUERSTOFFDICKT.
Structure of pipes with oxygen membrane.
Placing of floor heating pipes in casted floor

construction.
Principles for drainage installations

The drainage installations in the building are normally placed, so that a minimum of inconvenience
is obtained.
30
Drainage installations in a single family

house
In houses with one ground floor the drainage pipes

are normally placed in ground deck below the
building, and led up to every single sanitary object.
The drainage must be led out of the building with a
minimum depth of 0,75 m from garden level to the
inside bottom level of pipe.
In buildings with more storeys, it will normally be
necessary to lead the pipes through one or more
rooms. Often the pipes could be led in a shaft or
pipe recess.
If drainpipes are passing living rooms or kitchen,
you should either choose a pipe material that muffles the noise, or the pipes should be placed in a
sound insulated shaft. The Building Regulations
give demands for maximum sound level.
Drainage installation placed in ground deck

below the building.
Drainage installation in buildings with 1

storey
In single family houses the local authorities will

often make demands, so that the drain installation
have to be ventilated above roof, instead of using a
vacuum valve. The demand is given to ventilate
the main sewer.
In buildings with 1 storey, its necessary to find

a pathway for possible installations in 2. storey.
Boiler plant
31
Boiler plants for oil heating should be placed in

utility / boiler room. Chimney or outlet from the
boiler together with necessary ventilation in the
room must be established to cover the need of
fresh air for the system.
Pipes and chimney passing inflammable material
must not give higher temperatures than 80 oC on
the material.
Gas fired boilers are also placed in utility / boiler
room. By gas fired boilers its important to place
boiler, so that discharge can be established to flue
or chimney. Flue can be established horizontal
through the outer wall, but notice problems with
condensation and product of combustion.
Demands for gas systems and flue systems see
Gasreglement, afsnit A.
Furthermore you should have a possibility for fresh
air supply to the boiler room, this must be uncloseable.
Fuel- or gas fired unit (boiler + hot water store

tank) with incorporated equipment in cabinet.
The height of a boiler can vary from 1 1.7 m
depending on manufacturer and type. In order
to allow future service you must have a free
space in front of boiler of 50 60 cm.
Notice!!
If the boiler is placed standing on the floor, the
floor below must be waterproof, so that out
flowing water cannot penetrate the floor construction.
Fuel- or gas fired boiler with external mounted

burner. In order to allow future service you
must have a free space in front of boiler of 50
60 cm.
Gas fired boiler placed on wall. The boiler is

typical placed 60 100 cm above floor level.
Wall placed boilers normally have balanced
flue system (double pipe). Requires space
below boiler for pipe work.
Domestic hot water supply
32
Domestic hot water store tank

The store tank must be placed in a room with drainage, so that water outflow from safety valve can be
led off. Furthermore, the tank shall be placed, so
that its possible to empty the tank without damaging the building constructions.
The size of a hot water store tank depends on the
type of heating system. Recommended sizes are
shown in the following table:
The table is valid for single-family houses.
Heating system
Gas fired
Fuel fired
District heating
Solar heating
Number of litres
50 80 litre
60 110 litre
80 160 litre
160 280 litre
For guarantee reasons the manufacturer have demands about, that tanks with anode must have
control and possible replacement of the anode
every second year.
Tanks prepared for solar heating
Traditional domestic hot water tank connected

a central heating system. The tank is placed
on the wall next to heating boiler either horizontal or vertical. Common tank size 60 150
litres. If the tank is a solar heating tank, the
volume should typical be 180 300 litres.
In connection with the tank you need space for
replacement of the anode.
Space for service and repair is very important
in solar heating systems as well as other systems.
Tanks prepared for solar heating require more

space than other tanks. The tank is bigger and
more space for pipe work is necessary.
It has to be expected; that the Building Regulations
in the future give demands about installation of
solar prepared heating tanks.
Domestic hot water store tank placed in bottom of unit for fuel or gas firing. This placing is
normal for modern boiler units. In front of the
unit must be space for service and repair. The
tank size in this type of unit is typical 60 80
litres.
Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation
33
Heat exchangers for domestic water for district

heating can be placed in a unit, which contains
both heat exchangers for the central heating
system and for domestic hot water. In connection with the heat exchanger should space be
set aside below this for pipe installations, just
as space for future service of the exchanger
inside the cabinet should be set aside.
Domestic water heat exchangers must be
placed in room with drainage for the overflow
from the safety valve of the system. The drainage possibility could be a funnel, which above a
water trap is connected to the drainage installation.
If the domestic hot water tank is connected
either solar heat or district heating the connection must take place to a special branch to ensure, that the stratification in the tank will not be
destroyed. For the sake of the energy economy
a timer should be mounted in connection with
the pump.
If the taps are placed a long distance from each
other, it can be necessary to establish circulation on domestic hot water system. This will be
the case, if it takes more than 10 seconds for
the hot water to reach the farthest tap. The
pump for circulation is normally placed in connection with the hot water supply.
Domestic water heat exchanger for district heating

will often be built together with the ordinary district
heating exchanger, so that all components are
built into the same cabinet. If the system is made
as a split system, the heat exchanger for domestic
water will be placed and operated by it self.
If the system is made of copper pipes, the

pump must not be too big. This will cause too
high a water velocity and from that the following
risk for corrosion.
If the water system is designed as a manifold system, there is normally no need for circulation, because the waiting time is less than 10 seconds.
District heating systems
34
Heat exchangers for central heating can in principle be

placed other places than in utility / boiler room, but
according to BR., code for drainage and code for domestic water supply there must be drainage for the
overflow from the safety valve of the installation.
The drainage can be a floor drain or other suitable sanitary object.
The district heating system can either be made as a
split system, where the single components are built
together for a finished installation on site, or as a finished unit that contains all components.
You have to notice, that the different district heating
distribution companies make different demands for the
components and types that are set up in exactly their
district heating area. This can typically be demand on
use of heat exchanger or use of pressure regulation
valve. As well different demands could often be made
in connection with placing and installation of meters for
district heating.
Split systems require more space than units, but often it
will be possible to arrange the space in the room, so
that pipe installations to connect other components will
be simpler.
Split system for directly connected district heating.
Split system build up with two heat exchangers

one for central heating and one for domestic hot
water. Instead of a heat exchanger for domestic
hot water a hot water store tank could be used.
Example on a unit system including all necessary
components.
Sanitary equipment
35
All installation objects require supply of domestic cold

and or hot water. The installations require also connection to the drainage installation. The installation
objects must be VA-approved. The installation must
according to the Building Regulations be made according to DS 432, (Code for drainage installations),
and DS 439, (code for water installations).
Measurement in m
When the installation objects are placed in lavatory

and bathroom it must be ensured, that the space is
sufficient. In the following drawings are shown sketchily examples on space requirement and distance conditions.
Space requirement for different types of

installation objects.
In bathrooms, intended for older and handicapped

people, more space must be figured out. Wheel chairs
must have a turning area with a radius of at least 1,5
meters and rather 1,7 meters.
Measurement in m
Examples on space requirement in connection with toilets for older and handicapped
people. Normally the architect will take this
into account in connection with the plan
solution.
Measurement in m
Machines for washing and dishwashing

The washing machine of the dwelling is placed in
utility room or bathroom. The machine requires connection for domestic water and connection to the
drainage installation. The washing machine can either
have its own drainage installation with water trap or
be connected to drainage of another installation object, e.g. floor drain or similar.
36
flood securing
The dishwasher is placed in the kitchen or utility room

of the dwelling. The machine requires connection for
domestic water and a connection to the drainage installation. The drain can either be connected to the
drain of the kitchen- or utility sink, or be led to an independent drain above a water trap.
Demands are made about, that washing machines
and dishwashers must be placed on a waterproof
bedplate, in case they are not provided with a special
securing against out streaming water. The bedplate
could possible be an underlay, which leads possible
out streaming water forward in front of the machine.
Flood securing that interrupt the water supply by abnormal water streams e.g. by hose
leaks.
Machines with special securing can be placed anywhere.

Washing machines and dishwashers that are sold in
Denmark must be approved according to EN 50 084.
solenoid valve
Hose connections for washing machines and dishwashers must be VA-approved, and must not have a
length exceeding 2 meters. The hose must be with
factory-mounted couplings.
Flood securing based on level control in

bedplate below washing machines and
dishwashers and also shut-off by means of
solenoid valve.
Manifolds for domestic water
37
For manifold installations are used either copper

pipes or plastic pipes led in casing pipes.
Manifolds for domestic water must be VA-approved.
The manifolds have to be placed, so that possible
leaks in the pipes or joints will be discovered at
once, e.g. if water flows up from the casing pipe.
To ensure that there is a correct report in connection with a possible leak, the casing pipes in pipe in
pipe systems should be led at least 20 cm up above
finished floor. The floor around the pipes must be
tight.
The manifolds must be placed, so that it is possible
unhindered to inspect them. This means, e.g. that
they must not be placed in the plinth of a cupboard
or in a recess in the floor construction.
Measurement in cm
Necessary space conditions for installation of

manifold installations for domestic water-
In connection with the placing of the manifolds it

has to be ensured, that sufficient space around the
pipes will be present, so that the installation later
can be controlled and possible service be made.
If the manifolds are placed in a cabinet in the wall,
the cabinet must have a solid and waterproof bottom, so that possible out-leaking water cannot
penetrate to the wall.
Embedded water pipes must be made without
joints.
Measurement in cm
Where the installation is made with PEX-pipes

in casing pipes, it must be secured, that the
casing pipe is at least 20 cm above the finished floor, and the concrete must be casted
tight around the pipes.
Where the manifolds are placed in a cabinet,

this must have a waterproof bottom.
Outlets for taps
38
Depending on which material that is used for the

pipe installation there are different solution models
in connection with outlets in the wall construction.
Following from the Building Regulations must be
remembered:
In the water charged part of a wet room pipe

penetrations are not allowed.
Walls and wall coverings and also joints, connections, pipe penetrations and alike must be
waterproof in the water charged part of the
room.
These rules make special demands for the pipe

penetrations, which necessarily must be made e.g.
in connection with a shower niche, a bathtub etc.
By the penetration of the membrane of the wall
tightness must be re-established like the original.
There are several solutions, which fulfil this.
Is the installation made as pipe in pipe installation with PEX-pipes, a solution as the here
shown could be used, also if it is a lightweight
construction. The shown solution form part of
a membrane, which secures, that no water
can penetrate into the wall. The joint between
PEX-pipe and coupling takes place inside the
coupling box, and by a possible leak the out
flowing water will be led through the casing
pipe forward to the manifold. It is possible to
separate the coupling box, so that later can
get access to the coupling and possibly replace this one.
Where the pipe installation is made as manifold installation with copper pipes, a solution
as the here shown could be used also in
connection with a plasterboard wall construction. The solution form part of more
than rubber seal rings, also a membrane
that secures, that no water can penetrate
into the wall. The joint between copper pipe
and coupling takes place outside the wall
construction. By a possible leak the out
flowing water will be led outside the wall
construction.
Manifolds for heating
39
In connection with manifolds for heating there are

no demands for placing and report by leaks. The
manifolds should however be placed in the same
way as manifolds for domestic water.
The manifold consists of a main pipe with connection possibilities for the pipes, which are led forward
to the single components or installation object.
Pumps and automatics

In connection with the placing of manifolds for heating- and floor heating installations, there should be
besides the demands for space conditions for the
manifolds and pipe connections space also for
pumps, valves and automatics.
Manifold central intended for floor heating
system in the whole building. There will be
both a pump and temperature control for
every single floor-heating circle.
Manifolds intended for central heating with

radiators. The pipes are led from the manifold forward to every single radiator. Soft
steel pipes, copper pipes or PEX-pipes with
membrane could be used.
Manifolds intended for a smaller floor heat

installation.
Floor drains
40
It is important, that sufficient slope towards the floor

drain is made. You do not need floor drains in bathrooms and in rooms with taps that are not placed
above an installation object or a floor drain. The
floor drain should be placed, so that it subsequently
is easy to clean it. You have to ensure, that the
chosen floor drain type fits the actual floor construction.
The floor drain must be mounted according to the
instructions of the manufacturer. The height siting
must be OK and membranes etc. correctly
mounted.
Connections to the side inlets in the floor drain must
be made with VA-approved connection nipples. Not
used side inlets must be corked up.
Floor drains placed in a concrete floor must be

led to the surface of the floor.
Floor drains that are placed in a light floor construction must be secured, so that they can stand the
vertical loads, which arise, when you walk on the
floor.
Floor drains in light constructions must be

secured, so that they can stand, that you walk
on them.
There must be sufficient slope towards the

floor drain, and no depressions are allowed.
By connection of side inlets must be used VAapproved connection couplings. Not used side
inlets must be corked up.
Domestic water meter installation
41
All domestic water installations must nowadays be

provided with a meter for the water consumption.
It is the local water supply company that must
approve the placing of the meter. The installed
meter is property of the supply company.
The domestic water meter must be installed, so
that it is easy to read and replace it. This means,
that it must not be placed in cupboards, below
tables and similar.
Regular reading of the water meter can ensure
the user against leaks and water waste.
In the following sketches are shown the space
demands, which are made for placing of a water
meter.
In single cases the water supply company accept,
that the water meter is placed in a meter well outside the building, but in general the demand is,
that it should be placed inside the building.
The meter must be placed, so that it will not
subsequently be exposed for damage.
Placing of domestic water meter in room. It is

important, that the meter can be read and replaced.
a.
b.
b.
c.
max. 0,4 m
min 1,0 m for pipe dimensions up to 32 mm
min. 1,8 m for pipe dimensions bigger than 32 mm
min. 2 x meter dimension
The above drawing states the distances, which

are necessary to be able to replace the meter
and to ensure, that this will not be kept in press.
Heating meters for district heating
42
In buildings heated with district heating, you must

install a meter for the district-heating consumption. It is the district heating contractor, who decides the placing and type of meter. A lot of district heating units have been prepared for a meter,
which will satisfy the demands of the districtheating contractor.
If a split system is made, the meter should be built
in with sensors according to a drawing that will be
delivered from the heating contractor. Most meters that are used for settling of the district heating
consumption are electronic, and in certain areas
are used meters, which can be read in a cupboard outside the building in the same way as
electricity consumption.
The heating meter inclusive the necessary pipes
will normally require space as shown in the drawings.
Space demands for pipe installation around

meter and sensors
All measures in mm
Space demands in connection with the meter

and the pipe installations, when the meter is
placed on the wall.
Check list for the certified plumber
43
By planning of the installation

Remember
Description
Are main components placed, so that they subsequently can be repaired?
Are manifolds for domestic hot water placed, so that

they give report about possible leaks?
At least 60 cm must be set aside in front of oil

and gas heated systems for service.
Space must be made, so that the anode of the
domestic hot water tank can be replaced.
Pumps and automatics must be able to get service.
Manifolds must be placed, so that they can be
inspected without difficulty.
The casing pipes must be finished at least 20 cm
above floor surface, so that possible out-flowing
water is discovered at once.
Will the chosen systems for the domestic water

installation fit the wet room constructions in the
water charged zone?
(SBI 180 and supplement to BRS-98)
Have floor drains been chosen, so that they fit the

floor construction especially in the water charged
zone?
In floor constructions with membranes the floor

drain must be fit for building into these. Possible
make control with the manufacturers directions
for the floor drain.
Have material combinations for domestic water

installations been chosen, so that they later will
generate corrosion damages?
Copper pipes always have to come after galvanized steel pipes.

Change between copper and steel in the main
pipe must be provided with an ion trap.
Stainless steel only should be used, if the chloride content in the water is < 150 mg/l.
Have the main pathways been chosen, so that possible heat loss from the pipes will benefit the building.
Vertical pipe penetrations must not be found in

the water charged zone.
Outlets for taps must fit the chosen wall construction.
Main pipes must be placed inside the weather

screen of the building, this means inside the insulation. Main pipes should not be placed in attics and inside crawl space. If this nevertheless is
the case, they must be insulated inside the
weather screen.
44
Have the pathways been planned and projected, so
that they make allowance for the installations that
have to be led forward?
Domestic hot water pipes and heating pipes

must be insulated against heat loss. The insulation increase the pipe diameter with about 60
mm. Domestic cold water pipes must be secured
against heating up either by insulation, or by
placing away from hot water pipes. The insulation increases the diameter with about 60 mm.
By execution of the installation

Remember
Description
Are main components as boiler and hot water tank

placed on the finished floor covering?
The floor covering must be led totally in below

the boiler and tank, so that possible out flowing
water from safety valve etc. cannot penetrate
into the floor construction.
Have manifolds for domestic water been placed and

mounted, so that possible leaks can be discovered
at once?
Manifolds must not be hidden in toe recess for

cupboards etc.
Manifolds must be placed, where you have a
finished floor covering, so that possible water
from the casing pipe will be discovered at once.
The casing pipes must be led about 20 cm up
above floor surface and tight casted around, so
that out flowing water is discovered at once.
Have material combinations for domestic water

installations been made, so that they later will generate corrosion damages?
Are the floor drain construction correctly made according to the manufacturers directions?
Is the pipe in pipe installation with PEX-pipes for

domestic water laid out and fixed, so that it is possible to replace the media pipe later?
Have copper pipes been installed after galvanized steel pipes?

Are changes between copper/steel in the main
pipes made with ion trap?
When stainless steel pipes are used, the chloride
content must be examined.
Slope towards the floor drain is needed.

PVC coverings must not bulge around the floor
drain.
Connections to side inlets must be made with
approved connection coupling.
No distance between floor drain and grating is
allowed.
The casing pipe must be led at least 20 cm up

above floor surface by manifolds and must be
tight casted around.
The installation must be fixed in straight sections
The casing pipe must not have breaks or be
squeezed flat.
There must be sufficient bending radius, where
the installation is bended.
45
Have floor-heating pipes been made and fixed, so

that no damages can take place in connection with
the casting of the floor?
The floor-heating pipes should normally be laid

out on a steel reinforcement net. They are fixed
either with special binding wire or with finished
clips. In certain finished systems the pipes are
pressed down in traces in insulation plates.
Have correct coupling boxes / wall penetrations for

domestic water in water charged zones been used?
If you have a demand on a membrane in the wall

construction, where the coupling box / wall penetration penetrate this, a coupling box must be
used or a penetration with built in membrane.
Has it been secured, that penetrations of the wet

room membranes have not taken place in connection with mounting of other components?
Pipe holders for visible pipes must not be

screwed through the wet room membranes.
Are the pipe installations placed, so that renewable

pipes later can be replaced?
Replaceable pipes must be placed in a pathway,

so that it is possible to remove cover plates or
similar without doing any harm to the building
constructions.
Casing pipes must be laid out and fixed, so that
they have no breaks or similar, that do, that the
media pipe cannot be drawn out later.
Are the pipe installations placed in their pathways,

so that make reports by possible leaks?
If pipes are placed in pipe panels, shafts or similar, they must be made, so that out flowing water
is discovered at once.
Is the size of the chosen pathway sufficient for the

chosen pipe installation?
The outline of the pathway must be, so that you

have space for legal insulation of the pipe installation. This means for smaller pipes, that the outside pipe diameter will be 2 3 times bigger.
Are the heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes

regular insulated?
Heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes that

are used, as distribution pipes always have to be
insulated.
Legislation for services

By planning of new installations it is important, that
existing codes of practice and directions are respected. In this section are explained about the
regulations, codes of practice and directions, which
must be followed in connection with projecting and
execution of services.
46
In the following are mentioned codes of practice from

Ingenirforeningen Danmark and Dansk Standard. From the regulations is referred to these
codes, which at present are the codes that are valid
for installations in the building activities.
DS 432, Code of practice for drainage installations
The Building law

The Building law is the administrative law that
regulates all building activity in Denmark. The
Building law doesnt give direct rules about,
how the building activities should be planned
and carried out. In chapter 5 of the law is referred to, that the Ministry of Housing can work
out a Building Regulation, and that this must
be based on existing standards and codes of
practice within the building activity.
The Building Regulations

BR 95 & BRS 98
At present we have two valid building regulations, the ordinary building regulation, BR 95
and the regulation for small houses BRS 98. In
both regulations are special sections, which
specify conditions in relation to the services of
the building.
In BR 95 it is chapter 12 of the regulation,
which refer to codes of practice and directions
for services.
In BRS 98 it is chapter 7, which refer to codes
of practice and directions for services.
In both regulations are, besides references to
different codes of practice, some direct rules,
that have relation to services. One of the most
essential in this connection is the condition for
penetrations by installations in the water
charged part of a wet room.
BR 95 7.4.1d and BRS 98 4.6.1d say: In the
water charged part of the room must not be
made pipe penetrations in the floor.
This code gives the rules for design and installation

of drainage installations in buildings and below
ground in private property.
DS 439, Code of practice for water installations
This code gives the rules for design and execution of
water installations in buildings and below ground in
private property. A substantial condition that is stated
in this code is, that it is not allowed to have joints in
the non-replaceable part of a water pipe.
DS 452, Code of practice for thermal insulation of
technical installations
This code gives the rules for insulation of the installations that are placed in the building. This code could
have meaning in relation to the space conditions for
the different installation objects.
DS 469, Code of practice for heating systems
with water as heat conducting fluid
This code gives the demands for the thermal indoor
climate and rules for design and execution of heating
systems in buildings.
Arbejdstilsynets publications no. 42 and 58
In these publications are given the demands for security equipment and safety pipes in heating systems. These conditions could have meaning for
boiler and service room concerning arrangement and
lay out.
Gas regulations
The gas regulations give the rules for gas-heated
systems, their arrangement and placing and chimney- and outlet conditions. Especially the rules have
meaning for the possibilities you have for placing and
arrangement of boiler room / service room.
47
SBI directions
MK-approvals
In connection with the codes there are a lot of SBI

directions, which aim to give instructions and examples on projecting, arrangement and execution
of installations. The SBI directions cannot be regarded as a directly part of the demands of The
building Regulations, but should to a great extent
be used as foundation. Following SBI directions are
relevant in connection with installations:
This approval agreement includes materials and

constructions in the building act. For the area of installations special referring could be made to materials and constructions that take part of wet rooms and
wet room coverings.
SBI direction 165, Water installations

SBI direction 185, Drainage installations
SBI direction 169, Wet rooms of the building
SBI direction 180, Examples on wet rooms of
buildings. This is a collection of examples from
direction 169.
VA- approvals
The VA-approvals are prepared by the Ministry of
Housing. The approvals include all materials and
components that are built into water- and drainage
installations. Furthermore the regulations in the
approvals in connection with treatment of a building
case must be regarded in the same way as the
demands in the building regulations.
Excepted from the rules for approval are certain
products that are mentioned in the circular for approval agreement, and also linked products that are
meant for installation in a single installation.
Law no. 250, Law for authorization with additionally regulations

This law says that work with gas; water and drainage
installations alone must be made of companies and
persons that have acquired authorization as Gas,
Water- and Sanitary master Certificated plumber.
The law concerns primarily the relations between the
authorized company and the supply company or the
local authorities.
For buildings that have their own water supply, the
law is not valid in relation to the water installations of
the building.
The electrical power regulations
The electrical power regulations should only be mentioned here, because it can have a meaning for placing of parts of the installations of the building near to
switchboards or other electrical installations.
Examples on VA-approvals
VA 1.12/DK to VA 1.14/DK
Pipes and fittings

Joints and solder fluxes
Water traps and floor drains
Examples for thought
48
Example 1:
If not already in connection with arrangement of
the plan solution of the house space for installations is set aside, the plumber must subsequently
try to cram everything down into a broom cupboard.
If service or repair will become necessary, big
parts of the installation in this example must be
removed.
Furthermore no floor is casted below the cupboard. Out flowing water will therefore be able to
penetrate into the floor construction.
In this example it has been necessary to compress all pipe installations, gas boiler and gas
meter in a 60 x 60 x 180 cm cupboard which is
all too small space.
49
Example 2:
From the picture you can see, that no casting of a
tight floor has been made, and that the casing
pipes on the water pipes have not been led up
above the concrete. Out-flowing water will therefore be able to flow out into the floor construction
without being discovered.
Segment of a pipe installation with manifolds for

domestic water and floor heating, inlet of water
main pipe and water meter, and also pumps for
floor heating and hot water circulation.
50
Example 3:
No casting around the pipes has been made,
and therefore it has not been possible to make
a tight surface, e.g. in the shape of tile covering
around the pipes. The manifolds are not fixed.
Manifold installation for the floor heat placed in

bathroom outside the wet zone.

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VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN

The space required to accommodate services

To the architect and the plumber

The wet rooms of the house

Possible manifolds for pipes

In the following part of this section the conditions,

Pipe work of the house

Demands for the pipe installations

Heating pipes could be made with embedded

Heating pipes of plastic must be a type with

What is a pipe in pipe installation?

In new heating systems pipe in pipe installation is

What's an oxygen membrane

Pipe in pipe installation.

Central heating pipes either as traditional

Plumbing in utility room or storeroom

The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, that

The heating system

Boiler for fuel or natural gas

Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel or

Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuel

Heat exchanger for district heating. The heat

Plumbing in utility room or storeroom

Floor heating plant. Space ought to be set

Meter installation for domestic water

Space ought to be set aside as shown in the

Meter installation for district heating

Meter for district heating. It is a demand, that

Plumbing in utility room or storeroom

Domestic hot water supply

Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solar

Central heating supplied with fuel.

Boiler for natural gas.

Plumbing in utility room or storeroom

Manifolds for domestic hot water supply

Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaks

If the pipe installation is made of plastic pipes

The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easy

A floor drain ought to be placed close to the

Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water

Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typical

Space conditions for bath and toilet

The manifold must in the same way as in

Possible out-leaking water must not be able to

Cabinet for manifolds

Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which is

When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatories

Space requirement for different types of sanitary equipment.

Example on space requirements in connection

Wet rooms and demands for wet zones

Definitions and demands for wet rooms

The figures above show wet- and moist zones

Pipe penetrations in wet zones

The figures above show wet- and moist

In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence

In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchen

The drainage from the automatic dishwasher is

Flue system from natural gas boiler

Examples of possibilities for placing the flue

Check list for the architect

Has space for scullery / boiler room been set aside,

Is scullery / boiler room and other installation heavy