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Bernoulli's principle
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This article is about Bernoulli's principle and Bernoulli's equation in fluid dynamics. For
Bernoulli's theorem in probability, see law of large numbers. For an unrelated topic in
ordinary differential equations, see Bernoulli differential equation.
A flow of air into a venturi

meter. The kinetic energy
increases at the expense
of the fluid pressure, as
shown by the difference in
height of the two columns
of water.
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that
for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential
[1][2]
energy.
Bernoulli's principle is named after the
Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his
principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.[3]
Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types
of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted as
Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different
forms of the Bernoulli equation for different types of
flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid
for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and
also for compressible flows (e.g. gases) moving at
low Mach numbers. More advanced forms may in
some cases be applied to compressible flows at
higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the
Bernoulli equation).
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the
principle of conservation of energy. This states that,
in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical
energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline. This requires that the sum
of kinetic energy and potential energy remain
constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs proportionately with an increase in both its
dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and a
decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.
If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of
all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines
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Continuum mechanics
BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg
Laws
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Entropy inequality
Solid mechanics
Solids
Stress
Deformation
Compatibility
Finite strain
Infinitesimal strain
Elasticity
linear
Plasticity
Bending
Hooke's law
Failure theory
Fracture mechanics
Contact mechanics
Frictionless
Frictional
Fluid mechanics
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume

(the sum of pressure and gravitational potential
g h) is the same everywhere.
[4]
Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly

from Newton's 2nd law. If a small volume of fluid is
flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure
to a region of low pressure, then there is more
pressure behind than in front. This gives a net force
on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline.
[5][6][7]
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their

own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and
along a section of a streamline, where the speed
increases it can only be because the fluid on that
section has moved from a region of higher pressure
to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed
decreases, it can only be because it has moved from
a region of lower pressure to a region of higher
pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing
horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the
pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs
where the pressure is highest.
Fluids
Fluid statics
Fluid dynamics
NavierStokes equations
Bernoulli's principle
Buoyancy
Viscosity
Newtonian
Non-Newtonian
Archimedes' principle
Pascal's law
Pressure
Liquids
Surface tension
Capillary action
Gases
Atmosphere
Boyle's law
Charles's law
Gay-Lussac's law
Combined gas law
Plasma
Rheology
Viscoelasticity
Smart fluids
Magnetorheological
Electrorheological
Ferrofluids
Rheometry
Rheometer
Contents
1 Incompressible flow equation
1.1 Simplified form
1.2 Applicability of incompressible flow
equation to flow of gases
1.3 Unsteady potential flow
2 Compressible flow equation
2.1 Compressible flow in fluid dynamics
2.2 Compressible flow in thermodynamics
3 Derivations of Bernoulli equation
4 Applications
5 Misunderstandings about the generation of
lift
6 Misapplications of Bernoulli's principle in
common classroom demonstrations
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 Further reading
11 External links
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Scientists
Bernoulli
Boyle
Cauchy
Charles
Euler
Gay-Lussac
Hooke
Pascal
Newton
Navier
Stokes
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[edit] Incompressible flow

equation
v
t
e
In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach

number, the density of a fluid parcel can be
considered to be constant, regardless of pressure
variations in the flow. Therefore, the fluid can be considered to be incompressible and these
flows are called incompressible flow. Bernoulli performed his experiments on liquids, so his
equation in its original form is valid only for incompressible flow. A common form of
Bernoulli's equation, valid at any arbitrary point along a streamline, is:
(A)
{v^2 \over 2}+gz+{p\over\rho}=\text{constant}

where:
v\, is the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline,

g\, is the acceleration due to gravity,
z\, is the elevation of the point above a reference plane, with the positive z-direction
pointing upward so in the direction opposite to the gravitational acceleration,
p\, is the pressure at the chosen point, and
\rho\, is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid.
For conservative force fields, Bernoulli's equation can be generalized as:[8]
{v^2 \over 2}+\Psi+{p\over\rho}=\text{constant}
where is the force potential at the point considered on the streamline. E.g. for the Earth's
gravity = gz.
The following two assumptions must be met for this Bernoulli equation to apply:[8]
the flow must be incompressible even though pressure varies, the density must
remain constant along a streamline;
friction by viscous forces has to be negligible.
By multiplying with the fluid density \rho, equation (A) can be rewritten as:
\tfrac12\, \rho\, v^2\, +\, \rho\, g\, z\, +\, p\, =\, \text{constant}\,
or:
q\, +\, \rho\, g\, h\, =\, p_0\, +\, \rho\, g\, z\, =\, \text{constant}\,
where:
q\, =\, \tfrac12\, \rho\, v^2 is dynamic pressure,
h\, =\, z\, +\, \frac{p}{\rho g} is the piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of
the elevation z and the pressure head)[9][10] and
p_0\, =\, p\, +\, q\, is the total pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic
pressure q).[11]
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The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms
of total head or energy head H:
H\, =\, z\, +\, \frac{p}{\rho g}\, +\, \frac{v^2}{2\,g}\, =\, h\, +\, \frac{v^2}{2\,g},
The above equations suggest there is a flow speed at which pressure is zero, and at even
higher speeds the pressure is negative. Most often, gases and liquids are not capable of
negative absolute pressure, or even zero pressure, so clearly Bernoulli's equation ceases to
be valid before zero pressure is reached. In liquids when the pressure becomes too low
cavitation occurs. The above equations use a linear relationship between flow speed
squared and pressure. At higher flow speeds in gases, or for sound waves in liquid, the
changes in mass density become significant so that the assumption of constant density is
invalid.
[edit] Simplified form

In many applications of Bernoulli's equation, the change in the g z term along the
streamline is so small compared with the other terms it can be ignored. For example, in the
case of aircraft in flight, the change in height z along a streamline is so small the g z term
can be omitted. This allows the above equation to be presented in the following simplified
form:
p + q = p_0\,
where p0 is called 'total pressure', and q is 'dynamic pressure'.[12] Many authors refer to the
pressure p as static pressure to distinguish it from total pressure p 0 and dynamic pressure
q. In Aerodynamics, L.J. Clancy writes: "To distinguish it from the total and dynamic
pressures, the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its motion but with
its state, is often referred to as the static pressure, but where the term pressure alone is
used it refers to this static pressure." [13]
The simplified form of Bernoulli's equation can be summarized in the following memorable
word equation:
static pressure + dynamic pressure = total pressure[13]
Every point in a steadily flowing fluid, regardless of the fluid speed at that point, has its
own unique static pressure p and dynamic pressure q. Their sum p + q is defined to be the
total pressure p 0. The significance of Bernoulli's principle can now be summarized as total
pressure is constant along a streamline.
If the fluid flow is irrotational, the total pressure on every streamline is the same and
Bernoulli's principle can be summarized as total pressure is constant everywhere in the
fluid flow.[14] It is reasonable to assume that irrotational flow exists in any situation where a
large body of fluid is flowing past a solid body. Examples are aircraft in flight, and ships
moving in open bodies of water. However, it is important to remember that Bernoulli's
principle does not apply in the boundary layer or in fluid flow through long pipes.
If the fluid flow at some point along a stream line is brought to rest, this point is called a
stagnation point, and at this point the total pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure.
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[edit] Applicability of incompressible flow equation to flow of gases

Bernoulli's equation is sometimes valid for the flow of gases: provided that there is no
transfer of kinetic or potential energy from the gas flow to the compression or expansion of
the gas. If both the gas pressure and volume change simultaneously, then work will be done
on or by the gas. In this case, Bernoulli's equation in its incompressible flow form can
not be assumed to be valid. However if the gas process is entirely isobaric, or isochoric,
then no work is done on or by the gas, (so the simple energy balance is not upset).
According to the gas law, an isobaric or isochoric process is ordinarily the only way to
ensure constant density in a gas. Also the gas density will be proportional to the ratio of
pressure and absolute temperature, however this ratio will vary upon compression or
expansion, no matter what non-zero quantity of heat is added or removed. The only
exception is if the net heat transfer is zero, as in a complete thermodynamic cycle, or in an
individual isentropic (frictionless adiabatic) process, and even then this reversible process
must be reversed, to restore the gas to the original pressure and specific volume, and thus
density. Only then is the original, unmodified Bernoulli equation applicable. In this case the
equation can be used if the flow speed of the gas is sufficiently below the speed of sound,
such that the variation in density of the gas (due to this effect) along each streamline can
be ignored. Adiabatic flow at less than Mach 0.3 is generally considered to be slow enough.
[edit] Unsteady potential flow

The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow is used in the theory of ocean surface
waves and acoustics.
For an irrotational flow, the flow velocity can be described as the gradient of a velocity
potential . In that case, and for a constant density , the momentum equations of the Euler
equations can be integrated to:[15]
\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial t} + \tfrac{1}{2} v^2 + \frac{p}{\rho} + gz = f(t),
which is a Bernoulli equation valid also for unsteady or time dependent ows. Here /t
denotes the partial derivative of the velocity potential with respect to time t, and v = ||
is the flow speed. The function f(t) depends only on time and not on position in the fluid. As
a result, the Bernoulli equation at some moment t does not only apply along a certain
streamline, but in the whole fluid domain. This is also true for the special case of a steady
irrotational flow, in which case f is a constant.[15]
Further f(t) can be made equal to zero by incorporating it into the velocity potential using
the transformation
\Phi=\varphi-\int_{t_0}^t f(\tau)\, \operatorname{d}\tau,\text{ resulting in
}\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} + \tfrac{1}{2} v^2 + \frac{p}{\rho} + gz=0.
Note that the relation of the potential to the flow velocity is unaected by this
transformation: = .
The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow also appears to play a central role in
Luke's variational principle, a variational description of free-surface flows using the
Lagrangian (not to be confused with Lagrangian coordinates).
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[edit] Compressible flow equation

Bernoulli developed his principle from his observations on liquids, and his equation is
applicable only to incompressible fluids, and compressible fluids up to approximately Mach
[16]
number 0.3.
It is possible to use the fundamental principles of physics to develop similar
equations applicable to compressible fluids. There are numerous equations, each tailored
for a particular application, but all are analogous to Bernoulli's equation and all rely on
nothing more than the fundamental principles of physics such as Newton's laws of motion or
the first law of thermodynamics.
[edit] Compressible flow in fluid dynamics

For a compressible fluid, with a barotropic equation of state, and under the action of
conservative forces,
\frac {v^2}{2}+ \int_{p_1}^p \frac {d\tilde{p}}{\rho(\tilde{p})}\ + \Psi =
\text{constant} [17]
(constant along a streamline)
where:
p is the pressure
is the density
v is the flow speed
is the potential associated with the conservative force field, often the gravitational
potential
In engineering situations, elevations are generally small compared to the size of the Earth,
and the time scales of fluid flow are small enough to consider the equation of state as
adiabatic. In this case, the above equation becomes
\frac {v^2}{2}+ gz+\left(\frac {\gamma}{\gamma-1}\right)\frac {p}{\rho} =
\text{constant} [18]
(constant along a streamline)
where, in addition to the terms listed above:

is the ratio of the specific heats of the fluid
g is the acceleration due to gravity
z is the elevation of the point above a reference plane
In many applications of compressible flow, changes in elevation are negligible compared to
the other terms, so the term gz can be omitted. A very useful form of the equation is then:
\frac {v^2}{2}+\left( \frac {\gamma}{\gamma-1}\right)\frac {p}{\rho} = \left(\frac
{\gamma}{\gamma-1}\right)\frac {p_0}{\rho_0}
where:
p0 is the total pressure
0 is the total density
[edit] Compressible flow in thermodynamics
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Another useful form of the equation, suitable for use in thermodynamics and for (quasi)
steady flow, is:[2][19]
{v^2 \over 2} + \Psi + w =\text{constant}
[20]
Here w is the enthalpy per unit mass, which is also often written as h (not to be confused
with "head" or "height").
Note that w = \epsilon + \frac{p}{\rho} where is the thermodynamic energy per unit
mass, also known as the specific internal energy.
The constant on the right hand side is often called the Bernoulli constant and denoted b.
For steady inviscid adiabatic flow with no additional sources or sinks of energy, b is
constant along any given streamline. More generally, when b may vary along streamlines, it
still proves a useful parameter, related to the "head" of the fluid (see below).
When the change in can be ignored, a very useful form of this equation is:
{v^2 \over 2}+ w = w_0
where w0 is total enthalpy. For a calorically perfect gas such as an ideal gas, the enthalpy is
directly proportional to the temperature, and this leads to the concept of the total (or
stagnation) temperature.
When shock waves are present, in a reference frame in which the shock is stationary and
the flow is steady, many of the parameters in the Bernoulli equation suffer abrupt changes
in passing through the shock. The Bernoulli parameter itself, however, remains unaffected.
An exception to this rule is radiative shocks, which violate the assumptions leading to the
Bernoulli equation, namely the lack of additional sinks or sources of energy.
[edit] Derivations of Bernoulli equation

Bernoulli equation for incompressible fluids
The Bernoulli equation for incompressible fluids can be derived by
integrating the Euler equations, or applying the law of conservation of
energy in two sections along a streamline, ignoring viscosity,
compressibility, and thermal effects.
The simplest derivation is to first ignore gravity and consider
constrictions and expansions in pipes that are otherwise straight, as
seen in Venturi effect. Let the x axis be directed down the axis of the
pipe.
Define a parcel of fluid moving through a pipe with cross-sectional area
"A", the length of the parcel is "dx", and the volume of the parcel A dx.
If mass density is , the mass of the parcel is density multiplied by its
volume m = A dx. The change in pressure over distance dx is "dp" and
flow velocity v = dx / dt.
Apply Newton's Second Law of Motion Force =massacceleration and
recognizing that the effective force on the parcel of fluid is -A dp. If the
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pressure decreases along the length of the pipe, dp is negative but the
force resulting in flow is positive along the x axis.
m \frac{\operatorname{d}v}{\operatorname{d}t}= F
\rho A \operatorname{d}x \frac{\operatorname{d}v}
{\operatorname{d}t}= -A \operatorname{d}p
\rho \frac{\operatorname{d}v}{\operatorname{d}t}=
-\frac{\operatorname{d}p}{\operatorname{d}x}
In steady flow the velocity field is constant with respect to time,
v = v(x) = v(x(t)), so v itself is not directly a function of time t. It is only
when the parcel moves through x that the cross sectional area changes:
v depends on t only through the cross-sectional position x(t).
\frac{\operatorname{d}v}{\operatorname{d}t}=
\frac{\operatorname{d}v}{\operatorname{d}x}
\frac{\operatorname{d}x}{\operatorname{d}t} =
\frac{\operatorname{d}v}{\operatorname{d}x}v=\frac{d}
{\operatorname{d}x} \left( \frac{v^2}{2} \right).
With density constant, the equation of motion can be written as
\frac{\operatorname{d}}{\operatorname{d}x} \left( \rho
\frac{v^2}{2} + p \right) =0
by integrating with respect to x
\frac{v^2}{2} + \frac{p}{\rho}= C
where C is a constant, sometimes referred to as the Bernoulli constant.
It is not a universal constant, but rather a constant of a particular fluid
system. The deduction is: where the speed is large, pressure is low and
vice versa.
In the above derivation, no external work-energy principle is invoked.
Rather, Bernoulli's principle was inherently derived by a simple
manipulation of the momentum equation.
A streamtube of fluid moving to the right. Indicated are pressure,

elevation, flow speed, distance (s), and cross-sectional area. Note that in
this figure elevation is denoted as h, contrary to the text where it is
given by z.
Another way to derive Bernoulli's principle for an incompressible flow is
by applying conservation of energy.[21] In the form of the work-energy
theorem, stating that[22]
the change in the kinetic energy Ekin of the system equals the net
work W done on the system;
W = \Delta E_\text{kin}. \;
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Therefore,
the work done by the forces in the fluid = increase in kinetic
energy.
The system consists of the volume of fluid, initially between the crosssections A 1 and A 2. In the time interval t fluid elements initially at the
inflow cross-section A1 move over a distance s1 = v1 t, while at the
outflow cross-section the fluid moves away from cross-section A2 over a
distance s2 = v2 t. The displaced fluid volumes at the inflow and
outflow are respectively A 1 s1 and A 2 s2. The associated displaced fluid
masses are when is the fluid's mass density equal to density times
volume, so A 1 s1 and A 2 s2. By mass conservation, these two masses
displaced in the time interval t have to be equal, and this displaced
mass is denoted by m:
\begin{align} \rho A_1 s_1 &= \rho A_{1} v_{1} \Delta t = \Delta
m, \\ \rho A_2 s_2 &= \rho A_{2} v_{2} \Delta t = \Delta m.
\end{align}
The work done by the forces consists of two parts:
The work done by the pressure acting on the areas A1 and A 2
W_\text{pressure}=F_{1,\text{pressure}}\; s_{1}\, -\,
F_{2,\text{pressure}}\; s_2 =p_1 A_1 s_1 - p_2 A_2 s_2 =
\Delta m\, \frac{p_1}{\rho} - \Delta m\, \frac{p_2}{\rho}. \;
The work done by gravity: the gravitational potential energy in the
volume A 1 s1 is lost, and at the outflow in the volume A2 s2 is
gained. So, the change in gravitational potential energy
Epot,gravity in the time interval t is
\Delta E_\text{pot,gravity} = \Delta m\, g z_2 - \Delta m\, g
z_1. \;
Now, the work by the force of gravity is opposite to the change in
potential energy, Wgravity = Epot,gravity : while the force of
gravity is in the negative z-direction, the workgravity force times
change in elevationwill be negative for a positive elevation
change z = z2 z1, while the corresponding potential energy
change is positive.[23] So:
W_\text{gravity} = -\Delta E_\text{pot,gravity} = \Delta m\, g
z_1 - \Delta m\, g z_2. \;
And the total work done in this time interval \Delta t is
W = W_\text{pressure} + W_\text{gravity}. \,
The increase in kinetic energy is
\Delta E_\text{kin} = \frac{1}{2} \Delta m\,
v_{2}^{2}-\frac{1}{2} \Delta m\, v_{1}^{2}.
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Putting these together, the work-kinetic energy theorem W = E kin

gives:[21]
\Delta m\, \frac{p_{1}}{\rho} - \Delta m\, \frac{p_{2}}{\rho} +
\Delta m\, g z_{1} - \Delta m\, g z_{2} = \frac{1}{2} \Delta m\,
v_{2}^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \Delta m\, v_{1}^{2}
or
\frac12 \Delta m\, v_1^2 + \Delta m\, g z_1 + \Delta m\, \frac{p_1}
{\rho} = \frac12 \Delta m\, v_2^2 + \Delta m\, g z_2 + \Delta m\,
\frac{p_2}{\rho}.
After dividing by the mass m = A 1 v1 t = A 2 v2 t the result is:[21]
\frac12 v_1^2 +g z_1 + \frac{p_1}{\rho}=\frac12 v_2^2 +g z_2 +
\frac{p_2}{\rho}
or, as stated in the first paragraph:
\frac{v^2}{2}+g z+\frac{p}{\rho}=C
also Equation (A)
(Eqn. 1), Which is
Further division by g produces the following equation. Note that each

term can be described in the length dimension (such as meters). This is
the head equation derived from Bernoulli's principle:
\frac{v^{2}}{2 g}+z+\frac{p}{\rho g}=C
(Eqn. 2a)
The middle term, z, represents the potential energy of the fluid due to
its elevation with respect to a reference plane. Now, z is called the
elevation head and given the designation zelevation.
A free falling mass from an elevation z > 0 (in a vacuum) will reach a
speed
v=\sqrt{{2 g}{z}}, when arriving at elevation z = 0. Or when we
rearrange it as a head: h_v =\frac{v^2}{2 g}
The term v2 / (2 g) is called the velocity head, expressed as a length
measurement. It represents the internal energy of the fluid due to its
motion.
The hydrostatic pressure p is defined as
p=p_0-\rho g z \,, with p0 some reference pressure, or when we
rearrange it as a head: \psi=\frac{p}{\rho g}
The term p / (g) is also called the pressure head, expressed as a length
measurement. It represents the internal energy of the fluid due to the
pressure exerted on the container.
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When we combine the head due to the flow speed and the head due to
static pressure with the elevation above a reference plane, we obtain a
simple relationship useful for incompressible fluids using the velocity
head, elevation head, and pressure head.
h_{v} + z_\text{elevation} + \psi = C\,
(Eqn. 2b)
If we were to multiply Eqn. 1 by the density of the fluid, we would get

an equation with three pressure terms:
\frac{\rho v^{2}}{2}+ \rho g z + p=C
(Eqn. 3)
We note that the pressure of the system is constant in this form of the
Bernoulli Equation. If the static pressure of the system (the far right
term) increases, and if the pressure due to elevation (the middle term) is
constant, then we know that the dynamic pressure (the left term) must
have decreased. In other words, if the speed of a fluid decreases and it
is not due to an elevation difference, we know it must be due to an
increase in the static pressure that is resisting the flow.
All three equations are merely simplified versions of an energy balance
on a system.
Bernoulli equation for compressible fluids
The derivation for compressible fluids is similar.
Again, the derivation depends upon (1)
conservation of mass, and (2) conservation of
energy. Conservation of mass implies that in the
above figure, in the interval of time t, the amount
of mass passing through the boundary defined by
the area A 1 is equal to the amount of mass passing
outwards through the boundary defined by the
area A 2:
0= \Delta M_1 - \Delta M_2 = \rho_1 A_1 v_1 \,
\Delta t - \rho_2 A_2 v_2 \, \Delta t.
Conservation of energy is applied in a similar
manner: It is assumed that the change in energy of
the volume of the streamtube bounded by A 1 and
A2 is due entirely to energy entering or leaving
through one or the other of these two boundaries.
Clearly, in a more complicated situation such as a
fluid flow coupled with radiation, such conditions
are not met. Nevertheless, assuming this to be the
case and assuming the flow is steady so that the
net change in the energy is zero,
0= \Delta E_1 - \Delta E_2 \,
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where E1 and E2 are the energy entering

through A1 and leaving through A2, respectively.
The energy entering through A 1 is the sum of the
kinetic energy entering, the energy entering in the
form of potential gravitational energy of the fluid,
the fluid thermodynamic energy entering, and the
energy entering in the form of mechanical p dV
work:
\Delta E_1 = \left[\frac{1}{2} \rho_1 v_1^2 +
\Psi_1 \rho_1 + \epsilon_1 \rho_1 + p_1 \right]
A_1 v_1 \, \Delta t
where = gz is a force potential due to the Earth's
gravity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and z is
elevation above a reference plane.
A similar expression for \Delta E_2 may easily be
constructed. So now setting 0 = \Delta E_1 - \Delta
E_2:
0 = \left[\frac{1}{2} \rho_1 v_1^2+ \Psi_1
\rho_1 + \epsilon_1 \rho_1 + p_1 \right] A_1
v_1 \, \Delta t - \left[ \frac{1}{2} \rho_2 v_2^2
+ \Psi_2 \rho_2 + \epsilon_2 \rho_2 + p_2
\right] A_2 v_2 \, \Delta t
which can be rewritten as:
0 = \left[ \frac{1}{2} v_1^2 + \Psi_1 +
\epsilon_1 + \frac{p_1}{\rho_1} \right] \rho_1
A_1 v_1 \, \Delta t - \left[ \frac{1}{2} v_2^2 +
\Psi_2 + \epsilon_2 + \frac{p_2}{\rho_2}
\right] \rho_2 A_2 v_2 \, \Delta t
Now, using the previously-obtained result from
conservation of mass, this may be simplified to
obtain
\frac{1}{2}v^2 + \Psi + \epsilon + \frac{p}
{\rho} = {\rm constant} \equiv b
which is the Bernoulli equation for compressible
flow.
[edit] Applications
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Condensation visible over

the upper surface of a
wing caused by the fall in
temperature
accompanying the fall in
pressure, both due to
acceleration of the air.
In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by
application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid [24] and a
small viscosity often has a large effect on the flow.
Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if the behaviour
of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air flowing past
the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom
surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the surfaces of the wing
will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards lifting
[nb 1][25]
force.
Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a
wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using
Bernoulli's equations[26] established by Bernoulli over a century before the rst
man-made wings were used for the purpose of ight. Bernoulli's principle does not
explain why the air ows faster past the top of the wing and slower past the underside.
To understand why, it is helpful to understand circulation, the Kutta condition, and the
KuttaJoukowski theorem.
The Dyson Bladeless Fan (or Air Multiplier) is an implementation that takes advantage
of the Venturi eect, Coand eect and Bernoulli's Principle.[27]
The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines contains a venturi to create a
region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it thoroughly with the
incoming air. The low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be explained by
Bernoulli's principle; in the narrow throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and
therefore it is at its lowest pressure.
The Pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the
aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator which determines
the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the
difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure. Bernoulli's principle is
used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated airspeed
appropriate to the dynamic pressure.[28]
The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or an
orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow.
For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible fluid,
the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently
Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the
reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the Venturi effect.
The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be
calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is found to be proportional to the
square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is Torricelli's law, showing that
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Torricelli's law is compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Viscosity lowers this drain
rate. This is reflected in the discharge coefficient, which is a function of the Reynolds
number and the shape of the orifice.[29]
In open-channel hydraulics, a detailed analysis of the Bernoulli theorem and its
extension were recently (2009) developed.[30] It was proved that the depth-averaged
specific energy reaches a minimum in converging accelerating free-surface flow over
weirs and flumes (also[31][32]). Further, in general, a channel control with minimum
specific energy in curvilinear flow is not isolated from water waves, as customary state
in open-channel hydraulics.
The Bernoulli grip relies on this principle to create a non-contact adhesive force
between a surface and the gripper.
[edit] Misunderstandings about the generation of lift

Main article: Lift (force)
Many explanations for the generation of lift (on airfoils, propeller blades, etc.) can be found;
some of these explanations can be misleading, and some are false.[33] This has been a
source of heated discussion over the years. In particular, there has been debate about
whether lift is best explained by Bernoulli's principle or Newton's laws of motion. Modern
writings agree that both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's laws are relevant and either
can be used to correctly describe lift.[34][35][36]
Several of these explanations use the Bernoulli principle to connect the flow kinematics to
the flow-induced pressures. In cases of incorrect (or partially correct) explanations relying
on the Bernoulli principle, the errors generally occur in the assumptions on the flow
kinematics and how these are produced. It is not the Bernoulli principle itself that is
questioned because this principle is well established.[37][38][39][40]
[edit] Misapplications of Bernoulli's principle in

common classroom demonstrations
There are several common classroom demonstrations that are sometimes incorrectly
explained using Bernoulli's principle.[41] One involves holding a piece of paper horizontally
so that it droops downward and then blowing over the top of it. As the demonstrator blows
over the paper, the paper rises. It is then asserted that this is because "faster moving air
has lower pressure".[42][43][44]
One problem with this explanation can be seen by blowing along the bottom of the paper were the deflection due simply to faster moving air one would expect the paper to deflect
downward, but the paper deflects upward regardless of whether the faster moving air is on
the top or the bottom.[45] Another problem is that when the air leaves the demonstrator's
mouth it has the same pressure as the surrounding air;[46] the air does not have lower
pressure just because it is moving; in the demonstration, the static pressure of the air
leaving the demonstrator's mouth is equal to the pressure of the surrounding air.[47][48] A
third problem is that it is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of
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the paper using Bernoullis equation since the air above and below are different flow fields
and Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field.[49][50][51][52]
As the wording of the principle can change its implications, stating the principle correctly
is important.[53] What Bernoulli's principle actually says is that within a flow of constant
energy, when fluid flows through a region of lower pressure it speeds up and vice versa.[54]
Thus, Bernoulli's principle concerns itself with changes in speed and changes in pressure
within a flow field. It cannot be used to compare different flow fields.
A correct explanation of why the paper rises would observe that the plume follows the
curve of the paper and that a curved streamline will develop a pressure gradient
perpendicular to the direction of flow, with the lower pressure on the inside of the curve.
[55][56][57][58]
Bernoulli's principle predicts that the decrease in pressure is associated with

an increase in speed, i.e. that as the air passes over the paper it speeds up and moves faster
than it was moving when it left the demonstrator's mouth. But this is not apparent from the
demonstration.[59][60][61]
Other common classroom demonstrations, such as blowing between two suspended spheres,
or suspending a ball in an airstream are sometimes explained in a similarly misleading
manner by saying "faster moving air has lower pressure".[62][63][64][65][66][67][68]
[edit] See also

Terminology in fluid dynamics
NavierStokes equations for the flow of a viscous fluid
Euler equations for the flow of an inviscid fluid
Hydraulics applied fluid mechanics for liquids
Venturi effect
Inviscid flow
[edit] References
1. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Chapter
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
15 of 24
pressure gradient in the x-direction)

and if the particle has a nite size l,
ab
then the front of the particle will be
^
Batchelor, G.K. (1967), Section
seeing a dierent pressure from the
3.5, pp. 15664.
rear. More precisely, if the pressure
^ "Hydrodynamica". Britannica Online
drops in the x-direction (dp/dx < 0) the
Encyclopedia.
pressure at the rear is higher than at
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked
the front and the particle experiences a
/topic/658890
(positive) net force. According to
/Hydrodynamica#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&
Newtons second law, this force causes
title=Hydrodynamica%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia.
an acceleration and the particles
Retrieved 2008-10-30.
velocity increases as it moves along the
^ Streeter, V.L., Fluid Mechanics,
streamline... Bernoullis equation
Example 3.5, McGrawHill Inc. (1966),
describes this mathematically (see the
New York.
complete derivation in the
^ "If the particle is in a region of
appendix)."Babinsky, Holger (November
varying pressure (a non-vanishing
2003), "How do wings work?", Physics
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
Education, http://www.iop.org/EJ/article
/0031-9120/38/6/001/pe3_6_001.pdf
6. ^ "Acceleration of air is caused by
pressure gradients. Air is accelerated
in direction of the velocity if the
pressure goes down. Thus the decrease
of pressure is the cause of a higher
velocity." Weltner, Klaus; IngelmanSundberg, Martin, Misinterpretations of
Bernoulli's Law, http://user.unifrankfurt.de/~weltner/Mis6/mis6.html
7. ^ " The idea is that as the parcel moves
along, following a streamline, as it
moves into an area of higher pressure
there will be higher pressure ahead
(higher than the pressure behind) and
this will exert a force on the parcel,
slowing it down. Conversely if the
parcel is moving into a region of lower
pressure, there will be an higher
pressure behind it (higher than the
pressure ahead), speeding it up. As
always, any unbalanced force will cause
a change in momentum (and velocity),
as required by Newtons laws of
motion." See How It Flies John S.
Denker http://www.av8n.com/how/htm
/airfoils.html
ab
8. ^
Batchelor, G.K. (1967), 5.1, p.
265.
9. ^ Mulley, Raymond (2004). Flow of
Industrial Fluids: Theory and
Equations. CRC Press.
ISBN 0-8493-2767-9., 410 pages. See
pp. 4344.
10. ^ Chanson, Hubert (2004). Hydraulics
of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction.
Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 0-7506-5978-5., 650 pages. See
p. 22.
11. ^ Oertel, Herbert; Prandtl, Ludwig;
Bhle, M.; Mayes, Katherine (2004).
Prandtl's Essentials of Fluid Mechanics.
Springer. pp. 7071.
ISBN 0-387-40437-6.
12. ^ "Bernoulli's Equation". NASA Glenn
Research Center.
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K12/airplane/bern.htm. Retrieved
2009-03-04.
16 of 24
13. ^ a b Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics,

Section 3.5.
14. ^ Clancy, L.J. Aerodynamics, Equation
3.12
15. ^ a b Batchelor, G.K. (1967), p. 383
16. ^ White, Frank M. Fluid Mechanics, 6e.
McGraw-Hill International Edition. p.
602.
17. ^ Clarke C. and Carswell B.,
Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics
18. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics,
Section 3.11
19. ^ Landau & Lifshitz (1987, 5)
20. ^ Van Wylen, G.J., and Sonntag, R.E.,
(1965), Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics, Section 5.9, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., New York
21. ^ a b c Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B.;
Sands, M. (1963). The Feynman
Lectures on Physics.
ISBN 0-201-02116-1., Vol. 2, 403, pp.
406 409.
22. ^ Tipler, Paul (1991). Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics
(3rd extended ed.). W. H. Freeman.
ISBN 0-87901-432-6., p. 138.
23. ^ Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B.; Sands,
M. (1963). The Feynman Lectures on
Physics. ISBN 0-201-02116-1., Vol. 1,
143, p. 144.
24. ^ Physics Today, May 1010, "The
Nearly Perfect Fermi Gas", by John E.
Thomas, p 34.
25. ^ Resnick, R. and Halliday, D. (1960),
Physics, Section 185, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York ("[streamlines] are
closer together above the wing than
they are below so that Bernoulli's
principle predicts the observed upward
dynamic lift.")
26. ^ Eastlake, Charles N. (March 2002).
"An Aerodynamicists View of Lift,
Bernoulli, and Newton". The Physics
Teacher 40. http://www.df.uba.ar/users
/sgil/physics_paper_doc/papers_phys
/fluids/Bernoulli_Newton_lift.pdf. "The
resultant force is determined by
integrating the surface-pressure
distribution over the surface area of the
airfoil."
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
27. ^ Hua, M., Khaitan, D. and Kintner, P.

37. ^ Phillips, O.M. (1977). The dynamics
(2011). University of Rochester, NY.
of the upper ocean (2nd ed.).
Studying Near-Surface Effects of the
Cambridge University Press.
Dyson Air-Multiplier Airfoil (2.7MB file)
ISBN 0-521-29801-6. Section 2.4.
Retrieved 2012-07-19
38. ^ Batchelor, G.K. (1967). Sections 3.5
28. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics,
and 5.1
Section 3.8
39. ^ Lamb, H. (1994) 1729
29. ^ Mechanical Engineering Reference
40. ^ Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg,
Manual Ninth Edition
Martin. "Physics of Flight reviewed".
30. ^ Castro-Orgaz, O. & Chanson, H.
http://www.angelfire.com/dc/nova/flight
(2009). "Bernoulli Theorem, Minimum
/PHYSIC4.html. "The conventional
explanation of aerodynamical lift based
Specific Energy and Water Wave
Celerity in Open Channel Flow". Journal
on Bernoullis law and velocity
of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,
differences mixes up cause and effect.
ASCE, 135 (6): 773778.
The faster flow at the upper side of the
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000084. wing is the consequence of low
pressure and not its cause."
http://espace.library.uq.edu.au
/view/UQ:187794.
41. ^ "Bernoulli's law and experiments
31. ^ Chanson, H. (2009). "Transcritical
attributed to it are fascinating.
Flow due to Channel Contraction".
Unfortunately some of these
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE
experiments are explained
135 (12): 11131114.
erroneously..." Misinterpretations of
Bernoulli's Law Weltner, Klaus and
Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin
/view/UQ:187795.
Department of Physics, University
32. ^ Chanson, H. (2006). "Minimum
Frankfurt http://wwwSpecific Energy and Critical Flow
Conditions in Open Channels". Journal
stud.rbi.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de
/~plass/MIS/mis6.html
of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,
ASCE 132 (5): 498502.
42. ^ "This occurs because of Bernoullis
principle fast-moving air has lower
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:5(498).
pressure than non-moving air." Make
Magazine http://makeprojects.com
/view.php?pid=UQ:7830.
33. ^ Glenn Research Center (2006-03-15).
/Project/Origami-Flying-Disk/327/1
"Incorrect Lift Theory". NASA.
43. ^ " Faster-moving fluid, lower pressure.
... When the demonstrator holds the
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Kpaper in front of his mouth and blows
12/airplane/wrong1.html. Retrieved
across the top, he is creating an area of
2010-08-12.
faster-moving air." University of
34. ^ Chanson, H. (2009). Applied
Minnesota School of Physics and
Hydrodynamics: An Introduction to
Astronomy http://www.physics.umn.edu
Ideal and Real Fluid Flows. CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, The
/outreach/pforce/circus/Bernoulli.html
Netherlands, 478 pages.
44. ^ "Bernoulli's Principle states that
ISBN 978-0-415-49271-3.
faster moving air has lower pressure...
http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans
You can demonstrate Bernoulli's
Principle by blowing over a piece of
/reprints/book15.htm.
35. ^ "Newton vs Bernoulli".
paper held horizontally across your
lips."
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K12/airplane/bernnew.html.
http://www.tallshipschannelislands.com
36. ^ Ison, David. Bernoulli Or Newton:
/PDFs/Educational_Packet.pdf
Who's Right About Lift? Retrieved on
45. ^ "If the lift in figure A were caused by
2009-11-26
"Bernoulli principle," then the paper in
17 of 24
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
46.
47.
48.
49.
18 of 24
figure B should droop further when air

is blown beneath it. However, as shown,
it raises when the upward pressure
gradient in downward-curving flow
adds to atmospheric pressure at the
paper lower surface." Gale M. Craig
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF WINGED
FLIGHT http://www.regenpress.com
/aerodynamics.pdf
^ "In fact, the pressure in the air blown
out of the lungs is equal to that of the
surrounding air..." Babinsky
http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120
/38/6/001/pdf/pe3_6_001.pdf
^ "...air does not have a reduced lateral
pressure (or static pressure...) simply
because it is caused to move, the static
pressure of free air does not decrease
as the speed of the air increases, it
misunderstanding Bernoulli's principle
to suggest that this is what it tells us,
and the behavior of the curved paper is
explained by other reasoning than
Bernoulli's principle." Peter Eastwell
Bernoulli? Perhaps, but What About
Viscosity? The Science Education
Review, 6(1) 2007
http://www.scienceeducationreview.com
/open_access/eastwell-bernoulli.pdf
^ "Make a strip of writing paper about
5 cm X 25 cm. Hold it in front of your
lips so that it hangs out and down
making a convex upward surface. When
you blow across the top of the paper, it
rises. Many books attribute this to the
lowering of the air pressure on top
solely to the Bernoulli effect. Now use
your fingers to form the paper into a
curve that it is slightly concave upward
along its whole length and again blow
along the top of this strip. The paper
now bends downward...an often-cited
experiment which is usually taken as
demonstrating the common explanation
of lift does not do so..." Jef Raskin
Coanda Effect: Understanding Why
Wings Work http://karmak.org/archive
/2003/02/coanda_effect.html
^ "Blowing over a piece of paper does
not demonstrate Bernoullis equation.
While it is true that a curved paper lifts
when flow is applied on one side, this is

not because air is moving at dierent
speeds on the two sides... It is false to
make a connection between the ow on
the two sides of the paper using
Bernoullis equation." Holger Babinsky
How Do Wings Work Physics Education
38(6) http://iopscience.iop.org
/0031-9120/38/6/001
/pdf/pe3_6_001.pdf
50. ^ "An explanation based on Bernoullis
principle is not applicable to this
situation, because this principle has
nothing to say about the interaction of
air masses having dierent speeds...
Also, while Bernoullis principle allows
us to compare fluid speeds and
pressures along a single streamline
and... along two dierent streamlines
that originate under identical fluid
conditions, using Bernoullis principle
to compare the air above and below the
curved paper in Figure 1 is
nonsensical; in this case, there arent
any streamlines at all below the paper!"
Peter Eastwell Bernoulli? Perhaps, but
What About Viscosity? The Science
Education Review 6(1) 2007
http://www.scienceeducationreview.com
/open_access/eastwell-bernoulli.pdf
51. ^ "The well-known demonstration of the
phenomenon of lift by means of lifting a
page cantilevered in ones hand by
blowing horizontally along it is
probably more a demonstration of the
forces inherent in the Coanda eect
than a demonstration of Bernoullis law;
for, here, an air jet issues from the
mouth and attaches to a curved (and, in
this case pliable) surface. The upper
edge is a complicated vortex-laden
mixing layer and the distant flow is
quiescent, so that Bernoullis law is
hardly applicable." David Auerbach
Why Aircreft Fly European Journal of
Physics Vol 21 p 289
/21/4/302/pdf/0143-0807_21_4_302.pdf
52. ^ "Millions of children in science
classes are being asked to blow over
curved pieces of paper and observe that
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
19 of 24
the paper "lifts"... They are then asked

to believe that Bernoulli's theorem is
responsible... Unfortunately, the
"dynamic lift" involved...is not properly
explained by Bernoulli's theorem."
Norman F. Smith "Bernoulli and
Newton in Fluid Mechanics" The
Physics Teacher Nov 1972
^ "Bernoullis principle is very easy to
understand provided the principle is
correctly stated. However, we must be
careful, because seemingly-small
changes in the wording can lead to
completely wrong conclusions." See
How It Flies John S. Denker
http://www.av8n.com/how/htm
/airfoils.html#sec-bernoulli
^ "A complete statement of Bernoulli's
Theorem is as follows: "In a flow where
no energy is being added or taken
away, the sum of its various energies is
a constant: consequently where the
velocity increasees the pressure
decreases and vice versa."" Norman F
Smith Bernoulli, Newton and Dynamic
Lift Part I School Science and
Mathematics Vol 73 Issue 3
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
/doi/10.1111
/j.1949-8594.1973.tb08998.x/pdf
^ "...if a streamline is curved, there
must be a pressure gradient across the
streamline, with the pressure
increasing in the direction away from
the centre of curvature." Babinsky
/38/6/001/pdf/pe3_6_001.pdf
^ "The curved paper turns the stream
of air downward, and this action
produces the lift reaction that lifts the
paper." Norman F. Smith Bernoulli,
Newton, and Dynamic Lift Part II
School Science and Mathematics vol 73
Issue 4 pg 333
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
/doi/10.1111
/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09040.x/pdf
^ "The curved surface of the tongue
creates unequal air pressure and a
lifting action. ... Lift is caused by air
moving over a curved surface."
AERONAUTICS An Educators Guide

with Activities in Science, Mathematics,
and Technology Education by NASA pg
26 http://www.nasa.gov
/pdf/58152main_Aeronautics.Educator.pdf
58. ^ "Viscosity causes the breath to follow
the curved surface, Newton's rst law
says there a force on the air and
Newtons third law says there is an
equal and opposite force on the paper.
Momentum transfer lifts the strip. The
reduction in pressure acting on the top
surface of the piece of paper causes the
paper to rise." The Newtonian
Description of Lift of a Wing-Revised
David F. Anderson & Scott Eberhardt
http://home.comcast.net/~clipper108/Lift_AAPT.pdf
59. ^ '"Demonstrations" of Bernoulli's
principle are often given as
demonstrations of the physics of lift.
They are truly demonstrations of lift,
but certainly not of Bernoulli's
principle.' David F Anderson & Scott
Eberhardt Understanding Flight pg
229 http://books.google.com
/books?id=52Hfn7uEGSoC&pg=PA229
60. ^ "As an example, take the misleading
experiment most often used to
"demonstrate" Bernoulli's principle.
Hold a piece of piece of paper so that it
curves over your finger, then blow
across the top. The paper will rise.
However most people do not realize that
the paper would not rise if it was flat,
even though you are blowing air across
the top of it at a furious rate. Bernoulli's
principle does not apply directly in this
case. This is because the air on the two
sides of the paper did not start out from
the same source. The air on the bottom
is ambient air from the room, but the
air on the top came from your mouth
where you actually increased its speed
without decreasing its pressure by
forcing it out of your mouth. As a result
the air on both sides of the flat paper
actually has the same pressure, even
though the air on the top is moving
faster. The reason that a curved piece
of paper does rise is that the air from
01/01/2013 11:04 AM
your mouth speeds up even more as it

64. ^ "Bernoullis theorem is often
follows the curve of the paper, which in
obscured by demonstrations involving
turn lowers the pressure according to
non-Bernoulli forces. For example, a
Bernoulli." From The Aeronautics File
ball may be supported on an upward jet
By Max Feil
of air or water, because any fluid (the
air and water) has viscosity, which
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com
/search?q=cache:nutfrrTXLkMJ:www.mat.uc.ptretards the slippage of one part of the
fluid moving past another part of the
/~pedro/ncientificos/artigos
fluid." The Bernoulli Conundrum Robert
/aeronauticsfile1.ps+&cd=29&hl=en&
P. Bauman Professor of Physics
ct=clnk&gl=us
Emeritus University of Alabama at
61. ^ "Some people blow over a sheet of
Birmingham
paper to demonstrate that the
accelerated air over the sheet results in
http://www.introphysics.info/Papers
a lower pressure. They are wrong with
/BernoulliConundrumWS.pdf
their explanation. The sheet of paper
65. ^ "In a demonstration sometimes
goes up because it deflects the air, by
wrongly described as showing lift due
the Coanda effect, and that deflection is
to pressure reduction in moving air or
the cause of the force lifting the sheet.
pressure reduction due to flow path
To prove they are wrong I use the
restriction, a ball or balloon is
following experiment: If the sheet of
suspended by a jet of air." Gale M.
paper is pre bend the other way by first
Craig PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF
rolling it, and if you blow over it than, it
WINGED FLIGHT
goes down. This is because the air is
http://www.regenpress.com
deflected the other way. Airspeed is
/aerodynamics.pdf
still higher above the sheet, so that is
66. ^ "A second example is the confinement
not causing the lower pressure." Pim
of a ping-pong ball in the vertical
Geurts. sailtheory.com
exhaust from a hair dryer. We are told
that this is a demonstration of
http://www.sailtheory.com
Bernoulli's principle. But, we now know
/experiments.html
that the exhaust does not have a lower
62. ^ "Finally, lets go back to the initial
value of ps. Again, it is momentum
example of a ball levitating in a jet of
transfer that keeps the ball in the
air. The naive explanation for the
airflow. When the ball gets near the
stability of the ball in the air stream,
edge of the exhaust there is an
'because pressure in the jet is lower
asymmetric flow around the ball, which
than pressure in the surrounding
pushes it away from the edge of the
atmosphere,' is clearly incorrect. The
flow. The same is true when one blows
static pressure in the free air jet is the
between two ping-pong balls hanging
same as the pressure in the
on strings." Anderson & Eberhardt The
surrounding atmosphere..." Martin
Newtonian Description of Lift on a Wing
Kamela Thinking About Bernoulli The
Physics Teacher Vol. 45, September
http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/2001/pub
2007 http://tpt.aapt.org/resource
/Pub-01-036-E.pdf
/1/phteah/v45/i6/p379_s1
67. ^ "This demonstration is often
incorrectly explained using the
63. ^ "Aysmmetrical flow (not Bernoulli's
Bernoulli principle. According to the
theorem) also explains lift on the
INCORRECT explanation, the air flow is
ping-pong ball or beach ball that floats
faster in the region between the sheets,
so mysteriously in the tilted vacuum
thus creating a lower pressure
cleaner exhaust..." Norman F. Smith,
compared with the quiet air on the
Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid
outside of the sheets. UNIVERSITY OF
Mechanics" The Physics Teacher Nov
MARYLAND PHYSICS LECTURE1972 p 455
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01/01/2013 11:04 AM
DEMONSTRATION FACILITY
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem
/services/demos/demosf5/f5-03.htm
68. ^ "Although the Bernoulli effect is often
used to explain this demonstration, and
one manufacturer sells the material for
this demonstration as "Bernoulli bags,"
it cannot be explained by the Bernoulli

effect, but rather by the process of
entrainment." UNIVERSITY OF
MARYLAND PHYSICS LECTUREDEMONSTRATION FACILITY
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem
/outreach/QOTW/arch13/a256.htm
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 5.5 ("When a stream of air flows past an airfoil,
there are local changes in flow speed round the airfoil, and consequently changes in
static pressure, in accordance with Bernoulli's Theorem. The distribution of pressure
determines the lift, pitching moment and form drag of the airfoil, and the position of its
centre of pressure.")
[edit] Further reading

Batchelor, G.K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-66396-2.
Clancy, L.J. (1975). Aerodynamics. Pitman Publishing, London. ISBN 0-273-01120-0.
Lamb, H. (1993). Hydrodynamics (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-45868-9. Originally published in 1879; the 6th extended edition
appeared first in 1932.
Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. (1987). Fluid Mechanics. Course of Theoretical Physics
(2nd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-7506-2767-0.
Chanson, H. (2009). Applied Hydrodynamics: An Introduction to Ideal and Real Fluid
Flows. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-49271-3.
http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/reprints/book15.htm.
[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bernoulli's principle
Interactive animation demonstrating Bernoulli's principle
Denver University Bernoulli's equation and pressure measurement
Millersville University Applications of Euler's equation
NASA Beginner's guide to aerodynamics
Misinterpretations of Bernoulli's equation Weltner and Ingelman-Sundberg
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Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A flow of air into a venturi

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume

Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly

Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Incompressible flow

In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach

{v^2 \over 2}+gz+{p\over\rho}=\text{constant}

v\, is the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline,

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Simplified form

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Applicability of incompressible flow equation to flow of gases

[edit] Unsteady potential flow

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Compressible flow equation

[edit] Compressible flow in fluid dynamics

(constant along a streamline)

(constant along a streamline)

where, in addition to the terms listed above:

[edit] Compressible flow in thermodynamics

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Derivations of Bernoulli equation

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A streamtube of fluid moving to the right. Indicated are pressure,

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Putting these together, the work-kinetic energy theorem W = E kin

(Eqn. 1), Which is

Further division by g produces the following equation. Note that each

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

If we were to multiply Eqn. 1 by the density of the fluid, we would get

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

where E1 and E2 are the energy entering

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Condensation visible over

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Misunderstandings about the generation of lift

[edit] Misapplications of Bernoulli's principle in

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bernoulli's principle predicts that the decrease in pressure is associated with

[edit] See also

pressure gradient in the x-direction)

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

13. ^ a b Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics,

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

27. ^ Hua, M., Khaitan, D. and Kintner, P.

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

figure B should droop further when air

when flow is applied on one side, this is

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

the paper "lifts"... They are then asked

AERONAUTICS An Educators Guide

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

your mouth speeds up even more as it

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

it cannot be explained by the Bernoulli

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cite this page