Professional Documents
Culture Documents
the study of ethics, one must be well informed, must think carefully,
to additional information and insights.
home with utilitarian approach.
fundamentally concerned with evaluating past actions, assessing guilt
attaching blame or credit.
interested in guidance for decision making.
with helping people answer the question WHY.
and right thing for me to do?
concerned with making value judgements.
implies regularity, dependability and predictability.
likely in terms of certainties.
To do good work in
and must be open
- Is entirely at
- Is not
or innocence or
- It is primarily
- It is concerned
- What is good
- One is
The very term order
Social order less
Discipline of
- Require the use of
Natural/Social
- Share concern for
- Both deal with
ETHICS
-
Is a systematic,
evaluation is
- Ethics does not
WHY
CHRISTIAN
- is the critical
- Stands within the
CHRISTIAN
-shares some beliefs
objective reality.
N
with adherents of other religions and some non religious ethicists.
defines the motives from which the Christian ethicists act, the
they may make about value and duty and the conclusions which they
course of action.
Morality is used
Ethics and Morals
Ethics has to do with
Morality has to do
Value means worth,
Teleological approach
- Achievement of a
concerned with
- Duty is derived
Duty refers to n
station
in
life.
Responsibility
the self.
Satisfaction comes
sense
of
Deontological
E
T
-Response to a certain
fundamental relationship.
norms or standards.
Concerned with
Essence of Ethics
Nature of EthicsASSUMPTIONS of
1) Study of Ethics
Christian Ethics
(Different
2) Study of Ethics
independent of
(Patterns, Cause &
3) Human Beings
(Honest and
4) Freedom of the will
(With restrictions, o one
5) The
( having a decision
JOHN HOSPERS
- Ethics is concerned
upon them
Problems/Difficulty
1. There is no consensus
2. One encounters in the
are simple, clear-cut
3. Difficulty troubles people
4. Difficulty complicates
CHAPTER 2
Alternatives to Christian
1. Humanism
2. Objectivism
3. Behaviorism
4. Self- Realization
5. Marxism
S to find the truth about these moral questions, not to try to make us act
1. HUMANISM
T effort to develop a pattern of right conduct is the fact that few problems
MORRIS B STORER is
set aside faith in revelation
PAUL KURTZ
1. Based primarily upon
2. Committed to the use of
solving problems; and
3. An ethical philosophy;
MANIFESTO- defines
significant.(Item 7).
-(Item 5) Makes
E
T
Humanism committed to a high moral ideal of respect for the person, of individual responsibility and of
the establishment of a social order that operates for the benefit of all people.
- Focuses upon humankind as central in the universe.
MAX HOCUTT
- give consideration to the needs and interest of other- not because doing so is right accdng to some
transcendent standards of morality laid down but becoz doing so cannot be avoided.
2. OBJECTIVISM
- One;s primary obligation is to oneself.
- basis for decisions on moral issues is the effect of an action upon oneself.
RAND attacks ALTRUISM- one way or another is a central element in most traditional ethical systems.
3. BEHAVIORISM
-
Way of thinking which conceives of human behavior not as a matter of free choice but one of
conditioning.
Understanding of human nature, and as such it has profound implications for the study of ethics.
Sees human activity as reaction more than response.
B.F. SKINNER study of psychology
J.B. WATSON study of psychologists was not mental processes but human behavior.
4. Self-Realization
- conceives of the highest good in life; and therefore of the right, in terms of the harmonious development
of the normal capacities of human nature. Concerned with an understanding of human nature.
CHARLES M PATTERSON
- List 5 characteristics of the self;
1. It is both mind and body, which interact with each other.
2. It desires and that desiring quality makes progress possible;
3. It is social, needing interaction with other selves;
4. It seeks to know, and what it learns then becomes a part of the self; and
5. It is moved by ideals.
HAROLD TITUS and MORRIS KEETON the unique and distinctive qualities of selfhood:
1. Self-Consciousness;
2. Abstract thought or the power of reflective thinking
3. Ethical discrimination and some freedom of choice;
4. Aesthetic appreciation;
5. Religious aspiration and commitment
6. Transcendence of particular, conditions of time and space
7. Development fulfilled through community living; and
8. Unique powers of creativity
HAROLD TITUS and MORRIS KEETON
moral guidelines:
1. Action is right if it leads to physical, intellectual and spiritual development or to a more
harmonious personal and social life;
2. The right choice is the selection of the greater or greatest value; and
3. The good life depends on the nature of man, as well as on the nature of the world in which man
lives.
TITUS and KEETON 4 principles which persons might choose between conflicting values:
1. Seek the greater of two alternative values;
2. Select a value that has worth in itself over one that has instrumental worth only;
1. Health;
2. Education;
3. Freedom;
4. Work and a living wage;
5. Security;
6. Love and a home;
7. Recreation and leisure;
8. A share in controlling the conditions of life
9. A share in the cultural heritage
10. Worship
5. MARXISM
-
There was a primitive communism in which all property was held in common rather than individually;
The development of the concept of private property resulted in the aristocratic-slave system;
Serfs replaced slaves in the military-feudal era;
The factory system resulted in the rise of capitalism; and
The end of the class conflict which characterized stages, two, three, and four will come and an era of
freedom, equality and abundance will be instituted when capitalism is destroyed and communism is
restored.
ALIENATION to be the basic human problem in capitalistic society:
1. The worker is alienated from himself because he is not seen as human being but as an instrument
whose labor exists outside himself, and alien to him.
2. Capitalism alienated the worker from the product.
3. Capitalism estranges human beings from