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Structural Design
1.1. Introduction
Structural design aims to design a safe structure against expected loads to come in the life period
of the structure due to the dead weights of the structural components, occupancies, wind,
earthquakes, snow, settlements etc. This phase consists of mainly two stages, first is the Analysis,
and next is the Design and detailing of the structure and structural elements to achieve the safest,
economically viable at par with the latest Nepal Building Code and in some part of the design
preferred Indian Standard codes. The work will be comprised of following components:
a) Review of the Architectural drawing
b) Structural Analysis and design and detailing with standard commercial Finite element based
software. The Structural analysis method adopted is linear- static analysis.
Nepal lies in seismically the active zone. So there is always the risk of large earthquakes.
However the Earthquake Resistant Design doesnt mean to design a damage-free structure
against earthquake shaking, but has the following basis:
o
o
o
Thus the structure is so designed as to prevent sudden collapse and remain serviceable against the
design shaking as per codal requirements. This is achieved by performing the proper analysis for
seismic loads, and proper design, maintaining the ductility in the structure.
The Earthquake resistant design is done for the structure performing the Seismic-Coefficient as
well as Dynamic Analysis. Following assumptions have been made:
a. Earthquake cause impulsive ground motion which is complex and irregular in
character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for small duration.
b. Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind.
Structure design and analysis has been performed using Etab2015, one of the most popular
commercial structural analysis software. We have found these tools as user-friendly & reliable.
In spite of their efficiency and reliability, we dont hesitate to accept and realize that there is
always space for improvements.
1.3. Analysis
To represent the structural system correctly, the most simple to the most sophisticated design
approach has been adopted as per requirement. Detailed finite element model of the structure is
created using the latest software and evaluation of the system is conducted at different level of
complexity.
1.4. Software
For the Analysis, Etab15 software is used to design and detailing.
1.5. Codes
a. Materials:
1. IS 1983
2. Brick: (IS 1077, IS 2212)
3. Cement: ( IS 8112, IS 12269)
4. Admixtures: (ASTM C 494/C,494/M, IS9103)
5. Reinforcing Steel: (IS 432, IS 1139, IS 1786)
b. Loadings:
1. Dead Loads: (NBC 102, IS 875 part I)
2. Live loads: (NBC 103, IS 875 part II)
3. Wind loads: (NBC 104)
4. Seismic loads: (NBC 105)
c. Design Codes:
1. Reinforced concrete: (NBC 110, IS 456, SP 16)
2. Ductile detailing: (IS 13920, SP34)
M20
Fe-500
Combo 1
1.5 ( DL + IL )
Combo 2
1.2 ( DL + IL + ELx )
Combo 3
1.2 ( DL + IL - ELx )
Combo 4
1.2 ( DL + IL + ELy )
Combo 5
1.2 ( DL + IL - ELy )
Combo 6
1.5 ( DL + ELx )
Combo 7
1.5 ( DL - ELx )
Combo 8
1.5 ( DL + ELy )
Combo 9
1.5 ( DL - ELy)
Where :
DL
Dead Load
IL
Imposed Load
EL
Earthquake Load
n
3. Structural Loadings
The building frames have been designed for various loads viz, dead load, live load (or imposed load) and
lateral load (earthquake load).
3.1 Dead load
Dead load has been assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, walls, parapet walls, staircase, and
water tank. The weight of building materials are taken as per NBC 102 & IS: 875(Part 1)-1987).
Unit weight()
Reinforced Concrete
20.00 KN/m
23.00 KN/m
20.40 KN/m
26.00 KN/m
Occupancy Classification
Uniformly
Distributed loads
(UDL), KN/m2
2.0
Bed rooms
2.0
3.0, 4.0
Roofs
Flat, sloping or curved roof slopes up to and including 10 degrees
a) Access provided
1.5
0.75
b)
[NBC 105]
where,
Cd
I=
C=
K=
T=
0.09 h/d (7.3 NBC 105]. For moment resisting frame with infill
panel
h=
d=
W=