ICONE-18

Xi’ain, China, May 17-21, 2010

Clarification of Ejection and Sweep in

Rectangular Channel Turbulent Flow

Muhammad Kunta Biddinika, Noriyuki Watanabe, Masanori Aritomi, Hiroshige Kikura

(Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology)
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Background
• The flow of liquid over a solid surface gives rise to what is
known as a boundary layer. This is caused by the liquid
sticking to the surface, being slowed to a stop in contact with
the surface.
• As moving away from the surface, the liquid moves faster and
faster until it reaches its maximum (freestream) velocity.
• Boundary layers come in two types
– Laminar boundary layer : liquid at any given point in the layer is
moving in the main flow direction
– Turbulent boundary layer : more chaotic and small Eddies swirl the
liquid up from the wall surface away to the edge of the boundary
layer, and vice versa.
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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Background
• Turbulent boundary layer : more chaotic and small Eddies
swirl the liquid up from the wall surface away to the edge of
the boundary layer, and vice versa
http://www.soton.ac.uk/ses/outreach/greenpower/boundarylayers.html

Laminar Turbulent

velocity Free stream velocity

Boundary Layer

wall surface

Sweep 3
Ejection
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Previous Study
• Definition on Sweep and Ejection (Willmarth and Lu, 1972) by
using hot-wire probes
• Sweep and ejection of atmospheric turbulence quantities
studied in the real maize crop canopy by using hot-wire
anemometer (Jacobs et al, 2001)
• Flow structure of sweep and ejection near canopy top,
studied by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) (Zhu et al,
2006, 2007).
• Study on sweep and ejection using optical method and probe
method

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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Measurement techniques
Optical method Complex system,
LDV, PTV, PIV high cost, optical
Zhu et al (2006, 2007) window

Probe method contact measurement,

Thermal probe, electrical probe, intrude the flow
Willmarth and Lu (1972), Jacobs et al (2001)
We focused on …
Ultrasonic technique
(1) Optically Opaque (3) Low cost
(2) Non-Invasive (4) Simpler to use 5
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

u’ center flow
t

probability
v v’ ejection
u

velocity
probability
sweep ejection

• by using the measurement v’

method, instantaneous
sweep
velocity recorded t

probability
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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Phenomena classification by frequency of instantaneous velocity

Ejection and Sweep (II) (I)
Coherent Structure in turbulent flow f(u’)<0 f(u’)>0
f(v’)<0
f(v’)>0 outward
interaction
ejection
v (IV)
(III)
u f(u’)<0 f(u’)>0
f(v’)<0
Inward f(v’)<0
interaction
sweep
ejection A.N. Ziaeli et al, 2005
sweep
• sweep and ejection can be characterized by four quadrant events (Ziaeli et
al, 2005) of the combination of the velocity fluctuation (u’ and v’)
•Sweep and ejection can also be characterized by statistical method using
skewness and flatness parameters 7
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

sweep ejection

v
flow flow
u

PDf PDf

v’ v’

velocity
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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Measurement challenges
UVP

delay time delay time

extrapolation
extrapolation

local gradient ≡ instantaneous velocity

position position
gradient ≡ average velocity 9
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Objective of current research in

Sweep and Ejection

• To clarify whether UVP can detect sweep and

ejection events or not
– Considering # of pulse repetition of UVP in
obtaining instantaneous velocity

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1. Overflow tank 1
2. Pressure tap
3. Test section
4. Pressure sensor
5. Oscilloscope
6. UVP monitor
7. US transducer
8. Compressor
9. Storage tank
10.Air water mixer
11.Float flowmeter
12.Orifice flowmeter
Experimental Apparatus
13.PC 2
14.Sub-cooling system
15.Centrifugal pump

Water
circulation
3

4
Rectangular
• ChannelPlexiglas
system
5

6 Length 1500mm
7
• Air supply system
hydraulic equivalent diameter 33.33mm
8
• Test section
Thickness (at meas. point) 5mm(1mm)
10
• Temperature
Working fluid Water,Air
11
9

12
control section
Temperature
• Measurement 20±1℃
Meas. point
systems 1250mm
13
14

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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Measurement and
calculation method
1250 mm • An experimental apparatus for two-
directional velocity component has been
1500 mm prepared. The apparatus can apply the
installment of 8Mhz TDX in 45° of
upward and 45° of downward flow
direction
• Channel dimension area is 20 mm x 100
mm and channel length is 1500 mm
• Ultrasonic TDX is installed on 1250 mm
of height
• 5,000 instantaneous velocity profiles are
recorded for every measuring angle line.
*not scalable figure
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

experiment conditions
• Near-the-wall region usually in the region of y+ ≤ 10 as
described by Lagraa et al (2004), Nakayama et al (2004),
• Which region the experiment was conducted?
20 • From one of
measurement point
Re = 4177
15 in the near-the-wall
region, statistical
u+ analysis is applied in
10 order to investigate
coherent structure
5 in turbulence
measurement fully
window position turbulent • H/2D = 62.5
viscous
00 sublayer • Re = 4177
10 101 buffer layer 102
y+ 13
ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Measurement and calculation method

• In order to obtain two-directional
velocity components, it is common to
perform two measurements.
U ϑ is the velocity component along
the angle ϑ from the axis of
channel
U −ϑ is the velocity component along
the angle − ϑ
ϑ = θ − 90°

U +ϑ = U +ϑ + u+ϑ (1)

(2)
U −ϑ = U −ϑ + u−ϑ
U +ϑ U −ϑ are the average velocity along the the
angle + ϑ − ϑ
u+ϑ u −ϑ are the fluctuating velocity along the the
angle + ϑ − ϑ
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Results Re =4000
v-component of velocity
0.15
A 0.5
B
0.4
0.1
0.3

A B
pdf pdf
0.2
0.05
# = 256 # = 256 0.1

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 40
velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
0.15

0.2
0.1
pdf

pdf
0.1
0.05
# = 32 # = 32
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 40
0.15 velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
0.15

0.1 0.1

pdf
pdf

0.05
#=8 #=8
0.05

0
0 100 200 300 400 0 15
0 100 200 300 40
velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

u-component of velocity Re =4000

Results A B
0.15

0.2
0.1
pdf

A B

pdf
0.1

# = 256 # = 256
0.05

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1

pdf
pdf

0.05 0.05

# = 32 # = 32
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1
pdf

pdf
0.05
#=8 #=8
0.05

0 0 16
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
velocity (mm/s) velocity (mm/s)
 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Conclusions
• For sweep and ejection investigation, near-wall region
adjacent to TDX better than near-wall region in the
opposite to TDX
• Large number of repetition of ultrasound pulse is better
than small number repetition for investigation of sweep
and ejection phenomena
• However, more experiment data is required in order to
conclude whether UVP can be used for sweep and
ejection study
• As suggested by previous study, the other measurement
methods than the UVP method should also be applied in
order to observe the sweep and ejection phenomena
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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Future Work
• The current experiment results basically can not
distinguish sweep or ejection from v-component of
velocity, the identification of ejection is needed to
know the relation between mean velocity (u-direction)
of the flow and ejection velocity (v-direction).

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ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Thank you ..

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 ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

Laminar Turbulent

velocity Free stream velocity

Boundary Layer

Laminar
wall surface

Free stream Sweep

Ejection

Boundary Layer 20
ICONE-18 Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Xi’an, China, May 17-21, 2010 Muhammad Kunta Biddinika

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