I

NDUSTRIAL TRAINING

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

27/06/2016 to 26/07/2016
Submitted By:-ANKIT SAROHA

This is to certify that ANKIT SAROHA, student of 2013-2017 Batch of

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Branch in Final year of
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology has successfully completed his
industrial training at INDRAPRASTHA POWER GENERATION Corp. Ltd
-PPCL-1, Bawana New Delhi for six weeks from 13 june to 24july 2016. He has
completed the whole training as per the training report submitted by him.

Training In charge Er. Sudhir Kumar

Contents

Introduction
Combined Cycle Power Plant
Mechanical Equipment
Electrical Equipment
Protection and Switchgear
Balance of Plant
Bibliography
Introduction:
IPGCL-PPCL
Indraprastha Power Generation Co. Ltd. (IPGCL) was incorporated on 1st
July,2002 and it took over the generation activities w.e.f. 1st July,2002 from
erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board after its unbundling into six successor companies.
The main functions of IPGCL is generation of electricity and its total installed
capacity is 994.5 MW including of Pragati Power Station. Its associate Company is
Pragati Power Corporation Limited which was incorporated on 9th January,
2001.To b r i d g e t h e g a p b e t w e e n d e ma n d a n d s u p p l y a n d t o g i v
e r e l i a b l e s u p p l y t o t h e capital City a 330 MW combined cycle Gas
Turbine Power Project was set up on fast track b a s i s . Th i s p l a n t c o n s i s t s
o f t wo g a s b a s e d Un i t s o f 1 0 4 M W e a c h a n d o n e Wa s t e h e a t
Recovery Unit of 122 MW. Gas supply has been tied up with GAIL through HBJ
Pipeline. Due to paucity of water this plant was designed to operate on treated
sewage water which is being supplied from Sen nursing Home and Delhi Gate
Sewage Treatment plants.
Pragati-III Combined Cycle Power Plant is located at Bawana Delhi,
India. The power plant is one of the gas based power plants of Pragati Power
Corporation Limited (PPCL). The source of water for the power plant is treated water
from Rithala Sewage Treatment Plant. NEW DELHI: With both modules declared for
commercial operation, the Bawana Power Plant is in full technical readiness to service
1500 MW to the national capital, Delhi government said today. The largest gas plant in
Northen India, and second largest in the country, the Bawana power plant was able to
produce only up to 350 MW for the city of Delhi.

Stage

Unit

Installed capacity

Date of

number

(MW)

commissioning

Turbine

1st

250

2010 October

Gas

1st

250

2011 February

Gas Turbine-2

1st

250

2011 October

Steam

1st

250

2012 July

Gas Turbine-3

1st

250

2014

Gas Tubine-4

Steam Turbine1st

250

2014

Their Vision:
TO MAKE DELHI POWER SURPLUS

To maximize generation from available capacity

To plan & implement new generation capacity in Delhi
Competitive pricing of our own generation
To set ever so high standards of environment Protection.
To develop competent human resources for managing the company with good standard.

2 [3]

Combined Cycle Power Plant:

Gas Turbine Power Plants
Gas Turbine Working Principle Gas turbine engines derive their power from
burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion
gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam drives a
steam turbine. One major difference however is that the gas turbine has a second
turbine acting as an a i r c o m p r e s s o r mo u n t e d o n t h e s a me s h a f t .
T h e a i r t u r b i n e ( c o mp r e s s o r ) d r a w s i n a i r , c o mp r e s s e s i t a n d
f e e d s i t a t h i g h p r e s s u r e i n t o t h e c o mb u s t i o n c h a mb e r i n c r e a s i n g

t h e intensity of the burning flame. It is a positive feedback mechanism. As the gas

turbine speed su p , i t a l s o c a u s e s t h e c o mp r e s s o r t o s p e e d u p f o r c
i n g mo r e a i r t h r o u g h t h e c o mb u s t i o n chamber which in turn
increases the burn rate of the fuel sending more high pressure hot gases into the
gas turbine increasing its speed even more. Uncontrolled runaway is prevented by
controls on the fuel supply line which limit the amount of fuel fed to the turbine
thus limiting its speed. The thermodynamic process used by the gas

turbine is known as the Brayton cycle. A n a l o g o u s t o t h e

C a r n o t c yc l e i n w h i c h t h e e f f i c i e n c y i s ma x i mi s e d b y i n c r
e a s i n g t h e temperature difference of the working fluid between the input
and output of the machine,
theB r a yt o n c yc l e e f f i c i e n c y i s ma x i mi s e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e
p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e machine. The gas turbine is
comprised of three main components: a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine.
The working fluid, air, is compressed in the compressor (adiabatic compressionno heat gain or loss), then mixed with fuel and burned by the combustor under
constant p r e s s u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e c o mb u s t i o n c h a mb e r ( c o n
s t a n t p r e s s u r e h e a t a d di t i o n ) . Th e resulting hot gas expands through
the turbine to perform work (adiabatic expansion). Much of
the power produced in the turbine is used to run the compressor and the rest is
available to run auxiliary equipment and do useful work. At PPCL, when the GT
reaches around 2800 RPM, all auxiliary systems supporting the turbine are shut
and only the GT is used to supply power and compressed air to all these systems,
thus improving efficiency. Gas turbines have a very high power to weight ratio
and are lighter and smaller than internal combustion engines of the same power.
Though they are mechanically simpler than reciprocating engines, their
characteristics of high speed and high temperature operation require high
precision components and exotic materials making them more expensive to
manufacture. General Electric is a pioneer in GT manufacturing Electrical Power
Generation In electricity generating applications the turbine is used to drive a
synchronous generator which provides the electrical power output but because the
turbine normally operates at very high rotational speeds of 3,000 RPM or more it
must be connected to the generator through a high ratio reduction gear since the
generators run at speeds of 1,000 or 1,200 r.p.m. depending on the AC frequency
of the electricity grid.
Combined Cycle
Systems which are designed for maximum efficiency in which the
hot exhaust gases from the gas turbine are used to raise steam to power a steam
turbine with both turbines being connected to electricity generators. To minimize
the size and weight of the turbine for a given output power, the
output p e r p o u n d o f a i r f l o w s h o u l d b e ma x i mi z e d . Th i s i s o b t a i n
e d b y ma x i mi z i n g t h e a i r f l o w through the turbine which in turn depends

on maximizing the pressure ratio between the air inlet and exhaust outlet. System
Efficiency: Thermal efficiency is important because it directly affects the fuel
consumption and operating costs. Combined Cycle Turbines It is however possible
to recover energy from the waste heat of simple cycle systems by using the
exhaust gases in a hybrid system to raise steam to drive a steam turbine electricity
generating set. In such cases the exhaust temperature may be reduced to as low as
140C enabling efficiencies of up to 60% to be achieved in combined cycle
systems. Thus simple cycle efficiency is achieved with high pressure ratios.
Combined cycle efficiency is obtained with more modest pressure ratios and
greater firing temperatures. Fuels One further advantage of gas turbines is their
fuel flexibility. Crude and other heavy oils and can also be used to fuel gas
turbines if they are first heated to reduce their viscosity to a level suitable for
burning in the turbine combustion chambers.
The Open Cycle efficiency of the plant is about 31%
The Closed Cycle efficiency is around 59%
HRSG(heat recovery steam generator)

is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from a

hot gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process
or used to drive a steam turbine. This combination produces
electricity more efficiently than either the gas turbine or steam
turbine alone. The HRSG is also an important component
incogenerationp l a n t s . C o g e n e r a t i o n p l a n t s t y p i c
a l l y h a v e a h i g h e r o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n
comparison to a combined cycle plant. This is due to the loss of
energy associated with the steam turbine The HRSG at
PPCL
Evaporator Section:
The most important component would, of course, be the
Evaporator Section. So an evaporator section may consist of one
or more coils. In these coils, the effluent (water), passing through
the tubes is heated to the saturation point for the pressure it is
flowing.
Super heater Section:
The Super heater Section of the HRSG is used to dry the
saturated vapor being separated in the steam drum. In some
units it may only be heated to little above the saturation point
where in other units it may be super-heated o a significant
temperature for additional energy storage. The Super heater
Section is normally located in the hotter gas stream, in front of
the evaporator.
Economizer Section:
The Economizer Section, sometimes called a preheater or preheat
coil, is used to preheat the feed water being introduced to the
system to replace the steam (vapour) being removed from the
system via the super heater or steam outlet and the water loss
through blow down. It is normally located in the colder gas
downstream of the evaporator. Since the evaporator inlet and

outlet temperatures are both close to the saturation temperature

for the system pressure ,the amount of heat that may be
removed from the flue gas is limited due to the approach to the
evaporator, whereas the economizer inlet temperature is low,
allowing the flue gas temperature to be taken lower

Block diagram of a power plant which utilizes the HRSG. The steam turbinedriven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to
work satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating
equipment generally has a heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft therefore
requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position while running. To
minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of
bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low
friction material like Babbitt metal. Oil lubrication is provided
to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the
heat generated.
Condenser
The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling
water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure
turbine enters the shellw h e r e i t i s c o o l e d a n d c o n v e r t e d t o
c o n d e n s a t e ( wa t e r ) b y f l o wi n g o v e r t h e t u b e s . S u c h
condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausters for continuous
removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum For best
efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in
order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the
condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly below
100 C where the vapour pressure
o f wa t e r i s mu c h l e s s t h a n a t mo s ph e r i c p r e s s u r e , t h e c o n d e n
s e r g e n e r a l l y wo r k s u n d e r vacuum. Thus leaks of non-condensable air
into the closed loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have
to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer;
unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for air
conditioning. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a
cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water from a
river, lake or ocean.
Deaerator
A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water
should be devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly
corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the
removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed
water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical,

domeddeaeration section mounted on top of a horizontal

cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feed
water storage tank. Practical considerations demand that in a
steam boiler/steam turbine/generator unit thec i r c u l a t i n g s
team,condensate,andfeedwatershouldbed
e v o i d o f d i s s o l v e d g a s e s , particularly corrosive ones,
and dissolved or suspended solids. The gases will give rise to
corrosion of the metal in contact thereby thinning them and
causing rupture. The solids will deposit on the heating surfaces
giving rise to localized heating and tube ruptures due to
overheating. Under some conditions it may give rise to stress
corrosion cracking.
Cooling Towers:

areheatremovaldevicesusedtotransferpro
c e s s w a s t e h e a t t o t h e atmosphere.Cooling towers may
either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and
cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or rely
solely on air to cool he working fluid to near the dry-bulb air

temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating

water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power stations and
buildingc o o l i n g . T h e t o w e r s v a r y i n s i z e f r o m s m a
llroof-

t o p u n i t s t o v e r y l a r g e hyperboloidstructures(as in Image
1) that can be up to 200 meters tall and 100 meters in diameter,
or rectangular structures (as in Image 2) that can be over 40
meters tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally
factory-built, while larger ones are constructed on site.

WATER TREATMENT(plant layout)

Raw Water plant, capacity (250000 liters)

T h e c l a s s o f g e n e r a t o r u n d e r c o n si d e r a t i o n i s s t e a m t
u r b i n e - d r i v e n g e n e r a t o r s , commonly called turbo generators.
These machines are generally used in nuclear and fossil fuelled power plants, cogeneration plants, and combustion turbine units. They range from relatively small
machines of a few Megawatts (MW) to very large generators with ratings up to
1900 MW. The generators particular to this category are of the two- and four-pole
design employing round-rotors, with rotational operating speeds of 3600 and 1800
rpm in North America, parts of Japan, and Asia (3000 and 1500 rpm in Europe,
Africa, Australia, Asia, and South America). At PPCL 3000 rpm, 50 Hz generators
are used of capacities 122 MW. As the

system load demands more active power from the generator, more steam (or fuel
in a
combustion turbine) needs to be admitted to the turbine to increase power output.
Hence more energy is transmitted to the generator from the turbine, in the form of
a torque. This torque is mechanical in nature, but electromagnetically coupled to
the power system through t h e g e n e r a t o r . Th e
h i g h e r t h e p o we r o u t p u t , t h e h i g he r t h e t o r q u e
b e t we e n t u r b i n e a n d generator. The power output of the generator
generally follows the load demand from the system. Therefore the voltages and
currents in the generator are continually changing based o n t h e l o a d
d e ma n d . Th e g e n e r a t o r d e s i g n mu s t b e a b l e t o c o p e wi t h l a r g
eandfast
loadchanges,whichshowupinsidethemachineaschange
s i n m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e s a n d temperatures. The design must therefore
incorporate electrical current-carrying materials (i.e., copper), magnetic fluxcarrying materials (i.e., highly permeable steels), insulating materials(i.e.,
organic), structural members (i.e., steel and organic), and cooling media (i.e., gases
and liquids), all working together under the operating conditions of a turbo
generator
An open Electric Generator at Power Plant Stator of a Turbo Generator S ince the
turbo generator is a synchronous machine, it operates at one very specific speed to
produce a constant system frequency of 50 Hz, depending on the frequency of the
g r i d t o wh i c h i t i s c o n n e c t e d . As a s yn c h r o n o u s ma c h i n e , a t u
r b i n e g e n e r a t o r e mp l o ys a steady magnetic flux passing radially across
an air gap that exists between the rotor and the stator. (The term air gap is
commonly used for air- and gas-cooled machines). For the machines in this
discussion, this means a magnetic
flux distribution of two or four poles on the rotor. This flux pattern rotates with
the rotor, as it spins at its synchronous speed. The rotating magnetic field moves
past a three-phase symmetrically distributed winding installedi n t h e s t a to r c
ore,generatinganalternatingvoltageinthe
s t a t o r wi n d i n g . Th e v o l t a g e waveform created in each of the three
phases of the stator winding is very nearly sinusoidal .The output of the stator
winding is the three-phase power, delivered to the power system at the voltage
generated in the stator winding. In addition to the normal flux distribution in the
main body of the generator, there are stray fluxes at the extreme ends of the
generator that create fringing flux patterns and induces tray losses in the generator.
The stray fluxes must be accounted for in the overall design. Generators are made
up of two basic members, the stator and the rotor,

but the stator

andr o t o r a r e e a c h c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m n u me r o u s p a r t s t h e ms e l v e
s . R o t o r s a r e t h e h i gh - s p e e d rotating member of the two, and they undergo
severe dynamic mechanical loading as well as the electromagnetic and thermal loads.
The most critical component in the generator is the retaining rings, mounted on the
rotor. These components are very carefully designed for high-stress operation. The
stator is s t a t i o n a r y, a s t h e t e r m s u g g e s t s , b u t i t a l s o
s e e s s i g n i f i c a n t d yn a mi c f o r c e s i n t e r ms
o f v i b r a t i o n a n d t o r s i o n a l l o a d s , a s w e l l a s t h e e l e c t r o ma g
n e t i c , t h e r ma l , a n d h i g h - v o l t a g e loading. The most critical
component of the stator is arguably the stator winding because it is a very high
cost item and it must be designed to handle all of the harsh effects described
above. Most stator problems occur with the winding.
STATOR
The stator winding is made up of insulated copper conductor bars that are
distributed around the inside diameter of the stator core, commonly called the
stator bore, in equally spaced slots in the core to ensure symmetrical flux linkage
with the field produced by rotor. Each slot contains two conductor bars, one on
top of the other. These are generally referred to as top and bottom bars. Top bars
are the ones nearest the slot opening (just under the wedge) and the bottom bars
are the ones at the slot bottom. The core area between slots is generally called a
core tooth.
ROTOR
The rotor winding is installed in the slots machined in the forging main body and is
distributed symmetrically around the rotor between the poles. The winding itself is
made up o f ma n y t u r n s o f c o p p e r t o f o r m t h e e n t i r e
s e r i e s c o n n e c t e d w i n d i n g . Al l o f t h e t u r n s associated with a
single slot are generally called a coil. The coils are wound into the winding slots
in the forging, concentrically in corresponding positions on opposite sides of a
pole. The series connection essentially creates a single multi-turn coil overall, that
develops the total ampere-turns of the rotor (which is the total current flowing in
the rotor winding times the total number of turns). There are numerous copperwinding designs employed in generator r o t o r s , b u t
a l l r o t o r wi n d i n gs f u n c t i o n b a s i c a l l y i n t h e s a me wa y . Th e y a r e c
o n f i g u r e d differently for different methods of heat removal during operation.

BEARINGS

A l l t u r b o g e n e r a t o r s r e q u i r e b e a r i n g s t o r o t a t e f r e e l y wi t h
mi n i ma l f r i c t i o n a n d vibration. The main rotor body must be supported by
a bearing at each end of the generator for this purpose. In some cases where the
rotor shaft is very long at the excitation end of the machine to accommodate the
slip/collector rings, a steady bearing is installed outboard of the slip-collector
rings. This ensures that the excitation end of the rotor shaft does not create a
wobble that transmits through the shaft and stimulates excessive vibration in the
over all generator rotor or the turbo generator line. There are generally two
common types of bearings employed in large generators, journal and tilting pad
bearings. Journal bearings are the most common. Both require lubricating and
jacking oil systems. Jacking oil pumps and Lube oil pumps are used for this
purpose
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
All large generators require auxiliary systems to handle such things as lubricating
oil for the rotor bearings, hydrogen cooling apparatus, hydrogen sealing oil, demineralized water for stator winding cooling, and excitation systems for fieldcurrent application. Not all generators require all these systems and the
requirement depends on the size and nature of the machine. For instance, air
cooled turbo generators do not require hydrogen for cooling and
thereforenosealingoilaswell.Ontheotherhand,large
g e n e r a t o r s wi t h h i g h o u t p u t s , generally above 400 MVA, have watercooled stator windings, hydrogen for cooling the s t a t o r c o r e a n d r o t o r , s e a
l o i l t o c o n t a i n t h e h yd r o g e n c o o l i n g g a s u n d e r h i g h p r e s s u r e
, lubricating oil for the bearings, and of course, an excitation system for field current.
There are five major auxiliary systems that may be used in a generator. They are
given as follows:1. Lubricating Oil System2. Hydrogen Cooling System3. Seal Oil
System4. Stator Cooling Water System5. Excitation System
PROTECTION:
The protection system of any modern electric power grid is the most crucial
functioni n t h e s y s t e m . P r o t e c t i o n i s a s y s t e m b e c a u s e i t c o m p
r i s e s d i s c r e t e d e v i c e s ( r e l a y s , c o mmu n i c a t i o n me a n s , e t c . ) a n d
a n a l g o r i t h m t h a t e s t a b l i s h e s a c oo r d i n a t e d me t h o d o f operation
among the protective devices. This is termed coordination. The key function of
any protective system is to minimize the possibility of physical damage to
equipment due to a fault anywhere in the system or from abnormal operation of
the equipment (over speed, under voltage, etc.). Protective systems
are inherently different from other systems in a power plant. Electric power
generators are most often the most critical electrical apparatus in any power
plant. Protection systems can be divided into systems monitoring

current, voltage (at

them a c h i n e s m a i n t e r m i n a l s a n d e x c i t a t i o n s y s t e m ) , w i n d i n

g s , a n d / o r c o o l i n g m e d i a temperature and pressure, and systems

monitoring internal activity, such as partial discharge, decomposition of organic
insulation materials, water content, hydrogen impurities, and
flux p r o b e s . P r o t e c t i v e f u n c t i o n s a c t i n g o n t h e c u r r e n t , v o
l t a g e , t e mp e r a t u r e , a n d p r e s s u r e parameters are commonly referred
to as primary protection. The others are referred to as secondary protection
or monitoring devices. Secondary functions tend to be monitored real time, or on
demand. For instance, hydrogen purity is monitored on-line real time, while
water content (for water leaks) is not. Temperature detectors (RTDs or
thermocouples) on bearings( a n d s o me t i me s i n o n wi n d i ng s ) ma y b e
mo n i t o r e d o n - l i ne r e a l t i me , o r t h e y ma y n o t . Furthermore these
functions may more often than not result in an alarm, rather than directly trip the
unit (e.g., core monitors).To the primary protective functions
monitoring currents, voltages, temperatures and pressures, there can be added the
mechanical protective function of vibration. Typically it will alarm, but it can also
be set to trip the unit. Protections function can also be divided into Short circuit
protection functions. The short-circuit protection comprises impedance, distance,
and current differential protection.
GENERATOR PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
Protection devices are designed to monitor certain conditions, and subsequently,
to alarm or trip if a specified condition is detected. The condition is represented
by a function
or p r o t e c t i v e f u nc t i o n c o d e . Th u s t h e r e i s a r e l a y f o r e v e r y p
r o t e c t i v e f u n c t i o n . A mu l t i functionalrelaycontainingalltheprotectivefunctionsr
e q u i r e d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f a generator can be combined with a few
discrete relays providing backup protection for critical functions. Relays or
protection devices are divided into two categories according to how they process
data. The first category is that of analog relays; the second is that of numerical
(also called d i g i t a l ) r e l a ys . B e a r i n mi n d t h a t a r e l a y c a n b e
e l e c t r o n i c b u t s t i l l p r o c e s s t h e d a t a i n a n analog manner.

TRANSFORMER:
A 400 kV Transformer at a Power
PlantA N S I / I E E E d e f i n e s a t r a n s f o r m e r a s a s t a t i c e l e c t r i c a
l d e v i c e , i n v o l v i n g n o continuously moving parts, used in electric power
systems to transfer power between circuits through the use of electromagnetic
induction. The transformer is one of the most
reliable p i e c e s o f e l e c t r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n e q u i p me n t . I t h a s n
o mo v i n g p a r t s , r e q u i r e s mi n i ma l maintenance, and is capable of
withstanding overloads, surges, faults, and physical abuse that may damage or
destroy other items in the circuit. Transformers are exclusively used in electric
power systems to transfer power by electromagnetic induction between circuits at
the same frequency, usually with changed values of voltage and current. There are
numerous types of transformers used in various applications including audio, radio,
instrument, and power. There are various types of transformers placed in PPCL.
Generating transformers:16.5KV to 400KV to feed into the line.
UAT: Unit Auxiliary Transformers: 16.5KV to 6.6KV for plant aux
equipment(only HT equipment)
Smaller Transformers: 6.6KV to 440V for LT equipment in the plant All the
positions can be noted in the single line diagram of the plan
All power transformers have three basic parts, a primary winding, secondary
winding, a n d a c o r e . Ev e n t h o u g h l i t t l e mo r e t h a n a n a i r s p a c e
i s n e c e s s a r y t o i n s u l a t e a n i d e a l transformer, when higher
voltages and larger amounts of power are involved, the insulating material
becomes an integral part of the transformers operation.
Core
The core, which provides the magnetic path to channel the flux, consists of
thin strips of high grade steel, called laminations, which are electrically
separated by a thin coating
of i n s u l a t i n g ma t e r i a l . Th e s t r i p s c a n b e s t a c k e d o r wo u n d ,
w i t h t h e wi n d i n gs e i t h e r b u i l t integrally around the core or built
separately and assembled around the core sections. J u s t l i k e o t h e r c o mp o n e
n t s i n . I n l a r g e r u n i t s , c o o li n g d u c t s a r e u s e d i n s i d e t h e c o r e
f o r a d d i t i o n a l c o n v e c t i v e s u r f a c e a r e a , a n d s e c t i o ns o f l a
mi n a t i o n s ma y b e s p l i t t o r e d u c e localized
losses.Th e g r o u n d in g p o i n t s h o u l d b e r e mo v a b l e f o r t e s t i n g p u r p o s e
s , s u c h a s c h e c ki n g f o r u n i n t e n t i o n a l c o r e g r o u n d s . M u l t i p l e c o r
e g r o u n d s , s u c h a s a c a s e wh e r e b y t h e c o r e i s i n a d v e r t e n t l y m a k i n
gcontactwithotherwisegroundedinternalmetallicmecha

n i c a l structures, can provide a path for circulating currents induced by the

main flux as well as a leakage flux, thus creating concentrations of losses that
can result in localized heating.
MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
The oil in the transformer should be kept as pure as possible. Dirt and moisture
will s t a r t c h e mi c a l r e a c t i o n s i n t h e o i l t h a t l o we r b o t h i t s
e l e c t r i c a l s t r e n g th a n d i t s c o o l i n g capability. Contamination
should be the primary concern any time the transformer must be opened. Most
transformer oil is contaminated to some degree before it leaves the refinery. It i s
i mp o r t a n t t o d e t e r mi n e h o w c o n t a mi n a t e d t h e o i l i s a n d h o
w f a s t i t i s d e g e n e r a t i n g . Determining the degree of contamination is
accomplished by sampling and analyzing the oil on a regular basis.
T h e t e r m s wi t c h g e a r , u s e d i n a s s oc i a t i o n wi t h t h e e l e c t r i c p
o w e r s ys t e m, o r g r i d , r e f e r s t o t h e c o mb i n a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c a l
d i s c o n n e c t s , f u s e s a n d / o r c i r c u i t br e a k e r s u s e d t o isolate
electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow
work to be done and to clear faults downstream. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc
energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the
early20thcentury,aswitchgearline-upwouldbeametal
-enclosedstructurewithelectricallyo p e r a t e d s wi t c h i n g e l e me n t s , u s i n g o i l c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s .
To d a y, o i l - f i l l e d equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum,
or SF6 equipment, allowing
largec u r r e n t s a n d p o w e r l e v e l s t o b e s a f e l y c o n t r o l le d b y a u t o ma t i

c e q u i p me n t i n c o r p o r a t i n g digital controls, protection, metering and

communications. A View of Switchgear at a Power Plant

Types of cb
O i l c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s r e l y u p o n v a p o r i z a t i o n o f s o me o f t h
e o i l t o b l a s t a j e t o f o i l through the arc.
Gas (SF6) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field, and
then rely upon the dielectric strength of the SF6 to quench the stretched arc.
Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other
than the contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small
amount(<2-3 mm). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern
medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000 volts.
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc, or
alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the
escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc.

Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current flow very quickly:
typically between 30 m s and 150 m s depending upon the age and
construction of the device.

Classification
Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
By the current rating:
B y i n t e r r u p t i n g r a t i n g ( ma x i mu m s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t t
h a t t h e d e v i c e c a n s a f e l y interrupt)
Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents Load-break/Loadmake switches can switch normal system load currents Isolators may only
be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load
current is very small.
By voltage class:
Low Tension (less than 440 volts AC)
High Tension (more than 6.6 kV AC)
By insulating medium:
Air
Gas (SF6 or mixtures)

Oil
Vacuum
By construction type:
Indoor
Outdoor
Industrial
Utility
Marine
Draw-out elements (removable without many
tools) Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
Live-front
Dead-front
Metal-enclosed
Metal-clad
Metal enclose & Metal
clad Arc-resistan
High Tension Switchgear at a Power Plant
By IEC degree of internal separation:
No Separation
Bus bars separated from functional units
Terminals for external conductors separated from bus bars
Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from
eachother
Functional units separated from each other
Terminals for external conductors separated from each other
Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit
By operating method:
Manually-operated Motoroperated Solenoid/stored energy
operated
By type of current:
Alternating current
Direct current
By application:
Distribution.
Transmission system One of the basic functions of switchgear is
protection, which is interruption of shortcircuitandoverloadfaultcurrentswhilemaintainingservi
c e t o u n a f f e c t e d c i r c u i t s . Switchgear also provides isolation of circuits

from power supplies. Switchgear also is used toenhance system availability by

allowing more than one source to feed a load.

HIGH TENSION SWITCHGEAR

High voltage switchgear is any switchgear and switchgear assembly of rated
voltage h i g h e r t h a n 1 0 0 0 v o l ts . Hi g h v o l t a g e s w i t c h g e a r i s
a n y s wi t c h g e a r u s e d t o c o n n e c t o r t o disconnect a part of a high
voltage power system. These switchgears are essential elements for the protection
and for a safety operating mode without interruption of a high voltage power
system. This type of equipment is really important because it is directly linked to
the quality of the electricity supply. The high voltage is a voltage above 1000 V for
alternating current and above 1500 V for direct current.
Disconnectors/Isolators and Earthing Switches

They are above all safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is
no c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e m . Th e y a r e u s e d t o i s o l a t e a p a r t o f a
c i r c u i t , a ma c hi n e , a p a r t o f a n overhead-line or an underground line for
the operating staff to access it without any danger. The opening of the line isolator
or busbar section isolator is necessary for the safety but it is not enough.
Grounding must be done at the upstream sector and the downstream sector on
thed e v i c e w h i c h t h e y w a n t t o i n t e r v e n e t h a n k s t o t h e e a r t h i
n g s w i t c h e s . I n p r i n c i p l e , disconnecting switches do not have to
interrupt currents, but some of them can interrupt currents (up to 1600 A under 10
to 300V) and some earthing switches must interrupt
inducedc u r r e n t s wh i c h a r e g e n e r a t e d i n a n o n - c u r r e n t c a r r yi n g l i n e b y i n d u c t i v e a n d c a p a c i t i v e coupling with nearby lines
(up to 160 A under 20 kV).A Vacuum Circuit Breaker (High Tension Switchgear)

Contactor
Their functions are similar to the high-current switching mechanism, but they
can be used at higher rates. They have a high electrical endurance and a high
mechanical endurance. Contactors are used to frequently operate device like
electric furnaces, high voltage motors. They cannot be used as a disconnecting
switch. They are used only in the band 30 kV to 100kV.
Fuses
The fuses can interrupt automatically a circuit with an over current flowing in it for
a fixed time. The current interrupting is got by the fusion of an electrical conductor
which is graded. They are mainly used to protect against the short-circuits. They
limit the peak value

of the fault current. In three-phase electric power, they only

eliminate the phases where the fault current is flowing, which is a
risk for the devices and the people. Against this trouble, the
fuses can be associated with high-current switches or contactors.
They are used only in the band 30 kV to 100 kV.
A high voltage circuit breaker is capable of making, carrying and
breaking currents under the rated voltage (the maximal voltage
of the power system which it is protecting):Under normal circuit
conditions, for example to connect or disconnect a line in a
power system. Underspecified abnormal circuit conditions
especially to eliminate a short circuit. From its characteristics, a
circuit breaker is the protection device essential for a high
voltage power system, because it is the only one able to
interrupt a short circuit current and so to avoid the others
devices to be damaged by this short circuit. The international

standard IEC62271-100 defines the demands linked to the

characteristics of a

high voltage circuit breaker. The circuit breaker can be equipped

with electronic devices in order to know at any
momenttheir states (wear, gas pressure etc) and possibly to
detec t faults from characteristicsderivatives and it can permit to
plan maintenance operations and to avoid failures. To
operateo l o n g l i n t h e c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s a r e e q u i p
n
es,
pedwith
a c l o s i r e s i s t o r l i m i t t h e overvoltage. They can be
ng
to
equipp
ed with devices to synchronize the closing and/or theopening to
limit the overvoltage and the inrush currents from the lines, the
unloaded transformers, the shunt reactance and the capacitor
banks.
Switchyard: High-voltage circuit breakers
Electrical power transmission networks are protected and
controlled by high-voltage breakers. The definition of
high voltage
varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be
72.5 kV or higher, according to a recent definition by the
International Electro
technical Commission(IEC). High-voltage breakers are
nearly always solenoidoperated,w i t h c u r r e n t s e n s i n g p r o t e c t i v e relayso p
eratedthroughcurrenttransformers.

In substations the protection scheme can be complex, protecting

equipment and busses from various types of overload or
ground/earth fault .High-voltage breakers are broadly classified
by the medium used to extinguish the arc.
Bus Coupler

Bus couplers are used in distribution system to provide better

isolation and protection from electrical arcs. They are used on
Transformers to connect it to the distribution system. It has it
advantage over direct coupling w.r.t arc suppression as they
provide greater impedance to the path of the load. So, they
provide better

arc protection especially, during the transient or switching

period. Even if only one non-terminated coupler acts as the
bus because all devices (bus controller, remote terminals,
etc. ) are connected to the couplers stubs, the external bus
connections of the coupler must be terminated. A dualterminated coupler (with or without non-functional bus
connectors) can be employed where the coupler acts as the
bus without other couplers.
Isolator/ Diconnector:
Isolators are devices used to isolate a certain portion of the
circuit in case of a fault. The isolator can clip off a certain
portion of the circuit if it
Busbar:
In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a thick strip of copper
or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard,
distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus.
Busbars are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute
current to multiple devices within switchgear or equipment. For
example, a household circuit breaker panel board will have bus
bars at the back, arranged for the connection of multiple branch
circuit breakers. An aluminum smelter will have very large bus
bars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the
electrochemical cells that produce aluminum from molten salts.
The size of the busbar is important in determining the maximum
amount of current that can be safely carried. Busbars can have a
cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm but electrical
substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (1,963
mm) or more as busbars. A busbar may either be supported on
insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it. Busbars
are protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure
or by elevation out of normal reach. Neutral busbars may also be

insulated. Earth busbars are typically bolted directly onto any

metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be enclosed in a
metal housing, in the form of bus duct or busway, segregatedphase bus, or isolated- phase bus. Busbars may be connected to
each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp

connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections

have matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the
contact resistance. At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV)
inoutdoor buses,coronaa r o u n d t h e c o n n e c t i o n s b e c o
m e s a s o u r c e o f r a d i o - f r e q u e n c y interference and
power loss, so connection fittings designed for these voltages are
used.
Lightning arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems
toprotectthe insulationo n t h e s y s t e m f r o m t h e d a m a g
i n g e f f e c t o f lightning.Met al oxide varistors (MOVs) have
been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The
typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground

terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels

down the power system to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases
to earth.
Disconnectors and earthing switches
Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to
open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them.
They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of
an overhead line or an underground line so that maintenance
can be safely conducted. The opening of the line isolator or
busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient.
Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream
and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This
is accomplished by earthing switches. In principle, disconnecting
switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they aredesigned

for use on de - energized circuits. In practice, some are capable

of interruptingc urrents (as much as 1,600ampereunder 300 V
but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker bypass
system), and some earthing switches

must interrupt induced currents which are generated in a noncurrent-carrying line by inductive and capacitive coupling with
nearby lines (up to 160 A under 20 kV).
Fuses
A fuse can automatically interrupt a circuit with an overcurrent
flowing in it for a fixed time. This is accomplished by the fusion of
an electrical conductor which is graded. Fuses are mainly used to
protect against short circuits. They limit the peak value of the
fault current .In three-phase electric power , they only eliminate
the phases where the fault current is flowing, which can pose a
risk for both the malfunctioning devices and the people.
Toalleviate this problem, fuses can be used in conjunction with h
igh - current switches or contactors.Like contactors, high-voltage
fuses are used only in the band 30 kV to 100 kV
Balance of plant:
Demineralised Water:
Purified water is water from
any source that is physically processed to remove
impurities. Distilled water and deionized water have been
the most common forms of purified water, but water can
also be purified by other processes including reverse
osmosis,carbonfiltration,microporous filtration ,ultrafiltration, u l t
r a v i o l e t o x i d a t i o n , or electrodialysis.In recent decades,
a combination of th e above processes have come intouse to
produce water of such high purity that its trace contaminants are
measured in parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt).
Purified water has many uses, largely in science and engineering
laboratories and industries, and is produced in a range o

terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels

down the power system to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases
to earth.
Disconnectors and earthing switches
Disconnectors and earthing switches are safety devices used to
open or to close a circuit when there is no current through them.
They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of
an overhead line or an underground line so that maintenance
can be safely conducted. The opening of the line isolator or
busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient
.Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream
and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This
is accomplished by earthing switches .In principle, disconnecting
switches do not have to interrupt currents, as they aredesigned
for use on de - energized circuits. In practice, some are capable
of interruptingc urrents (as much as 1,600ampereunder 300 V
but only if current is drawn via a same circuit half breaker bypass
system), and some earthing switches must interrupt induced
currents which are generated in a non-current-carrying line by
inductive and capacitive coupling with nearby lines (up to 160 A
under 20 kV).
And engineering laboratories and industries, and is
produced in a range of purities.
Deionization
RODM: Reverse osmosis and De-minerelisation plant in PPCl is
used to carry out the conversion of soft water to DM water. DM
water is expensive and is only used in critical machinery

It should be noted that deionization does not remove the

hydroxide or hydronium ions from water; as water self-ionizes to
equilibrium, this would lead
to the removal of the water itself. Cyclo-Separators: To separate
sludge from

the water through centrifugal action Lime Softening Plant: Lime

dosing to treat hard water and converting it to soft water. Gravity
Filters: Gravity filters separating out dust and dirt particles.
Deionized water which is also known as demineralized water (DI
water or de-ionized water; can also be spelled deionised water,
seespelling differences) iswater that has had its mineral ions
removed, such as cations from sodium ,calcium, iron, copper and
anions such as
chloride and bromide. Deionization is a physical process which
uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which bind to
and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority
of water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces a
high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water, and
this process is quick and without scale buildup. However,
deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic
molecules, viruses or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in
the resin. Specially made strong base anion resinsc a n r e m o v
e Gramnegative b a c t e r i a . D e i o n i z a t i o n c a n b e d o n e c o n
t i n u o u s l y a n d inexpensively usingelectrodeionization.DM
Water is used in a closed-loop steam generation cycle to drive
the turbines that produce electricity. After passing through the
turbine, the steam will eventually be condensed into water to be
fed back to the boiler to repeat the cycle. Demineralization will
protect the boiler from the formation of salt deposits on its inner
surfaces
Bibliography:
www.ipgcl-ppcl.gov.in
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com