Success of Stainless Steel

20000
18000

Forecast to 2010: 5 %p.a = 30 mill tonnes

000 metric tonnes

16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1960
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1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996 2000

Why is Stainless Steel

consumption increasing ?
More stringent requirement of enviroment, hygiene
and recycling.
Increasing demand for longer life cycle and low
maintenance costs.
More aggresive corrosive conditions in industrial
processes.
Growing standard of living with greater demand on
product appearence and quality.

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Grades Used
By Region
Austenitic

Ferritic

Total

Europ

80 %

20 %

100 %

N. America

60 %

40 %

100 %

Japan

60 %

40 %

100 %

Oth. Asia

85 %

15 %

100 %

Total World

75 %

25 %

100 %

By Product
Austenitic

Ferritic

Total

Long Products

74 %

26 %

100 %

Flat Products

76 %

24 %

100 %

Total World

75 %

25 %

100 %

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Stainless steel
What is Stainlees Steel ?
A steel with at least 12 % chromium.
Reacts with oxygen to chromium oxide and creates
and thin layer on the surface called passive layer.
Chromium oxide has excellent adhesion, is dense
and difficult to dissolve.
Passive layer protects the material from corriosion.

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Range by applications
Stainless: Household equiment,general applications
Acid- resistant: Chemical and petrochemical industry.
High temperature: Energy industry

Range by alloying elements

Chromium steels: 13% Cr, 17% Cr
Chromium nickel steels: 302, 304
Chromium nickel molybdenum steels: 316

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Grouped by microstructure
Microstructure is depending of chemical composition.
Elements who stabilises the austenitic microstructure.
Ni, Mn, Cu,Co, N, C
Elements who stabilises the ferritic microstructure.
Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ti
C-content is an important factor determing whether a
steel is ferritic or martensitic
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Grouped by microstructure
Ferritic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steel.
Austenitic stainless steel.
Ferritic-austenitic (Duplex) stainless steel

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Typical composition range for

different types of stainless steel
Group

Typical composition range

Hardenability

Ferromagnetic

C%

Cr %

Ni % Mo %

Ferritic

< 0,25

12-30

0-5

0-3 Not hardenable

Magnetic

Martensitic

0,1-0,3

11-17

0-3

0-2 Hardenable

Magnetic

Austenitic

< 0,2

16-28

6-34

0-6 Not hardenable

Not magnetic

Ferritic-austenitic

< 0,1

18-30

4-7

0-4 Not hardenable

Magnetic

Martensitic-austenitic

< 0,1

12-17

4-6

0-2 Hardenable

Magnetic

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Standards
EN Standard: EN 10088
Steel number close or identical to werkstoff.nr
Steel name close or identical to DIN norm.
ASTM, UNS, AISI, AWS, ASME ???
ASTM American Society for testing and materials
UNS Unified numbering system
AWS American Welding Society
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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EN 10088
Steel number
1
S te e l

A IS I 3 0 4
E N 1 0 0 8 8 1 .4 3 0 1
43
G r o u p o f s t a i n le s s s t e e l

Steel name
X
H i g h a llo y s te e l

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01
A llo y in g c o n te n t

A IS I 3 0 4
X 5 C rN i 1 8 -1 0
5
100 X % C

C rN i
M a i n a ll o y i n g e l e m e n t s

1 8 -1 0
% C r and % Ni

US Standards
ASTM is the main standard witch is used i.e 304L
UNS is a 5 digit system starts with a S (stainless)
i.e S30403
AISI has the same name as ASTM.
ASME is used for pressure systems and nuclear
applications. Refers to AWS and ASTM.
AWS is the classification for welding materials.

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Relations for austenitic stainless steels

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Relations for ferritic stainless steels

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Relations for martensitic stainless steels

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