English Grammar Notes

PARTS OF SPEECH
Different types of words which are used while speaking and writing a sentence.
In English language there are 9 parts of speech.
1)Noun
2)Pronoun
3) Verb
4) Adjective
5)Preposition
6) Adverb
7) Conjunction
8) Interjection
*To some grammarians9) Articles is also include in parts of speech.
1) NOUN (naming words)
The name of person place or thing
Examples:
Ali, Sana, Lahore, School, Chair, Pen , sun ,boy, gold etc
Kinds of Noun
There are 5 types of noun.
a) Common Noun
The name of everything of same class, place or person
Examples:
Boy, man, mosque etc
b) Proper Noun
The name of any particular thing, place or person
Examples:
Ali, Lahore, Chanab,etc
c) Collective Noun
A word used to name the group of persons, places or things
Examples:
Class, army, crowd, etc
d) Abstract Noun
A word used to name a quality, action or state
/*these nouns cannot be seen or touched*/
Examples:
Honesty, kindness, love, poverty, childhood, etc
e) Material Noun
Name of the material from which many things can be build
Examples:
Iron, wood, cotton,milk, etc
2) PRONOUN (replace noun)

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English Grammar Notes

A word used in place of noun
Examples:
I, We, they, she, he, it, etc
Persons of Pronoun:
There are three persons of Pronoun.

1st person->denote the persons speaking->e.g I,We, my, our, us, me etc
2nd person->denote the persons we are speaking to->e.g you, your, yours
3rd person->person whom we are talking->e.g he, she, it, his, their,heretc

3) VERB (action words)

A word which shows action, state or activity
Examples:
Play, went, eat, run, sing, sit, come, sleep, spend, saved etc
/* is, am, are was,were, has, have, had, will, shall etc also called helping verb*/
FORMS OF VERBS
There are three forms of verbs
1) Present
2) past
3)past participle
/* use your notes or English grammar book for learn these forms */
4) ADJECTIVE (describing words)
A word used to describe the quality, number or quantity of noun
Examples:
Dark night, bright morning, ten students, fat man, dirty room etc
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

Positive Degree-> simplest form ->e.g sweet, intelligent etc

Comparative Degree-> compare two things->e.gtaller than you, more beautifuletc
Superlative Degree-> highest degree of quality,(used when more than two things
are compared) ->e.gstrongest, cleverest girl etc

5) ADVERB(modifying words)
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English Grammar Notes

A word which modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb.
It tells us how, when, where and how often action takes place.
Examples:
1. She walks slowly.
2. She is very beautiful. 3. He is too careless.
6) PREPOSITION(showing position)
A word which shows position of something regards to another.
It tells us where something is.
Examples:
At, on, over, into, in, to etc
7) CONJUNCTION (joining words)
The word used to join two words or sentences to each other.
Examples:
1) We work and play together.
2) He is poor but honest.
8) INTERJECTION (express feelings)
The words that express some sudden emotion or feelings of happiness, sorrow or wonder

Examples:
Hurrah!, Alas!, Oh!, Wow!, etc
9) ARTICLE
It is a kind of adjective which is always used with noun or adjective and gives some
information about a noun.
Types of article:
There are two types of articles:
1) Definite article: indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifiable to the
listener.
The is definite article.
2) Indefinite article: indicates that its noun is not a particular one->a and an are
indefinite articles.
A: if a word start with sound of consonant we us a before it.-> a table, a book, a
pen etc
An: if a word start with sound of vowels we use an before it.-> an ant, an
honest, an F.A etc

PUNCTUATION
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English Grammar Notes

Principles marks of punctuation
1) Full stop (.)
It is used in the end of sentence
Examples:
a) I am a girl.
b) I met him on the way.
2) Interrogation sign/ question mark (?)
A question is a sentence that asks something. End a question with a
question mark.
Examples:
a) Did you go?
b) will you eat lunch?
3) Exclamation sign (!)
An exclamation is a sentence that shows strong feeling. End an
exclamation with an exclamation point.
Examples:
a) I cant wait for my birthday!
b) What a wonderful idea! ,
Hurrah!, Alas!, etc
4) Apostrophe (s)
It is used to show ownership
Example:
a) This is Alis house.
b) These are my friends book.
5) Comma (,)
It is used to:
a) to separate items in a list
e.g I like mango, apple, banana and orange.
b) to separate two pair of words which has the word and between them.
e.g The poor and rich, the young and old.
c) to separate month from year.
e.gjuly 20, 2016
d) to separate some words such as sir, well, yes, no etc from sentence.
e.g No, she is not here.
e) to separate pair of wors
e.g week; weak, plane; plain, dear; deer.
6) Colon (:)
It is used :
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English Grammar Notes

a) For Explanation
e.g He made three points: First, the company was losing..
b) Between minutes and seconds
e.g11:30 am
7) Inverted commas ( )
It is used when the reader imagines someone saying the words
e.g she said, I am ill.
8) Hyphen (_)
It is used:
a) To join combination of word
e.gSister_in_Lawetc
b) To join the letter of words which are written on another place due to not enough
space.
Hope_l
ess
e.g
laugh_
ing
9) Capital Letters
It is used:
a) for first letter of a sentence
e.g He is my brother.
b) For first letter of any proper noun
e.g Pakistani, Azqa, etc
c) For first word of days, months, festivals, rivers, seas, mountains, deserts,
newspapers, magazines, holy books, subjects, religious, historical incidents, titles
of stories or essays and institute names etc
e.g Monday, January, Eid_ul_fitar, Quran, Ravi, Islam, English, My Self, etc
d) When i comes alone it must be capital

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