Discussion

A counter is set to some preset value and, when this value of input pulses has been received, it
will operate its contacts. The counter accumulated value ONLY changes at the off to on
transition of the pulse input. Typically counters can count from 0 tto 9999, -32,768 to +32,767 or
0 to 65535.
The normal counters are typically software counters they dont physically exist in the plc but
rather they are simulated in software. A good rule of thumb is simply to always use the normal
(software) counters unless the pulses you are counting will arive faster than 2X the scan time.
Counter Types
Up-counters counts from zero up to the preset value. These are called CTU, CNT, C, or CTR.
Down-counters count down from the preset value to zero. These are calllled CTD.
Up-down counters count up and/or down. These are called CTUD.
For CTU or CTD counter we need 2 inputs, but in CTUD we need 3 (up, down and preset).
To use counters we must know 3 things:
1. Where the pulses that we want to count are coming from. Typically this is from one of the
inputs.
2. How many pulses we want to count before we react.
3. When/how we will reset the counter so it can count again.

Observation
In the first we use the CTU or Counter Up to do the activity the
objective in the first part was to just fill the container with water from
PUMP 1. As the Pump 1 give water the flow meter function is to be a
switch w=switching ON and OFF as the flow continue. The CTU is set up
with a number where the tank will be full Dn of the CTU will light out
the Full led. In the next activity same method of counter is used the
only difference was we add CTD ,we also add timer since our
b=objective after filling the tank is to run the mixer 8 sec after mixing
we drain in this part the CTD is used for draining mechanism, In the
third activity is same with the second activity but in this activity the
process of filling ,mixing ,and draining is done continuously nonstop
process unless stop switch is pressed and when the start is pressed the
pause process will just continue

Conclusion
Timers and counters combination was used in this project.
Counters are provided as built-in elements in PLCs and allow the
number of occurrences of input signals to be counted. Down-counters
count down from the preset value to zero, that is, events are
subtracted from the set value. When the counter reaches the zero
value, its contacts change state. Up-counters count from zero up to the
preset value, that is, events are added until the number reaches the
preset value.We also use comparing function like EQU where we
compare the 2 values if true it will close.

Reference
Programmable Logic Controllers by W.Bolton 5th Edition
http://www.plcmanual.com/plc-instructions-iii-counter