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Components Required
S.
Component
No
1
Diode
2
IC
Resistor
Capacitor
Switch
LED
7
8
Buzzer
DC Socket
Specification
Quantity
IN4007
7812
CA 3140
NE555
10K
100K
470
470K
1000F,25V
100F,25V
10F ,25V
0.01F
0.02F
Brake Switch
Ignition Switch
Red LED
Green LED
Plastic
12v
2
2
1
1
5
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Components Description
It is a complete standalone voltage regulator. We only
need to use 2 capacitors. One on the input and second one on
the output of 7812 in order to achieve clean voltage output and
even these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12v 1A
current, 7812 should be mounted on a good heat sink plate.
Thanks to the transistor like shape of 7812 which makes it easy
to mount on. 7812 is a famous IC which is being widely used
in 12V voltage regulator circuits. Truly speaking a heat sink
plate. 7812 has built in over heat and short-circuit protection
which makes it a good choice for making power supplies.
In electronics markets, 7812 is sold under various names
such as 7812a, 7812act, 7812t and lm7812. All of them are
almost identical with a little to no differences at all. 7812 input
voltage range is 14V to 35V. Exceeding the voltage range may
damage the IC. Given bellow is 7812 pin diagram to make the
pin out connections clear in case you want to do some
experiments.
Infra Red Obstacle Detection Sensor
In the system we are using 5mm IR SENSORS as an early
warning system that also made it economic in design and
simple in implementation. Infrared radiation is the portion of
electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than
visible light wavelengths, but smaller than microwaves.
An IR sensor
Roughly from 0.75m to 1000 m is the infrared region.
Infrared waves are invisible to human eyes. The wavelength
region of 0.75m to 3 m is called near infrared, the region
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the brake is applied the green LED blinks and the buzzer beeps
for one second and if the brake fails, the buzzer stops beeping.
Thus the buzzer functions as an indicator of brake failure.
Infrared Source
All objects above 0 K radiate infrared energy and hence
are infrared sources. Infrared sources also include blackbody
radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, and various others.
For active IR sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR
wavelengths are used as IR sources.
Transmission Medium
Three main types of transmission medium used for
Infrared transmission are vacuum, the atmosphere, and optical
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2 senses the voltage level across, the brake switch. Its non
inverting input gets half the supply voltage through potential
divider resistors R3 and R4 of 10 Kilo ohms each. The
inverting input of IC2 is connected to brake switch through
diode DI, ICI and resistor R2.
It receives a high voltage when the brake is applied.
Normally, when the brake is not applied, the output of IC2
remains high and the red LED glows. Resistor R1 is used for
the input stability of IC2. ICI and CI provide a ripple-free
regulated supply to the inverting input of IC2. IC3 is wired as a
mono stable to give pulse output of one second. Timing
elements RT and C4 make the output high for one second to
activate the buzzer and LED2. Usually the trigger pin of IC3 is
high due to R6 and the buzzer and LED2 remains off. When
the brake pedal is pressed, pin 2 of IC2 gets a higher voltage
from the brake switch and its output goes low to switch off the
red LED. When there is a pressure drop in the brake system
due to leakage, the pressure sensor works LED1 remains on
And the buzzer does not sound when the brake is applied. The
circuit can be assembled on any general purpose PCB or
perforated board. The circuit can be powered form the
vehicles battery. The circuit requires well-regulated power
supply to avoid triggering while the battery is charging from
the dynamo. IC4, C6 and C7 provide regulated 12V to the
circuit. The power supply should be taken from the ignition
switch and the circuit ground be clamped to the vehicles body.
A bicolor LED can be used in place of LED1 and LED2 if
desired.
Anti Collision System
The AntiCollision device is a detection device meant to
be incorporated into cars for the purpose of safety. As opposed
to the anticollision devices present in the market today, this
system is not designed to control the vehicle. Instead, it serves
as an alert in the face of imminent collision. The device is
intended to find a way to implement a minimum spacing for
cars in traffic in an affordable way. It would also achieve
safety for the passengers of a moving car. The device is made
up of an infrared transmitter and receiver.
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vehicle's brake rotors -- those flat, shiny discs that you can
sometimes see just behind the wheels of some vehicles.
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With ABS you can brake as hard as you can and steer
yourself to safety without the fear of wheels locking up and
skidding.
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Speed Testing
With the help of this test, we can confirm that the brake
failure indicator is working in all the above conditions. This
test was under taken to check the working of brake switch as
well as brake failure indicator. From this testing, we find out
that whether the speed is high or low, the brake failure
indicator is working in all condition. It is working at even low
speed also. So from speed test we can confirm that it is
working properly.
Petrol level Testing: From the above test, we can confirm that
the level of petrol does not cause any problem to the condition
of brake. Thus the brake failure indicator worked properly at
all conditions. Tests were conducted to determine if the rope
brake would operate reliably in the mining environment to
provide ascending car over speed protection.
First, accelerated mechanical testing was performed to
determine if the braking system could withstand repeated
operation without experiencing significant wear or failure.
These tests were performed while the suspension ropes were
stationary. This testing was conducted at both the mine site
installation and in the laboratory.
Mine site testing was conducted every 4 hr. Mechanical
counters were installed on both the machine brake and the rope
brake to record the total number of operations for each brake.
Every 4 hr, the number of times the machine brake had set
during the previous 4 hr period was noted, and then, the rope
brake was operated an equal number of times.
The mechanical testing concluded after 30 days of around
the clock testing. The total number of rope brake operations
was 3430. The temperature range varied from 25 to 83F.
One of the rope brake components subjected to wear was
the piston ring gasket. This gasket provides the air seal
between the moving piston, which presses against the traveling
brake pad, and the stationary cylinder. An overload test was
conducted to determine the integrity of this seal.
For the test, 8750 lb (125% of rated load) was loaded onto
the car at the bottom of the shaft. Then, the rope brake was set,
and the machine brake was disengaged. The air pressure was
released from the air compressor tank, and the air pressure
inside the rope brake cylinder was monitored. The load was
successfully held stationary for 1 hr. The initial air pressure
was 114 lbf/in 2, and after 1 hr, the pressure was 102 lbf/in2.
The pressured reduction may be attributed to an air leak
through the check valve or past the piston ring gasket as a
result of wear.
After 2 mo of testing and 146,836 operations, the rope
brake was disassembled and inspected for wear. The pneumatic
piston ring gasket exhibited minimal wear. Superficial rust was
evident where the compressed air entered the rope brake and
displaced the lubricant.
Over the 70 days of testing, the temperature ranged from 5
to 82F, and the relative humidity varied from 25 to 100%. At
times, thick accumulations of frost build up on the air line
between the magnetic valve and the rope brake cylinder.
Therefore, the formation of ice inside the compressed air lines
was possible; however, no adverse effects were observed.
Rope Pulse Tachometer Test
The brake control logic obtains the speed reference signal
from an independent pulse tachometer assembly. The pulse
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