K.-F Arndt, M. D. Lechner Eds. Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts-Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers

New
Series
Numerical Data
and Functional Relationships
in Science and Technology
GROUP VIII
Advanced Materials
and Technologies
VOLUME 6
Polymers
SUBVOLUME A
Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts

Part 3
Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties
of Polymers
123
Landolt-Brnstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
New Series
Group VIII: Condensed Matter

Volume 6
Polymers
Subvolume A
Part 3
Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers
Editors: K.-F. Arndt, M.D. Lechner
Authors: W. Grellmann, S. Seidler
Coauthors: C. Biergel, I. Kotter, R. Lach, B. Langer, K. Reincke,
T. Koch, V.-M. Archodoulaki
ISSN 1619-4802
ISSN 1619-4810 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-55165-9
ISBN 978-3-642-55166-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936694
#Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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Editors
Arndt, Karl-Friedrich
Department of Chemsitry
Physical Chemistry of Polymers
Technische Universitt Dresden
D-01062 Dresden, Germany
e-mail: karl-friedrich.arndt@chemie.tu-dresden.de
Lechner, Manfred Dieter

Institut fr Chemie
Universitt Osnabrck
Barbarastr. 7
D-49069 Osnabrck, Germany
e-mail: lechner@uni-osnabrueck.de
Authors
Grellmann, Wolfgang
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
Centre of Engineering Science
D-06099 Halle and Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg
D-06217 Merseburg, Germany
Seidler, Sabine
Vienna University of Technology
Institute of Materials Science and Technology
Favoritenstrae 9
A-1040 Vienna, Austria
Coauthors
Biergel, Christian
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
Centre of Engineering Science
D-06099 Halle and
Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg
Chapters: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8.1
Kotter, Ines
D-06217 Merseburg, Germany and
Hochschule Merseburg
University of Applied Science
Chapter: 3.3
Langer, Beate
Hochschule Merseburg
University of Applied Science
D-06217 Merseburg and
Chapters: 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3, 5.1.2
Lach, Ralf
Chapters: 2, 4.7, 5.1.1, 5.2
Reincke, Katrin
Chapters: 4.1.2, 4.4.4, 4.4.5, 5.3
Archodoulaki, Vasiliki-Maria
Favoritenstrae 9
Chapters: 3.1, 3.2
Koch, Thomas
Favoritenstrae 9
Chapters: 4.8.1, 4.8.2
SpringerMaterials Editorial Office

Springer
Tiergartenstr. 17
D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
fax: +49 (6221) 487-8648
e-mail: Redaktion.Landolt-Boernstein@springer.com
Internet
http://www.springermaterials.com
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 List of Frequently Used Symbols
1.2 Abbreviations
1.3 Materials Symbols and Abbreviated Terms
1.4 General Remarks
2. Description of Properties
2.1 Material Properties
2.1.1 Short-Term Mechanical Properties
2.1.1.1 Ductility
2.1.1.2 Strength
2.1.1.3 Stiffness
2.1.1.4 Toughness
2.1.1.5 Hardness
2.1.2 Long-Term Mechanical Properties
2.1.2.1 Long-Term Resistance
2.1.2.2 Fatigue Resistance
2.1.3 Other Properties
2.1.3.1 Thermal Expansion
2.1.3.2 Heat Distorsion Resistance
2.2 System Properties
2.2.1 Friction Coefcient
2.2.2 Stress Cracking Resistance
3 Thermomechanical Properties
3.1 Coefcient of Expansion
3.2 Viscoelastic Properties
3.3 Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperaturen
4 Mechanical Properties
4.1 Tensile Loading
4.1.1 Quasi-Static Tensile Test
4.1.2 Tear Resistance
4.2 Compression Loading
4.3 Bend Loading
4.4 Impact Loading
4.4.1 Charpy Impact Strength
4.4.2 Izod Impact Strength
4.4.3 Dynstat Strength
4.4.4 Impact Failure Energy
4.4.5 Tensile-Impact Strength
4.5 Fatigue Loading
4.6 Long-Term Loading
4.7 Stress Cracking Resistance
4.8 Hardness Testing
4.8.1 Conventional Hardness Values
4.8.2 Instrumented Hardness Values
5. Fracture Mechanical Properties
5.1 Thermoplastics
5.1.1 Quasi-Static Loading
5.1.2 Impact Loading
vi
5.2 Thermosets and High Performance Composites
5.3 Elastomers
5.3.3 Cyclic Loading
6 Subject Index
List of Frequently Used Symbols

C. Bierogel
1 Introduction
1.1 List of Frequently Used Symbols
Symbol
Unit
Property
mm
initial crack length (i.e. machined notch plus razor-sharpened tip),

the physical crack size at the start of testing
aBS
mm
physical crack length augmented to account for crack tip plastic

deformation (fracture mirror length)
aeff
mm
effective crack length

2
acN
kJ m
acU
kJ m2
Charpy impact strength of unnotched specimen according to ISO

179
atN
N mm1
notched tensile-impact toughness
atU
N mm
a/W
1
Charpy impact strength of notched specimen according to ISO 179
tensile-impact toughness
ratio of initial crack length to specimen width
1
ms
mm
average interparticle distance
N mm
energy consumed until reaching a certain load level of the

loadextension diagram of elastomers
A0
mm2
initial cross-section area of specimen
AG
N mm
total deformation energy of test specimen, computed from the area

under the loaddeflection diagram up to Fmax
Ael
N mm
elastic part of AG
Apl
N mm
plastic part of AG
Ak
N mm
complementary deformation energy, used in the J-integral

evaluation method of Merkle and Corten
AR
N mm
crack propagation energy
AH
N mm
nominal impact energy of pendulum hammer
Amax
N mm
energy up to the maximum load of the loadextension diagram of

elastomers
crack speed
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Symbol
Unit
Property
AS
mm2
damage area
mm
specimen width according to ISO 179
mm
remaining width at the notch base of the test specimen according

to ISO 179-1
mm
specimen thickness
mm N1
compliance
bN
material specific parameter of elastomeric materials

106 K1
CTE
coefficient of thermal expansion
Ci
constants of the power law for describing JR-curves
mechanical damping
mm
average particle diameter
DI
dispersion index
geometrical functions in the J-integral evaluation method of
Merkle and Corten (MC)
D1,2
E
MPa
Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity)
Ec
MPa
compressive modulus
Ec
MPa
compression creep modulus
Ecc
MPa
creep modulus in compression
Ecc1
MPa
compression-creep modulus after 1 hour
Ecc100
MPa
compression-creep modulus after 100 hours
Ecc1000
MPa
compression-creep modulus after 1000 hours
Ed
MPa
dynamic flexural modulus
Ef
MPa
flexural modulus according to ISO 178
Ecf
MPa
flexural-creep modulus according to ISO 899-2
Ecf1
MPa
flexural-creep modulus after 1 hour
Ecf100
MPa
flexural-creep modulus after 100 hours
Ecf1000
MPa
flexural-creep modulus after 1000 hours
Erc
MPa
compression-relaxation modulus
Erf
MPa
flexural-relaxation modulus
Ert
MPa
tensile-relaxation modulus
E*ct
MPa
nominal tensile-creep modulus according to ISO 899-1
Ect
MPa
creep modulus in tension according ISO 899-1
Ect1
MPa
creep modulus in tension after 1 hour

(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Symbol
Unit
Property
Ect1000
MPa
creep modulus in tension after 1000 hours
En
kJ m2
tensile-impact strength (notched specimen) according to ISO 8256
Et
MPa
modulus of elasticity in tension according to ISO 527
kJ m2
tensile-impact strength according to ISO 8256
E50
energy at 50 % failure according to ISO 6603-1
Ec
corrected impact energy according to ISO 179-1
E0
MPa
storage modulus
E00
MPa
loss modulus
Em
N mm
energy up to maximum load
Ep
N mm
puncture energy according to ISO 6603-2
ER
N mm
crack propagation energy
mm
deflection
Hz
frequency
fB
mm
flexural part of deflection of unnotched specimen
fgy
mm
deflection at the transition from elastic to elasticplastic material

behaviour
fK
mm
maximum deflection fmax excluding the component fB
fmax
mm
deflection at maximum load Fmax
load (force)
F1
inertial load, which arises from the inertia of the part of the test
specimen accelerated after the first contact with the striker
FB
load at break in tension, flexion or compression
F B ,t
tensile load at time-creep strength
FfB,t
flexural load at time-creep strength
FfC
load at conventional deflection
Fgy
characteristic load value corresponding to the transition from

elastic to elasticplastic material behaviour
Fmax
maximum load
FP
puncture load (force) according to ISO 6603-2
Fy
load at yield in tension or compression
Fe,t
tensile load at creep-strength limit
FC
g
filler content
ms
2
local acceleration due to gravity (g =9.81 ms2)

(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Symbol
Unit
Property
MPa
shear modulus
G*
MPa
complex shear modulus
G0
MPa
dynamic modulus (storage modulus)
G00
MPa
dynamic modulus (loss modulus)
G12
MPa
N mm
interlaminar shear modulus

1
energy release rate
GI
N mm1
energy release rate in mode I
GIc
N mm1
energy release rate, critical value at the point of unstable crack

growth; static loading, geometry-independent
GIIc
N mm1
energy release rate in mode II, critical value at the point of

unstable crack growth; static loading, geometry-independent
GId
N mm1
energy release rate in mode I, critical value at the point of unstable

crack growth; dynamic loading, geometry-independent
h1
mm
height of pendulum hammer before impact
h2
mm
height of pendulum hammer after impact
heterogeneity
N mm2
2
hardness
HB
N mm
HK
N mm2
Knoop hardness
HM
N mm2
Martens hardness
2
HR
N mm
HV
N mm2
IRHD
ball indentation hardness according to DIN EN ISO 2039-1
Rockwell hardness
Vickers hardness
international rubber hardness degree
N mm
1
J-integral; a mathematical expression, a line or surface integral

that encloses the crack front from one surface to the other, used to
characterize the local stressstrain field around the crack front;
fracture mechanics parameters are calculated using methods of
evaluation of this integral
JI
N mm1
J value in mode I (the index I is only used in the case of geometry

independence)
JIc
N mm1
critical J value at the point of unstable crack growth; static

loading, geometry-independent
JId
N mm1
critical J value at the point of unstable crack growth; dynamic

loading, geometry-independent
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Symbol
Unit
Property
JIdMC
N mm1
critical J value at the point of unstable crack growth, for dynamic

loading, in the geometry-independent J-integral evaluation method
of Merkle and Corten
JIdST
N mm1
critical J value at the point of unstable crack growth, for dynamic

loading, in the geometry-independent J-integral evaluation method
of Sumpter and Turner
Jd
N mm1
fracture resistance of elastomers
J0.05
N mm1
technical crack initiation value for an amount of crack growth of

Da = 0.05 mm (used for elastomers)
J0.2
N mm1
technical crack initiation value for an amount of crack growth of

Da = 0.2 mm
Ji
N mm1
physical crack initiation value determined from intersection of

stretch zone width and JR curve
N mm1
energy absorption capacity of a material during stable crack

growth
JTJ
Boltzmann number (k = 1.38 1023 J K1)
k
K
MPa
compression modulus
MPa mm1/2
stress intensity factor
KI
MPa mm1/2
stress intensity factor in mode I (the index I is only used in the case
of geometry independence)
KIc
MPa mm1/2
fracture toughness, critical value at the point of unstable crack

growth; static loading, geometry-independent
KId
MPa mm1/2
fracture toughness, critical value at the point of unstable crack

growth; dynamic loading, geometry-independent
KCTOD
Ic;Id
MPa mm1/2
KIc and KId, calculated from CTOD
1/2
KISCC
MPa mm
Ki
MPa mm1/2
fracture toughness
mm
specimen length
mm
distance between the axis of rotation of the pendulum and the

center of gravity of the pendulum
l0
mm
initial gauge length
lm
mm
deflection of maximum load according to ISO 6603-2
lmax
mm
extension at maximum load
lp
mm
deformation at puncture load according to ISO 6603-2
lR
mm
deformation at puncture load according to ISO 6603-2
lR
mm
crack opening (for elastomers)
stress intensity factor, critical value at initiation of stress corrosion

cracking (SCC)
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Symbol
Unit
Property
mm
length
mm
clamping length; initial distance between grips
mm
support span according to ISO 179-1or ISO 178
L0
mm
initial gauge length
mass
material specific parameter of elastomeric materials
mP
kg
Mc
g mol1
weight of pendulum hammer

molecular weight of a chain network
1
Mn
g mol
Mw
g mol1
molecular weight, number weight

molecular weight, weight average
g (10 min)1
MFR
MVR
cm (10 min)
melt mass-flow rate according to ISO 1133

1
melt volume-flow rate according to ISO 1133

rotational factor
mol cm3
crosslink density
normality
number of cycles
MPa
pressure
quantity of heat
rN
mm
notch base radius according to ISO 179-1
J mol1K1
universal gas constant (R = 8.314 J mol1 K1)
mm
support span
s (t)
mm
time-dependent deflection
time
tb
ms
time to brittle fracture
tB
ms, s, min, h
time to fracture
tE
exposuring time
tM
min
mixing time
tp
ms
time to maximum load according to ISO 6603-2
tan d
mechanical loss factor

temperature
Tg
glass transition temperature
Tm
melting temperature
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Symbol
Unit
Property
N mm1
tearing energy
N mm1
threshold tearing energy from cyclic experiment
T0
1
Tc
N mm
Tmax
N mm1
TJ
critical tearing energy from cyclic experiment

maximum tearing energy from cyclic experiment
tearing modulus
TJ
N mm
2
crack propagation value from R-curve of elastomers

tearing modulus determined from JDa curve at Da = 0.2 mm
TJ0.2
Td
tearing modulus
Td
tearing modulus determined from dDa curve at Da = 0.2 mm
0.2
THD
heat distortion temperature (HDT) according to ISO 75
N mm1
tear strength
TST
Vicat softening temperature (VST)
Ttosw
MPa
torsional fatigue strength, swell range
Ttoal
MPa
torsional fatigue strength, alternating range
N mm
deformation energy
mm
crack-mouth-opening displacement
vI
m s1
impact velocity according to ISO 13802
vL
mm
load-line displacement
vT
mm min1; m
s1
cross-head speed
mm3
volume
TS
1
we
N mm
W1
pendulum hammer energy before specimen breaking
W2
pendulum hammer energy after specimen breaking
Wc
absorbed energy after breaking specimen
mm
specimen width
WS
mm3 (Nm)1
specific wear rate
mm
distance of knife-edge from specimen surface
Z
a
specific essential work of fracture
intensity of the colour blue

K1
linear thermal expansion
starting angle
proportionality constant of geometrical size criterion for LEFM

(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Symbol
Unit
Property
K1
coefficient of thermal three-dimensional expansion
angle of rise
shear strain
rad or
phase angle
mm
crack-tip-opening displacement describing the local strain field in

front of the crack tip, calculated with the help of the plastic-hinge
model
dI
mm
crack-tip-opening displacement in mode I (the index I is only used

in the case of geometry independence)
dIc
mm
critical d value for unstable crack growth, quasi-static loading,

geometry-independent
dId
mm
critical d value for unstable crack growth, dynamic loading,

geometry-independent
dIdk
mm
critical d value for unstable crack growth obtained by using

advanced plastic-hinge model, dynamic loading, geometryindependent
d0.2
mm
technical crack-opening displacement calculated at Da = 0.2 mm
di
mm
crack-tip-opening displacement at physical crack initiation
mm
amount of stable crack growth, distance between original crack

size and crack front after loading
Damax
mm
upper validity limit of Da
Damin
mm
lower validity limit of Da
DF
load difference
Dl
mm
increase in specimen length, elongation
DL
mm
increase in clamping length
DLB
mm
elongation at break
DLFmax
mm
elongation at load maximum
DLy
mm
elongation at yield
DL0
mm
increase in gauge length
(DL0)t
mm
time-dependent elongation of extensometer
(DL*)t
mm
time-dependent elongation of traverse
Dt
time difference
Dv
m s1
velocity change
Dx
mm
ball oversize (ball impression test)
Da
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Symbol
Unit
Property
proportionality constant of geometrical size criterion for J-integral

concept
normative tension or compression strain
eAE
critical strain at acoustic onset
eB
normative tensile or compression strain at break according to ISO

527 or ISO 604
ec
nominal compression strain
ec
compression creep strain e(t)
ec0
constant compression strain level
ecM
nominal compression strain at load maximum
ecB
nominal compression strain at break
ecy
nominal compression strain at yield
ef
normal flexural strain
ef0
constant flexural strain level
el
local strain
elmax
maximum local strain
elmin
minimum local strain
eM
strain at tensile strength according to ISO 527
eq
lateral (transverse) strain
et
nominal tensile strain
et
normative tensile creep strain e (t) according to ISO 899-1
e*t
nominal tensile creep strain e* (t) according to ISO 899-1
et0
constant tensile strain level
etM
nominal tensile strain at load maximum
etB
nominal tensile strain at break according to ISO 527
eW
true strain
ey
yield strain according to ISO 527 or ISO 604
e0
%
1
e_
s ;%s
constant strain level

1
normative strain rate
e_ t
s1; % s1
nominal tensile strain rate
e_ t
s1; % s1
normative tensile creep strain rate det/dt according to ISO 899-1
e_ t
1
s ;%s
1
nominal tensile creep strain rate de*t/dt according to ISO 899-1

(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
10
Symbol
Unit
Property
dynamic viscosity
geometrical function
el;
geometrical functions for assessment of elastic (el) and plastic (pl)

parts of deformation energy used in the J-integral evaluation
method of Sumpter and Turner
pl
g1 cm3
red
reduced viscosity or viscosity number
extension ratio
W (m K)
nm
1
heat conductivity
light wavelength
logarithmic decrement according to ISO 6721-1
Poisson ratio
coefficient of friction
mk
kinetic coefficient of friction
ms
static coefficient of friction
Poisson ratio
proportionality constant of geometrical size criterion for CTOD

3
kg m
MPa
tension or compression stress according to ISO 527 or ISO 604
MPa
load, applied stress
s0
MPa
constant stress level
sca
MPa
compression amplitude
sta
MPa
tension amplitude
sal
MPa
alternating load
sB
MPa
tensile stress at break according to ISO 527
sB
MPa
tensile stress at break under long-term loading (chapter 4.6)
sB,t
MPa
time-creep strength according to ISO 899-1
sc0
MPa
constant compression stress level
scal
MPa
compression alternating load with sca
sf
MPa
flexural stress according to ISO 178
sfal
MPa
flexural alternating load
sfsw
MPa
flexural swell range
sf0
MPa
constant flexural stress level
sfB,t
MPa
flexural time-creep strength according to ISO 899-2
density
>
sta
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Symbol
11
Unit
Property
sfc
MPa
flexural strength at conventional deflection according to ISO 178
sfd
MPa
alternating flexure fatigue strength
sfM
MPa
flexural strength according to ISO 178
sfM
MPa
flexural strength using the Ball Impression Test (chapter 4.7)
st0
MPa
constant tensile stress level
se,t
MPa
creep-strength limit according to ISO 899-1
sF
MPa
yield stress: either sy or sF = 1/2(sy + sM)
sl
MPa
local stress
sM
MPa
tensile or compression strength according to ISO 527 or ISO 604
sM
MPa
tensile strength using Ball Impression Test (chapter 4.7)
stal
MPa
tensile alternating load with sta
stsw
MPa
tensile swell range
scsw
MPa
compression swell range
sV
MPa
comparative stress
sW
MPa
true stress
sy
MPa
yield stress (yield point) according to ISO 527
MPa
shear stress
MPa
interlaminar shear stress
t
t12
t
oscillation period
filler or fiber content
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
>
sca
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_1
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
C. Bierogel
1.2 Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Full Name
amorphous
afl
across to flow direction
asbestos
annealed
AT
anthracite
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
BP
bronze powder
coarse
ca
coupling agent
cond.
conditioned
cont.
content
copo
copolymer
CB
carbon black
CD
carbon fines or powder
CE
cellulose
CF
carbon fiber
CT
compact tension specimen
CTOD
crack-tip-opening displacement
CVD
chemical vapor deposition
DENT
double-edge-notched tension specimen
DIN
German Institute of Industrial Standards (Deutsches Institut fur Normung)
DMA
dynamical-mechanical analysis
DOP
dioctylphathalate
DOA
dioctyladipate
DCHP
dicyclohexylphthalate
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_2
Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Full Name
ex
extruded
EPFM
elasticplastic fracture mechanics
ESC
stress cracking resistance
ESIS
European Structural Integrity Society
EWF
essential work of fracture
fine
fl
in flow direction
fr
flame resistant
FNCT
full notch creep test
grafted
graphite
GB
glass balls (spheres)
GC
glass chips
GD
glass fines or powder (dust)
GF
glass fiber
GFl
glass flour
GX
glass not specified
HDT
heat distortion temperature according to ISO 75
Hi
high impact tough
HI
high impact modified
Hr
heat resistant stabilized
HR
heat resistant
Htr
high temperature resistant
hv
high viscosity
isotactic
im
injection moulded
ICIT
instrumented Charpy impact test
impact modified
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
ITIT
instrumented notched tensile-impact test
ltd
low temperature ductile

(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_2
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Full Name
lv
low viscosity
LEFM
linear-elastic fracture mechanics
LS
layered silicate of montmorillonite type
medium
mc
moisture content
mou.
moulded
mv
medium viscosity
mica
MD
mineral powder (dust)
MF
mineral fiber
Mi
mineral
MP
mineral powder
MSM
multiple-specimen method
MWCNT
multi-walled carbon nanotubes
MX
mineral not specified
na
nucleation agent
NF
natural fiber
PENT
Pennsylvania edge-notch tensile test
PYFM
post-yield fracture mechanics
quenched
RF
aramide fiber
synthesized
sc
semicrystalline
slowly cooled
SENT
single-edge-notched tension specimen
SSM
single-specimen method
SWCNT
single-walled carbon nanotubes
transparent
talcum
TCP
tricresyl phosphate
TMA
thermomechanical analysis
ungrafted
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_2
Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Full Name
unpbl
unpublished data
VST
Vicat softening temperature
WF
wood flour
WM
plasticizer
WT
wollastonite
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_2
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Materials Symbols
Materials Symbols
C. Bierogel
1.3 Materials Symbols and Abbreviated Terms

Abbreviation
Full Name
ABS
acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene
ABS-I
acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene, impact modified
ABS-HI
acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene, high impact
ABS-HR
acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene, heat resistant
AEPDMS
aminoethylpiperazine terminated polydimethylsiloxane
AEPDS
arylonitrile(ethylenepropylenediene)styrene; preferred term for

AEPDMS
APA
amorphous polyamide
APE
aromatic polyester
g-APS
g-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
AMMA
acrylonitrile(methyl methacrylate)
ANMA
acrylonitrilemethacrylate
ASA
acrylonitrilestyreneacrylate
ASA-HI
acrylonitrilestyreneacrylate, high impact
ATBN
amino-terminated butadieneacrylonitrile copolymer
BMI
bismaleimide
BN
butadieneacrylonitrile rubber
BR
butadiene rubber
CA
cellulose acetate
CAB
cellulose acetate butyrate
CAP
cellulose acetate propionate
CN
cellulose nitrate
COC
cycloolefin copolymer; poly(ethylene-co-norbonene) - tetracyclododecene
CP
cellulose propionate
CR
chloroprene rubber
CTA
cellulose triacetate
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
CTBN
carboxyl-terminated butadieneacrylonitrile rubber
CTFE
chlortrifluorethylene
DGEBA
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A
EA
ethyl acrylate
EAA
ethylene-acrylic acid
EBA
ethylene-butyl acrylate
EC
ethyl cellulose; cellulose ethyl ether
ECO
epichlorhydrin rubber
ECTFE
ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene
EEA
ethylene-(ethyl acrylate)
EHA
poly(ethyl hexyl acrylate)
EIM
cycloolefine copolymer
EMAA
ethylene-methacrylic acid
EMMA
ethylene-(methyl-methacrylate)
EP
epoxide; epoxy
E/P
ethylenepropylene
EPDM
ethylenepropylenediene rubber
EPR
ethylenepropylene rubber
E-SBR
emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber
ETBN
epoxy-terminated butadieneacrylonitrile random copolymer
ETBN
epoxy-terminated liquid nitrile rubber
ETFE
ethylenetetrafluoroethylene
EVA
ethylene-(vinyl acetate)
EVAC
ethylene-(vinyl acetate); preferred term for EVA
EVAL
ethylene-(vinyl alcohol)
EVOH
ethylene-(vinyl alcohol)
FEP
perfluoro(ethylenepropylene); fluorinated ethylenepropylene
HESRNs
hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites
HNBR
hydrogenated nitrile rubber
HTE
hydroxy-terminated polyether
HTPB
hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
IIR
isobutyleneisoprene
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
IM
polyisobutylene
IR
cis-1,4-polyisoprene; synthetic natural rubber
iPB-1
isotactic polybutene-1
ITBN
isocyanate-terminated polybutadiene
LCP
liquid-crystal polymer
L-SBR
solution-SBR(styrenebutadiene rubber)
LSR
liquid silicone rubber
MABS
(methyl methacrylate)acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene
MAPP
maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymers
MBM
methyl methacrylatebutyl acrylatemethyl methacrylate
MBS
(methyl methacrylate)butadienestyrene
MF
melamineformaldehyde resin
MNA
methylbicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptene-2,3 dicarboxylic acid anhydride
MPF
melaminephenolformaldehyde
NBR
nitrilebutadiene rubber
NR
cis-1,4-polyisoprene; natural rubber
NR-LE
liquid-epoxidized natural rubber
PA
polyamide (nylon)
PAC
polyacetylene
PAE
poly (arylene ether)
PAEK
polyaryletherketone
PAES
poly (acrylene ether sulfone); polyacryleneethersulfone
PAI
polyamidimide
PAIND/
INDT
trimethyl hexamethylene diamine terephthalic acid (T = transparent)
PA
MXD6
polyarylamide
PAN
polyacrylonitrile
PA 46
polyamide 46
PA 46-I
PA 410
polyamide 46, impact

polyamide 410
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
PA 6
polyamide 6
PA 6-HI
polyamide 6, high impact
PA 6-I
polyamide 6, impact
PA 6/SI
polyamide 6, silane
PA 6 T/6I
(PA6I/6T)
copolyamide based on hexamethylene diamine, terephthalic and isophthalic

acid
PA 6-G
polyamide 6, G = cast
PA 6/6T
copolyamide based on -caprolactam, hexamethylene diamine and

terephthalic acid
PA 6/3T
copolyamide based on -caprolactam, trimethyl hexamethylene diamide

and terephthalic acid
PA 6 T/XT
PA 6 = hexamethylene diamide; T = terephthalic acid; X = different

co-monomers; T = therephthalic acid
PA 66
polyamide 66
PA 666
polyamide 666
PA 610
polyamide 610
PA 611
polyamide 611
PA 612
polyamide 612
PA 612-I
polyamide 612, impact
PA1010
polyamide 1010
PA 11
polyamide 11
PA 12
polyamide 12
PAK
polyacrylate
PAR
polyarylate
PARA
polyarylamide; polyarylate
PAS
polyarylsulfone
PB
polybutene; polybutadiene
PB-1
polybutene-1; polybutylene
PBA
poly(butylen adipate)
PBA
poly (butyl acrylate); polybutylacrylate
PBI
polybenzimidazole; polybutylene isophthalate
PBMI
polybismaleimide
PBN
poly(butene naphthalate)
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
PBP
poly(butylene phthalate)
PBPT
poly(butylene phthalate-co-butylene terephthalate)
PBS
poly(butylene succinate)
PBT
poly(butylene terephthalate)
PBT-H
poly(butylene terephthalate), high impact
PC
polycarbonate
PCT
poly(cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate)
PCTA
poly(cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate), acid
PCTFE
polychlorotrifluoroethylene
PCTG
poly(cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate), glycol
PDMS
dimethylsiloxane
PDPP
poly(2,2-dimethylpropylene phthalate)
PEBA
polyether bloc amide
PEC
polyestercarbonate
PE
polyethylene
PE-C
polyethylene, chlorinated
PE-HB
long-chain branched linear low-density polyethylene
PE-HD
polyethylene, high density
PE-HMW
polyethylene, high molecular weight
PE-LD
polyethylene, low density
PE-LLD
polyethylene, linear low density
PE-MD
polyethylene, medium density
PE-RT
polyethylene, high temperature resistance
PE-UHMW
polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight
PE-VLD
polyethylene, very low density
PE-X
polyethylene, crosslinked
PEK
polyetherketone
PEK-C
phenolphthalein polyetherketone
PEEK
polyetheretherketone
PEEKK
polyetheretherketoneketone
PEKEKK
polyetherketoneetherketoneketone
PEKK
polyetherketoneketone
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
PEG
poly(ethylene glycol)
PEI
polyetherimide
PEN
poly(ethylene naphthalate); poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate)
PENT
poly(cyanoarylene ether)
PEO
poly(ethylene oxide)
PEO-PPO
poly(ethylene oxide)poly(propylene oxide)
PEP
poly(ethylene phthalate)
PEPB
poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene 4,4-biphenyl dicarboxylate)
PEPI
poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene isophthalate)
PEPN
poly(ethylen phthalate-co-ethylene 2,6-naphthalate dicarboxylate)
PEPO
poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide); polyaryleneether phosphine oxide
PEP-PEO
poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)block-poly(ethylene oxide)
PEPT
poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate)
PES
poly(ethylene succinate); polyether sulfone
PES-C
phenolphthalein polyethersulphone
PESEK
poly(ether sulfone ether ketone)
PESU
polyethersulfone
PET
poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PET-A
polyethylene terephthalate; amorphous
PET-C
polyethylene terephthalate; crystalline
PET-G
polyethylene terephthalate; tough
PETFE
polyethylenetetrafluorethylene copolymer
PF
phenolicformaldehyde resin
PFA
perfluoro(alkyl vinylether)tetrafluoroethylene
PFEP
perfluoro(ethylenepropylene)
PFPE
perfluoropolyether
PHA
polyhydroxyalkanoate
PH-altPDMS
poly(hydroxyether of bisphenol A)-block-polydimethylsiloxane alternating

block copolymer
PHB
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
PHI
poly(hexylene isophthalate)
PHP
poly(hexylene phthalate)
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
PHR
phenol resin
PI
polyimide
PIB
polyisobutylene
PK
polyketone
PLA
poly(lactic acid)
PLLA
poly I-lactic acid
PMA
polymethylacrylate
PMDAODA
poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether)
PMMA
poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMMI
poly (N-methyl methylacrylimide); polymethacrylmethylimide
PMP
poly(4-methyl-1-ene); poly(methylpentene);
PMS
poly(-methylstyrene); N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers
PMSH
N-phenylmaleimidestyrene-p-hydroxystyrene terpolymers
PnBA
poly(n-butyl acrylate)
POM
poly(oxymethylene); polyacetal; polyformaldehyde

POM-H
poly(oxymethylene), homopolymer
POM-H-HI
poly(oxymethylene), homopolymer, high impact
POM-C
poly(oxymethylene), copolymer
PP
polypropylene
PP-C
PP-H
polypropylene, copolymer
polypropylene, homopolymer
PPA
polyphthal amide
PPDE
poly(phthaloyl diphenyl ether)
PPE
poly(phenylene ether)
PPEK
poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)
PPIDE
poly(phthaloyl diphenyl ether-co-isophthaloyl diphenyl ether)
PPO
poly(phenylene oxide); poly(propylene oxide)
PPP
poly(propylene phthalate)
PPS
poly(phenylene sulfide)
PPSU
poly(phenylene sulfone)
PPTDE
poly(phthaloyl diphenyl ether-co-terephthaloyl diphenyl ether)
PS
polystyrene
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
PS-HI
polystyrene, high impact; preferred term for HIPS
PS-S
polystyrene, sulfonated
PSAC
polysaccharide
PSU
polysulfone
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
PTT
poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
PUR
polyurethane
PVAC
poly(vinyl acetate)
PVC
poly(vinyl chloride)
PVC-C
poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated; preferred term for CPVC
PVC-HI
poly(vinyl chloride), high impact
PVC-P
poly(vinyl chloride), plasticized
PVC-S
poly(vinyl chloride), suspension
PVC-U
poly(vinyl chloride), unplasticized
PVDF
poly(vinylidene fluoride)
PVF
poly(vinyl fluoride)
PVK
poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
rPP
random polypropylene
SAA
styrenearylic acid copolymer
SAN
styreneacrylonitrile
SB
styrenebutadiene
SB-HI
styrenebutadiene, high impact
SBM
styrenebutadienemethacrylate
SBMMA
styrenebutadienemethylmethacrylate
SBS
styrenebutadiene block copolymer
SBR
styrenebutadiene rubber
S-SBR
solution styrenebutadiene rubber
SEBS
styreneethylene-butylene styrene
SEBS
polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene)
SI
silicone
SMA
styrenemaleic anhydride copolymer
SMAH
styrenemaleic anhydride
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Materials Symbols
Abbreviation
Full Name
SMS
styrene--methylstyrene
SRP
benzoyl-1,4-phenylene/1,3-phenylene copolymer
TAC
triacetin
TE
(EEST)
polyetherester- block-copolymers
TGAP
triglycidyl p-aminophenol
TGDDM
tetraglycidylether of 4,4 diaminodiphenyl methyl methane
TGEBA
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A
TPA
thermoplastic polyamide elastomer
TPC
thermoplastic polyester elastomer

TPC-E
TPE
thermoplastic polyester elastomer

thermoplastic elastomer
TPE-E
TPE; basic copolyester
TPE-U
TPE; basic polyurethane
TPO
thermoplastic olefin elastomer
TPS
thermoplastic elastomer styrene polymer
TPU
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer
TPV
cross-linked thermoplastic olefin elastomer
UF
ureaformaldehyde resin
UP
unsaturated polyester resin
VCAK
vinylchloride acrylate
VE
vinyl ester resin
VTBN
vinyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_3
General Remarks
General Remarks
C. Bierogel
1.4 General Remarks

This Landolt-Bornstein book, Volume VIII/6, provides a compilation of quantitative parameters concerning thermomechanical, mechanical and fracture-mechanical properties of pure, filled and reinforced thermoplastics, thermosets and high-performance composites. Because there has been very rapid and dynamic
progress in this field of research, and because of the enormous growth rates of the available material systems in plastics production and use, it seemed appropriate to review the data currently available in the literature from a systematic perspective.
The results presented here were compiled by the Department of Materials Diagnostics/Materials Testing at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, under the leadership of Professor Grellmann, and by
the Department of Non-Metallic Materials at Vienna University of Technology, under the leadership of
Professor Seidler.
Therefore, the tabular and graphic data contained in this book was either produced in-house or is the
result of meticulous research of the literature. For research into the stated parameters, the period from
2000 to 2013 was given priority. However, in the event that no usable data was available from this period,
older sources were also used in exceptional cases. Data concerning mechanical/thermal and fracturemechanical parameters was derived from student research projects, degree dissertations and bachelor, masters and (primarily) doctoral theses. Unpublished parameters from publicly funded scientific projects and
industrial research and service contracts were also included.
In the respective chapters, parameters were researched in the following databases:
Data sheets in Campus plastics data base 5.2: www.campusplastics.com
Mbase-Material Data Center: www.m-basde.de
Data Base: Material Data of polymers: www.polybase.com
Data sheets in MatWeb-Material property data: www.matweb.com
Neue Materialien Der Marktplatz der Werkstofftechnik [New materials the marketplace of materials technology]: www.neuematerialien.de
Material Data Base FORMAT: www.werkstoffe.de

Magazine and book research was carried out especially meticulously, as there was often insufficient or no
information on test conditions. The mechanical or thermal parameters of the various test procedures were
extracted from the listed databases using defined search forms and then exported into Excel as ASCII data.
If it was not possible to use forms of this kind, the data had to be transferred manually into the relevant
Excel template. Before further processing, the parameters from the databases were subjected to a plausibility check. Where there were different parameters for identical materials, the parameters were summarised as a parameter range together with the necessary source information. In addition, a sorting
routine was used to list the materials alphabetically according to their names and additives, and they were
subsequently subjected to a maximum-minimum search in order to determine the relevant parameter
ranges. If information on the statistical data was available, the parameter and the relevant standard deviation were given. Where there were identical items of information in the database whose origins could not
be proved beyond doubt, both or several sources were listed. As a general rule, trade names and brand
names were not given.
In the individual chapters of the book, the tabular and graphic representations are preceded by notes
required to explain the test methods, the available parameters and how they were calculated.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_4
General Remarks
The tables shown contain information on the material, necessary test conditions, available parameters
and the necessary source information. As a matter of preference, the information on the materials is
arranged alphabetically according to the abbreviations from the ISO nomenclature, and it is accompanied
by additional information about filling and reinforcing materials. If further information is required, such as
viscosity or molar mass, it is provided under a specification heading. Specific physical dependencies of
materials are represented in separate tables. If the source information for successive materials is identical,
the source is not given. As a rule, the tables provide no information concerning test standards, unless the
test conditions used to determine the parameters differ significantly from each other. Likewise, if the available parameters of the pure plastics and the filled or reinforced materials are different and not comparable
with each other, they are shown in separate tables.
As a matter of preference, graphics with relevant legends are used to show physical relationships.
Because graphic templates were not available from books or magazines, the pictorial representations
shown were always drawn from scratch. If necessary, obsolete units of measurement were replaced with
the corresponding SI scales, whilst retaining the source information, and the graphics were given intermediate vertical and horizontal scales. Some data was displayed graphically in an identical layout.
The authors have summarised the results obtained so far concerning the deformation and fracture behaviour of plastics in other English-language reference books:
W. Grellmann, S. Seidler (Eds.) Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-540-41247-6 and ISBN 978-3-450-41247-2

W. Grellmann, S. Seidler (Eds.) Polymer Testing Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) ISBN Hard-
cover: 978-1-56990-548-7 and ISBN E-Book: 978-1-56990-549-4 http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/

buch/Polymer/Testing/9781569905487
The results presented in sections 4.4.5, Tensile-Impact Toughness, and 5.3, Elastomers, are based in
part on the information presented in the following book:
Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G., Kaliske, M., Kluppel, M., Schneider, K., Vilgis, T. (Eds.) Fracture
Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics of Reinforced Elastomeric Blends Springer-Verlag Berlin

Heidelberg 2013 ISBN Hardcover: 978-3-642-37909-3 and ISBN E-Book: 978-3-642-37910-9 http://
www.springer.com/materials/mechanics/book/978-3-642-37909-3
The textbooks and reference books published in Merseburg scientific school on plastics testing and diagnostics, and on the technical fracture mechanics of plastics and composites with a polymer matrix, form
the basis of a Wiki, Lexikon der Kunststoffprufung [Dictionary of Plastics Testing]:
W. Grellmann, C. Bierogel, K. Reincke (Eds.) wiki Lexikon Kunststoffprufung und Diagnostik
Version 2.0 (2012) http://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de

In this dictionary, you will find in-depth information about experimental methods used to determine the
mechanical and fracture-mechanical parameters of materials and about their use in industrial testing practice.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_4
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Description of Properties
R. Lach, W. Grellmann
Polymers comprise various types of macromolecular materials (an overview is given in Fig. 2.1) which
differ from each other in respect to the chemical composites, the molecular architecture and the fillers
or reinforcing agents used, for example. The properties of these polymers have to be split into such ones
that are intrinsic of the material (Chapter 2.1, Material Properties) and ones that are related to a system
of minimum two interacting material partners (Chapter 2.2, System Properties).
Fig. 2.1 Classification of polymer materials.
2.1 Material Properties

Generally, the material properties most important for application of polymer materials in industry and
household goods as well as for sports and recreation are the mechanical (short term: Chapter 3.2,
4.1 4.4, 4.8 and 5, and long-term: Chapter 4.6 and 4.7; for general information see also
[84Nie] and [80Fer]) and thermal properties ( Chapter 3.1 and 3.3) followed by electrical, optical
and other properties.
2.1.1 Short-Term Mechanical Properties
In Fig. 2.2 an overview about some fundamental experimental methods in short-term mechanical testing of
polymers and the related typical loading speeds are given which form the basis to determine basic material
properties such as ductility, strength, stiffness, toughness and hardness to be explained more detailed in the
following.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_5
Fig. 2.2 Classification of selected methods of mechanical polymer testing depending on test speed and loading
conditions.
2.1.1.1 Ductility
The term ductility is closely connected with the term strain where engineering strain (simplifying designated as strain in the following) has to be distinguished from true strain w. The strain in its generalised
form is defined as ratio of the relative change (extension, deflection, rotation angle etc.) to the size of a
specimen or part during deformation and the primary size of this specimen or part before deformation.
Depending on the type of loading and specimen (uniaxial tension or compression, or three-point bending)
different standardised experimental procedures are used to determine the strain values (for detailed information see Chapter 4.1.1, Quasi-Static Tensile Test, Chapter 4.2, Compression Loading and
Chapter 4.3, Bend Loading as well as references [13Gre, 02Bro, 99Bro, 99Swa]). The engineering
strain has the disadvantage to be non-additive. This means that elongating a specimen with an extension
l1 first and after a break with an extension l2 thereafter the sum of the resultant strain vales 1 and 2
is smaller than elongating the specimen continuously with an extension l1 + l2 because the engineering
strain is calculated using the primary length of the specimen in each case (i.e., the length is l0 for 1 but l0 +
l1 for 2). Avoiding this problem the true strain w can be used that is defined as natural logarithm of the
ratio of the actual size of the specimen to its primary size before deformation.
Ductility is the capability of a material to deform at loading. Based on this definition different strain
parameters can be determined to be related to final break (strain at break) or the onset of macroscopic plastic deformation (strain at yield), for example. At uniaxial tensile loading for every polymer material the
strain at break (sometimes also called elongation at break) can be determined independently of its deformation capability (i.e., regardless showing whether brittle or ductile behaviour). At bending or uniaxial
compression loading the determinability is limited to generally less-ductile or brittle polymers, or to low
temperatures and/or high loading rates, respectively. Taking the quasi-static three-point bending test as
an example the maximum valid flexural strain in the outer fibre is set to be 3.5 % due to theoretical preconditions. As a result the strain at break, experimentally determined under bending, must be always smaller than this value to be valid. Limited to uniaxial loading (tensile or compression) the strain at yield is
determined at the yield point where the slope of the stressstrain diagram (for the definition of stress
see below) is zero for the first time if increasing the strain. However, this definition may be little doubtful
in case of double yielding (see below).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_5
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
2.1.1.2 Strength
Like the term ductility, the term strength is also closely connected with another important term in mechanical testing of polymers and polymer engineering, the term stress. In this connection too, the engineering
stress (or stress to be designated simplifying in the following) has to be distinguished from true stress w.
As a matter of example for uniaxial tensile or compression loading the stress in its generalised form is
defined as ratio of the actual load to the primary cross-sectional area A0 before loading (for definition of
the stress at bending see Chapter 4.3, Bend Loading). Detailed information about different standardised experimental procedures used to determine the stress values can be found in Chapter 4.1.1,
Quasi-Static Tensile Test, Chapter 4.2, Compression Loading and Chapter 4.3, Bend Loading
as well as references [13Gre, 02Bro, 99Bro, 99Swa]. The true stress w (uniaxial tensile or compression
loading) essential to construct true stresstrue strain diagrams in engineering mechanics and for simulating
the mechanical behaviour of structural part is defined as ratio of the actual load to the actual crosssectional area A.
The yield stress regarding uniaxial tensile or compression testing only is determined at the yield
point (onset of macroscopic plastic deformation) where the slope of the stress () strain () diagram is
zero for the first time if increasing the strain. However, a couple of nanolayered polymer materials such
as some polyethylenes consisting of lamellar crystals or some block copolymers with self-organising
lamellae morphology show double yielding. The first yield point at smaller strain is related to reversible
rotation of lamellae and the second one at higher strain to irreversible lamellae breakage resulting in formation of microfibrils (for more information see [04Adh] and references therein). Especially at threepoint bending impact loading the (dynamic) yield stress is calculated at the transition from elastic to
elasticplastic material behaviour (for more information see [13Gre] and [01Gre]). Furthermore, at final
rupture of the specimen the stress at break can be determined, at which, however, the restrictions given
above in case of strain at break at bending or uniaxial compression loading have to be taken into account
analogously. The maximum stress value of the diagrams if specimens break is observed is equal to
the tensile, compression or bending strength, respectively. In case there is no break, substitute values have
to be used for the strength such as at 3.5 % strain in the outer fibre at bending.
2.1.1.3 Stiffness
The stiffness of materials including polymer materials is defined as the resistance against elastic deformation to be determined in the small-strain range of mechanical response and is immediately associated with
the so-called elastic modulus as an important material parameter. For characterising strain hardening, that
occur at large strains after plastic deformation of specimens used in tensile testing often, another modulus,
the so-called strain hardening modulus, is used sometimes. Small-strain elastic deformation of polymers is
rather rarely exclusively limited to be linear-elastic according to Hookes law of elasticity (such as it is
well-known for metals) but mostly a combination of linear elastic, linear and non-linear viscolelastic as
well as entropy-elastic responses. The viscoelastic behaviour characteristic of thermoplastic polymers
and duromers complicates the determination of a well-defined elastic modulus of such materials to a high
degree due to their pronounced time (speed) and temperature dependence of the resistance against elastic
deformation. At quasi-static uniaxial tensile ( Chapter 4.1.1, Quasi-Static Tensile Test) or uniaxial
compression loading ( Chapter 4.2, Compression Loading), or under three- ( Chapter 4.3, Bend
Loading) or four-point bending the elastic modulus of thermoplastic polymers, duromers and some thermoplastic elastomers has often to be calculated in standardised procedures as a secant modulus in a given
range of strain, 2 1 (i.e., between 1 = 0.05 % and 2 = 0.25 % strain, for example). Applying stress ()
strain () diagrams (where stress and strain are used here in their generalised form; see definition of
strength and ductility), the elastic modulus is given by
2 1
E
,
(2:1)
2 1
where 1 = 1 (1) and 2 = 2 (2). For detailed information about the experimental procedures how to calculate values of the elastic modulus using quasi-static uniaxial tensile, uniaxial compression and bending
tests the readers are advised to have a look at references [13Gre, 02Bro, 99Bro, 99Swa]. Due to non-linear
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diagrams the determination of Youngs modulus d/d in the origin of the diagrams is not common for
thermoplastics and duromers. For rubbers, however, such modulus can be determined using uniaxial smallstrain compression tensile tests.
Especially at three-point bending impact loading the elastic modulus (dynamic modulus) is proportional to the slope of the linear part of the load deflection diagram of the unnotched samples assuming
that the material behaviour can be approximated to be linear-elasticplastic in that case (for more information see [13Gre] and [01Gre]).
The elastic properties (i.e., the values of the indentation modulus EIT) by impression of a hard intender
into a softer material using the unloading part of loadindentation depth diagrams can be determined by
assuming the whole mechanical system as parallel connection of mechanical resistors, which correspond
to the indenter material (mostly diamond) and the material investigated, respectively. Based on the
assumption the indentation modulus EIT can be determined by the procedure described in ISO 14577-1
with
EIT
1 2
,
1 1 2i

Er
Ei
(2:2)
where Er, Ei, and i are the reduced modulus, the modulus of the indenter and Poissons ratios of the
material and the indenter, respectively.
Besides other methods based on ultrasonic investigations, quasi-static torsion (except DMA, see
below) and triaxial compression loading (bulk modulus) rarely used to analyse the elastic properties of
polymers, the Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA; see Chapter 3.2, Viscoelastic Properties and
Ehrenstein et al. [03Ehr]) is one of the most distinguished approaches in polymer testing. Triaxial compression testing as a matter of example only allows analysing a very small material volume and is in need
of high-priced testing machines.
For DMA, specimens with given geometry are sinusoidally loaded in the linear-viscolelastic range of
loading under small-strain tensile, bending or torsion and the related response is analysed. Due to the polymer-immanent viscolelasticity a phase shift ranging from 0 (linear-elastic response) to 90 (viscose
response like a Newtons liquid) is observed between applied time-dependent load and measured stress
() time (t) curve. Thus, the storage modulus G0 (real part of the complex modulus) and the loss modulus
G00 (imaginary part of the complex modulus) are defined to be equal to the ratio of the amplitude of inphase or out-of-phase stress and the amplitude of strain, respectively. The mechanical damping expressed
as the mechanical loss factor tan is equal to G00 /G0 .
2.1.1.4 Toughness
The toughness is defined either from physical or engineering point of view. From physical point of view
toughness can be understood simplifying as energy dissipation. Based on this definition the toughness
can be estimated easily in the form of the specific work of deformation up to the break of the specimen
in the tensile test, in terms of the (notched) impact strength at impact bending or tensile loading using
notched or unnotched specimens or as impact failure energy at biaxial impact loading of plates and films
(for the last ones see Chapter 4.4, Impact Loading). Different standardized test arrangements such as
the Charpy ( Chapter 4.4.1, Charpy Impact Strength), Izod ( Chapter 4.4.2, Izod Impact Strength)
or Dynstat test ( Chapter 4.4.3, Dynstat Strength) at bending and the tensile impact test ( Chapter
4.4.5, Tensile-Impact Strength) can be applied to determine the (notched) impact strength experimentally. Independently of the experimental procedure used the (notched) impact strength is generally defined
as ratio of the work of fracture and the cross-sectional area (or its unnotched part) of the specimen. A
method approved in practice for analysing the tear resistance of films and rubber at quasi-static loading
conditions is the tearing test to be carried out using different (notched) specimens ( Chapter 4.1.2, Tear
Resistance). The tear resistance is determined from the loadelongation diagram measured as ratio of the
maximum load or the median of the load, respectively, and the specimen thickness.
However it has to be taken into account that the (notched) impact strength or the tear resistance as an
integral measure which does not enable neither separate assessment of load and deformation or individual
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work portions (elastic and plastic work of deformation, work of crack arrest/crack propagation) nor an
event-related characterisation of the fracture process (crack tip blunting, stable/unstable crack initiation
and propagation), are interfered with the influence of notch radius und specimen geometry. To overcome
these general restrictions by using conventional approaches of toughness, the toughness has to be analysed
from its engineering point of view as resistance against stable or unstable crack initiation or propagation,
or against arrest of a fast-running crack, respectively, using fracture mechanics approaches (linear-elastic,
elasticplastic or post-yield fracture mechanics, for example). Whether a growing crack is referred to as
being thermodynamically stable or unstable it depends on consumption (stable) or release (unstable) of
energy during crack propagation. As a result the maximum speed of stably growing cracks is less than
the external loading speed whereas that of unstably growing cracks is mostly much higher.
Due to fracture mechanics being a highly complex issue the fracture mechanics concepts to be applied
to polymers are only roughly overviewed in the following. For more information about theoretical and
experimental approaches utilised in fracture mechanics of polymer materials we refer the readers to text
books published or edited by Williams, Kausch and Grellmann/Seidler [84Wil, 87Kau, 01Gre, 13Gre]
and a compilation of the Technical Committee 4 (TC4): Polymers and Polymer Composites of the
European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) [01Moo].
Based on the simplest crack model introduced by Griffith in 1921, concepts of linear-elastic fracture
mechanics (LEFM), there are the stress intensity factor (K) and the (strain) energy release rate (G) concept,
have been developed for metals first and successfully adapted for polymers much later. These approaches
of LEFM, to be limited to brittle polymers only including some neat amorphous and a couple of very
highly filled or reinforced thermoplastics as well as numerous duromers, or generally to (very) low temperatures and/or high loading speeds otherwise, imply nearly linear-elastic deformation behaviour and a
plastic zone to be in size much smaller than that of the notch and the specimen. Therefore, an adequate
number of critical K and G values (fracture toughness values, i.e., the resistance against crack initiation)
are available in literature and compilations of data only for thermosets and high performance composites
( Chapter 5.2), to determine the stress cracking resistance ( Chapter 4.7) or at fatigue loading, mostly to
be limited to Mode I crack opening (tensile loading normal to the crack plane). Stress-determined K and
energy-determined G in their most generalised form are defined as
p a
K af
and
(2:3)
W
8 2
K
>
<
plane stress
E
G
2
2
>
: 1 :K plane strain;
E
(2:4)
respectively, where is the stress, a the crack length (notch depth), W the specimen width, E the elastic
modulus (see Chapter 2.1.1.3, Stiffness), the Poissons ratio and f(a/W) a geometry function depending
on shape and size of the specimen and the notch. Experimentally, toughness fracture can be determined by
standard procedures using well-defined specimens or in some cases if the polymer is very brittle by
impression of a hard indenter into the material (indentation fracture mechanics [07Lac]) (compare Chapter
2.1.1.5, Hardness).
The deformation characteristic of more ductile polymer materials at ambient temperatures like most
thermoplastics or all elastomers is highly non-linear, e.g., either mostly viscoelastic or entropy-elastic or
a combination of both. Compared to concepts of LEFM relatively rarely used for polymer materials different concepts of non-linear elastic fracture mechanics such as elasticplastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) or
post-yield fracture mechanics (PYFM) are somewhat widely applied, therefore. One of the most important
concepts of EPFM is the J integral concept. Notwithstanding the J integral is primarily defined to be valid
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for steady-state cracks only, experimental data of the J integral can be energetically interpreted as the
specific effective surface energy of newly created (virtual) fracture surfaces if the cracks are (imaginary)
growing. Hence J integral values can be experimentally determined from loaddisplacement diagrams by
1 U a
f
J
:
(2:5)
B a
W
where U is the work of deformation (area under the loaddisplacement diagram) and B the specimens
thickness. This energetic definition of J is comparable to that of G in the case of LEFM. EPFM is based
on the more advanced Dugdale crack model allowing a plastic zone size to be no longer small compared
to the size of the notch and the specimen. This crack model underlies the crack-tip opening displacement ,
a deformation-determined fracture mechanics parameter that can be easily interpreted from the geometrical point of view as the width of the blunted notch if loaded. Different standardised experimental
approaches of EPFM are available to determine the resistance against unstable crack initiation for more
brittle behaviour and to analyse the resistance against stable crack initiation and propagation for slowly
growing cracks. The last one is related to crack resistance (R) curves where loading parameters, i.e., fracture mechanics parameters such as J or , are plotted vs. the crack size such as the stable crack growth, for
example, in our case. The idea of R curves has been transferred to the essential work of fracture (EWF)
concept of post-yield fracture mechanics (PYFM) where fully yielding of the cross-sectional area occurs
before stable crack propagation ([01Moo], page 177195). The specific essential and non-essential work
of fracture of the EWF concept, determined at plane stress conditions, are analogous to fracture mechanics
parameters indicating the resistance against stable crack initiation and propagation from R curves of the
EPFM concept, at plane strain conditions ([04Lac] and references therein).
2.1.1.5 Hardness
Hardness has been generally defined by Martens in about 1900 as the resistance of a material able to counter the penetration of another harder material. Sometimes, also in polymer testing, the older definition of
hardness as a scratch resistance first introduced by Mohs in 1820 is used. The scratch resistance to be determined in the form of the scratch hardness applying depth-sensing approaches or the Buchholz hardness, for
example, is used for characterising (1) elastic and plastic deformations, (2) adhesive failure and crack formation, (3) abrasion and (4) recovery of strains and residual stresses of paintings, coatings or surface
modification etc.
The hardness testing methods that are based on the definition given by Martens, to be useful for polymer materials, can be split into quasi-static methods mostly used on the laboratory scale and dynamic
methods to be applied for parts and semi-finished products (Fig. 2.3). By applying the more common
quasi-static methods, where hardness values are often determined as the ratio of the load applied and
the size of the impression (length or diameter of the impression, area or projected area of the impression,
indentation depth etc.), plane-parallel plate-like samples of sufficient thickness and size have to be mostly
taken into account without any need of difficult specimen preparation. By measuring the hardness values
after unloading some scales (R, L, M, E and K) of Rockwell hardness and particularly in the low-load and
micro range Vickers hardness are also utilised for polymer materials sometimes. However, the hardness
of polymers is generally measured under load due to the highly pronounced (viscoelastic polymers like
thermoplastics) or nearly complete (rubber) recovery of the hardness impression compared to metals or
ceramics, if unloading the specimen. Depending on the type of material a couple of approaches to be
mostly standardised are introduced in the last decades. Ones of the most important are the ball indentation
test for thermoplastics and duromers and Shore hardness testing for rubbers and soft thermoplastics. Other
methods are only little-known such as Barcol hardness testing for glass-fibre reinforced polymers, duromers and hard thermoplastics, and measuring the international rubber hardness degree (IRHD). Due to
very different shape of indenters (symmetric and asymmetric pyramids; pointed, blunt or truncated cones;
balls etc.) and the different procedures used, conventional hardness testing is at a disadvantage to generate
hardness parameters that can be only hardly convert into each other with a few exceptions.
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Fig. 2.3 Classification of selected methods of hardness testing depending on loading conditions.
Besides these methods to be limited to the determination of only one hardness parameter in each case,
depth-sensing testing machines allow recording of loadindentation depth diagrams of high information
content in the nano, micro and macro range of loading. These loadindentation depth diagrams form the
basis to analyse different hardness values (Martens hardness, indentation hardness, ball indentation hardness etc.) and the indentation modulus (see above) as well as time-dependent properties such as creep and
relaxation of polymers and other materials having a very different mechanical performance such as thermoplastics, duromers and elastomers.
Except the detailed information given in Chapter 4.8, Hardness more information about hardness
testing of polymer materials can be found in compilations of standards, i.e., VDI/VDE 2616 (Blatt 1 and
2), and in some text books, i.e., [13Gre] (page 183203) and [90Wei, 00Bal, 07Her], for example.
2.1.2 Long-Term Mechanical Properties
2.1.2.1 Long-Term Resistance
Under static loading conditions where either the stress or strain is keeping constant polymer materials
(especially thermoplastics) show non-linear viscoelastic deformation behaviour to appear as retardation
(creep) or relaxation. Long-term investigations to analyse creep or relaxation can be accomplished at flexural, indentation, or uniaxial tensile or compression loading as a function of time and loading level as well
as environmental conditions such as temperature, media etc. (see [13Gre], p. 171 183).
Due to creep experiments particularly at tensile loading are much easier to handle than stress relaxation
measurements long-term relaxation data of polymers are rarely available in literature and databases, therefore. Compared to tensile loading three- or four-point flexural loading to determine the long-term creep
and relaxation properties is often applied especially in case of thermosets, brittle thermoplastic and
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highly-reinforced thermoplastics using glass, carbon or mineral fibers. Alternatively, compression loading
is used characterising the long-term properties of soft polymer materials such as foams or rubber.
For analysing the long-term retardation behaviour of polymers experimental data in form of creeptime
diagrams (t) must be provided by measuring the actual size of a specimen as a function of time at constant
load (Fig. 2.4). From a series of such creeptime diagrams obtained for the same material at the same temperature but for various loads creep diagrams (t) for constant strains and isochronous stressstrain diagrams can be constructed according to the procedure shown in chapter 4.6 "Long-term loading". The
points of final breakage of specimens in each (t) diagram assemble the creeprupture line B(t) of the
material investigated. Similarly to the "short-term" elastic modulus as defined in chapter 2.1.1.3 "Stiffness" the creep modulus Ec can be calculated as secant modulus by the quotient of applied stress level
and the time-dependent strain (for more information see chapter 4.6).
Fig. 2.4 Experimental procedure of (a) retardation (creep) and (b) relaxation tests.
Several accelerated long-term tests for assessing the stress-cracking resistance (ESC) to be less time
consuming than conventional creep tests were developed such as the full notch creep test (FNCT) as
one of the most important methods using notched specimens (an overview about accelerated methods is
given in Chapter 4.7, Stress Cracking Resistance). Moreover a couple of methods for components
or semi-finished products (such as plastic pipes) are available where the full-scale pipe test and small-scale
steady state test (S4 Test) are the most used ones.
However, the output of above methods is almost limited to the time to fracture (i.e., time to failure tf)
without considering the crack propagation kinetics. To overcome this registration of a single-parametric
description of the failure behaviour and to increase the information content by analysing the kinetics of
crack propagation fracture mechanics approaches such as the Pennsylvania edge-notch tensile test (PENT)
have to be applied. In a typical PENT, from the crack opening displacement (COD) determined as a function of time the COD rate can be calculated. Furthermore, other fracture mechanics parameters than the
COD have been taken into account such as the stress intensity factor (K) (equation 2.3) of linear-elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM) (see Brown et al. and Pinter [91Bro, 08Pin], for example) or the creep J integral J* of creep fracture mechanics. These parameters plotted in a K_a (see Fig. 4.181. in chapter 4.7) or
J*_a diagram, respectively, allow determining an onset value of stress-cracking resistance (ESC) (_a is the
crack speed).
2.1.2.2 Fatigue Resistance
Conventional tests such as the well-known Wohler test to analyse the fatigue resistance of polymers are
based on oscillating, mostly sinusoidal loading of a specimen at uniaxial tensile (or compression) or
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bending mode. Loading is characterised in the most important stress-controlled tests (strain-controlled
tests are only very rarely used) by the middle stress m and the stress amplitude a which have to be kept
constant up to final break of the specimen or interrupt the test at a very high number of loading cycles to
be 107. Introducing maximum and minimum stress, o and u, respectively, where m = 0.5(o + u) and
a = o u, the stress ratio, S = u/o, and the rest grade, R = m/o, can be determined. Because both o
and u can be set separately to be positive or negative or zero S is ranging from 1 to +1 and R from 0 to
+1. In a typical Wohler test several specimens are loaded with constant middle stress where the stress
amplitude is varied and the number of cycles until fracture, Nf, is recorded. The test can be repeated by
variation of the middle stress several times. By plotting a vs. Nf for a given middle stress a Wohler curve
(SN curve) is obtained from which the fatigue strength D can be determined as a (hypothetical) value of
stress at failure for exactly Nf cycles. As shown in Fig. 2.5 different regions of the SN curve can be distinguished from each other depending on the stress amplitude: "low cycle fatigue" at high plastic deformation to be approximated to the static strength as determined at quasi-static loading conditions (see Chapter
2.1.1, Short-Term Mechanical Properties), fatigue life where D is proportional to Nf in the doublelogarithmic scale and "very high cycle fatigue" related to the minimum stress amplitudes to be needed
for specimens break. For polymers the existence of a plateau-like "very high cycle fatigue" region is a
controversial issue due to the SN curves are still decreasing for very high Nf values. For more information
about conventional fatigue tests see Chapter 4.5, Fatigue Loading and [13Gre] (page 161 171).
Fig. 2.5 Generalised Wohler curve
Similarly to Chapter 2.1.2.1, Long-Term Resistance fracture mechanics approaches gives additional
information compared to the conventional highly time-consuming and only one-parametric Wohler test. In
a typical fatigue fracture mechanics test such as the Cracked Round Bar (CRB) Test, for example, cyclical
component K of the stress intensity factor (like the stress amplitude a in the Wohler test) related to the
crack propagation rate da/dN are plotted as shown in Fig. 2.6 schematically. At the onset of the Kda/dN
diagrams K values K0 were determined as a measure of the resistance against subcritical crack growth.
The slow stable crack growth region is characterised by log da/dN ~ log K.
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10
Fig. 2.6 Crack propagation rate as a

function of cyclical component of the
stress intensity factor at fatigue
conditions for thermoplastic
polymers, K0 onset value of crack
propagation, Kc fracture toughness
at quasi-static loading conditions; C
and m material parameters.
The readers to be interested in further information about the fatigue resistance of polymers including
their crack propagation characteristics are referred to the textbooks of Hertzberg/Manson, Williams, Lang
and Pinter [80Her, 84Wil, 84Lan, 08Pin], for example.
2.1.3 Other Properties
Beside the mechanical properties the thermal properties such as the thermal expansion (Chapter 2.1.3.1)
and the heat distortion resistance (Chapter 2.1.3.2) are secondly important for application of polymer
materials.
2.1.3.1 Thermal expansion
As the temperature is increasing the size (i.e., the length L or volume V) of a solid body is generally
increasing, also in the case of polymers, which is called thermal expansion. A measure of this phenomenon
is the coefficient of thermal expansion, either in the form of volumetric coefficient at constant pressure or
linear coefficient of thermal expansion to be defined as = 1/V0V/T and = 1/L0L/T where V/T
and L/T are the rates of change of the volume or linear dimension, respectively (V0 and L0 are primary
sizes of this specimen before thermal loading). More information is given in Chapter 3.1, Coefficient of
Expansion and [13Gre] (p. 300 303).
2.1.3.2 Heat distortion resistance
The heat distortion resistance of polymer materials can be determined by well-defined penetration (i.e.,
1 mm) of a standardised indentation tip into the specimens surface or by three-point bending of a beam-like
specimen applying well-defined load levels, respectively. The first method where different heating rates and
load levels can be applied outputs the Vicat softening temperature (VST) TST whereas the second method
using a constant heating rate results in the heat distortion temperature (HDT) THD to be the temperature at
which the strain in the outer fibre is equal to 0.2 %. The major disadvantage of the methods being used to
determine the heat distortion resistance is that VST and HDT are not comparable due to the different loading
conditions of the underlying experimental procedures (for more information see Chapter 3.3, Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperature and [13Gre], p. 565 573).
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11
2.2 System Properties

2.2.1 Stress Cracking Resistance
Exposing polymers to surface active environments often results in decreasing mechanical properties and
lifetime compared to the behaviour in dry air as it has been shown in detail in the well-known textbook
published by Ehrenstein and Pongratz [07Ehr]. The resistance against stress cracking (sometimes also
called stress corrosion cracking) as one the most important mechanical properties in this regard can be analysed using different methods to be split in such ones where the time to fracture is measured and such ones
where the maximum load or strain is determined to the point where no cracks are visible. The constant tensile load method incl. the full notch creep test (FNCT), the constant tensile deformation method, the slow
strain rate test method and the Pennsylvania edge-notch tensile test (PENT) belong to the first group of
methods and the bent strip method (using unnotched samples; incl. bell telephone test using notched samples) and the ball or pin impression test to the second one. Compared to these methods
the fracture mechanics method based on linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is generally applied
where the Ka_ diagram (see Fig. 4.181. in Chapter 4.7) allows determining of an onset value (such as
KIscc) of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) if exposure the specimens in surface active environments
(K stress intensity factor, a_ crack speed). Further information about stress cracking resistance of polymers can be found in Chapter 4.7 and in the textbook of Grellmann/Seidler (see [13Gre], p. 385 430).
2.2.2 Friction Coefficient
Friction as another system property to be the load resisting the relative lateral motion of solid polymer surfaces sliding against each other with or without a fluid layer in between is related to dry or lubricated friction. The coefficients of friction are dimensionless values which describe the ratio of the load of friction
between two bodies where at least one is composted of a polymer material in our case and the load pressing them together. Accordingly to the two types of dry friction one has to distinguish between the static
friction coefficient S between non-moving surfaces and the kinetic friction coefficient K between moving
surfaces. Due to using soft semicrystalline (such as polyamide, polyethylene or polytretrafluoroethylene,
for example) or high-performance thermoplastics as parts of movable machine elements or implants (such
as bearing or gears with friction partners polymermetal, polymerceramics or polymerpolymer) mostly
without lubrication the kinetic friction coefficient K = FF/FN is the most important friction parameter
where FF and FN are the frictional and normal force, respectively. The readers gaining deeper insight into
the matter of subject are advised to have a look at [13Gre] (p. 203 231). In Table 2.1 some data of kinetic
friction coefficient for polymers are summarized.
Table 2.1 Kinetic friction coefficient K of polymers (counter part: ice (+), silica glass (++) or
steel (elsewhere), p contact pressure, v speed of relative lateral motion, Ra counterface roughness
(# substrate roughness), * applied normal load in N, RT room temperature.
Material
PA6
neat
with wax
Ra
[m]
p
[MPa]
v
[m s1]
T
[ C]
Ref.
1.0
0.03
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
4.0*
0.1
23
83Fei
20 35
(2.5 42) 103
21
0.45
0.52
0.067
0.102
0.048
0.103
09Qua
(continued)
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12
Material
PA66
neat
with MoS2
Ra
[m]
p
[MPa]
v
[m s1]
T
[ C]
Ref.
1.0
0.03
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
4.0*
0.1
23
83Fei
20 35
(2.5 42) 103
21
0.48
0.57
0.067
0.135
> 0.170
09Qua
PBT
1.0
4.0*
0.1
23
0.33
83Fei
PC
19.6*
0.048
19.1
0.28
01Lee
PCTFE
0.03
4.0*
0.1
23
0.34
83Fei
0.161
0.161
-
1.0
6.25
6.25
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0508
0.0508
1.0
1.0
RT
RT
22
223
0.42
0.36
0.11 0.14
0.25 0.37
0.07 0.22
94Lu
06Bur
06Bur
94Lu
91Fri
0 1.2
1.0
0.03
-
1.4
2.5*
4.0*
1.0
2.5 103
0.1
RT
23
85Tan
10Pet
83Fei
1.0
10.0*
0.125
RT
0.20 0.33
0.21
0.19
0.38
0.21 0.32
PEEK
neat
with 5 70 wt.-% PTFE
with 5 96 vol.-% PTFE
with CF, PTFE and graphite
(each 10 wt.-%)
PE-HD
unaged
++
aged in synthetic
sea water
aged in distilled
water with
7 25 wt-% MoS2
09Gue
0.20 0.31
0.20 0.31
0.20 0.25
2.5*
2.5 103
RT
PE-LLD
neat
erucamide surface
concentration:
0.05 2.23 g cm1
PET
1.0
0.03
4.0*
0.1
23
0.24
0.35
83Fei
PET/PTFE
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
20 30
(2.5 42) 103
21
0.087
0.101
0.042
0.061
09Qua
10Pet
05Ram
1.02
0.17 0.85
20 35
(continued)
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13
Material
Ra
[m]
p
[MPa]
v
[m s1]
T
[ C]
Ref.
PE-UHMW
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
-
20 35
(2.542) 103
21
09Qua
7.9 103 1.96
25
1.5
7
1.5
0.039
0.066
0.013
0.046
0.04 0.12
12Sta
0.76
1.3#
PMMA +
0.79 1.96
25
1.5
0.07 0.13
12Sta
POM
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
1.0
0.03
20 35
(2.5 42) 103
21
0.053
0.077
> 0.091
09Qua
4.0*
0.1
23
0.49
0.76
83Fei
PS
2.5 104
20
0.34
06Mor
PTFE
1.0
(0.17 1.7)
107
0.0508
0.1
23
70
RT
23
20 35
(2.5 42) 103
21
0.79 1.96
25
1.5
0.20
0.02
0.335
0.04
0.13
0.24
0.19
0.022
0.053
0.008
0.021
0.03 0.12
94Lu
75Mit
0.161
1.0
0.03
0.1
0.2
0.02
0.08
-
1.0
0.62
6.2
6.25
4.0*
SRP
2.5 104
20
0.04 0.09
0.08
04Wal
06Bur
83Fei
09Qua
12Sta
06Mor
Standards Chapter 2
VDI/VDE 2616
Blatt 1 (2012)
VDI/VDE 2616
Blatt 2 (2012)
ISO/DIS 14577-1
(2012)
Landolt-Bornstein
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Hardness testing of metallic materials

Hardness testing of plastics and elastomers
Metallic materials Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials
parameters Part 1: Test method
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_5
14
References Chapter 2
75Mit
80Fer
80Her
93Fei
84Lan
84Nie
84Wil
85Tan
87Kau
90Wei
91Bro
91Fri
94Lu
99Bro
99Swa
00Bal
01Gre
01Lee
01Moo
02Bro
03Ehr
04Adh
04Lac
04Wal
Mittmann, H. U., Czichos, H.: Reibungsmessungen und Oberflachenuntersuchungen an Kunststoff-Metall-Gleitpaarungen. Materialprufung 17 (1975) 366372.
Ferry, J. D.: Viscoelastic properties of polymers. Third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1980.
Hertzberg, R. W., Manson, J. A.: Fatigue of engineering plastics. Academic Press, New York,
1980.
Feinle, P.: Tribologische Untersuchungen an unverstarkten und glasfaserverstarkten Kunststoffen.
Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung (BAM) 13 (1983) Nr. 2, 156162.
Lang, R. W.: Applicability and limitations of linear elastic fracture mechanics to fatigue in polymers and short-fiber composites. PhD thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem/USA, 1984.
Nielsen, L. E., Landel, R. F.: Mechanical properties of polymer and composites. Second edition,
Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.
Williams, J. G.: Fracture mechanics of polymers. Ellis Horwood Series in Engineering Science,
Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1984.
Tanaka, K., Nagai, T.: Effects of counterface roughness on the friction and wear of polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene. In: Ludema, K. C. (ed.): Wear of Materials 1985. ASME
(1985) 397404.
Kausch, H. H.: Polymer fracture. Second edition, Polymers Property and application Series,
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1987.
Weiler, W.: Harteprufung an Metallen und Kunststoffen. Second edition, Expert, Ehringen bei
Boblingen, 1990.
Brown, N., Lu, X., Huang, Y.-L., Qian, R.: Slow crack growth in polyethylene A review.
Macromol. Symp. 41 (1991) 5567.
Friedrich, K., Karger-Kocsis, J.: Effects of steel conterface roughness and temperature on the
friction and wear of PE(E)K composites under dry sliding conditions. Wear 148 (1991) 235247.
Lu, Z.: Geschmierte Hochtemperatur-Verbundwerkstoffe fur Anwendungen als Gleitelemente.
In: Deutsche Hochschulschriften No. 527, Hansel-Hohenhausen Verlag, Engelbach, 1994.
Brown, R. (ed.): Handbook of polymer testing: Physical methods. Marcel Dekker, New York
Basel, 1999.
Swallow, G. M. (ed.): Mechanical properties and testing of polymers. An AZ reference. Kluwer
Academic Publ., Dortrecht Boston London, 1999.
Balta Calleja, F. J., Fakirow, S.: Microhardness of polymers. Cambridge Solid State Science
Series, University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (eds.): Deformation and fracture behaviour of polymers. Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.
Lee, J. H., Xu, G. H., Liang, H.: Experimental and numerical analysis of friction and wear behavior of polycarbonate. Wear 251 (2001) 15411556.
Moore, D. R., Pavan, A., Williams, J. G. (eds.): Fracture mechanics testing methods for polymers. ESIS publication 28, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.
Brown, R. (ed.): Handbook of polymer testing: Short-term mechanical tests. Rapra Technology,
Shawbury, 2002.
Ehrenstein, G. W., Riedel, G., Trawiel, P.: Praxis der Thermischen Analyse von Kunststoffen.
Second edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2003.
Adhikari, R., Buschnakowki, M., Henning, S., Huy, T. A., Godehardt, R., Michler, G. H., Lach,
R., Geiger, K., Knoll, K.: Double yielding in a styrene/butadiene star block copolymer. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25 (2004) 653658.
Lach, R., Weidisch, R., Janke, A., Knoll, K.: Influence of domain size on toughness of poly (styrene-b-butadiene) star block copolymer/polystyrene blends. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 25
(2004) 20192024.
Walker, J. S.: Physics. Second edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey (2004) 139.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_5
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
05Ram
06Bur
06Mor
07Ehr
07Her
07Lac
08Pin
09Gue
09Qua
10Pet
12Sta
13Gre
15
Ramirez, M. X., Walters, K. B., Hirt, D. E.: Relationship between erucamide surface concentration and coefficient of friction of LLDPE film. J. Vinyl Additive Technol. 11 (2005) 912.
Burris, D. L., Sawyer, W. G.: A low friction and ultra low wear rate PEEK/PTFE composite.
Wear 261 (2006) 410418.
Morgan, S. E., Misra, R., Jones, P.: Nanomechanical and surface frictional characteristics of a
copolymer based on benzoyl-1,4-phenylene and 1,3-phenylene. Polymer 47 (2006) 28652873.
Ehrenstein, G. W., Pongratz, S.: Bestandigkeit von Kunststoffen. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
2007.
Herrmann, K. (co-authors: Polzin, T., Kompatscher, M., Ullner, C., Wehrstedt, A.):
berblick zu modernen Verfahren.
Harteprufung an Metallen und Kunststoffen: Grundlagen und U
Expert, Ehringen bei Boblingen, 2007.
Lach, R., Gyurova, L. A., Grellmann, W.: Application of indentation fracture mechanics approach
for determination of fracture toughness of brittle polymer systems. Polym. Test. 26 (2007) 5159.
Pinter, G.: Slow crack growth in PE-HD under static and cyclic loads. Habilitation thesis,
Montanuniversitat Leoben, 2008.
Guermazi, N., Elleuch, K., Ayedi, H. F., Fridrici, V. Kapsa, P.: Tribological behaviour of pipe
coating in dry sliding contact with steel. Mater. Design 30 (2009) 30943104.
Quaglini, V., Dubini, P., Ferroni, D., Poggi, C.: Influence of counterface roughness on friction properties of engineering plastics for bearing applications. Materials Design 30 (2009) 16501658.
Pettarin, V., Churruca, M. J., Felhos, D., Karger-Kocsis, J., Frontini, P. M.: Changes in tribological performance of high molecular weight high density polyethylene induced by the addition of
molybdenum disulphide particles. Wear 269 (2010) 3145.
Stamboulides, C., Englezos, P., Hatzikiriakos, S. G.: The ice friction of polymeric substrates.
Tribology Int. 55 (2012) 5967.
Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (eds.): Polymer testing. Second edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_5
Coefficient of expansion - introduction

V.-M. Archodoulaki, S. Seidler
3 Thermomechanical Properties
3.1 Coefficient of Expansion
Materials typically expand when heated. The expansion is characterized by the linear or volumetric thermal expansion coefficient. The three primary types of materials expand differently. Polymers expand more
than metals, and metals expand more than ceramics. For many materials thermal expansion is related to the
melting temperature of the material, also a relation between the thermal expansion coefficient of polymers
and their elastic modulus is given.
Although the linear thermal expansion coefficient is a function of temperature, it is often considered
constant within typical design and processing conditions.
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion a (in the literature also called CTE or a1) describes the
extent to which a material expands upon heating, and gives the length change L1 or volume change V1
of a body by increasing the temperature at 1 K. The physical unit of this material parameter is K1.
In a limited temperature interval the resulting length change is given in the following equation
(Eq. 3.1):
L1 L0 aL0 T 1 T 0
(3:1)
and for the three-dimensional expansion (Eq. 3.2):

V 1 V 0 bV 0 T 1 T 0
(3:2)
Whereas for the isotropic body the following expression is valid:

b 3a
(3:3)
However, since the coefficients a and b are temperature dependent, non-linear dependencies according to
Eq. 3.4 are to be expected.

1 @L
1 @V
a
and b
(3:4)
L0 @T p
V 0 @T p
Non-linearity is a consequence of the local motion of small groups of molecules taking place with
increasing temperature (so called secondary relaxation) and so called primary relaxations in which
cooper-ative motion of entire molecule segments takes place.
Preferably, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is used to determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient of polymers according to ISO 11359. TMA uses a constant applied load (0.1 g to 5 g) and cylindrical or rectangular specimens with plane-parallel surfaces. The test is conducted with a low heating rate.
An average or a differential coefficient of thermal expansion can be obtained, according to Eq. 3.5 and
Eq. 3.6.
a T
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New Series VIII/6A3
1 L2 L1
1 DL
L0 T 2 T 1 L0 DT
(3:5)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_6
a T
1 dL
L0 dT
(3:6)
With:
L0 reference length at room temperature T0 in the axis of measurement
L change in length of the test specimen between two emperatures T1 and T2
T change in temperature, equal to T2 T1
By replacing the term length L by volume V in the Eq. 3.5 and Eq. 3.6, the coefficient of volumetric
thermal expansion can be obtained.
According to DIN 53752, a quartz tube dilatometer measures the length change in a temperature range
by heating in a furnace and the average thermal expansion coefficient can be determined (Eq. 3.7). The
length change is measured by means of dial gauge or an inductive extensometer.
a T 1 , T 2
1 L2 L1
1 DLth
L0 T 2 T 1 L0 DT
(3:7)
Linear thermal expansion testing helps to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur in products and
materials. Precise knowledge of the CTE can be utilized to estimate the thermal stresses. This aspect makes
CTE to an important property of the used fiber for composite materials. A rule of mixtures is sufficient for
calculating the CTE of polymers filled with powder or short fibers. In case of long fibers, the rule of mixtures is valid perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers. Molecular orientation affects the thermal expansion of
polymers. Processing also affects CTE, for semicrystalline polymers this fact is very important. For that
reason, CTE measurements are often used to predict shrinkage in injection moulded parts.
The following Tables show a summary of available data of coefficient of linear thermal expansion for
different thermoplastics, elastomers and resins. Additional, the coefficient of thermal expansion of different materials measured at different temperatures is given in Table 3.4.
Standards Chapter 3.1 - Introduction
DIN 53752
(1980)
ISO 11359
(1999)
Testing of plastics Determination of linear thermal expansion (Intended

cancellation without replacement to 2013-12)
Plastics Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) Part 2: Determination of coefficient
of linear thermal expansion and glass transition temperature
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_6
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Coefficient of expansion - application


The fracture toughness of thermosets and high performance composites has been very often determined for
neat and modified epoxy resins as well as high performance polymers using the stress-determined parameter KIc (fracture toughness, see Table 5.15) and the energy-determined parameters GIc or JIc (critical
energy release rate or J value, see Table 5.16) at quasi-static loading conditions (loading speed: ~0.01
1000 mm min 1) but only rarely at impact loading conditions (loading speed: ~0.5 4.0 m s 1) (see
Table 5.18 and 5.19). Furthermore, some data are available characterising the resistance against stable
crack initiation (Ji or we) of high performance polymers by application of the crack resistance curve
approach (critical J value Ji) or the essential work of fracture (EWF) approach (specific essential work
of fracture we) ( Table 5.17). However, most of the related measurements were limited to room temperature (i.e. ~20 25 C); also in cases where no temperatures are available in the literature it can be assumed
that the fracture experiments were executed at room temperature. Disregarding that thermosets and high
performance composites are often used as engineering materials for low and/or high-temperature applications, data of the toughness spanning a broad range of temperature (~ 196 250 C) are only little available.
Few types of composites such as laminates and polymer concretes in which the non-polymer component predominates the polymeric one are not included in the following collections of data. This is partly
also due to that interfacial fracture mechanics approaches being often used to analyse the crack propagation performance of such composites adequately are not subject of this chapter.
ASTM D 5045-99e1
(2007)
ASTM D 6068-10
(2010)
BS 7991 (2001)
ESIS TC 4 (2000)
ESIS TC 4 (2000)
ESIS TC 4 (2000)
ESIS TC 4 (1995)
ISO 13586 (2000)
ISO 13586 AMD 1
(2003)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Standard test methods for plane-strain fracture toughness and strain energy
release rate of plastic materials
Standard test method for determining J-R curves of plastic materials
Determination of the mode I adhesive fracture energy, GIc, of structural
adhesives using the double cantilever beam (DCB) and tapered double
cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens
Essential work of fracture (EWF)
Determination of fracture toughness (GIc & KIc) of plastics at loading rates
greater than 1 m/s (1 30 m/s)
J-crack growth resistance curve tests for plastics under impact conditions
Protocol for interlaminar fracture testing of composites (mode I DCB
ISO 15 024 and mode II ELS ESIS TC4)
Plastics Determination of fracture toughness (GIc and KIc) Linear elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM)
Plastics Determination of fracture toughness (GIc and KIc); Linear elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach Amendment 1: Guidelines for the
testing of injection-moulded plastics containing discontinuous reinforcing
fibres
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_7
2
ISO 17281 (2002)
MPK-ICIT (2012)
ASTM D 5528-01e3
(2007)
ASTM E 1922-04e1
(2010)
ISO 15024 (2001)
JIS K 7086 (1993)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_7

Plastics Determination of fracture toughness (GIc and KIc) at moderately high
loading rates (1 m s 1)
Testing of Plastics Instrumented Charpy impact test; Procedure for
determining the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented impact test;
Part I: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for
resistance against unstable crack propagation; Part II: Determination of
characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against stable crack
propagation
Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of
unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites
Standard test method for translaminar fracture toughness of laminated and
pultruded polymer matrix composite materials
Fibre-reinforced plastic composites Determination of mode I interlaminar
fracture toughness, GIc, for unidirectionally reinforced materials
Testing methods for interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced
plastics
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Coefficient of expansion - data

The following Figures 5.85.10 contain further results of instrumented tensile-impact tests with the aim of
determining the fracture resistance of elastomeric materials. In Figure 5.8, Jd values of SBR/BR blends
reinforced with various fillers and various filler contents are summarized.
Fig. 5.8 Fracture resistance Jd of fillerreinforced SBR/BR blends as a function

of the macro dispersion index DI; DI was
determined by a light-microscopic
investigation and is a measure for the
number of filler agglomerates being
larger than 35 mm.
Both, the filler content and the filler type influence the dispersion of the filler within the polymeric
matrix. Usually, low filler content and fillers with low activity are considered to be factors being responsible for bad filler dispersion. The better the dispersion the higher is the dispersion index DI and the better
the mechanical properties should be. However, similar to the tear resistance (see Chapter 4.1.2), also the
fracture resistance Jd is independent of the dispersion index DI for these polymerfiller combinations.
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Fig. 5.9 Fracture resistance Jd of fillerreinforced NR vulcanizates as a function

of the mixing time tM for different mixing
temperatures.
Figure 5.9 shows Jd values of filler-reinforced NR vulcanizates. Here, the influence of the mixing conditions (temperature and time) was investigated. As it can be seen, a higher mixing temperature leads to a
higher fracture resistance when the mixing process is longer than 60 min. Within the technical more interesting range of the mixing time up to 50 min, the mixing temperature has no influence on Jd.
Under practical aspects and by considering the viscoelasticity of polymeric materials, the testing conditions such as loading time (speed) and temperature are of special interest. The following Figs. 5.10 and
5.11 demonstrate the influence of the pendulum hammer speed and the testing temperature by using fillerreinforced EPDM and SBR vulcanizates, respectively.
Fig. 5.10 Fracture resistance Jd of

carbon-black filled EPDM
vulcanizates as a function of the test
temperature.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_8
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Fig. 5.11 Fracture resistance Jd of

carbon-black-reinforced SBR
vulcanizates in dependence on the
pendulum hammer speed vH.
As it could be expected, the temperature has a much more pronounced influence than the testing speed
in the range of impact loading. The glass transition temperature Tg of the EPDM materials is between 60
and 50 C. For all filler contents, the fracture resistance of these elastomers decreases continuously with
rising temperature. Furthermore, within the application area of such materials, an increasing fracture resistance with increasing filler content at one temperature was found. Also for the investigated SBR vulcanizates, the fracture resistance is generally higher with higher filler content (see Fig. 5.10). However,
independent of the testing speed, with 40 phr CB, the Jd values are larger than that of the comparable compound with 60 phr filler. The influence of the testing speed is different for the materials. With 20 phr CB, a
constant Jd level was obtained in the investigated testing-speed range. For CB contents of 40 and 60 phr,
with the smallest vH, a higher fracture resistance seems to be existent. Furthermore, at 3.2 m s 1, a local
maximum was obtained.
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_8
Viscoelastic Properties - introduction

3.2 Viscoelastic Properties

One of the most characteristic features of polymer materials is the time dependence of the mechanical
properties. For the experimental determination of time dependent mechanical properties in short-term,
dynamic test methods (widely used with oscillating loading) are used.
The mechanical spectroscopy is therefore primarily orientated to investigations involving small loads
where no irreversible structural changes in the materials occur and the linear viscoelasticity theory is valid.
Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) is a versatile method for measuring viscoelastic values over a
wide frequency range; commonly the modulus of elasticity and the damping values are determined. Moreover the testing method is used to investigate material behaviour as a function of temperature (e.g. for
determine the glass transition temperature).
Polymers exhibit viscoelastic behaviour and due to their internal energy losses the phase angle between
the applied stress and the resulting strain is between 0 and 90. This phase angle is commonly refereed as
delta (d).
tt t0 cos ot
(3:8)
gt g0 cos ot d
(3:9)
gt g0 ejotd
(3:10)
or
The complex response of the material is resolved into the elastic or storage modulus (G0 ) and the viscous or
loss modulus (G00 ) if the deformation is in shear mode. If the deformation is in the tensile or flexural mode
the E0 and E00 are used.
For the complex shear modulus the following formulation is valid:
G
tt
t0 ejot
t0
0
00
cos d j sin d G jG
gt g0 ejotd g0
(3:11)
The mechanical damping is given through

d tan d G0 =G00
(3:12)
with
G0 storage modulus
G00 loss modulus
By applying free damped vibrations in torsion pendulum testing the mechanical vibration damping can
be expressed in terms of the logarithmical decrement L which can be expressed as the ratio of two sequent
amplitudes according to equation 3.13.
L ln An =An1
(3:13)
with
An amplitude of the oscillation n
An+1 amplitude of the oscillation n + 1
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The internal energy losses which cause the mechanical damping can be expressed as follows:
d
L=p
L

2
2
p
1 L =4p
(3:14)
A various number of procedures are available for performing DMA experiments. They differ on the type of
vibrational excitation (forced vibrations, free damped vibrations and resonant vibrations).
Also the achievable frequency range and type of mechanical loading are different. The valid standard
for the test is the ISO 6721: Plastics Determination of dynamical-mechanical properties. Also valid is
ASTM D 4065: Standard practice for plastics dynamic mechanical properties.
Forced vibrations:
The specimens are subjected to sinusoidal alternative mechanical loading at constant frequency and
amplitude. Presupposition linear-viscoelastic behaviour, steady state changes of stress and deformation
with time, exhibit the same frequency but varying phase positions. Considering the phase shift delta
between stress and strain the so called storage modulus E (energy storable during the oscillation period)
the loss modulus E (energy dissipated during the oscillation period) and the loss factor tan delta (ratio of
loss and storage moduli) can be calculated. Depending on the sample, investigations can be performed by
means of common types of deformation, i.e. 3-point bending, single and dual cantilever bending, compression/penetration, shearing and tension. Commercial devices have a range of approx. 102 Hz up to 102 Hz.
Free damped vibrations:
When specimen is deflected from its equilibrium state by pulsed deformation, it returns to its state of
equilibrium in free damped vibrations. The natural frequency of vibration, as well as the decrease of vibration amplitude with time, depends on the viscoelastic properties of the material. The principle of free
damped vibrations has its practical application in torsion pendulum testing according to ISO 6721-2.
The storage modulus G, the loss modulus G and the loss factor tan d can be determined at frequency
ranges from 101 Hz to 10 Hz.
Forced resonant oscillation:
A prismatic rod as specimen can be used in different procedures for determining the complex modulus
by the flexural vibration-resonance-curve method (ISO 6721-3). Using a frequency synthesizer, the frequency can be varied over a range from approx. 101 Hz to 103 Hz. E and tan d can be calculated.
Standards Chapter 3.2 - Text
ISO 6721
ASTM D 4065
(2012)
Plastics Determination of dynamic mechanical properties

Part 1 (2011): General principles
Part 2 (2008): Torsion-pendulum method
Part 3 (1994): Flexural vibration Resonance curve method; (Technical corrigendum TC 1: 1995)
Part 4 (2008): Tensile vibration Non-resonance method
Part 5 (1996): Flexural vibration Non-resonance method; (AMD 1: 2007)
Standard practice for plastics Dynamic mechanical properties: Determination and
report of procedures
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_9
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Viscoelastic Properties - application

The changes in the viscoelastic properties, presented in Fig. 3.2, show the most significant relaxation process: the glass transition also called primary relaxation or alpha process, related to the activation of microBrownian motion. Secondary relaxation processes (beta, gamma process) are related to the molecular
motion of substituent, side chains and short main-chain segments. These can be reflected in the E and
tan d curves, and have little influence on the storage modulus E of the material. After passing the glass
transition region, entropy elasticity dominates the mechanical behaviour of the materials in the rubberelastic plateau. The flow region is dominated by the viscous properties of the material. As a result of such
a measurement in three point-bending modus, at 1 Hz frequency, Fig. 3.2 shows the temperature dependence of storage modulus E, loss modulus E and tan d for PE-UHMW.
Glassy state, glass transition and rubber-elastic plateau can be clearly distinguished. The dynamic glass
transition temperature Tg as an important engineering parameter can be determined by the maximum of E
and tan d.
Fig. 3.2 DMA plot of a PE-UHMW specimen; alpha and beta relaxation are given [unpbl].
The influence of the specimen thickness on the E values can be seen in Fig. 3.3. Thinner specimen
show slightly higher E values. In order to obtain reliable results from e.g. injection moulded specimen
(which have normally a 4 mm thickness) the specimen thickness with 4 mm is a feasible compromise.
Modern instruments allow to measure in a so called multi-frequency modus. The influence of frequency is demonstrated with the example of a PP homopolymer. With increasing frequency, the Tg is
shifted to a higher temperature and higher E values are obtained (multi-frequency measurement in the
3-point-bending at 3 K min 1). The influence of the test frequency used on the results can be seen in
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_10
Fig. 3.4. With a multi-frequency measurement, frequencies beyond the measurable range of the DMA can
be achieved by using the superposition method. Employing the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation,
and with a treatment of the data, designated as the method of reduced variables or timetemperature superposition (TTS) it is possible to overcome the difficulty of extrapolating limited laboratory tests at shorter
times to longer-term, more real world conditions. The underlying bases for TTS are that the processes
involved in molecular relaxation or rearrangements in viscoelastic materials occur at accelerated rates at
higher temperatures and that there is a direct equivalency between time (the frequency of the measurement) and temperature.
Fig. 3.3 DMA plot of a PC specimen; influence of the specimen thickness [unpbl].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_10
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Fig. 3.4 DMA plot (multi-frequency) on PP, sample thickness 4 mm, 3-point-bending [unpbl].
The following Tables show a summary of available data. In Table 3.5, unpublished data are given,
Table 3.6 and Table 3.7 show data from the literature.
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_10
Viscoelastic Properties - data

Table 3.5 Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis data of materials [unpbl].

Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
PAR
PC
1.2 (300 C/1.2 kg) = 10
PC
1.2 (300 C/1.2 kg) = 10
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
TC
30
23
100
2292
2068
1582
0.024
0.012
0.020
30
23
100
0.015
0.013
0.016
0.008
0.014
157
163
157
162
30
23
100
2240
1923
1724
2160
1813
PE-HD
bimodal
0.951 (190 C/5 kg) = 0.3
30
23
100
2906
1680
0.039
0.093
124
120
PE-LLD
0.923 (190 C/2.16 kg) = 0.2
30
23
100
1266
394
0.097
0.138
132
120
PE-MD
0.942 (190 C/2.16 kg) = 0.2
30
23
100
2538
1222
0.049
0.107
125
120
30
23
100
1832
1166
240
0.050
0.070
0.231
123
119
30
23
100
4490
2025
466
0.065
0.083
0.111
PE-UHMW
PP-H
0.910 (230 C/2.16 kg) = 25
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
TC
PP-H
0.905 (230 C/2.16 kg) = 8
PP-C
0.904 (230 C/2.16 kg) = 45
59
20
56
2
PP-C
0.906 (230 C/2.16 kg) = 80
0.065
0.072
0.110
0.065
0.076
0.116
0.076
0.078
0.123
0.074
0.064
0.905 (230 C/2.16 kg) = 2.8
4902
2472
627
4860
2320
601
3438
1511
401
3273
1548
PP-H
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
60
20
58
8
POM-H
1.42 (190 C/2.16 kg) = 15
0.042
0.023
0.089
0.040
0.026
0.089
64
1.42 MVR (190 C/2.16 kg) =

8 cm3/10 min
3850
3125
1274
3506
2713
1088
70
POM-C
30
23
100
30
23
100
67
64
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
1504
1
1
1704
4
3
2017
13
6
2211
52
13
0.019
0.165
0.012
0.021
0.168
0.045
0.014
0.247
0.123
0.013
0.232
0.204
12
12
11
10
L-SBR
L-SBR + CB
20 wt.-%
L-SBR + CB
40 wt.-%
L-SBR + CB
60 wt.-%
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
NR
NR + CB
20 wt.-%
NR + CB
40 wt.-%
NR + CB
60 wt.-%
EPDM
EPDM+CB
20 wt.-%
EPDM + CB
40 wt.-%
EPDM + CB
60 wt.-%
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
TC
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
2
1
2
6
4
4
28
12
8
94
40
15
0.339
0.018
0.002
0.312
0.051
0.042
0.227
0.162
0.136
0.173
0.189
0.183
58
52
57
52
56
51
57
53
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
4
2
3
11
6
5
53
22
12
122
44
20
0.440
0.064
0.029
0.299
0.083
0.067
0.217
0.139
0.171
0.169
0.159
0.271
50
43
47
42
48
43
47
44
TC (test conditions):
1. . . 3-point-bending, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, injection moulded specimen, specimen thickness 4 mm
2. . . 3-point-bending, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, compression moulded specimen, specimen
thickness 3 mm
3. . . 3-point-bending, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, ram-extruded specimen for medical applications, specimen thickness 4 mm
4. . . single cantilever, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, injection moulded specimen, specimen thickness 4 mm
5. . . single cantilever, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, injection moulded specimen, specimen thickness 2 mm
6. . . tension-lm, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, specimen thickness 0.04 mm
7. . . tension-lm, f =1 Hz, heating rate 2 K min 1, specimen thickness 2 mm
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Table 3.6 Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis data of thermoplastic materials [98Sep].

Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
ABS
1.04 (230 C/3.8 kg)

= 1.7
123
110
120
113
120
7778
7415
6435
1890
1768
731
0.029
0.030
0.113
0.021
0.025
0.132
0.009
0.013
0.075
0.040
0.035
0.103
112
1.04 (230 C/3.8 kg)

= 1.6
2562
2357
1554
ABS
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
69
113
78
117
2997
2741
1694
TC
ABS + GF
30 wt.-%
1.27
ABS/PA6
0.90 (260 C/5.0 kg)

= 7.0
COC
1.02
30
23
100
2896
2720
2326
0.009
0.011
0.023
148
159
169
PS-HI
1.04 (200 C/5.0 kg)

= 2.8
30
23
100
2038
1872
972
0.026
0.029
0.196
106
114
PA 12
amorphous
1.04
0.035
0.041
0.097
0.035
0.032
0.270
dry
1.04
1827
1714
1246
1975
1838
634
108
PA 12
amorphous
30
23
100
30
23
100
99
139
1%
moisture
content
PA 6 + GF
30 wt.-%
1.36 MVR
(275 C/5 kg)
= 50 cm3/10 min
30
23
100
7140
6901
3239
0.010
0.009
0.054
73
82
0.5 %
moisture
content
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
PA 612
1.06
0.026
0.028
0.079
0.009
0.012
0.036
80
1.45
2301
2190
516
10080
9682
5782
71
PA 612 +
GF 43 wt.-%
(lubricated)
30
23
100
30
23
100
71
76
0.35 wt.-%
moisture
content
PA 66
(lubricated)
1.14
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
3408
3078
730
2463
2061
469
8671
8317
4691
12170
11880
6883
0.037
0.032
0.096
0.037
0.033
0.108
0.011
0.010
0.049
0.006
0.006
0.080
66
78
0.5 wt.-%
moisture
content
66
79
0.5 wt.-%
moisture
content
77
87
0.4 wt.-%
moisture
content
91
97
0.3 wt.-%
moisture
content
30
23
100
30
23
100
2744
2424
418
7183
6842
3125
0.024
0.026
0.073
0.012
0.016
0.039
60
73
68
74
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
2739
2524
2148
2152
1971
1672
5310
5106
4816
0.025
0.014
0.022
0.019
0.020
0.027
0.012
0.009
0.011
152
158
157
162
154
159
PA 66
(impact
modified)
PA 66 +
GF 33 wt.-%
(lubricated)
1.39
PA66 / PA6I/X +
GF 50 wt.-%
1.56
PBT
1.31
PBT +
GF 30 wt.- %
1.53
PC
1.19 (300 C/1.2 kg)

= 11
PC
(impact
modified)
1.2 (300 C/1.2 kg)

= 18
PC +
GF 20 wt.-%
1.35
(300 C/1.2 kg) = 4.3
TC
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
PC/ABS
(brominated)
1.16 (240 C/5.0 kg)

= 7.0
111
118
PC/PBT
(impact
modified)
1.24
67
137
80
146
PC/PBT +
GF 10 wt.-%
(impact
modified)
1.30
71
141
78
146
PC/PET
(impact
modified)
1.22 (240 C/5.0 kg)

= 9.0
0.026
0.025
0.069
0.026
0.028
0.114
0.034
0.032
0.087
0.030
0.024
0.066
0.046
0.032
0.170
132
1.19
(240 C/5.0 kg) = 20
2750
2525
1814
2818
2583
1583
2452
2176
720
3359
3327
1732
2171
2007
607
122
PC/ABS
(halogen-free, fr)
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
91
146
94
152
30
23
100
9294
8828
5630
0.018
0.019
0.096
98
107
30
23
100
30
23
100
3369
3123
2670
9595
9300
8636
0.016
0.026
0.030
0.002
0.001
0.009
223
233
(dry)
219
230
(dry)
PET +
GF 30 wt.-%
PEI
1.28
PEI +
GF 30 wt.-%
1.51
PEEK
1.3 (400 C/2.16 kg)

= 4.0
30
23
100
3845
3639
3277
0.023
0.023
0.022
157
165
PES +
GF 20 wt.-%
1.51 (380 C/2.16 kg)

= 14
30
23
100
5696
5543
5286
0.012
0.013
0.012
217
226
TC
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
PMMA
(impact
modified)
1.17
30
23
100
4437
3094
1016
0.050
0.073
0.209
109
126
POM-H
1.42 (190 C/2.16 kg)

= 15
77
73
POM-C
moderate
toughness
1.39 MVR (190 C/

2.16 kg) = 8.5 cm3/
10 min
74
70
POM-C +
GF 25 wt.-%
1.58
0.036
0.040
0.064
0.043
0.045
0.083
0.039
0.029
0.079
0.025
0.027
0.059
1.41 (190 C/2.16 kg)

= 9.0
3957
3296
1698
3673
2808
1232
3145
2248
967
7248
6398
4203
POM-C
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
PP-H
0.90 (230 C/2.16 kg)

= 5.4
PP-H +
GF 40 wt.-%
long fibers
1.22
PP-H +
T 40 wt.- %
1.28 (230 C/2.16 kg)

= 5.6
PP-C +
GF 20 wt.-%
1.04 (230 C/2.16 kg)

= 5.0
0.021
0.058
0.115
0.016
0.038
0.069
0.012
0.029
0.054
0.019
0.048
0.116
0.034
0.044
0.086
1.13 (230 C/2.16 kg)

= 2.0
4076
2107
417
7939
5493
2596
11430
8206
5095
8203
4964
1193
4833
3476
1614
PP-H +
GF 30 wt.-%
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
30
23
100
32
8
PPE/PS
(unfilled,
ha-logen-free, fr)
1.1
30
23
100
3119
2886
2048
0.025
0.031
0.074
133
144
TC
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Material
r [g cm 3]
MFR [g/10 min]
T
[ C]
E
[MPa]
tan d
[]
Tg (E)
[ C]
Tg (tan d)
[ C]
PPE/PS
(non-brominated, non-halogenated, fr)
PPE/PS +
GF 10 wt.-%
(non-brominated, non-halogenated, fr)
1.09 (280 C/5 kg)

= 8.5
30
23
100
30
23
100
2877
2618
2006
3971
3765
3271
0.022
0.031
0.045
0.012
0.020
0.032
149
166
151
163
PPS + GF 40
wt.-%
(branched)
1.68
30
23
100
13020
12730
11650
0.003
0.003
0.024
117
125
SAN
1.07 (230 C/3.8 kg)

= 7.5
30
23
100
3703
3443
2366
0.009
0.012
0.119
110
120
1.16
TC
Test conditions: All specimen tested by 2 K min 1, 1 Hz, single cantilever [98Sep]
Table 3.7 G values from torsion pendulum testing according to DIN 53445 and ISO 6721-2, TC test
conditions.
Material
r [g cm 3]
MVR
[cm3/10 min]
T
[ C]
G [MPa]
tan d
[]
TC
Ref.
ABS
(220 C/10 kg)

= 37
40
20
100
1225
1000
100
0.013
0.012
0.800
DIN 53445
95Car
ASA
(220 C/10 kg)

= 4.0
0.075
0.017
0.050
0.023
0.013
0.056
95Car
1.16
(260
= 18
1000
720
530
1573
1326
1043
DIN 53445
ASA/PC
40
20
100
40
20
100
12Cam
20
23
120
20
23
120
20
23
120
20
23
120
950
750
90
900
650
60
800
550
50
1200
850
100
0.050
0.037
0.450
0.053
0.040
0.400
0.060
0.045
0.300
0.050
0.050
0.500
DIN 53445
95Car
CP +
WM 10 wt.-%
CP +
WM 15 wt.-%
CP +
WM 20 wt.-%
CAB +
WM 10 wt.-%
C/5 kg)
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

r [g cm 3]
MVR
[cm3/10 min]
T
[ C]
G [MPa]
tan d
[]
TC
20
23
120
20
23
120
980
800
830
550
0.062
0.050
0.600
0.090
0.055
0.500
DIN 53445
40
40
100
40
40
100
680
9
720
12
0.5
0.050
0.050
0.040
0.200
0.200
DIN 53445
EBA
BA ~19 %
40
40
100
300
15
0.500
0.500
DIN 53445
compr.
moulded 1 mm
95Car
EAA
BA 7 % + AA 4 %
40
40
100
600
40
0.100
0.500
DIN 53445
compr.
moulded 1 mm
95Car
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
2596
1866
562
3309
2974
1102
3987
2387
1438
0.083
0.144
0.188
0.083
0.116
0.121
DIN 53445
12Cam
DIN 53445
08Els
Material
CAB +
WM 15 wt.-%
CAB +
WM 20 wt.-%
EVA VA ~19 %
EVA VA ~9 %
LCP
1.40
LCP +
GF 30 wt.-%
1.62
LCP +
GF 30 wt.-%
(heat resistant grade)
Ref.
DIN 53445
95Car
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
PA6/6 T +
GF 35 wt.-%
1.43
40
20
100
2061
1355
0.010
0.139
DIN 53445
(dry)
12Cam
PA66 +
GF 35 wt.-%
1.41 (275 C/
5 kg) = 35
40
20
100
2346
2178
770
0.013
0.011
0.048
DIN 53445
(dry)
12Cam
20
20
100
20
20
100
20
20
100
1050
1000
180
1950
1800
700
2550
2400
900
0.007
0.007
0.035
0.005
0.006
0.020
0.005
0.006
0.025
DIN 53445
95Car
PBT
PBT +
GF 30 wt.-%
PBT +
GF 50 wt.-%
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
10
Material

r [g cm 3]
MVR
[cm3/10 min]
PC
PC +
GF 30 wt.-%
T
[ C]
G [MPa]
tan d
[]
TC
Ref.
40
20
100
40
20
100
800
720
625
1700
1560
1480
0.023
0.008
0.011
0.019
0.006
0.009
DIN 53445
95Car
DIN 53445
PE-HD
(comp. moulded)
0.96
40
20
100
1100
850
140
0.012
0.025
0.220
DIN 53445
95Car
PE-MD
(comp. moulded)
0.94
40
20
100
1050
660
80
0.014
0.040
0.240
DIN 53445
95Car
PE-LD
0.918
40
40
100
700
75
1
0.170
0.500
0.450
DIN 53445
95Car
PES
1.37
(360 C/10 kg)
= 70
40
20
100
1112
1016
943
DIN 53445
12Cam
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
1095
894
3
1167
1016
141
2359
1989
928
0.049
0.007
0.038
0.006
0.256
0.024
0.005
0.111
08Els
PET
(amorphous)
PET
PET +
GF 20 wt.-%
PP H
(high
isotactic)
MFR (230 C/
2.16 kg) =
0.3 g min 1
40
20
100
1800
800
140
0.020
0.070
0.090
DIN 53445
95Car
PP-C
MFR (230 C/
2.16 kg) =
0.3 g min 1
40
20
100
1500
600
100
0.028
0.060
0.090
DIN 53445
95Car
PPS
1.35
0.014
0.014
0.428
0.016
0.016
0.200
0.013
0.013
0.200
08Els
1.95
1355
1285
811
4870
4436
3034
2896
2858
1804
PPS +
GF + MD
65 wt.-%
PPS +
GF 40 wt.-%
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
ISO 6721-2
12Cam
08Els
1.65
5564
5389
3265
3196
3079
1840
ISO 6721-2
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
Material
r [g cm 3]
MVR
[cm3/10 min]
T
[ C]
G [MPa]
tan d
[]
TC
Ref.
PVC-U
K-value 62
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
1600
1200
4
1300
1000
<10
1200
70
0.040
0.016
0.300
0.040
0.020
0.300
0.040
0.500
DIN 53445
95Car
40
20
100
1475
825
243
0.006
0.002
0.008
DIN 53445
08Els
PVC-HI
PVC-P
DOP (70/30)
PVDF
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
PS
MFR (200 C/
5 kg) =
1.5 g min 1
40
20
100
1400
1300
900
0.005
0.009
0.100
DIN 53445
95Car
PSU
1.23 (360 C/
10 kg) = 90
40
20
100
1089
1021
933
DIN 53445
95Car
SB
MFR (200 C/
5 kg) =
3.0 g min 1
40
20
100
650
600
350
0.016
0.016
0.400
DIN 53445
95Car
SAN
1.23 (220 C/
10 kg) =10
40
20
100
1700
1550
1060
0.009
0.011
0.080
DIN 53445
95Car
TE (PEEST)
polyether-esterblock-copoly-mers
TE (PEEST)
Shore 35D
0.400
0.080
0.500
0.100
0.150
0.160
95Car
Shore 56D
22
45
32
700
DIN 53445
TE (PEEST)
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
TE (PEEST)
Shore 59D
40
20
100
620
0.060
0.270
DIN 53445
TPE-E (polyetherester elastomer)
Shore 60D
Shore 55D
726
237
402
106
45
0.108
0.080
0.049
0.090
DIN 53445
TPE-E
40
20
100
40
20
100
Shore 46D
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
08Els
DIN 53445
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
12
Material
r [g cm 3]
MVR
[cm3/10 min]
T
[ C]
G [MPa]
tan d
[]
TC
Ref.
TPE-U
Shore 92A
TPE-U
Shore 32D
0.002
0.014
0.005
0.015
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.014
0.003
08Els
Shore 59D
904
13
6
974
70
26
556
7
4
DIN 53445
TPE-U
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
TPU (ester-type)
Shore 80A
Shore 96A
TPU
Shore 63D
35
6
4
600
50
15
800
230
34
0.500
0.060
0.055
0.100
0.170
0.050
0.040
0.120
0.060
DIN 53445
TPU
25
25
100
25
25
100
25
25
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
40
20
100
16345
13720
295
9545
2061
26.8
14816
13720
5272
13459
11391
6717
0.011
0.019
0.040
0.015
0.325
0.004
0.009
0.017
0.127
0.014
0.015
0.054
DIN 53445
UP
UP
(flexible)
UP
(thermally stable)
UP
(high thermally
stable)
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
95Car
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
08Els
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
DIN 53445
Standards Chapter 3.2

ISO 6721
DIN 53445
(1986)
Plastics Determination of dynamic mechanical properties

Part 1 (2011): General principles
Part 2 (2008): Torsion-pendulum method
Part 3 (1994): Flexural vibration Resonance curve method; (Technical corrigendum
TC 1: 1995)
Part 4 (2008): Tensile vibration Non-resonance method
Part 5 (1996): Flexural vibration Non-resonance method; (AMD 1: 2007)
Testing of polymer materials Torsion pendulum test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO
6721: 2011)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
13
References Chapter 3.2

95Car
98Sep
08Els
12Cam
Carlowitz, B.: Kunststoff-Tabellen. 4. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1995.
Sepe, M.: Dynamical mechanical analysis for plastics engineering. Plastics Design Library,
Norwich, 1998.
Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T. (eds.): Domininghaus Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und
An-wendungen. 7. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 2008.
Data sheets in Campus plastics data base 5.2, www.campusplastics.com/campus/de/ data-sheet
(rech.06/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_11
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion temperature - introduction
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion temperature introduction

I. Kotter, W. Grellmann
3.3 Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperature

The Vicat softening temperature (VST) is the temperature TST (in C), at which an indentation tip has
penetrated 1 mm deep into the test specimen surface. The indentation tip has a circular cross-section area
of 1 mm2. The testing method is standardized in ISO 306. It defines four different methods by varying
heating rate (50 K h 1 and 120 K h 1) and load (A: 10 N and B: 50 N). The most common method is
the B50-method (50 N and 50 K h 1). The specimens have to be plane and parallel with a thickness
between 3 mm and 6.5 mm and a minimum diameter resp. edge length of 10 mm (Fig. 3.5).
Fig. 3.5 Test setup for measuring Vicat softening temperature (a) and heat distortion temperature (b) 13Gre.
The heat distortion temperature (HDT) is standardized in ISO 75 13. Here the test specimens are
loaded in a flatwise three point bending device. The heating rate is 120 K h 1. Plastics and ebonite are
loaded with a maximum flexural stress of 1.8 MPa (procedure A), 0.45 MPa (procedure B) or 8 MPa (procedure C). The specimens dimension is 80 10 4 mm3, the support span is 64 mm (Fig. 3.5).
High-strength thermosetting laminates and long-fiber-reinforced plastics (fiber length >7.5 mm) are
loaded with a maximum flexural stress of 1/1000 Ef measured at room temperature. The specimens dimensions are length: support span +10 mm; width: 9.812.8 mm and height: 27 mm. The support span has to
be 30 specimens height.
The heat distortion temperature (HDT) is the temperature THD (in C), at which a peripheral fiber strain
of 0.2 % is reached.
Table 3.8 shows a summary of available data of Vicat softening temperatures and heat distortion
temperatures for different thermoplastic materials and resins.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_12
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion temperature - introduction
Standards Chapter 3.3 - Text

ISO 75-1(2013)
ISO 75-2(2013)
ISO 75-3(2004)
ISO/DIS 306(2011)
Plastics Determination of temperature of deflection under load

Part 1: General test method
Plastics Determination of temperature of deflection under load
Part 2: Plastics and ebonite
Plastics Determination of temperature of deflection under load Part 3: Highstrength thermosetting laminates and long-fiber-reinforced plastics
Plastics Thermoplastic materials Determination of Vicat softening
temperature(VST)
References Chapter 3.3 - Text

13Gre
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_12
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion temperature - data

Table 3.8. Vicat softening temperature and heat distortion temperature for polymeric materials.
VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
ABS
90 112
76 110
89 120
ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
ABS + GF 30 wt.-%
ABS + A 20 wt.-%
ABS + M 20 wt.-%
ABS-I
ABS-HR
ABS-HI
ABS / PA 6 (dry)
ABS / PA 6 + GF 8 wt.-% (dry)
ABS / PVC
95
110
91 110
108 118
114 120
-
100 110
94
97
103
82
106
90 100
58 72
80
100 107
68 77
80 97
105 130
164 188
77 82
ASA
90 103
95 108
100 110
ASA + GF 15 wt.-%
ASA-HI
ASA / PBT
ASA / PC
ASA / PMMA
115
92
105 130
91
110
80
96 115
-
115
100 130
-
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam
12Cam
12Els
07Sae
12Els, 07Sae
12Cam
ECTFE
75 77
116
12Els, 07Sae
EP + (GF + MD) 20 + 50 wt.-%

EP + (GF + MD) 30 + 40 wt.-%
EP + (GF + GFl) 25 + 25 wt.-%
EP + (GF + GFl) 35 + 15 wt.-%
180
180
200
200
110
110
120
120
12Els
ETFE
70 75
104
ETFE + GF 25 wt.-%
ETFE + CF 25 wt.-%
ETFE + CF 30 wt.-%
210 265
210
240
210
-
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
12Els, 07Sae
12Els
EVA
34
62
12Els
FEP
55
70 170
12Els, 05Hel
MABS
87 93
87 90
93 94
12Cam
Material
Ref.
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam,
92Car
12Els, 07Sae
12Els
12Els, 07Sae
12Cam
12Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13

VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
MF + (WF + MD) 30 + 15 wt.-%

MF + (WF + MD) 40 + 5 wt.-%
MF + (CE + MD) 25 + 20 wt.-%
MF + (WF + MD) 30 + 15 wt.-%
MF + (WF + MD) 40 + 5 wt.-%
MF + (CE + MD) 25 + 20 wt.-%
MF + (CE + MD) 35 + 10 wt.-%
MF + (CE + MD) 20 + 25 wt.-%
MF + (CE + MD) 30 + 15 wt.-%
MF + (GF + MD) 20 + 25 wt.-%
MF + (GF + MD) 30 + 15 wt.-%
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
175
175
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
130
130
12Els
PA 6
180
55 95
190
PA 6 (dry)
150 204
40 105
55 190
(dry)
172
200 210
210
205 220
200
200 220
80 90
170
195
160 200
200
170 215
155 210
200 208
170 215
210
217
200
218
205
205
215
210
55 120
65
70 125
85 160
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel, 92Car
07Sae,
12Cam,
08Fis
07Sae, 08Fis
12Cam
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
210
200 220
200 220
205
205 215
195 215
215 220
215 220
210 220
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
200 215
200 215
215 220
PA 6 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 63 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + CaCO3 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + CaCO3 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-HI (dry)
200
110 185
215
214
70 75
208
70
95
60
60
45 70
220
180 190
170
135 165
165
120
165
140
180
190
45
-
PA 66
PA 66 (dry)
195 220
200 250
66 110
65 100
182 200
110 225
230 250
240
220 250
-
66 85
240 245
220 250
220
155 250
204 249
256 262
245 250
240
220 262
-
Material
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
(cond.)
+ GF 12 wt.-%
+ GF 14 wt.-%
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 18 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 25 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
+ GF 13 wt.-%
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 25 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
Ref.
218
215
220
220
12Els
12Els
07Sae,
12Cam
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
12Els
07Sae
07Sae,
12Cam
12Els, 05Hel
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
11Rad
12Cam
12Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
230 255
155 250
235 260
220
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66-HI (dry)
245
230 250
245
230 250
225
240
170 210
204 249
249
240 255
200
235 250
240 250
256
240 250
74
65 120
74
257
257
240
55 75
200
255
250
250
264
250
200
245
140
165
-
PA 66-HI + GF 13 wt.-% (dry)

PA 66-HI + GF 18 wt.-% (dry)
235
225
175
210
230
240
PA 46
PA 46 (dry)
PA 46 (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
160
160
160
290
05Hel
07Sae
PA 610
PA 610 (dry)
170
-
90 95
50 60
195
80 150
PA 610
PA 610
PA 610
PA 610
PA 610
60
204
195
204
200 205
PA 610 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
200
125
140
160
150
12Els, 07Sae
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae
12Els
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
PA 612
PA 612 (dry)
110 185
207 209
50 70
189 196
140 180
208 213
12Cam
PA 11
100 190
50 58
145 155
58
173
173
100
100
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
07Sae
12Els
07Sae
12Els
07Sae
PA 12
PA 12 (dry)
95 165
100 188
45 50
40 190
120 140
45 194
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
170
-
40 50
150 160
130 150
175
160
80
80
Material
PA 11
PA 11
PA 11
PA 11
PA 11
(cond.)
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
(cond.)
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ BP 90 wt.-%
+ BP 90 wt.-% (cond.)
Ref.
264
255
255
255
170
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae
12Els
12Cam
12Els
12Cam
12Els
12Cam
07Sae
12Els
07Sae
12Cam
07Sae,
12Cam
12Cam
12Els, 05Hel
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13

VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
175
170
175
-
160
170
147
160 175
155
160 175
175
175
175
-
12Cam
PA 12 + GF 65 wt.-% (dry)
160 175
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
155
175
-
120
50 55
120
65
160 170
165
150
175
-
110
90 125
110
130
130
160
40
40
100
125
PA 1010 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 1010 + GF 55 wt.-%
PA 1010 + GF 60 wt.-%
190
185
190
160
150
170
12Cam
cast polyamide
120
210
12Els
PAI
PAI + GF 30 wt.-%
PAI + CF 30 wt.-%
275
280
280
07Sae
PB-1
108 113
54 60
91 112
12Els, 07Sae
Material
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
23 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
Ref.
12Els
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
12Els
12Cam
07Sae
12Cam
PBI
435
12Els
PBT
115 192
50 80
85 205
GF 7 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 12 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 16 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
205
205 210
205 210
205
205 215
205
145
110
185
190
185
195
195
205
200
205
210
219
210
205
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam,
92Car
12Cam
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
165 215
165 216
195 275
PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
210 215
190 195
210 217
215
70 95
223
220
170 200
PBT + WT 50 wt.-%
PBT-HI
PBT / ASA + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT / PC
PBT / PC + GF 15 wt.-%
160
145
-
130
50 60
105 110
170 180
160 180
175 205
70 80
100
110
190
210
205 210
210 220
101 102
120
156
PBT +
PBT +
PBT +
PBT +
PBT +
PBT +
PBT +
200
212
200
200
215
207
220
223
220
222
223
12Els,
12Cam
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
12Cam
12Els,
12Cam
12Els
07Sae
12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
195
150 205
210
210
-
120
195
155 200
200 205
205 210
205
210
165
220
215 220
220
225
221
230
145 156
138 150
123 173
135 192
GF 5 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
142
143
144
144
147
128
135
136
134
135
138
141
142
141
141
144
153
PC + GF 35 wt.-%
PC + WT 50 wt.-%
PC / ABS
PC / ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
PC / PBT
PC / PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PC / PET
148
110 134
-
140
266
90 127
115
70 95
150
105
144
112 130
-
PCTFE
65 75
126
12Els, 07Sae
PE-HD
120 129
60 72
38 50
65 89
PE-HD + GF 20 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 30 wt.-%
77
-
121
108
130
-
12Els,
07Sae,
10Bor, 92Car
12Els
PE-HMW
66 68
12Els
PE-LD
40
35
45 54
12Els,
07Sae, 10Bor
PE-LLD
101 115
40
12Els,
07Sae, 10Bor
PE-MD
30 37
07Sae
PE-UHMW
130 135
74
41 50
62 82
12Els,
07Sae, 95Car
PE-X
PE-X (im)
PE-X (ex)
40 60
40 62
38 80
54 106
-
07Sae
12Els
PEEK
305 310
140 155
205
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
335 340
312 325
335 338
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae,
12Cam
Material
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
PET + GF 55 wt.-%
PC
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
143
147
149
150
130
138
140
150
Ref.
140
144
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam
12Cam
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
12Cam
12Els
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
07Sae
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13

VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
PEI
219 234
190 223
210 225
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
195 215
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
07Sae, 12Els
PEK
103
12Els
PESU
215 226
195 215
210 218
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
217
210 220
218 254
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
217
210 225
224 230
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam
12Els,
12Cam
07Sae,
12Cam
PET
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
PET + CF 30 wt.-%
PET-A
76 188
225
73 74
72 80
200 230
230
221
60 70
115
>250
72
PET-C
160 185
65 75
PHR + (GF + GFl) 20 + 30 wt.-%

PHR + (GF + GFl) 30 + 20 wt.-%
PHR + M 40 wt.-%
PHR + M 60 wt.-%
PHR + WF + MD 30 + 20 wt.-%
PHR + WF + MD 40 + 10 wt.-%
PHR + GF + MD 30 + 20 wt.-%
PHR + GF + MD 40 + 10 wt.-%
200
200
180
180
160
160
210
210
140
140
140
140
115
115
160
160
12Els
PI
280
>400
343 377
PI + G 15 wt.-%
PI + GF 30 wt.-%
PI + GF 42 wt.-%
360
360
360
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
12Els
07Sae
12Els
PMMA
85 119
60 107
93 115
PMMA-I
PMMA-HI
75 110
-
70 102
65 95
73 103
-
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam,
92Car
12Cam
07Sae
PMMI
170
149
158
12Cam
POM
150 173
85 116
125 159
160
160
160
-
161
163
160 161
102
165
-
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam,
92Car
12Cam
Material
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
CaCO3 20 wt.-%
Ref.
12Els, 07Sae
12Els
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
05Hel, 07Sae
12Els, 07Sae
12Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
POM-HI
POM-Copo
POM-Copo-HI
POM-Copo + GF 30 wt.-%
150 158
-
65 85
95 125
50 90
160
07Sae
12Els, 07Sae
07Sae
PP
130 160
60 103
47 70
85 122
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
152 165
152 165
130 132
132 139
140 145
120 152
149 160
150 162
84
104
PP + GF 35 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-% (u)
154
-
142
137
-
154
144
87 115
150
127
115
-
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
10Shi,
10Bor, 92Car
10Shi, 10Bor
10Shi, 12Els,
07Sae, 10Bor
10Bor
10Shi
98Dom,
07Sae
PP + GF 30 wt.-% (g)
PP + GF + Mi 10 + 30 wt.-%
PP + GB 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
152
-
124
-
120 140
134
65
60 80
70 95
155
146
110
137
55
-
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
PP + WT 40 wt.-%
PP + AT 50 wt.-%
PP (high MFR)
PP (low MFR)
PP Block-Copolymer
PP Block-Copolymer (high
MFR)
PP Block-Copolymer (low MFR)
PP Block-Copo
PP Block-Copo + T 23 wt.-% (c)
PP Block-Copo + T 23 wt.-% (f)
PP Block-Copo + T 23 wt.-% (m)
rPP
PP / EPDM
PP / EPR 30 wt.-%
PP / Elastomer (low MFR)
145 155
-
95
100
64 72
-
61 73
85
70
60
45 56
55
56
90
130
110
80 116
105
110
127
-
62
78
64
64
65
62
61
62
62
62
62
46
-
51
62
59
64
68
56
60
65
57
60
66
45 55
40 55
48
55
65
98
99
104
113
87
89
102
89
100
108
63 86
70
105
PPA
PPA + GF 33 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + Mi 40 wt.-%
PPA + GF + Mi 50 wt.-%
120
273 285
287 290
183
263
297 301
301
282
-
PPE
105 133
185 190
95 170
190
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
170 190
165 185
170 190
Material
Ref.
10Shi
98Dom
07Sae
07Sae,
12Els,
98Dom
12Els, 09Pie
12Els
98Dom
07Sae, 10Bor
98Dom
09Pie
09Pie
07Sae, 10Bor
07Sae
10Shi
98Dom
07Sae
12Els, 07Sae
12Els
05Hel,
12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13

VST TST [ C]
HDT THD[ C]
A50
[10 N]
B50
[50 N]
A
[1.8 MPa]
B
[0.45 MPa]
C
[8 MPa]
PPS
200
110 137
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
255 260
218 270
260
215
-
PPSU
196
212
11Bal
PS
82 101
65 90
82 98
PS + GF 30 wt.-%
PS + A 20 wt.-%
PS (low MFR)
PS (medium MFR)
PS (high MFR)
99
88
78
93
91
85 95
72 84
66 73
12Els, 07Sae
05Hel,
12Cam
12Els, 92Car
PSU
178 210
150 175
180 185
PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
187
180 185
185 190
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
190
177 185
187
PSU + CF 30 wt.-%
177
PTFE
110
50 60
121
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
PVC
PVC + GF 30 wt.-%
PVC + GF 40 wt.-%
PVC + GF 15 wt.-% (s)
85
94
85
87
12Els
07Sae
07Sae, 12Els
PVC + WF
PVC + WF
PVC + WF
PVC + WF
PVC-U
83 90
75
79
87
97
70 110
48 75
82
12Els
PVC-P
40 42
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel, 92Car
12Els, 92Car
PVDF
140 145
95 115
07Sae, 05Hel
SAN
98 120
86 104
99 110
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
SAN + M 35 wt.-%
109
-
100 105
110
108
-
SB-Copo
35 96
51 87
62 89
SB-I, Copo
SB-I, Copo (t)
SB-HI, Copo
95
77
72 87
60 75
60 80
Material
10 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
70 wt.-%
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13
Ref.
12Els,
07Sae, 05Hel
07Sae, 12Els
12Els
12Els,
07Sae,
05Hel,
12Cam
12Els,
12Cam
12Els,
07Sae,
12Cam
12Els
12Els
05Hel,
12Cam
12Els, 07Sae
07Sae
12Els, 07Sae
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
References Chapter 3.3

92Car
95Car
98Dom
05Hel
07Sae
08Fis
09Pie
10Shi
10Bor
12Els
12Cam
bersicht uber die Prufung von Kunststoffen. 6. Auflage, Giesel

Carlowitz, B.: Tabellarische U
Verlag fur Publizitat, Isernhagen, 1992.
Domininghaus, H.: Die Kunststoffe und ihre Eigenschaften. Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T.
(eds.): 5. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 1998.
Hellerich, W., Harsch, G., Haenle, S.: Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften, Prufungen,
Kennwerte. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 2004.
Baur, E., Brinkmann, S., Osswald, Tim A., Schmachtenberg, E. (eds.): Saechtling Kunststoff
Taschenbuch. 30. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2007.
Fischer, C.: Bewertung des Einflusses von Primarpartikelgroe, Schichtsilikatanteil und Konditionierungszustand auf die Warmeformbestandigkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von
Nanokompositen. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Studienarbeit, 2008.
Pieold, A.: Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Propylen-Copolymer-Talkum-Ver-bunden.
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Studienarbeit, 2009.
Shi, G.: Das zeit- und temperaturabhangige Deformationsverhalten von Polypropylen (PP)Werkstoffen. Hochschule Merseburg, Masterthesis, 2010.
Borealis data sheets, www.borealisgroup.com/e-services/datasheet (rech. 05/2012).
Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T. (eds.): Domininghaus Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und An-wendungen. 8. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 2012.
Data sheets in Campus plastics data base 5.2, www.campusplastics.com/campus/de/datasheet
(rech. 04/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_13
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion temperature - application
Vicat softening temperature und heat distortion

temperature - application
Because of the different loading conditions, the values TST and THD cannot be compared. An example is
given for polypropylene materials filled with talc in different qualities and CaCO3 in Fig. 3.6 and
Fig. 3.7. It can be shown that the VST is independent on filler quality and amount (Fig. 3.7). In this case,
the polypropylene material is a heterophasic propyleneethylene copolymer and differs in ethylene content
(0, 6 and 10 mol.-%). The difference in polypropylene materials is the only one reason for the difference of
the Vicat softening temperatures. The heat distortion temperature shows another behaviour. Here both, the
HDT A and the HDT B values increase with increasing filler content (Fig. 3.6 a, b).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_14
Fig. 3.6 Heat distortion temperature of propyleneethylene copolymers in dependence of ethylene content, talc
quality and talc amount, a) HDT A, b) HDT B [09Pie].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_14
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 3.7 Vicat softening temperature of propyleneethylene copolymers in dependence of ethylene content, talc
quality and talc amount [09Pie].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_14
Fig. 3.8 Vicat softening temperature of polyamide 6 nanofil in dependence of state of conditioning and
montmorillonite amount [08Fis].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_14
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 3.9 Heat distortion temperature HDT A of polyamide 6 nanofil in dependence of state of conditioning and
montmorillonite amount [08Fis].
Fig. 3.8 and Fig. 3.9 show the influence of conditioning on the Vicat softening temperature and on the
heat distortion temperature HDT A for a polyamide 6 filled with different amounts of nanoscalic montmorillonite. The Vicat softening temperature decreases with increasing montmorillonite content for both,
dryed and conditioned polyamide 6 (Fig. 3.8). In contrast, the heat distortion temperature increases by
montmorillonite, but nearly independent on the amount of montmorillonite (Fig. 3.9). The difference of
HDT A for dryed and conditioned pure polyamide 6 is remarkable.
References Chapter 3.3 - Text
08Fis
09Pie
Fischer, C.: Bewertung des Einflusses von Primarpartikelgroe, Schichtsilikatanteil und Konditionierungszustand auf die Warmeformbestandigkeit und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von
Nanokompositen. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Studienarbeit, 2008.
Pieold, A.: Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Propylen-Copolymer-Talkum-Ver-bunden.
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Studienarbeit, 2009.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_14
Quasi-static tensile test - introduction

C. Bierogel, W. Grellmann
4.1.1 Quasi-Static Tensile Test

The tensile properties include the strength, deformation and stiffness behaviour of plastics under quasi-static loading conditions. This test method has the greatest importance in polymer testing. Generally, for
these tests commercial universal test systems with different load capacity are used. In the conventional tensile test with constant cross-head speed loading must be applied without impact effects and increase slowly
and steadily until fracture of specimen occurs. Under these conditions a uniaxial loading and stress state
should be generated in the specimen. This means that, at a sufficient distance from the top and bottom fixture, there exists a homogenous uniaxial stress and strain state over the cross-section area (Fig. 4.1).
Additionally a homogenous and isotropic materials state is assumed with respect to the specimen.
Fig. 4.1 Stress and strain measurement on the test specimen under uniaxial tensile load [13Gre].
There should be no geometric imperfections (e.g., notches or edges) and the specimens are prismatic.
Influences from the testing system have to be eliminated, such as may be due to compliance by the universal testing machine, or setting motions that may affect loading, or strain effects if the adapter slips. If these
preconditions are filled, the total increase in prismatic specimen length DL is obtained at any point in time
as the sum of the elongation (Fig. 4.1) and is thus identical with the traverse motion.
The reaction force arising in the specimen due to an external load F is also longitudinally constant due
to the uniform cross-section A0 and therefore only a function of time. If specimens with altered cross-section or length are used, the measured load F and elongation DL have to be normalized in order to evaluate
material properties. To do so, the acting load is related to the initial cross-section area A0, whereby normal
or engineering stress s is calculated as follows:
s
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
F
A0
(4:1)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_15
The elongation resulting from external load DL0 = DL02 DL01 is related to the defined initial gauge length
L0 and termed normative strain e. This can be stated dimensionless or as a percentage:
e
DL0
100 %
L0
(4:2)
The normative strain e determined by a strain or clip gauge is used for brittle materials up to the break of
the specimen or for ductile polymers up to the yielding point. In all other cases the traverse path is used to
calculate the nominal strain et according to (Eq. 4.3).
et
DL
100 %
L
(4:3)
Depending on whether the traverse path or the extensometer or a clip gauge is utilized to eliminate compliance effects from the testing machine (grips and load cell), either Eq. 4.2 or 4.3 has to be used to calculate strain. From the derivation of strain with time, one can obtain normative strain rate (Eq. 4.4) or
nominal strain rate (Eq. 4.5) in the deformed volume de /dt:
de
1 d DL0
dt L0
dt
(4:4)
det 1 d DL vT
L dt
dt
L
(4:5)
e_
e_t
with
L clamping length
L0 initial gauge length
vT cross-head speed.
Fig. 4.2 Selected specimens for tensile tests on

polymers according to ISO 527 [13Gre].
The valid and mostly used standard series for the tensile test of plastics is the ISO 527: Plastics Determination of tensile properties. The specimens used for this preferred standard are shown in Fig. 4.2
depending on the kind of plastics. The specimen type 1A well known as multipurpose specimen is the
basic specimen corresponding to ISO 3167 which can be used for the characterization of moulding compounds [ISO 527-2], against what specimens type 2 and 4 are typically for films and sheets [ISO 527-3].
Type 5 specimens, also called spoon-like specimens, are preferred for testing of ductile materials with high
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_15
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
strain at break. For the characterization of fiber reinforced plastics and composites under tensile test conditions type 2 specimens and 1B types are applicable [ISO 527-4 and ISO 527-5]. For rubber materials the
standard ISO 37: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of tensile stressstrain properties is
valid. For tensile tests of thermoplastics according to ISO 527 the multipurpose specimen is the sample
frequently used. The data collected include also values determined according to DIN 53455 and DIN
53457 as well as ASTM D 638.
During the test, the load (F)elongation (DL) diagram up to the break of specimen is recorded necessary to calculate the stress (s)strain (e) diagram (Fig. 4.3) using the geometric conditions of specimen A0
and equipment L or L0 (Eqs. 4.14.3). Modern universal testing systems equipped with computer techniques are able to record stress s, time t and strains e and et simultaneously. For the determination of modulus of elasticity Et a strain rate of 1 %/min is applied and 50 mm/min are mostly used to characterize the
tensile properties of thermoplastics.
Fig. 4.3 Typical stress (s)strain (e) diagrams and parameters of various polymers in tensile test; brittle plastics (a), ductile
materials with yield stress (b and c), ductile materials without yield stress (d) and elastomeric materials (e) [13Gre].
Based on the stressstrain diagram the values tensile stress at yield sy and tensile strength at maximum
sM as well as the associated normative yield strain ecy and nominal strain etM or normative strain eM at tensile strength as well as strain at break eB can be calculated (Eqs. 4.64.11). For completely recorded diagrams the nominal strain at break etB can be determined additionally (Eq. 4.12). Because of the
dependence on software and test equipment, especially sampling rate, the tensile stress at break sB should
not be used (Eq. 4.13). Due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the plastics modulus of elasticity in tension Et
is determined as secant modulus between the strain limits of 0.05 % and 0.25 % (Eq. 4.14). If the transverse strain en is recorded simultaneously using strain gauges Poissons ratio mn can be calculated
(Eq. 4.15).
sy
sM
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fy
A0
(4:6)
F max
A0
(4:7)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_15
DLy
100 %
L0
(4:8)
etM
DLF max
100 %
L
(4:9)
eM
DLF max
100 %
L0
(4:10)
eB
DLB
100 %
L0
(4:11)
etB
DLB
100 %
L
(4:12)
FB
A0
(4:13)
s2 s1
0:002
(4:14)
e
n
m mn
e
(4:15)
ey
sB
Et
with
Fy load at yield
FB load at break
Fmax load at maximum
DLy elongation at yield
DLB elongation at break
DLFmax elongation at load maximum
n = b measurement in width direction
n = d measurement in thickness direction
The following Table 4.1 shows a summary of available tensile properties especially for ductile
thermo-plastics according to stressstrain diagrams of type b and c (Fig. 4.3).
Standards Chapter 4.1.1 - Introduction
DIN 53455 (1981)
DIN 53457 (1987)
ISO 37 (2011)
ISO 527-1 (2012)
ISO 527-2 (2012)
ISO 527-3 (1995)
Testing of plastics Tensile test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 527-3: 1995)

Testing of plastics Determination of the modulus of elasticity by tensile,
compression and flexural test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 527-3: 1995)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of tensile stressstrain
properties
Plastics Determination of tensile properties; Part 1: General principles
Plastics Determination of tensile properties; Part 2: Test conditions for moulding
and extrusion plastics
Plastics Determination of tensile properties; Part 3: Test conditions for films and
sheets; (Technical corrigendum TC 1: 1998 and TC 2: 2001)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_15
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

ISO 527-4 (1997)
ISO 527-5 (2009)
ISO 3167 (2002)
ASTM D 638 (2010)
Plastics Determination of tensile properties; Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic

and orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic composites
Plastics Determination of tensile properties; Part 5: Test conditions for
unidirectional fiber-reinforced plastic composites
Plastics Multipurpose test specimen
Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics
References Chapter 4.1.1 - Introduction

13Gre
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_15
Quasi-static tensile test tensile properties of thermoplastics - data

The following Table 4.1 shows a summary of available tensile properties especially for ductile thermoplastics according to stressstrain diagrams of type b and c ( Fig. 4.3).
Table 4.1 Tensile properties of thermoplastics with yield point at room temperature.
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
ABS
1900 3300
35.0 65.0
2.5 3.0
32.0 45.0
15.0 30.0
ABS
1500 2746
29.0 63.6
2.1 7.0
8.0 45.0
ABS-I
ABS-HI
ABS / PA 6
ABS / PC
1200
1900
1650
2000
28.0
30.0
44.0
40.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
2.8
20.0 30.0
20.0 30.0
50.0
50.0 160
ABS / PC
2100 2700
48.0 58.0
4.0 5.0
53.0 58.0
10.0 150
ABS / PVC
2100 2700
18.0 49.0
5.0 250
07Sae, 08Els
11Ehr
12MBa,
12Cam
12Cam
07Sae, 00Fra
12Cam
12MBa,
07Sae
12Cam,
98Dom
08Els
AMMA
4500 4800
90.0 100
10.0
40.0 50.0
07Sae
ANMA
3309 3792
55.2 65.5
3.0 4.0
12MBa
APA (PEC)
2300
65.0
07Sae
ASA
1800 2900
40.0 55.0
3.1 4.3
32.0 56.0
10.0 60.0
ASA
1517 3060
29.4 56.0
2.6 6.0
7.0 230
ASA-HI
ASA / AEPDS
ASA / PA 6
ASA / PC
ASA / PC
1800
1586
2000
1900
2250
2600
3101
35.0
31.7 33.8
55.0
44.0 66.0
46.9 64.0
4.0
3.4 4.9
3.7 5.3
32.0
-
40.0
15.0 50.0
25.0 100
ASA / PMMA
ASA / PVC
ASA / SAN
2100
2889
1786 1956
49.0
37.9 44.8
27.6 40.0
3.6
2.5 3.6
9.0
30.0 44.8
28.0 80.0
07Sae,
98Dom
12MBa,
12Cam
08Els, 00Fra
12MBa
12Cam
12Cam
12MBa,
07Sae
12MBa
CA
1000 4200
23.5 55.0
2.5 4.0
41.0 66.0
22.4 46.5
1500
2500
2500
4137
2000
1999
40.0
45.0
52.0
64.8
4.0
3.5
4.0
7.7
07Sae,
12MBa,
11Ehr
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
CAB
800 2300
17.2 55.0
3.5 5.0
20.0 52.4
33.0 55.0
07Sae,
12MBa,
11Ehr
CAP
1000 2400
20.0 50.0
CAP
22.1 41.4
27.6 42.7
35.0 50.0
07Sae,
98Dom
12MBa
COC
2600 3200
50.0 63.0
1.7 4.5
60.0 100
12MBa,
10Hel
CP
420 2400
20.0 50.0
3.5 4.5
14.0 55.0
30.0 100
07Sae
CTFE
1276 1430
31.0 36.5
39.4
150 250
12MBa,
98Mai
EA
40 130
4.7 7.0
20.0
50.0
07Sae
EC
1200 1300
35.0 40.0
07Sae
ECTFE
1400 1700
50.0
40.0 50.0
150 450
07Sae,
08Els, 98Mai
EEA
3.0 15.0
9.7 13.4
700 750
EEA / PE
10.0
500
08Els,
12MBa
12MBa
EMA
6.9 7.6
28.0
64.0
22.1 26.9
460 647
12MBa
EMAA
15.2 24.8
33.8 64.8
450 640
12MBa
ETFE
800 1100
25.0 35.0
15.0
20.0
30.0 54.0
50.0 300
07Sae, 08Els
98Mai
EVA
16.0 28.0
300 750
08Els
EVAC
7 120
1.0 66.9
19.0
59.0
1.9 188
100 900
07Sae,
12MBa
EVOH
2300 3581
26.0 60.3
5.6 6.0
29.0 72.7
11.0 225
12MBa
FEP
FEP
350 700
350 621
10.0
20.7 26.1
15.0 25.0
22.0 28.0
50.0
10.0 400
07Sae, 10Hel
12MBa,
08Els, 98Mai
IM
180 210
21.0 35.0
250 500
07Sae
MABS
MABS
1900 2200
1700 2000
40.0 50.0
41.0 48.0
3.0 5.5
3.5 4.0
20.0 30.0
12.0 20.0
07Sae, 08Els
12Cam,
95Car
MABS-I
1800 2200
41.0 51.0
3.5 4.0
14.0 20.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
MBS
MBS
2000 2800
1600 2400
30.0 55.0
31.0 51.0
3.0 6.0
3.4 3.9
25.0 30.0
11.0 33.0
MBS / POM
1700 2200
40.0 50.0
7.3 7.8
50.0
07Sae
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
PA 11
1000 1200
50.0
56.0 58.0
325 500
PA 11
120 350
7.0 18.0
30.0 42.0
280 380
PA 11
PA 11 (dry)
1200 1724
225 2070
34.5 62.1
27.0 51.0
40.0 65.5
-
48.0 400
50.0
PA 11 (cond.)
200 1920
25.0 48.0
50.0
PA 11-I (dry)
225 655
20.5 32.0
50.0
PA 11-I (cond.)
200 610
20.0 32.0
17.0
25.0
10.0
5.0
30.0
5.0
42.0
20.0
42.0
30.0
42.0
50.0
PA 12
1200 1600
45.0
56.0 65.0
270 300
PA 12
300 750
15.0 30.0
24.0 50.0
250 300
PA 12
350 2100
25.0 81.4
50.0 103
18.0 400
PA 12 (dry)
1300 1600
45.0 60.0
20.0
25.0
1.0
28.0
4.0 5.0
50.0
PA 12 (cond.)
900 1200
35.0 40.0
50.0
PA 12 (dry)
230 2200
18.0 51.0
40.0
PA 12 (cond.)
220 2000
15.0 45.0
40.0 50.0
PA 12-I
360 1900
25.0 56.0
50.0
PA 12-I (dry)
370 1500
24.0 42.0
44.0
PA 12-I (cond.)
370 1200
22.0 34.0
PA 12 G
2000
54.0 60.0
100
08Els
PA 46
PA 46 (dry)
PA 46 (cond.)
PA 46 (dry)
3300
3300
1000
2800 5400
100
55.0
53.0 100
85.0 100
85.0 100
40.0
7.0 40.0
07Sae, 95Car
07Sae
PA 46 (cond.)
1000 1200
45.0 55.0
1.4
20.0
15.0
30.0
15.0 50.0
10.0
15.0
5.0
25.0
5.0
45.0
5.0
32.0
5.0
32.0
10.0
31.0
07Sae,
98Dom
98Dom
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
07Sae,
98Dom
98Dom
12Cam,
12MBa
07Sae,
12Cam
12MBa,
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
PA 46-I (dry)
PA 46-I (cond.)
1850
600
60.0
45.0
20.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
PA 410 (dry)
PA 410 (cond.)
3100
1700
85.0
60.0
5.0
16.0
16.0
50.0
12MBa
PA 6
1200 1400
40.0
64.0 85.0
200 300
PA 6
1650 3300
41.4 85.0
3.5 7.0
35.0 90.0
10.0 200
PA 6
1650 3200
55.0 90.0
3.5 4.5
10.0 50.0
PA 6 (dry)
900 4200
39.0 95.0
4.0 50.0
PA 6 (cond.)
350 3300
29.0 60.0
50.0
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
2100 3800
1000 1300
50.0 90.0
40.0 55.0
50.0
12MBa
PA 6-I (dry)
220 2800
30.0 74.0
75.0
15.0 50.0
12Cam
PA 6-I (cond.)
150 1600
20.0 50.0
45.0
45.0 50.0
PA 6 / ABS
PA 6 / ABS (dry)
1650 1900
1600 2200
39.0 44.1
35.0 50.0
2.5
35.0
3.4
50.0
3.5 5.0
20.0
25.0
3.5
35.0
7.0
35.0
3.0 4.0
3.1 3.5
07Sae,
98Dom
12MBa,
12Pol, 11Ehr
12Cam,
95Car
12Cam,
07Sae
118
-
50.0 200
50.0
PA 6 / ABS
(cond.)
PA 6 / ASA
PA 6 / PA 66
PA 6 / PPE (dry)
PA 6 / PPE
(cond.)
PA 6 / PP
1100 1600
34.0 45.0
5.0 5.5
50.0
2000
2200 2500
1200 1600
55.0
90.0
54.0 68.0
37.0 46.0
25.0
-
12MBa
1800
50.0
4.0
4.1 5.0
9.9
18.8
5.0
50.0
PA 6 / PP /
EPDM
51.0
50.0
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
PA 6-I (dry)
PA 6-I (cond.)
PA 6-I (dry)
PA 6-I (cond.)
3300
3000
980 2500
210 750
110
90.0
28.0 70.0
30.0 38.0
5.0
6.0
4.0 6.5
25.0
30.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
07Sae
PA 6-HI (dry)
PA 6-HI (cond.)
1100 2800
450 1200
25.0 80.0
20.0 45.0
4.0 5.0
15.0
30.0
50.0
50.0
07Sae
Ref.
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PA 6 G
PA 6 G (dry)
PA 6 G (cond.)
1500 4000
1500 4000
2100 3300
60.0
80.0 85.0
60.0
40.0
1.0 5.0
50.0
98Dom
08Els, 95Car
PA 6/3 T
2000 3000
70.0 90.0
7.0 8.0
50.0
07Sae,
98Dom
PA 6/6 T (dry)
PA 6/6 T (cond.)
PA 6/6 T
3500
3000
3200
110
100
90.0 100
5.0
6.0
4.5 9.0
10.0 20.0
10.0 20.0
11.5
07Sae
PA 6-I/6 T (dry)
PA 6-I/6 T
(cond.)
PA 6-I/6 T
3000 3300
3000
100 110
90.0 100
5.0
5.0 6.0
12MBa
2700
100
7.0
50.0
12Cam
PA 610
PA 610 (dry)
1900
2000 2400
60.0 70.0
4.0 5.0
60.0
-
85.0 300
30.0 50.0
07Sae
07Sae,
12Cam
PA 610 (cond.)
650 1600
45.0 50.0
50.0
PA 610 (dry)
750 4000
32.0 70.0
50.0
PA 610 (cond.)
450 2500
27.0 50.0
15.0
20.0
4.5
50.0
18.0
50.0
50.0
PA 612 (dry)
450 2500
20.0 65.0
17.0 50.0
PA 612 (cond.)
350 1700
15.0 56.0
30.0 50.0
PA 612-I (dry)
700 1800
30.0 50.0
50.0
PA 612-I (cond.)
550 1200
22.0 41.0
4.0
26.0
4.4
35.0
5.0
34.0
20.0
40.0
50.0
PA 66
1500 2000
65.0
63.0 84.0
60.0 300
PA 66
PA 66 (dry)
3200
2700 3600
48.3 85.0
75.0 95.0
1.0 7.0
1.5 5.0
20.0 75.0
10.0 40.0
PA 66 (cond.)
1100 2000
50.0 70.0
50.0
PA 66 (dry)
1700 6500
45.0 98.0
5.0 50.0
PA 66 (cond.)
600 4000
30.0 70.0
25.0 50.0
PA 66 / PE
PA 66 / PPE /PS
PA 66 / PTFE
PA 66 / PA 6
(dry)
1650
2131
2500 2960
2700 3600
60.0
53.1
62.1 70.0
70.0 85.0
15.0
25.0
2.5
21.0
4.0
40.0
10.6
4.0 5.0
53.8
-
50.0
49.5
3.0 15.0
-
12MBa
12MBa,
95Car
12MBa,
12Cam
07Sae,
98Dom
12MBa
12MBa,
07Sae
12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PA 66 / PA 6
(cond.)
PA 66 / PPE (dry)
PA 66 / PPE
(cond.)
PA 66-I (dry)
750 1600
40.0 50.0
10.0 25.0
12MBa,
12Cam
2500 2600
1500 1600
62.0 66.0
45.0 51.0
42.0 47.0
73.0 88.0
1650 2800
35.0 70.0
50.0 95.0
17.0 50.0
PA 66-I (cond.)
750 1900
25.0 50.0
15.0
26.0
4.8 5.3
11.4
19.2
3.7
20.0
11.0
37.0
25.0 50.0
PA 66-HI (dry)
PA 66-HI (cond.)
1800 3000
900 2000
50.0 80.0
40.0 55.0
5.0 7.0
15.0
30.0
20.0 50.0
50.0
07Sae
PA 666
PA 666 (dry)
2500 3600
2200 3700
55.8 81.0
60.0 95.0
5.0 8.0
3.6 5.0
60.0
8.0 50.0
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
PA 666 (cond.)
900 2200
45.0 50.0
15.0
25.0
20.0 50.0
PAEK
4000
104
5.2
50.0
95Car
PAI
4600 4900
100 192
7.0 15.0
07Sae, 95Car
PAIND/INDT
1400 2800
60.0 90.0
8.0
50.0
12MBa,
12Cam
PB-1
PB-1
210 350
70 260
12.0 25.0
10.0 24.0
10.0
24.0
27.0 38.0
29.0 37.0
250 350
300 450
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa,
95Car
PBT
2500 2800
50.0 60.0
3.6 4.0
200
PBT
1200 3200
30.0 65.0
40.0 65.0
3.0 50.0
PBT-HI
1100 2000
30.0 45.0
50.0
07Sae
PBT / ABS
PBT / PC
2000 3496
42.1 51.7
41.4 62.1
2.9
16.0
6.0
20.0
2.7 3.8
07Sae,
98Dom
12Cam
20.0 150
8.0 40.0
PBT / PTFE
PBT / TPC
PBT-I
(PBT / PC)-I
2403 2900
370 1400
1600 2000
1800 2200
57.0
15.0
35.0 44.0
40.0 60.0
20.0
3.2 7.1
4.0 5.0
12.0
50.0
40.0 42.0
-
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
PC
PC
PC
2300 2400
2100 2400
1900 2800
55.0 65.0
55.0
41.0 72.0
6.0 7.0
6.0
6.0 7.0
56.0 67.0
47.0 66.0
50.0
100 130
6.0 150
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
07Sae, 12Els
07Sae, 08Els
12Pol,
12MBa,
11Ehr,
98Mai
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PC
2000 2450
37.0 76.0
5.0 7.0
50.0
PC / ABS
2000 2850
40.0 69.0
3.0 5.0
50.0
12Cam,
11Ehr
07Sae,
12Cam
PC / PET
PC / PBT
PC / LPC
PC / PTFE
PC / SI
PC / SI / PTFE
PC-I
(PC / PET)-I
2100
2200
2600
1380
2206
2000
2200
1800
55.0
50.0
66.0
48.3
48.0
48.3
58.0
40.0
5.0
4.0
2.9
2.0
5.6
6.0
4.0
74.0 82.0
-
50.0
25.0 50.0
9.0 167
42.8
35.1 50.0
50.0
PCTFE
1050 2110
30.0 40.0
120 175
07Sae, 08Els
PEBA 6 (dry)
PEBA 6 (cond.)
90 250
60 140
50.0
50.0
07Sae
PEBA 12
70 450
20.0 25.0
30.0
35.0
50.0
07Sae
PE-HD
600 1860
11.0 30.0
18.0 35.0
100 1000
PE-HD
800 1500
18.0 44.8
25.0 66.2
350 1000
PE-HD / PE-MD
74
5.0 50.0
8.0
12.0
3.0
60.0
-
07Sae,
08Els, 11Ehr
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
PE-HWM
22.0 24.0
12.0
16.0
800
08Els
PE-LD
PE-LD
200 500
84 430
8.0 15.0
6.0 17.2
20.0
12.2
60.0
8.0 23.0
-
300 1000
10.0 856
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa,
12Cam,
11Ehr
PE-LLD
PE-LLD
300 700
221 248
10.0 30.0
9.0 30.3
15.0
2.0
16.0
12.5 47.2
100 900
50.0
1000
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa
PE-MD
400 900
11.0 26.2
10.0
40.0
25.0 40.0
100 1000
07Sae,
12MBa
PEN-A
2399 2441
81.0
7.2
100
98Dom
PE-UHMW
PE-UHMW
700 800
345 1103
22.0
13.8 25.5
15.0
12.0
20.0
22.1 52.4
600
100 330
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa,
12Cam
PEEK
PEEK
3500 3600
3500 3700
96.9
96.0 100
4.9 5.0
5.0
90.0 100
97.0
60.0
30.0
07Sae, 08Els
12Cam,
04Erh
2300
2300
4000
2448
2210
2410
2250
2200
60.0
60.7
58.6
60.7
61.0
60.0
6.0
5.0
5.6
6.1
7.0
7.0
5.0
07Sae, 12Els
07Sae
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PEEKK
4000
105 110
6.0
30.0 35.0
07Sae
PEKEKK
4000
105 110
5.0 5.5
30.0 50.0
07Sae
PEI
PEI
2900 3200
2960 3792
85.0 100
96.5 107
6.0 7.0
6.0 8.0
105
-
30.0 50.0
10.0 50.0
PEI / PTFE
PEI / PC
2600 3330
3100
73.0 110
100
6.4 7.0
6.0
75.0
8.8 27.5
-
07Sae, 04Erh
12MBa,
08Els
12MBa
95Car
PEN
2400
81.0
7.2
50.0
07Sae
PES
PES
2450 2800
2600 2930
75.0 90.0
77.2 91.0
5.0 7.0
5.6 6.9
20.0 50.0
-
PES (cond.)
2700
90.0
6.7
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa,
04Erh
12Cam
PET
2800 3000
60.0 81.0
4.0
50.0 300
PET
2250 2800
50.0 80.0
4.0
12.5 50.0
PET / PC
(PET / PC)-I
2100 2350
56.5
50.0 55.8
5.0
4.5 5.0
55.2
115
120 180
PET-A
2100 2400
55.0
4.0
50.0
07Sae,
98Dom
PET-C
2800 3100
60.0 80.0
5.0 7.0
50.0
07Sae
PETG
1793 2689
47.0 53.0
4.0 7.0
30.0 340
12MBa
PETFE
1100
35.0 54.0
400 500
07Sae
PFA
600 700
32.0 50.0
20.0 35.0
50.0 300
07Sae,
98Dom
PFEP
350
22.0 28.0
250 330
07Sae
PI
3420 3799
93.8 120
7.0 9.0
75.0 100
10.0 90.0
07Sae,
12MBa
PIB
2.0 6.0
1000
07Sae
PK
1400
60.0
07Sae
PLA
972 5102
21.0 57.0
2.0 5.1
9.0 350
12MBa
PMB
1100 2000
10.0 15.0
10.0
25.0 28.0
10.0 50.0
07Sae, 08Els
PMMA-I
950 2900
25.0 71.0
4.5 5.0
9.0 50.0
12MBa
PMMA-HI
600 2400
20.0 60.0
4.5 5.0
20.0 50.0
07Sae
POM
POM
2800 3200
1600 3400
60.0 75.0
32.0 75.0
6.0
25.0
25.0 70.0
8.0 50.0
07Sae, 11Ehr
12Cam,
12MBa
07Sae,
98Dom
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
POM-I
1400 2500
42.0 58.0
30.0 50.0
12Cam
POM-H
3000 3200
60.0 75.0
20.0 50.0
07Sae
POM-H-HI
1400 2500
35.0 55.0
50.0
POM / MBS
POM / PTFE
POM / PUR
1700 2200
2300
700 2000
40.0 50.0
46.0
22.0 50.0
16.0
30.0
8.0
25.0
20.0
25.0
7.3 7.8
7.0
12.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
45.0 50.0
12Cam
PP
PP
1100 2000
500 2300
11.0
17.0 41.0
3.0
14.0
17.0 37.0
30.0 40.0
10.0 800
20.0 700
800 2590
21.0 40.8
2.9 7.5
PP-H
1300 1800
25.0 40.0
30.0 41.0
800
PP-R
600 1200
18.0 30.0
50.0
PP-B
800 1300
20.0 30.0
30.0
900
07Sae,
98Dom
07Sae, 08Els
PP+CaCO3
10 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
15 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
20 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
26 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
30 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
35 wt.-%
PP+CaCO3
40 wt.-%
PP+M 10 wt.-%
PP+M 15 wt.-%
PP+M 20 wt.-%
PP+M 25 wt.-%
PP+M 30 wt.-%
PP+M 40 wt.-%
PP+T 7 wt.-%
PP+T 10 wt.-%
30.3
8.0
18.0
10.0
18.0
10.0
20.0
-
07Sae, 12Pol
12MBa,
12Cam,
99Bud,
02Kar
11Hel,
95Car, 11Ehr
07Sae, 08Els
80.0
12MBa
23.0
4.0
17.2 31.7
50.0 100
21.0
3.5
10.0
-
177
1700
21.0 22.1
3.5
60.0
5.0
2100 5000
19.0 35.0
8.0 300
2000
1300 2000
29.0
30.0
29.0
20.0
43.4
31.7
19.0
32.0
2.0
19.0
10.0
5.0 9.0
2.0 5.0
5.0
3.0
6.0 8.0
17.0 50.0
PP+T 20 wt.-%
2200 2800
32.0 38.0
5.0 7.0
20.0
37.0
31.0
40.0
31.0
44.8
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
07Sae
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
10
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PP+T 20 wt.-%
1500 3700
14.0 35.0
20.0 45.0
PP+T 22 wt.-%
PP+T 25 wt.-%
2600
1900 3700
31.0 32.0
17.0 32.0
44.0 50.0
19.0
PP+T 30 wt.-%
2800 3600
21.0 36.0
1.7
10.0
5.0 6.0
1.7
10.0
2.0 5.0
20.0 42.0
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa,
12Cam
PP+T 38 wt.-%
PP+T 40 wt.-%
PP+T 40 wt.-%
3300 3700
2500 4300
3500 4500
30.0 32.0
19.0 32.0
30.0 35.0
4.0 5.0
2.0 3.5
3.0
42.0
2.0 15.0
4.0 10.0
PP+T 50 wt.-%
PP / EPDM
3750
500 1200
10.0 25.0
50.0
PP / PE
PP / PPE
PP / PSAC
PP / PTFE
PP-I
PP-I+T 20 wt.-%
730
1165 3489
965 1069
1300 2140
750 850
1600
33.8 58.6
27.0 33.0
16.0
20.0
10.0
35.0
4.3 8.0
6.5
13.0
6.0
17.4
-
575
120 195
10.0
21.0
50.0
07Sae, 00Fra
12MBa
PPE
PPE / PS
2400 2700
1820 2900
45.5 79.0
44.8 88.0
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
1900
2000
2165
2400
45.0
50.0
38.6
52.4
12MBa
12MBa,
07Sae
07Sae
07Sae
12MBa
/
/
/
/
SB
PA 66
PS /PTFE
PS-HI
2700
2200
2344
3247
65.0
60.0
46.0
67.6
3.2 6.1
4.0
15.0
3.0 7.0
5.0
2.8 8.1
3.7 5.1
15.0 45.0
39.0 60.0
20.0 50.0
50.0
21.3 55.0
7.0 40.0
12Cam
12MBa,
12Cam
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa
PPO
2200 2600
37.9 71.7
15.0 30.0
12MBa
PPSU
2280 2800
62.1 80.0
5.0 7.8
33.0 50.0
12MBa,
12Cam
PSAC
920 2510
9.0 25.0
1.0 2.1
5.0 19.0
12MBa
PS-I
PS-HI
PS / SI
1400 2400
1586 2275
3200
16.0 29.0
16.5 34.3
37.0
1.1 1.8
5.0 6.0
1.3
30.0 50.0
38.0 131
9.3
12MBa
PSU
2500 2750
70.0 90.0
6.0 7.0
50.0 100
20.0 100
PSU
2100 2758
50.0 80.0
4.0 6.0
70.0
10.0 50.0
PSU (cond.)
2600
75.0 80.0
5.7
5.0
PSU / ABS
2100
50.0
4.0
50.0
07Sae,
98Dom
08Els,
12MBa
12Cam,
98Mai
07Sae
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
PTFE
PTFE
400 750
541 1400
10.3 46.9
7.0
20.0 40.0
27.6
350 550
130 630
07Sae, 08Els
12MBa,
12Cam,
98Mai
PUR
PUR
4000
150 675
1.4 69.6
2.0
30.0
70.0 80.0
-
3.0 6.0
130 750
07Sae
12MBa
PVC
2900 3000
32.0 54.0
PVC
PVC / VCA
PVC / PE-C
PVC / ASA
448 3275
2500 2700
2600
2600 2800
22.1 49.0
45.0
40.0 50.0
45.0 55.0
4.0 5.0
3.0
3.0 3.5
100 325
50.0
10.0 50.0
8.0
98Dom,
11Ehr
12MBa
07Sae
PVC-U
PVC-U
1000 3500
2700 3200
50.0 60.0
-
4.0 6.0
-
50.0 75.0
46.0 60.0
10.0 50.0
-
07Sae, 95Car
08Els
PVC-P
10.0 25.0
170 400
07Sae
PVC-C
3400 3600
70.0 80.0
3.0 5.0
10.0 15.0
07Sae
PVDF
2000 3000
50.0 60.0
20.0 50.0
07Sae, 10Hel
PVDF
840 2300
46.0 55.0
7.0
10.0
-
40.0 400
PVDF
480 2500
12.0 54.0
7.0
18.0
40.0 50.0
98Dom,
12Pol
12MBa,
12Cam
PVF
1800
49 127
115 250
98Dom
PVK
3500
20.0 30.0
07Sae
SAN
3500 3900
65.0 85.0
2.5 5.0
07Sae
SB
1800 2800
22.0 45.0
1.1 2.5
26.0 38.0
10.0 60.0
SB
SB-HI
900 2374
1400 2100
15.0 41.2
15.0 30.0
1.4 5.0
1.5 3.0
20.0 350
40.0 50.0
07Sae,
12Cam
12MBa
07Sae
SI
3.5 10.0
150 750
12MBa
SMAHB
2100 2500
37.0
11.0 26.0
07Sae
SMMA
SMMA / SB
2206 3454
2000
57.2 68.9
28.0
2.1 3.2
3.0
31.0 54.0
25.0
12MBa
TPA
TPA (dry)
120 750
13 550
31.0 42.7
12.0 24.0
200
50.0
12MBa
12MBa,
12Cam
TPA (cond.)
10 522
12.0 26.0
19.0
22.0
26.0
18.0
31.0
50.0
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
12
Material
Et
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
ey
[%]
sM
[MPa]
etB
[%]
Ref.
TPC
18 1100
7.0 62.7
29.0 330
TPC / PTFE / SI
200
13.8
2.2
74.0
53.5
12MBa,
12Cam
12MBa
TPC-EE
30 1100
50.0
07Sae
TPO
24
2.4 27.9
7.0
39.0
200 1100
12MBa
TPU
700
30.0 40.0
400 450
07Sae
References Chapter 4.1.1 - Data - 01

95Car
98Dom
98Mai
99Bud
00Fra
02Kar
04Erh
07Sae
08Els
10Hel
11Ehr
11Hel
12Cam
12Els
12MBa
12Pol
Maier, C., Calafut, T.: Polyproplyene The definitive users guide and databook. Eshbachs
handbook of engineering fundamentals. Fourth edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1998.
Budke, M.: Einfluss des Faservolumengehaltes auf festigkeits- und verformungsbestimmte
Zahigkeitsmechanismen von PP/GF-Verbunden. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat
Halle-Wittenberg, 1999.
Franck, A.: Kunststoff-Kompendium. 5. Auflage, Vogel Verlag, Wurzburg, 2000.
Kardelky, S.: Einfluss der Nukleierungsmittelart auf die Deformations- und Bruchmechanismen
von medial beanspruchten PP/GF-Verbunden. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleWittenberg, 2002.
Erhard, G.: Konstruieren mit Kunststoffen. 3. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2004.
Taschenbuch, 30. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2007.
Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T. (eds.): Domininghaus Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen. 7. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 2008.
Hellerich, W., Harsch, G., Baur, E.: Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften Prufungen
Kennwerte. 10.Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2010.
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Polymerwerkstoffe Struktur Eigenschaften Anwendung. 3. Auflage,
Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2011.
Held, S.: Zahigkeitseigenschaften von Polypropylenwerkstoffen in Abhangigkeit vom Molekulargewicht. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2011.
(rech. 06/2013).
MBase-Material Data Center in www.m-base.de (rech. 07/2013).
Polymatfree in http://polymatfree.polybase.com (rech. 08/2013).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_16
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Quasi-static tensile test tensile properties with yield point - application
Quasi-static tensile test tensile properties with yield

point - application
In the following Figures 4.4 up to 4.10 functional correlations of elastic and tensile properties in dependence on test temperature of different materials are shown.
Fig. 4.4 Modulus of elasticity in tension in dependence on test temperature [98Dom, 08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
Fig. 4.5 Poisson ratio in dependence on test temperature for thermoplastics [07Sae].
Fig. 4.6 Yield stress in dependence on test temperature for thermoplastics [08Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.7 Yield stress in dependence

on content of softening agent for
different materials [07Sae].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
Fig. 4.8 Yield stress or tensile strength versus strain rate for different materials [07Sae].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.9 Tensile strength in dependence on test temperature for different materials [08Els].
Fig. 4.10 Tensile strength and nominal strain at break versus content of softening agent [07Sae].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
References Chapter 4.1.1 - Application - 01

98Dom
07Sae
08Els
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_17
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Quasi-static tensile test - tensile properties without yield point - data

The following Table 4.2 shows a summary of available tensile properties of thermoplastics according to
stressstrain diagrams of type a and d ( Fig. 4.3).
Table 4.2 Tensile properties of thermoplastics without yield point.
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
ABS
23
2100 2600
41.0 43.0
08Els, 12Pol
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
3300 5950
3000 6000
2100 8800
65.5
34.0 90.0
37.0 93.8
60.0 112
ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
ABS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
65.0 90.0
70.3 135
ABS + GF 30 wt.-%
ABS + GF 33 wt.-%
ABS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 15 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
CF 5 wt.-%
CF 10 wt.-%
CF 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
ABS + CF 20 wt.-%
23
ABS + CF 25 wt.-%
ABS + CF 30 wt.-%
ABS + CF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
23
23
23
23
23
23
6000 6200
6274
11300
6600 9600
4620
10300
2500
2600
2700
2800 3150
4140 8300
3960
10300
12400
13800
20000
17926
24800
14600
3000
4551
5102
6274
2.5
15.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
11.0
1.2
1.0
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
M 50 wt.-%
MF 15 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
GC 10 wt.-%
GC 20 wt.-%
GC 30 wt.-%
6.0
4.5
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
2.0
3.0
12Pol, 07Sae
12MBa, 08Els
70.0 96.0
100
100 137
1.5 3.0
3.0
1.0 3.0
08Els, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
110
121
34.5
42.0
35.0
35.0
62.1
48.3
68.9
2.7
2.1
2.0
1.8 2.5
1.5 2.5
2.0 3.3
12MBa
45.0
89.6
48.0
89.6
103
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
96.0 110
1.5
124
103 131
110 131
1.5
1.0 1.5
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
65.0
35.0
73.1
66.2
72.4
89.6
3.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
08Els
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
ABS + GX 5 wt.-%
ABS + GX 10 wt.-%
ABS + GX 15 wt.-%
ABS + GX 20 wt.-%
ABS + GX 30 wt.-%
ABS + MD 15 wt.-%
ABS + MD 20 wt.-%
ABS / ASA
ABS / PBT
ABS / PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
ABS / PBT + (GF + MX)
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
ABS / PC + GF 5 wt.-%
ABS / PC + CF 8 wt.-%
ABS / PC + CF 20 wt.-%
ABS / PC + MF 10 wt.-%
ABS / PC + MF 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3000
4000
1800
8500 9000
-
52.4
57.7
66.2
67.6
78.3 100
35.0
33.0
45.0
42.1 51.7
55.9 70.3
77.5 96.0
90.0 95.8
100 135
58.6
3.0
2.0
90.0
13.0
3.0
2.1
4.0
1.8
-
23
95.1
23
110
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3200 3447
3902
5500
5900 6000
7584
11032
-
67.0
55.2
95.0
50.0
97.9
95.8
63.4
61.8
60.8
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
/ PC + MX 10 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 10 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 20 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 22 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 25 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 30 wt.-%
/ PA 6 + GF 5 wt.-%
/ PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4000 5250
6000 6405
7377
2900 3300
48.0
67.6
74.1
59.3
27.0
38.0
54.0
43.0
ABS / PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
4800
4900
73.6 82.0
77.0 96.5
ABS / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6 + MF 6 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6 + MF 8 wt.-%
23
23
23
2700
118
47.0
49.0 55.0
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
23
23
23
23
3200
3300 3350
4800
2100 2400
65.0
60.0 66.0
65.0
42.0 46.0
/ PA
/ PA
/ PA
/ PA
6+
6+
6+
6+
MD
MD
MD
MD
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
72.4
88.3
103
125
66.7
53.0
84.4
95.0
48.0
63.8
Ref.
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
4.0
3.0
5.0
3.5
4.0 6.0
2.0 7.0
3.0
2.0 5.0
6.0
1.9
2.4
30.0
15.0
20.0
2.1 5.0
1.9 2.6
2.9
5.0
4.0
30.0
3.0
20.0
15.0
4.5
10.0
6.0
50.0
35.0
37.0
3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
08Els
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]

ABS / PA 6 + GF 8 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
3100 3800
2400 2600
50.0 55.0
40.0 45.0
ABS / PA 6 + GF
ABS / PA 6 + GF
(cond.)
ABS / PA 6 + GF
ABS / PA 6 + GF
(cond.)
ABS / PLA
ABS / PMMA
20 wt.-% (dry)
20 wt.-%
23
23
5400
4300
60.0
50.0
4.0 6.0
7.0
12.0
3.2
3.5
30 wt.-% (dry)
30 wt.-%
23
23
7500
6000
90.0
80.0
3.0
3.5
23
23
55.0
43.0 54.0
ABS / PTFE
23
1380 2406
27.6 39.3
ABS / PSI
ABS / PBT / PTFE
ABS / PC / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
2500
6895
31.7 40.0
55.0
89.6
22.0
31.0
13.0
21.0
3.0
AEPDS
23
1200 2400
18.0 53.9
AEPDS + GF 10 wt.-%
AEPDS + GF 20 wt.-%
AEPDS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
+ GF 15 wt.-%
/ PA 6 + MD 20 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
/ PBT
/ PBT
/ PBT
/ PBT
23
23
23
23
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
15
20
30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
Ref.
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa
75.8
100
118
12.0
42.0
6.0
5.0
2.0
6600
2600
7000 8500
9500
10500
4200 4500
4800 5500
6900 7000
6300
10000
82.7 110
48.0
57.0 115
125 130
2.5
3.0
2.1 9.0
1.8 2.5
12MBa, 12Cam
75.0
75.0 100
100 110
80.0 132
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.0
2.9
3.2
2.5
8.0
12MBa
12MBa
ECTFE
23
68.9
12MBa
EPDM / PP + MX 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1400
1400 2000
1870
15.0
16.0 24.0
20.0
11.0 26.0
16.0
19.0
12MBa
ETFE + GF 25 wt.-%
23
8200 8400
80.0 85.0
8.0 9.0
07Sae, 12MBa
LCP
23
140 182
2.0 3.4
12Cam
LCP + GF 15 wt.-%
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
10600
13800
12000
15000
200
207 7.0
3.1
2.0
0.1
12MBa, 12Cam
08Els, 04Erh
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
23
100 205
1.0 2.1
12Pol, 12MBa
LCP
LCP
LCP
LCP
23
23
23
23
100
135
120
150
1.0 2.1
1.2 1.3
1.2 1.5
0.7
12MBa, 12Cam
130 200
140
125
125 155
110 155
130
115 130
130
110 160
62.0 94.0
115 120
156
188
167
150
0.7 2.0
1.5
3.7 5.6
1.0
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.3
12MBa
12.0
28.0
14.0
20.0
12MBa
LCP + GB 50 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + CD) 30 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 33 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 45 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 50 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MX) 50 wt.-%
LCP / PC
LCP / PC + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
LCP / PET
LCP / PET + GF 30 wt.-%
LCP / PET + CF 30 wt.-%
LCP / PPS
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
14500
22000
17000
23500
31800
14000
2500 4300
10400
16100
23000
16000
MABS
23
1700 2000
31.0 55.0
MABS-I
23
1800 2200
41.0 50.0
PA 1010 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)

PA 1010 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 1010 + GF 55 wt.-% (dry)
PA 1010 + GF 55 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 1010 + GF 65 wt.-% (dry)
PA 1010 + GF 65 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
14500
13000
17500
16500
21500
17000
200
160
210
180
230
200
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
12MBa
PA 11 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 23 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 11 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 11 + GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 11 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 11 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 11 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 11 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 11 + CD 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 11 + CD 10 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2800
5200 5500
6900
6200
8300
2200
1950
5800
5300
2100
1940
2230
2100
83.0
69.0 96.0
93.1
90.0
93.0
83.0
41.4
68.0
65.0
115
112
42.0
39.0
48.0
45.0
4.0
2.5 3.5
8.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
15.0
7.0
8.0
37.0
40.0
7.0
27.0
12Pol
+ GF 35 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
205
155
262
200
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
07Sae
12MBa
07Sae
12Cam
12MBa
12Pol
98Dom, 07Sae
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 11 + (GF + CD) 30 wt.-%

(dry)
PA 11 + (GF + CD) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 11 + (GF + CD) 50 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 11 + (GF + CD) 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 11 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 11 / PTFE + RF 10 wt.-%
23
4700
110
5.0
23
4300
108
5.0
23
9000
146
4.0
23
8300
143
4.0
23
23
1862
124
41.4
10.0
12MBa
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-%
23
3500 6000
80.0 90.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PA
PA
PA
PA
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
GF
GF
GF
GF
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
5500
6000
3500
6000
75.0 120
107 130
83.0
93.0 110
3.5
15.0
3.0 5.0
3.5 7.0
6.0
4.5 8.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 65 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
MF 40 wt.-%
CF 15 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CD 25 wt.-%
GD 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
8300
9000
11500
18000
2500
8000
7580
12000
1900
4000
121
148 170
135
180
45.0
73.1
120
124
140
50.0
69.0
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-%
23
1050 1600
40.0 45.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
GB 50 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
2300
3500 3900
3000
4500 5500
45.0
80.0 95.0
70.0
85.0 105
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
3500 4400
80.0 90.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
23
23
23
23
23
85.0 110
82.0 100
110 130
95.0 120
155 170
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
135 160
3.5 6.0
PA 12 + GF 65 wt.-% (dry)
23
4800 5800
4300 5500
5800 8000
5000 7500
12000
13500
11500
12500
18000
20000
4.5
4.5
6.0
3.5
25.0
6.0
2.0
3.0
10.0
4.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
7.0
6.0 8.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
15.0
3.0 6.0
5.0 6.0
5.0 7.0
5.0 9.0
5.0 6.0
170 200
2.5 3.0
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
23 wt.-%
23 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
7000
8000
5700
7000
Ref.
12MBa
98Dom, 07Sae
12Pol, 12Cam
95Car
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
95Car
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam, 95Car
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 12 + GF 65 wt.-% (cond.)
23
160 185
2.5 3.5
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
CF 15 wt.-% (dry)
CF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
17000
18500
8000 9500
7500 8300
12600
11400
1900 2000
1600 1800
110 120
100 110
132
128
47.0 50.0
37.0 45.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
GB
GB
CD
CD
CD
CD
23
23
23
23
23
23
2600
2300
2900
2800
2200
1900
50.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
55.0
50.0
4.5 5.0
4.0 5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0 8.0
5.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
5.0
6.0
25.0
30.0
PA 4T + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
12000
155
2.0
12MBa
PA 46 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 46 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 46 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 46 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 46 + GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
48.3 103
131
119
186
179 2.0
12MBa
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10000
4500
6100 8000
2800
9200
6000
175 207
207
228
231
228
241 276
115
140
70.0
150
100
PA 46 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
170 180
170 210
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
105 125
150 230
2.8 7.0
1.3 3.0
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
100 145
2.0 8.0
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
8000 9000
9000
12500
6000 8000
13000
17000
7000
12000
17000
12000
16000
18000
3.2
0.2
2.5
4.0
3.0 4.0
8.0
2.0 8.0
4.0
10.0
1.8 3.0
1.9 4.0
200
130
200 250
2.0
3.0
1.5 2.7
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
46 +
50 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
22 wt.-%
22 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
Ref.
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
12MBa
08Els
07Sae, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa, 04Erh
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 46 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
135 170
2.3 5.0
PA 46 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + CF 15 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
200 255
170
185
2.0
3.0
2.0
PA 46 + CF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + MF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 46 + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 46 + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 46 + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 46 / PTFE
PA 46 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 46 / PTFE + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 46 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
10000
15000
20000
12000
12500
13000
6700
24000
14500
7000
8000
110 120
240 260
150 170
110
120
4.0 5.0
1.6 2.0
3.5 4.0
3.5
2.0
23
14500
160
2.0
23
7000
140
3.0
23
3200
70.0
6.0
23
23
23
23
3000
-
76.0
179
179
186 193
5.9
-
12MBa
PA 46-I + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
85.0 140
5.0
10.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 410 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
7000
10000
115 170
2.5 5.8
12MBa
PA 6 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
82.7
90.0 110
90.0 96.0
70.3 131
103 130
103 152
110 138
124 160
2.9
3.6
2.3
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.5
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 95Car
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12Pol, 12Cam
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-%
23
110 167
1.5 6.0
12MBa
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
100 195
1.0 9.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
100 185
2.3 6.0
12Pol, 98Dom
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-%
23
23
117 193
135 186
1.8 4.5
1.0 3.5
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-%
23
4000
4100
4900
4800
5500
6800
7900
10300
5800
10500
6000
11000
5000
12400
7580
8960
10500
9300
10300
135 180
2.0 3.0
12Pol, 12Cam
4650
4800
5800
6000
7000
9000
8830
Ref.
5.0
7.0
9.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
3.5
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
158 190
2.3 3.0
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
131 207
2.0 4.5
12MBa
PA 6 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-%
23
23
159 234
150 200
2.0 2.5
2.9 3.5
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-%
23
23
23
130 220
189
156 245
2.0 6.0
2.5
1.0 4.0
12Pol
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF 55 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 15 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
11000
12500
9650
13000
11000
15000
13800
15900
13400
16400
18000
2400
3400
3900
221 228
230 235
65.0 76.0
68.9 75.0
60.0 70.0
12MBa
PA 6 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-%
23
23
4137
3500 4400
60.0 70.7
50.0 80.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GB 30 wt.-%
GB 35 wt.-%
GB 40 wt.-%
GB 50 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
MF 15 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3000
2000 6000
8000
20000
32400
-
65.0
103
70.0 75.0
40.0 90.0
100
138 191
200 221
220
63.7
58.9 85.0
53.9 80.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MF 30 wt.-%
MF 35 wt.-%
MF 40 wt.-%
MF 60 wt.-%
GC 33 wt.-%
GC 40 wt.-%
GD 30 wt.-%
GD 40 wt.-%
MD 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6800
7600
7500
9653
4500 5800
70.0 95.0
70.0
62.0 89.6
165
234
79.3
86.2
80.0
PA 6 + MD 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + MX 8 wt.-%
23
23
6000
1310 2482
90.0
28.3 39.2
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
2689
3300
3792
5800
35.9
65.0 122
40.7
41.0 85.0
2.0
10.0
10.0
3.5
10.0
9.0
4.0
14.0
20.0
1.5 8.0
2.0 2.1
1.5
8.0
2.0 4.0
2.0
25.0
2.0 4.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
10.0
6.0
20.0
90.0
10.0
25.0
6.0
3.5 4.0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MX
MX
MX
MX
15
20
25
30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
Ref.
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MX 34 wt.-%
MX 40 wt.-%
CD 10 wt.-%
CD 15 wt.-%
T 35 wt.-%
GX 15 wt.-%
GX 25 wt.-%
GX 30 wt.-%
GX 33 wt.-%
GX 35 wt.-%
GX 43 wt.-%
CaCO3 30 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 15 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 20 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 25 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 35 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 45 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 55 wt.-%
(GF + MX) 15 wt.-%
(GF + MX) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
(GF + MX) 45 wt.-%
(GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
(GF + CF) 35 wt.-%
(GF + CF) 50 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3723
9653
3000
4200
3200
3700
8620
6200
8200
6400
7900
12000
4500
2700
5000
3000
70.0 80.0
60.0 89.6
72.4
65.5
75.0
84.3 89.6
54.5
172
138 193
138
176 200
50.0
89.6 96.5
85.0 119
105
75.8
75.8
55.0 123
110
96.0 135
113 130
186
112
130
103 193
88.9 135
145
95.0 100
115
130
193
105 110
55.0 60.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
5220
3100
5960
2640
4100 6700
2100 4500
65.0
140
80.0
85.0 140
50.0 80.0
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
5500 7600
2500 5200
70.0 150
45.0 100
PA 6 + GF 22 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 22 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
7500
4400
6800 8500
130
55.0
82.0 165
1.5
7.0
3.0
30.0
2.8
3.5
2.1
2.1
2.3
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
5.0
17.0
15.0
4.0
9.0
2.5
4.5
20.0
2.5
4.5
15.0
3.5
6.0
2.4
12
12
14
14
15
15
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
6300
9700
8963
8618
Ref.
6.0
12MBa
5.0
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
2.5
2.5
2.0
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
4.0
8.0
12MBa
12Cam
4.0
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
5.0
4.5
12MBa, 12Cam
4.1
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
10
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
23
3500 5700
90.0 105
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
85.0 190
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
23
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
PA 6 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
23
PA 6 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
23
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
CF 15 wt.-% (dry)
CF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
7200
12300
3400
11400
9000
10800
5500 8200
9300
10500
4610 7200
9000
12600
6300 7500
10500
14000
5700 9500
13000
14500
8000
10000
14000
18000
8600
12200
18600
22000
12500
15500
5600
2700
6500
3500
3500
4.5
10.0
1.7 5.0
PA 6 + GB 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GB 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
1500
4000
3400 5500
50.0
85.0
60.0 90.0
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
1200 2500
35.0 70.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
23
6100
1700
6130
4000
4500 5000
95.0
45.0
70.0
55.0
75.0 85.0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
GB 50 wt.-% (cond.)
MF 25 wt.-% (dry)
MF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
47.0 130
Ref.
170 200
1.7
28.0
3.0 3.5
100 148
145 190
3.5 6.0
2.6 3.5
07Sae
90.0 125
140 200
3.9 6.1
2.1 3.8
12MBa, 12Cam
85.0 130
150 215
3.5 8.0
2.0 4.0
90.0 140
205 220
3.5 7.5
2.5 3.0
150
3.5 6.0
175 250
1.6 3.0
125 165
3.0 6.0
215 265
1.5 2.5
150 160
3.1 4.0
110.0
65.0
120.0
70.0
85.0
5.0
25.0
4.0
15.0
4.0
10.0
15.0
9.0
4.0
15.0
5.0
50.0
4.0
8.0
2.0
4.0
10.0
12.0
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6 + MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
1500 2000
45.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
4000
1700
5500 7500
2500 3500
75.0
40.0
65.0 123
35.0 75.0
PA 6 + MD 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
4500 8000
65.0 100
PA 6 + MD 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
1700 6000
35.0 57.0
PA 6 + MD 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
4330 6400
85.0 90.0
PA 6 + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
2200 2900
50.0 60.0
PA 6 + MD 45 wt.-% (dry)
23
130 145
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
(dry)
PA 6 +
(cond.)
PA 6 +
(dry)
PA 6 +
(cond.)
PA 6 +
(dry)
PA 6 +
(cond.)
PA 6 +
(dry)
PA 6 +
(cond.)
PA 6 +
(dry)
PA 6 +
(cond.)
MD 45 wt.-% (cond.)
MX 25 wt.-% (dry)
MX 25 wt.-% (cond.)
MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
MX 40 wt.-% (dry)
MX 40 wt.-% (cond.)
T 5 wt.-% (dry)
T 20 wt.-% (dry)
T 20 wt.-% (cond.)
T 30 wt.-% (dry)
T 30 wt.-% (cond.)
(GF + CF) + 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10200
10500
5500 7000
5700
2100
5050
2350
6250
2600
3800
6000
2150
5500
4000
12500
40.0
50.0
19.0
50.0
2.0 3.0
6.0
30.0
1.5
15.0
3.0
46.0
7.0
10.0
25.0
40.0
2.4 2.5
80.0
30.0
80.0
55.0
80.0
55.0
84.0
61.0
35.0
80.0
55.0
180
3.0
50.0
8.5
4.0
3.7
50.0
2.5
5.0
2.4
(GF + CF) + 30 wt.-%
23
6300
100
5.0
(GF + MF) + 35 wt.-%
23
8000
90.0
2.5
(GF + MF) + 35 wt.-%
23
3800
50.0
6.0
(GF + GB) + 20 wt.-%
23
4500
90.0
3.0
(GF + GB) + 20 wt.-%
23
2100
54.0
24.0
(GF + GB) + 30 wt.-%
23
5800 8800
100 140
2.5 4.0
(GF + GB) + 30 wt.-%
23
3000 6100
50.0 90.0
(GF + GB) + 35 wt.-%
23
7350 8000
125 130
4.0
15.0
3.0 3.2
(GF + GB) + 35 wt.-%
23
5000 6000
85.0 100
4.5 5.1
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
MD
MD
MD
MD
20
20
25
25
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
11
Ref.
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
12
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6 + (GF + MX) + 30 wt.-%

(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MX) + 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 10 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 10 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 20 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 25 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 25 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 40 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 45 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 45 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 60 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 60 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 65 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) + 65 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 8 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / ABS + GF 8 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 / ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / ABS + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / ABS + MF 8 wt.-%
23
8200
95.0
2.9
23
6250
65.0
2.9
23
4060
80.0
3.5
23
1340
40.0
22.6
23
5200
100
3.0
23
23
5300 7000
90.0 100
2.5 6.5
23
3000 3900
45.0 65.0
23
5500 9300
80.0 120
9.0
25.0
2.0 4.0
23
2300 5300
45.0 90.0
23
5000
11000
3000 6000
110 140
127 140
23
9900
12000
6100 9200
3.0
12.0
2.0 2.3
90.0 92.0
3.0 5.0
23
11000
110
1.8
23
6500
80.0
2.5
23
120
1.0 1.6
23
11500
12100
6000 7100
73.0 90.0
2.2 3.0
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2900 3300
4800
4900
3100 3300
2400 2600
5400
4300
43.0
75.8
77.0
50.0
40.0
60.0
50.0
10.0
4.0
4.5
3.0
3.5 4.0
3.2
3.5
23
23
5400 7500
4300 6000
60.0 90.0
50.0 80.0
3.0 2.2
3.5
12Cam
23
2700
49.0 55.0
35.0
37.0
12MBa, 12Cam
23
23
55.0 84.0
55.0
82.0
96.5
55.0
45.0
Ref.
4.0
20.0
2.0 3.0
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6 / ABS + MD 20 wt.-%
PA 6 / ASA + MD 20 wt.-%
PA 6 / PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 + MD 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 + MD 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 + T 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 + T 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 + T 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 + (GF + GB) 35 wt.% (dry)
PA 6 / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 / PP + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 / PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 / PP + MD 15 wt.-%
PA 6 / PPE + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PPE + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 / SI + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 / SI / PTFE
PA 6 / SI / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
2100 2400
2600
8691 9000
5100
42.0 46.0
48.0
103 185
64.0
3.0
3.0 4.3
8.0
23
23
10000
6000
190
130
3.0
6.0
23
5200
80.0
3.0
23
1900
40.0
30.0
23
23
3700
1500
55.0
33.0
3.5
27.0
23
23
3000
7500
34.0
130
4.5
3.0
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3700
5900
2100
6300
4100
-
75.8
88.3 115
127 170
148
159 186
70.0
145
32.0
73.0
160.0
62.1
157
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
11.0
3.0
-
PA 6/3T
PA 6/3T + SiO2 10 wt.-%
PA 6/3T + SiO2 20 wt.-%
PA 6/3T + SiO2 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1830
2010
2190
1870
46.8
47.9
52.9
44.1
15.5
6.6
5.3
3.8
00Par
PA 6/6T + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6/6T + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6/6T + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6/6T + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6/6T + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6/6T + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6/6T + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
150 185
140
95.0 175
90.0 165
210
22.0
210 230
3.0
3.0
2.0 3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5 3.0
12MBa
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
8300 9000
8000
8000 9300
8000 8500
12000
12000
12000
18000
17000
17000
22000
21000
200
240
250
245
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.0
6/6T
6/6T
6/6T
6/6T
+
+
+
+
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
13
Ref.
12MBa
12MBa, 05Nas
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
04Erh
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
14
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PA 6-I + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
4800 5600
2600 4000
95.0 120
55.0 65.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 6-I + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
130.0
70.0
95.0 170
PA 6-I + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
7500
4000
7000
11000
4600 8500
2.9 6.0
7.0
25.0
5.0
10.0
2.5 5.0
PA 6-I + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
135
160 190
PA 6-I + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6-I + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
110 130
185 230
7.0 9.0
3.0
PA 6-I + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6-I + GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I + GB 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I + MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I + MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I + (GF + MD)
30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
11000
11500
12000
6700 7500
14500
16000
10000
2200
3200
8400
5700
4500
4.0
10.0
2.0
3.5 4.9
150
52.0
60.0
130
86.0
65.0
3.0 6.0
5.0
4.0
3.9
5.1
8.0
23
3000
50.0
11.0
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I/6T/66 + GF 60 wt.-%
(cond.)
23
10500
210
3.0
23
10000
180
3.0
23
23
13000
12000
230
200
3.0
6.0
23
23
17500
16500
250
220
3.0
3.0
23
23
20500
19500
260
230
2.5
2.5
PA 6T/66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6T/66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6T/66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6T/66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6T/66 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
200
180
200
180
235 240
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.6
2.0
PA 6T/66 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
23
12000
12000
13000
13000
16000
16500
15500
16000
215 230
2.0
90.0 110
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6T/66 + MD 37 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6T/66 + MD 37 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
10000
9000
110
-
2.0
-
PA 6T/6I + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
150 235
2.0 2.5
PA 6T/6I + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
130 230
1.5 2.0
PA 6T/6I + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6T/6I + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
220
210
250
2.0
2.0
2.0
23
225 240
2.0
PA 6T/6I + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)

23
23
10000
16000
10000
16500
14500
14000
17500
18000
17000
17500
23000
22500
260
250
1.5
1.5
PA 6T/XT + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6T/XT + GF 30 wt.-% (dry
PA 6T/XT + GF 33 wt.-% (dry.)
23
23
23
23
23
120
170
200
170 220
2.1
2.2
2.9
1.5 2.4
PA 6T/XT + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23

PA 6T/XT + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6T/XT + MD 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6T/XT + (GF + MD) 50 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6T/XT + (GF + MD) 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6T/XT-I (dry)
PA 6T/XT-I (cond.)
PA 6T/XT-I + MD 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6T/XT-I + MD 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
15
Ref.
130 210
1.1 2.2
23
23
23
23
6500
9100
10000
10000
12000
14000
12000
14000
15000
15000
12600
16000
240
230
150
200
2.2 2.4
2.0 2.1
1.8
2.2
23
16000
190
1.8
23
23
23
23
2300
2200
5400
4600
68.0
100
98.0
5.0
4.2
PA 6-I/66 (dry)
PA 6-I/66 (cond.)
PA 6-I/66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
110
110
140 185
2.0
2.0
2.0
PA 6-I/66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
135 170
2.0
PA 6-I/66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I/66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I/66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
200
180
190 200
2.5
2.5
2.0 2.1
PA 6-I/66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
7000
7000
10500
11000
10500
11000
11000
11000
11000
13000
11000
13000
160 180
2.6 2.7
12Cam
12Cam
12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
16
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 6-I/66 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I/66 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
220 250
200 215
2.0 2.3
2.0 2.9
PA 6-I/66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)

PA 6-I/66 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6-I/66 + MD 37 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6-I/66 + MD 37 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
16000
15000
15500
17500
17000
10000
9000
250
225
110
-
2.0
2.0
2.0
-
PA 610
PA 610 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
62.1
86
121
145 152
3.2
3.2
3.0 4.0
12MBa
12Pol
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
128
145
165 183
165
186
193
193
221
60.0
115
75.0
140
110
150 170
110 130
160
110
185
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.5
15.0
4.5
10.0
4.0
6.0
3.5
5.0
3.0
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
140 145
5.0 6.0
PA 610 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
200 210
3.2 4.0
PA 610 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
150 165
4.5 5.5
PA 610-I + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)

PA 610-I + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 610 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 610 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
6200
6900
8300
10300
7800
12400
13800
15200
4000
5000
3600
7000
5000
8400 9500
6100 7000
10000
7200
12000
12500
9500
10000
15000
15500
11000
12500
7400
5200
6890
10300
9600
120
90.0
103
172
180
5.0
8.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
23
7200
125
5.0
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
610 +
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 43 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
T 20 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
Ref.
4.0
12Pol, 12MBa
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
5.0
7.5
4.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
33 wt.-%
35 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
51.7 64.8
76.0 90.0
107
124
120
110 121
110 159
131
167
152 179
3.0
4.6
3.5
5.0
2.5
2.3
4.0
2.3
3.0
612 + GF 43 wt.-%
612 + GF 50 wt.-%
612 + CF 30 wt.-%
612 + GB 10 wt.-%
612 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
612 + (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
612 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
612 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
612 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
612 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
612 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
612 + GD 15 wt.-% (dry)
612 + GD 15 wt.-% (cond.)
612 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
612-I + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
612-I + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
612-I + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
612-I + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4100 4800
6900
6210 6900
5500
7700 9000
827 10100
9000
9700
11000
10300
13800
24100
5500
8300
5600
9500
7500
9500 9800
7900 8000
12500
9500
12000
12000
15500
12500
3050
2650
24100
5700
4700
8900
7400
165 186
193
193 200
162
90.0
103
118
150
115
160 170
140
175
135
190
170
185
150
63.0
53.0
193
90.0
148
126
1.9
2.5 4.0
2.0
6.0
1.2
3.0
5.0
4.5
6.5
2.4 3.0
3.0 3.2
4.0
5.5
2.8
5.0
3.5
5.0
18.0
23.0
2.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
23
2200 3500
57.0 90.0
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
50.3 86.2
74.5 110
89.0 123
103 117
96.5 187
117 155
163 2.0
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
23
3400
4500
4500
5300
6700
6900
8900
10300
7500
10500
8.0
40.0
6.0
2.3
2.5
6.0
2.5
2.0
Material
PA 612
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA 612 +
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
PA 66
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
5500
6000
7600
7500
9000
107 160
17
Ref.
6.0
5.0
3.5
4.0
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
6.0
3.5
4.0
4.0
3.1
0.1
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
12Pol, 08Els
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
18
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
100 193
2.0 7.0
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
117 190
2.0 4.0
12Pol
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
153 184
2.0 5.0
98Dom, 07Sae
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
23
110 191
3.0 5.0
12Pol, 12MBa
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
23
150 190
2.0 6.0
12MBa
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
23
160 200
1.0 6.0
12Pol, 12Cam
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
200
3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
121 233
2.0 5.0
12Pol
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-%
23
179 220
2.3 3.5
12Pol, 12MBa
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
23
23
23
165 221
165 206
207 227
1.0 3.0
2.9 4.0
2.3 2.5
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12Pol
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
23
190 231
1.5 3.0
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-%
23
207 245
1.5 2.7
12MBa, 12Cam
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
33 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7500
10500
9000
13100
7200
10000
9170
11000
10500
12000
10500
13100
10000
13000
12400
13100
13100
13800
14000
15900
16500
15000
16500
15200
21000
2850
3400
4500
3700 4300
4500 4800
4000 4500
4000 4800
3700
5500
5600 6200
70.0 85.0
75.8 76.0
65.0 75.8
70.0 85.0
55.0 75.8
60.0
55.0 95.0
81.0
138 145
75.0 125
76.0
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
98Dom, 07Sae
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
PA 66 + CF 5 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-%
23
23
76.0
120 150
5.0
4.5
8.0
4.0
2.5
4.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
3.5
2.5
10.0
4.0
2.2
PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
125 152
152 175
165 183
2.2 3.0
2.0
2.3 2.5
12Pol
12Pol, 12Cam
12MBa
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
23
179 200
2.0 3.5
12MBa, 12Cam
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
23
145 207
2.0 3.4
12Pol
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
GB
3400
7800
10300
8500 9000
11500
12100
12400
14000
15200
13800
15500
Ref.
6.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
12Pol, 12MBa
8.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
19
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 22 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
197
201
138 286
4.0
1.5 3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
98Dom, 07Sae
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-%
23
165 241
1.2 2.0
12MBa
PA 66 + CF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-%
23
23
193
250 262
1.2 2.0
12Pol, 12Cam
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-%
23
193 255
1.2 2.3
12MBa
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
CF 60 wt.-%
MF 15 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
MF 30 wt.-%
MF 35 wt.-%
MF 40 wt.-%
MD 30 wt.-%
MD 40 wt.-%
MX 20 wt.-%
MX 25 wt.-%
MX 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
16900
8100
24000
18000
23400
20700
26000
14500
29000
24100
5500
6000 6900
4700 4900
6500
4800 5850
3500 5000
234
55.0
58.9
82.7
73.6
70.0
69.0
70.0
90.0
68.9
70.0
64.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12MBa
PA 66 + MX 40 wt.-%
23
6481 7500
62.1 90.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GX 30 wt.-%
GX 33 wt.-%
GX 35 wt.-%
GX 40 wt.-%
GX 45 wt.-%
GC 30 wt.-%
T 30 wt.-%
CaCO3 20 wt.-%
GF 7 wt.-% (dry)
GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4500
4800 6000
2800 4300
191
121 183
161
200
172
148
74.0
82.7
110
100 125
70.0 80.0
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
4700 7500
3300 5000
90.0 140
57.0 95.0
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
100 160
90.0 125
85.0 190
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
23
6400 8200
3800 7200
6400
14000
4900 8000
2.0
20.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.5
4.5
6.0
4.0
4.5
2.0
20.0
2.0
10.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
5.2
3.5
3.0
5.0
20.0
2.0
4.5
18.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
8450
11500
85.0 200
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
82.7
95.0
80.0
95.0
80.0
80.0
85.0
70.0 120
8.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
5.5
12MBa
4.0
12MBa
4.0
4.7
4.0
8.0
3.6
2.6
10.0
1.9 4.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa, 04Erh
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
20
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
56.0 160
23
175 190
2.1
13.2
2.5 3.0
12MBa, 04Erh
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
115 140
130 210
3.5 5.0
2.5 4.0
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
120 140
135 220
3.5 5.0
2.0 4.0
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
95.0 170
2.2 6.4
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
175 230
1.5 3.5
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
125 210
2.0 5.0
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
23
220 225
3.0
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
23
160
3.5 4.0
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
220
165 170
180 265
2.0 3.0
3.0
1.6 2.7
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
130 220
2.0 4.4
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
23
230 280
1.4 2.1
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
23
180 240
2.0 3.1
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6000
12400
3900
11700
6500 7500
8500
12500
6000 8500
10500
12000
6800
10000
11500
14000
7500
13000
14000
14800
11000
11300
14500
11000
13500
18000
10000
17000
19500
22000
14000
21000
3680
2950
4250
3120
5250
4250
5650
3200 4100
5850 6900
2600 2950
55.0
42.0
60.0
55.0
80.0
65.0
85.0
70.0
85.0 103
45.0 73.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
MX 45 wt.-% (dry)
MX 45 wt.-% (cond.)
MX 50 wt.-% (dry)
MX 50 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
GB 15 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 20 wt.-% (dry)
GB 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6100
3000
7200
4100
3800
2000
4500
1900
95.0
75.0
109
82.0
70.0
50.0
80.0
60.0
7.2
9.1
6.4
7.6
5.8
8.0
5.2
5.9
6.0 7.2
5.1
30.0
5.5
7.8
3.9
5.2
20.0
50.0
5.0
7.0
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
12MBa, 12Cam
07Sae, 95Car
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 66 + GB 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
4300
3900 5000
2300 2800
70.0
80.0 95.0
50.0 70.0
PA 66 + GB 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GB 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
5200
2800
5000 6000
95.0
45.0 75.0
85.0 100
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
3000
50.0 80.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
GB 50 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
CF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
110
85.0
200
120
220 225
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
150 155
5.0 6.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 35 wt.-% (dry)
CF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 15 wt.-% (dry)
MD 20 wt.-% (dry)
MD 20 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 25 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7200
3600
12000
9000
15000
17000
11000
12000
23000
20000
28200
17600
31000
28000
3400
5000
3300
3200 8100
6.0
3.0 9.0
6.0
20.0
3.0
4.0
2.5
15.0
4.0
35.0
6.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
1.7 3.0
240
200
230
145
260 290
225
65.0
75.0
55.0
60.0 127
PA 66 + MD 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + MD 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
75.0 85.0
75.0 100
PA 66 + MD 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
2000 5600
5200
10000
2300 4600
PA 66 + MD 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + MD 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
72.0 75.0
75.0 130
PA 66 + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
9200 9300
6000
10000
4000 5700
2.0
3.0
1.5
1.6
1.1
2.0
15.0
10.0
20.0
2.4
10.0
4.0 5.0
2.0
10.0
6.0
30.0
2.0
1.7 4.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
5500
3500
9200
9900
11700
8300
24100
9000
110
85.0
120
100
130
138
83.0
241
135
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
RF 20 wt.-% (dry)
RF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
RF 35 wt.-% (dry)
MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GB + GC) 40 wt.-%
(CF + RF) 40 wt.-%
(GF + CF) 20 wt.-%
50.0 55.0
45.0 65.0
7.0
11.0
5.0
7.2
1.9
3.0
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.5
2.7
21
Ref.
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Cam, 98Mai
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12Pol
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
22
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
23
200 210
2.2 2.7
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%

PA 66 + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 35 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 35 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
13000
14000
7500
8000
21700
150
120
210
3.0
2.5
1.8
23
18900
160
1.9
23
7000 8700
140 160
2.5 4.0
23
5000 5500
92.0 120
4.5 5.0
23
7400 8200
135 143
3.0
23
9000
120
2.8
23
4200
60.0
8.0
23
9000
110
2.2
23
6200
75.0
3.5
23
8300
12100
5000 7800
120 160
2.2 3.0
76.0 110
2.6 6.5
130
2.5
12MBa
23
9800
10800
5700
135
3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
23
23
5600
2900
110
65.0
4.0
10.0
12Cam
23
103 190
3.0 5.0
12MBa, 12Cam
23
7100
11000
4000 7000
64.0 125
23
23
11000
7500
195
130
6.0
15.0
3.0
6.0
23
240 250
2.5 3.0
150 170
4.5 5.0
23
23
16500
17500
10000
12500
10000
6000
190
-
3.0
-
23
3700
55.0
3.5
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + T 20 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
Ref.
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
23
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PA 66 / PA 6 + T 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + T 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + MD 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + MD 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 10 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + CF 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + (GF + GB)
30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6 + (GF + GB)
35 wt.-% (dry)
(PA 66 / PA 6)-I + GF 33 wt.-%
(dry)
(PA 66 / PA 6)-I + GF 33 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 40 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 40 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 50 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 60 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T + GF 60 wt.-%
(cond.)
23
1500
33.0
27.0
23
23
3000
5200
34.0
80.0
4.5
3.0
23
1900
40.0
30.0
23
23
9200
6500
170
120
3.0
7.0
23
23
16000
10000
230
160
3.0
6.0
23
23
230 250
170 180
2.5
4.5 5.0
23
23
23000
15000
16000
26000
17000
260
200
2.0
4.0
23
8500
155
3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
23
7500
130
3.0
12Cam
23
9000
150
4.0
23
6930
115
8.6
23
10500
210
3.0
23
10000
180
3.0
23
13000
230
3.0
23
12000
200
3.0
23
17500
250
3.0
23
16500
220
3.0
23
20500
260
2.5
23
19500
230
2.5
PA 66-I + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)

PA 66-I + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
5000 5500
3500
110
60.0 80.0
PA 66-I + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
23
6000
120
4.0 4.5
10.0
21.0
3.6
Ref.
12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
24

sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
6500
70.0
118 150
110
140
105 120
143 150
104 110
172
76.0
80.0
70.0 90.0
23
2000 4000
45.0 60.0
PA 66-I + MX 30 wt.-% (dry)

PA 66-I + MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
3050
1550
50.0
35.0
13.0
3.5
5.5
3.5
4.5
3.5
5.0
3.0
21.0
18.0
6.0
12.0
8.0
24.0
10.0
-
PA 66-HI + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
76.0
103
110 127
8.0
3.6
3.5
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF 40 wt.-%
CF 10 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
145
110
152
131 172
3.3
5.0
4.0
1.2 2.5
PA 66-HI + CF 40 wt.-%
23
3900
6200
8300
10300
11000
6600
13800
18600
19300
25500
200
2.5
PA 66/6T (dry)
PA 66/6T + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66/6T + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
90.0
110
150 180
3.0
2.0
1.7 2.0
PA 66/6T + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
230 250
1.6 2.0
PA 66/6T + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
23
3500
7100
11000
11200
17000
19000
23000
260 280
1.5
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
8800 9500
15000
5160 6300
2440 4500
175 180
155 190
165 215
210 250
100 120
55.0 85.0
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
7000
4500
7000
4600
135 140
110
155
90.0
2.5 5.0
5.0
2.4
3.0 4.0
5.0
13.8
3.0
5.0
3.7
4.0 7.4
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
+ GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
+ MD 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ MD 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MD 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ MD 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MD 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4000
6600
6000
8000
6000
8500
5800
11500
11700
3800
1800
4900
3500
PA 66-I + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
Material
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-HI
66-HI
66-HI
66-HI
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
7500
9000
8900
6000
8300
6200
7900
5600
Ref.
4.0
5.0
6.0
4.5
8.5
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
25
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
23
120 190
2.4 4.1
12MBa, 12Cam
PA
PA
PA
PA
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
23
23
23
23
90.0 125
190 225
130
220 230
6.0 8.0
3.0
6.0
2.1 2.5
PA 666 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
160 165
2.5 2.8
PA 666 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
23
240 250
2.5 3.0
PA 666 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
150 170
4.5 5.0
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
23
220 275
2.0 2.2
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
23
155 200
2.5 3.6
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 10 wt.-% (dry)
MD 10 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 20 wt.-% (dry)
MD 20 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 30 wt.-% (dry)
MD 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7800
10000
3800 6500
11000
6500 7500
13000
13500
9500
10000
16500
17500
10000
12500
20000
22500
13000
17000
4100
1800
6000
2400
4500
2500
4500 5500
2500 2800
4800 8500
2100 4000
75.0
45.0
90.0
50.0
70.0
50.0
70.0
50.0
70.0 90.0
45.0 50.0
PA 666 + MD 40 wt.-% (dry)

PA 666 + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
23
PA 666 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
PA 666 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)

PA 666 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 666 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 666 / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 666 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PAEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PAEK + GF 40 wt.-%
PAEK + CF 30 wt.-%
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
666 +
GF
GF
GF
GF
30 wt.-%
35 wt.-%
35 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
90.0 125
65.0
230 250
160 180
5.0 6.0
23
23
23
6000 8500
3000 4500
16000
23000
10000
15000
26000
17000
5400 8500
10.0
35.0
5.0
15.0
3.0
5.5
2.5
4.0
2.0
4.0
35.0
3.5
22.0
2.5
260
200
110 155
2.0
4.0
3.0 4.0
23
2100 5700
60.0 85.0
10.0
23
23
4000
-
95.0
210
5.0
-
23
23
23
12100
15500
18600
190
155
207
3.4
1.5
1.5
12MBa
12Cam
3.0
5.5
7.0
12MBa, 12Cam
7.0
3.0
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
26
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PAI
PAI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
150 160
205 220
7.0 8.0
2.0 3.0
07Sae
07Sae, 04Erh
PAI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
221 205
2.3 7.0
12Pol, 12MBa
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
+
+
+
+
+
232
23
150
260
23
113
205
150
100
221 250
12.0
7.0
16.0
10.0
1.2
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
+ CF 30
+ CF 30
+ CF 35
+ CF 35
+ CF 35
/ PTFE
23
232
23
150
260
23
4500 4700
10800
14000
10800
14548
16548
24500
22300
4482
203
108
150
100
152
1.5 6.0
11.0
6.0
12.0
10.0
7.6
PAIND/INDT + GF 35 wt.-%
PAIND/INDT / PA66 + GF
40 wt.-%
23
23
10000
11000
140
220
2.1
3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
PARA + GF 30 wt.-%
PARA + GF 50 wt.-%
23
23
190
230 280
2.0
1.8 1.9
12MBa
PARA + GF 60 wt.-%
PARA + MX 45 wt.-%
PARA / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
11500
17000
22000
24000
18000
10000
280
140
135
1.8
1.3
2.2
PB-1 + GF 10 wt.-%
23
1706 9
40.0 0.2
PB-1 + GF 20 wt.-%
23
2939 5
57.1 0.2
PB-1 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
4420 43
73.0 0.1
PB-1 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
6041 71
81.9 0.5
PB-1 + GF 50 wt.-%
23
7630 163
87.4 0.5
4.3
0.1
3.8
0.1
3.4
0.1
3.0
0.1
2.7
0.1
PBI
23
5900
160
3.0
98Dom
PBN + GF 30 wt.-%
23
153
5.0
07Sae
PBT
23
2000 3200
40.0 60.8
07Sae, 12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
4200
5500
3880
6250
58.9
70.0
69.0
60.0
90.0
3.5
25.0
4.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
5000
7000
7000
8600
100
110
110
125
08Els
07Sae
12Pol, 12MBa
08Els
12MBa
11Sch

5.0
6.0
5.4
4.4
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
27
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
105 140
95.0 147
2.4 4.0
1.4 3.0
12Cam
12Pol, 12Cam
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
23
90.0 140
2.0 3.0
12Pol
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
23
80.0 168
1.1 5-0
07Sae, 12Cam
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
23
123 178
1.5 4.0
08Els, 12MBa
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
130 135
117
145
105 180
2.0 3.0
2.5
1.9 2.5
08Els
12MBa
PBT + GF 40 wt.-%
23
131 180
1.9 2.5
12Pol, 12MBa
PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
23
140 180
1.5 2.1
12MBa, 12Cam
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
23
140 180
1.5 2.0
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ GF 55 wt.-%
+ GB 10 wt.-%
+ GB 20 wt.-%
+ GB 20 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-%
+ CF 18 wt.-%
+ CF 20 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
159
48.0
45.0 60.0
50.0
47.0 57.0
50.0 57.0
117
120
131 155
4.0
3.0
4.0
1.8
3.0
3.0
1.8
1.5
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ RF 15 wt.-%
+ T 20 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 25 wt.-%
+ MX 25 wt.-%
+ MX 30 wt.-%
+ MD 30 wt.-%
+ MD 40 wt.-%
+ MF 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6250 8500
8300
11000
6500
11000
5200
11000
9000
17000
8500 9000
11500
9100
13600
11500
13800
14000
16500
15000
17000
3500
3200 4000
3500
4000 4200
4000
12400
13000
17000
19300
32000
4800
5600
4000
2900
220
69.0
50.0
58.6
58.8
50.0
55.0 105
55.0
45.0
50.0 55.0
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ MF 25 wt.-%
+ MF 30 wt.-%
+ MF 35 wt.-%
+ GX 15 wt.-%
+ GX 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4000 6000
5200 7700
9000
55.0 60.0
47.0 60.0
103
24.1 93.1
117 123
56.0 100
124
0.9
4.0
5.0
3.0
3.0 4.0
2.0
2.0
12.0
15.0
2.5 4.5
4.0 8.0
3.0
2.5
2.3
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
30
33
35
40
9.7
6.0
6.0
2.0
12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
08Els
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
28
Material
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
+ (GF +
GB) 30 wt.-%
GB) 30 wt.-%
GB) 40 wt.-%
GB) 45 wt.-%
GB) 50 wt.-%
GS) 15 wt.-%
GS) 30 wt.-%
GS) 40 wt.-%
MD) 25 wt.-%
MD) 35 wt.-%
MD) 45 wt.-%
MD) 50 wt.-%
CF) 20 wt.-%
CF) 30 wt.-%
MX) 30 wt.-%
M) 30 wt.-%
M) 35 wt.-%
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
5100
7500
8700
9000
15200
8000
8000
6800
11000
10800
18500
8000
9200
12900
7800
11000
8500
4200
4800
6200
9000
12000
4000
5100
7500
10500
4500
6500
5600
9000
15000
PBT + (GF + M) 40 wt.-%
23
PBT /ABS + GF 10 wt.-%

PBT /ABS + (GF + GS) 30 wt.-%
PBT /ABS + (GF + MX) 20 wt.-%
PBT /ASA + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
/ PC
/ PC
/ PC
/ PC
23
23
23
23
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
/ PC + GF 40 wt.-%
/ PC + GX 30 wt.-%
/ PC + MF 30 wt.-%
/ PC + (GF + GS) 40 wt.-%
/ PE
/ PET + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PET + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PET + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PET + GF 30 wt.-%
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
15
20
30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
5800
8000
9000
9700
9000
4500
5500
8500
5000
8100
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
54.0 105
95.0 105
100
115
120 124
86.0
103
94.0
90.0
105
77.0 115
84.0
130
160
109
85.0 125
80.0 90.0
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.0
1.8
2.8
2.0
2.2
1.8
3.0
2.1
1.5
2.4
1.5
1.8
2.1
1.4
75.0 95.0
2.1 2.5
55.9 70.3
77.5 96.0
90.0 95.8
100 135
47.0
58.6
95.1
110
75.0
75.0 100
100 115
110 132
3.0
2.1
4.0
1.8
1.8
2.5
2.6
2.1
1.5
54.0
80.0 100
75.0
95.0 132
4.0
2.0 4.0
4.0
1.9 5.0
96.1
114
57.9
117
52.0
80.0 96.0
76.5 110
80.0 125
118 145
6.0
3.0
2.5
5.0
2.9
2.5
1.6
1.8
Ref.
3.0
2.0
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
3.0
12Cam
2.2
1.8
4.0
3.0
5.0
3.5
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.5
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
3.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
29
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PBT / PET + GF 45 wt.-%
23
150 165
1.5 2.0
23
150 165
1.2 2.0

PBT / PET + GX 15 wt.-%
PBT / PET + GX 30 wt.-%
PBT / PET + MD 20 wt.-%
PBT / PET + MF 18 wt.-%
PBT / PET + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PBT / PS + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
160
89.6
105
55.0 57.0
53.0
44.1 54.0
108
90.0 95.0
125 130
75.8
80.0 95.0
105
130 131
1.5
3.0
2.5
2.2
3.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.8
6.0
3.1
3.4
2.3
PBT / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%

PBT / SAN + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT / SI
PBT / SI + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT / PTFE / SI
PBT-I + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT-I + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT-I + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT-I + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT-I + MD 20 wt.-%
PBT-I + GB 20 wt.-%
(PBT / PC)-I + MD 10 wt.-%
(PBT / PC)-I + MD 20 wt.-%
(PBT / PET)-I + GF 20 wt.-%
(PBT / SAN)-I + GF 20 wt.-%
(PBT / SAN)-I + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15500
16500
18400
18700
18500
5000
7998
4500 4700
6500
9500
4820
5300 6000
8500
10400
10500
19000
2300
4826
2240 2680
4200
5200
6000 7000
8000 8500
2600
3100
2600
3400
5600
7300 7400
7300 9800
140
79.3
70.0
90.0
85.0 100
100 110
46.0
45.0
80.0
115 120
115 135
2.0
2.0
5.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.9
15.0
6.0
3.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.7
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
PC + GF 5 wt.-%
23
2700 3300
46.0 63.4
12MBa, 12Cam
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
23
2792 4964
54.4 85.0
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
23
3500 4100
45.0 85.0
PC + GF 15 wt.-%
23
4309 5500
45.0 76.0
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
23
23
23
23
23
23
6200
3900
8400
4900
5500
9000
79.0
50.0
98.1
54.0
75.0
96.0
19.0
50.0
3.0
14.0
3.5
15.0
2.5
12.0
2.1 3.5
2.2 6.5
2.5 3.5
1.5 3.5
3.5 3.6
1.8 2.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
35 wt.-%
8300
6895
9650
9700
7100
9400
110
134
130
138
115
110
Ref.
12MBa
2.4
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
3.0
2.8
2.2
3.9
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
2.8
4.0
3.5
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
08Els, 07Sae
12Pol, 12Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
30
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
23
58.0 157
1.5 2.8
12Pol, 12MBa
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
23
135 145
1.5
12Cam, 98Mai
PC + GF 45 wt.-%
PC + GF 50 wt.-%
23
23
124
89.0 122
3.0
1.4 2.2
12MBa
PC
PC
PC
PC
8 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
86.2 93.0
82.7 115
114 130
130 141
3.0 4.0
1.5 4.0
3.0
1.5 3.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
PC + CF 20 wt.-%
23
120 138
1.5 2.0
12Pol, 12Cam
PC + CF 25 wt.-%
PC + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
103
135 160
2.0
1.0 3.0
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
GX 10 wt.-%
GX 20 wt.-%
GX 30 wt.-%
GX 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
150
45.0 65.0
50.0
71.7 124
165
165 179
1.6
4.8 5.0
5.0
3.0
1.5
12Cam
12MBa
PC + (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
23
127 163
1.3 2.2
12MBa, 12Cam
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
+ (GF + GD) 35 wt.-%

/ ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
/ ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
/ ABS + MD 5 wt.-%
/ ABS + MD 10 wt.-%
/ ABS + MD 15 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
/ PET
/ PLA
/ PMMA
/ PSU
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
9000
11700
10500
11720
13200
13800
4830 5600
5520 8260
6890
13000
14300
11500
13800
10342
17200
18100
19000
3165 3950
4000
6895
20700
21400
10500
17300
7900
3900
4800 6000
3200
3300
4800
7000
1724 2758
1725 1930
2344 3413
85.0
65.0
75.0
65.0
60.0
65.0
90.0
55.8
35.9 55.2
41.4 62.7
65.5 66.9
12MBa
12Els
07Sae, 12Cam
12Cam
PC / PSU + GF 10 wt.-%
PC / PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PC / PEEK + CF 20 wt.-%
PC / PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PC / PEEK + GX 10 wt.-%
PC / SI + GF 10 wt.-%
(PC / PBT)-I + MD 10 wt.-%
(PC / PBT)-I + MD 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4620
4960
6890 8700
11000
16500
3103
2600
3400
86.2
103
90.0 124
134
207
71.7
92.4
113
68.9
-
2.5
3.0
2.0
3.0
10.0
10.0
100
3.5
3.5
1.5 4.0
2.0
1.5
7.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
CF
CF
CF
CF
12Pol, 12MBa
07Sae
12MBa
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
(PC
(PC
(PC
(PC
(PC
(PC
23
23
23
23
23
23
3000
4200
5100
7500
10000
4900
95.0
120
135
60.0
3.7
2.0
2.0
3.2
12MBa
PE-HD + GF 10 wt.-%
23
2178 40
39.0 0.5
11Sch
PE-HD + GF 20 wt.-%
23
3535 19
52.0 0.1
PE-HD + GF 30 wt.-%
23
5138 92
64.4 0.3
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
23
6922 81
72.3 0.2
PE-HD + GF 50 wt.-%
23
8692 62
76.2 0.7
PE-HD + GF 10 wt.-%
23
2100
34.0 48.3
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3500
4140 5500
7800
6800 8300
10500
-
34.5
48.0
48.3
27.6
60.0
60.7
60.7
91.0
26.2
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
+ GX 36 wt.-%
+ GX 40 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 75 wt.-%
+ T 5 wt.-%
+ T 10 wt.-%
+ T 20 wt.-%
+ T 25 wt.-%
+ T 30 wt.-%
+ T 40 wt.-%
+ M 25 wt.-%
+ M 40 wt.-%
/ PLA
/ PTFE
/ SI
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1200
1655
1310 1480
827
52.0
66.0
20.0
24.1
24.1
26.2 32.7
26.2
30.3
32.8
26.9
33.1
27.6
20.0 34.5
19.0
4.5
0.4
2.9
0.1
2.4
0.1
2.0
0.1
1.6
0.1
5.0
10.0
9.5
3.0 6.5
2.0
2.3 4.5
1.4
15.0
40.0
2.0
2.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
PE-ND + GF 30 wt.-%
PE-ND + GC 30 wt.-%
PE-ND + T 30 wt.-%
PE-ND + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
PE-ND + M 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
1200
290
600
900
440
24.0
10.0
16.0
16.0
13.0
65.0
73.0
40.0
220
46.0
/ PET)-I + MD 10 wt.-%
/ PET)-I + MD 20 wt.-%
/ SAN)-I + GF 10 wt.-%
/ SAN)-I + GF 20 wt.-%
/ SAN)-I + GF 30 wt.-%
/ SAN)-I + MD 20 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
CD 30 wt.-%
55.2
55.2
62.1
80.0
27.6
31
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
98Dom
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
98Dom
12MBa
12MBa
98Dom
08Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
32
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PE-LD + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
23
9.0
50.0
12MBa
PE-LLD + CaCO3 50 wt.-%
23
9.0
25.0
12MBa
PEEK
23
2896 4480
84.0 100
12MBa
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
5520
7500
8270 8800
-
124
135 140
145 160
160 5.0
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
23
142 190
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
165
191
220
207 280
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.5 2.1
12Cam
12MBa
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
181 260
1.3 2.2
08Els, 12MBa
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 40 wt.-%
23
23
240
241 330
2.0
1.2 1.5
12Cam
12MBa, 98Mai
PEEK / PTFE
PEEK / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PEEK / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
78.0
141
176 180
25.0
3.5
1.8 2.0
PEEK / PTFE + (CF + CD)

20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
23
9700
12000
11000
15200
24000
17200
22000
13000
27000
23000
20700
45000
2900
8618
11700
15000
11500
15.0
60.0
4.5
2-3 4.0
3.0 3.3
2.0
0.1
2.0 3.2
140 145
2.0
23
12500
140 150
2.0 2.2
PEEKK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEKK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
13500
22500
23000
170 180
220
2.2 2.4
2.0
07Sae
PEKEKK + GF 30 wt.-%
23
12000
190
2.5 3.5
07Sae
PEI + GF 10 wt.-%
PEI + GF 10 wt.-%
PEI + GF 15 wt.-%
PEI + GF 20 wt.-%
PEI + GF 20 wt.-%
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
114
128
138
148
117
159
3.0
4.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
8.0
5.0
08Els, 12MBa
12Pol
4.5
4.3
2.6
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 95Car
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
132 172
2.0 4.5
07Sae, 12MBa
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
PEI + GF 40 wt.-%
PEI + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
4337 5233
5171 5516
6895
7584 8964
6405 7643
9500
11032
8550
11000
9000
11721
13445
13790
160
179 185
186 190
3.0
2.5
2.2 2.5
08Els
08Els, 12MBa
12Pol
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
15
20
30
123
159
151
186
08Els
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam,
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
33
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
23
23
23
23
124
117 130
158
165 234
4.5
2.0 5.1
2.5
1.8 3.5
12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4480
8136 8618
11721
11101
18600
19300
4268 5785
6474
9791
11721
14962
8618
2740
255
114
91.7 138
94.5 162
105 177
130
125
129
117
77.0
2.5
3.0 6.0
2.0
1.5
1.4
2.5
3.0
2.0
8.9
PEK
PEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
3700
12000
25000
115
200
250
20.0
2.8
1.7
12MBa
PEKK
23
8963
134
2.5
12MBa
PES + GF 10 wt.-%
PES + GF 15 wt.-%
PES + GF 20 wt.-%
PES + GF 20 wt.-%
PES + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PES + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
103
93.1 121
131
105 130
125
140
125 150
4.0
3.0
3.8
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.9
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
PES
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4482
4480
6895
5690
7300
10000
9000
11000
6600
12411
10500
17200
22000
22100
7580
10300
16500
130 169
159
105
200
185
221
131
124
125
155
1.9 3.5
2.1
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.0
1.8
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
73.0 118
96.0 150
150 155
107
110 170
160 200
2.4
1.8
2.5
2.0
2.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
07Sae, 95Car
90.0 170
1.5 2.6
Material
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
+
+
+
+
CF
CF
CF
CF
5 wt.-%
12 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ GX 10 wt.-%
+ GX 20 wt.-%
+ GX 30 wt.-%
+ GX 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + MX) 45 wt.-%
+ (GF + MX) 50 wt.-%
/ PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PTFE + CF 10 wt.-%
/ PTFE / SI
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ CF 10 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + CF) 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 25 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
23
4830
5861
7500
9653
4220 6500
7600 8500
8500 9300
11000
9000
11000
10300
12400
4.5
3.5
12Pol, 12MBa
3.2
12Pol
08Els, 12MBa
12Cam
3.0
07Sae
6.0
2.5
2.6
4.0
3.0
12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
34
Material
T
[ C]
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
23
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
23
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
23
PET + GF 40 wt.-%
23
PET + GF 43 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
23
23
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
23
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
PET + GF 55 wt.-%
23
23
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
CF 30 wt.-%
MD 25 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 35 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
(GF + GX) 35 wt.-%
(GF + MX) 35 wt.-%
(GF + MD) 25 wt.-%
(GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
PET + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
23
PET + (GF + MD) 45 wt.-%
23
PET-I + GF 15 wt.-%
PET-I + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
PET-I + GF 35 wt.-%
PET-I + (GF + MD) 25 wt.-%
PET-I + (GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
23
23
23
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
PI
PI
PI + GF 30 wt.-%
PI + GF 42 wt.-%
PI + GF 42 wt.-%
PI + GF 50 wt.-%
PI + GF 50 wt.-%
PI + GF 65 wt.-%
PI + GF 65 wt.-%
PI + CF 15 wt.-%
PI + CF 15 wt.-%
23
260
23
23
300
23
260
23
260
23
300
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
10300
13500
8600
13000
8600
13500
13000
14500
17000
12800
18600
15500
17000
19000
19500
22100
14300
11200
5400 7000
9500
10000
10000
12000
12800
17000
4220 4700
9300
10687
7584
5400
9950
160 200
2.0 2.6
12MBa, 12Cam
118 185
2.0 2.5
12Pol, 12MBa
85.0 190
2.0 2.5
12Cam
145 160
1.5 2.6
12Pol, 12MBa
170
127 190
1.8
1.4 2.1
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
140 190
1.5 2.1
12Cam
210
186 190
2.0
1.5 2.0
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
140
57.9
110
105
105
145
120
117
60.0 70.0
80.0 130
2.5
5.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.0 4.0
2.0 2.8
08Els
12MBa
100 120
1.6 2.0
95.0 110
0.8 1.2
79.0
125
5.0 6.0
2.3 3.1
60.0
130
4.0
4.0
2.8
72.0
36.0
165
25.0
45.0
40.0
160
120
45.0
30.0
86.0
41.0
50.0
80.0
41.0
3.0
-
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
95Car
12Pol
08Els
95Car
08Els
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PI + CF 30 wt.-%
PI + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
PI + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
23
23
260
229
80.0
62.0
2.0
-
95Car
7300
120
3.0
07Sae
PK + GF 30 wt.-%
23
35
PLA + GF 10 wt.-%
PLA + GF 20 wt.-%
PLA + GF 30 wt.-%
PLA + GF 40 wt.-%
PLA + MX 10 wt.-%
PLA + MX 30 wt.-%
PLA / PMMA
PLA / TPC
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6895
8274
10204
13790
2068 3447
230 2800
79.3
96.5
110 114
110 114
35.9 48.3
31.7
41.4 68.9
16.0 47.0
7.0
19.0
12MBa
PMMA
23
2700 3200
55.0 77.0
PMMA
23
1600 3600
37.9 80.7
07Sae, 12Pol
11Ehr
12MBa, 12Cam
23
23
23
23
3300
3300
3300
12000
68.0 75.0
80.0
62.0 73.0
120
2.0
10.0
1.8
35.0
3.0 4.5
5.5
2.5 4.5
-
PMMI
23
4000
80.0 90.0
3.0
07Sae, 12MBa
PMP
23
820 2048
20.0 38.0
10.0
380
12MBa, 95Car
POM
23
2700
41.0 63.0
08Els, 12Pol
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
23
4170 5500
59.0 117
POM + GF 15 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
5950
5300 8960
91.0
50.0 120
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
23
6000 7300
59.0 115
POM + GF 22 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
94.0
100 140
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
POM + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
83.0 135
104
140 147
1.2 3.0
4.0
1.5 2.0
12Pol, 12MBa
08Els
12Pol, 12MBa
POM + GB 10 wt.-%
23
8200
7300
10000
9200 9700
7200
11000
13000
3000 3100
10.0
45.0
3.0
17.0
2.5
2.2
12.0
2.1
12.0
2.0
2.0 3.0
48.0 52.0
POM + GB 15 wt.-%
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
23
23
689
3200 3400
10.0
17.0
30.0
6.0
15.0
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
(im)
(mou.)
(ex)
+ GF 35 wt.-%
43.1
41.0 46.0
98Dom
08Els
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
36
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
POM + GB 25 wt.-%
POM + GB 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
3700
3380 3900
42.0
59.0
36.0 44.8
08Els
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
28.0
127
127
91.0
54.0
61.0 62.0
52.0
55.0
55.2 88.3
49.0
55.0
58.6 120
7.0
5.0
12.0
10.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
11.0
0.6 4.0
82.7 130
115 170
2.0
1.0 4.5
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
61.0
63.0
51.0
60.0 75.0
5.0
18.0
15.0
6.0
11.0
4.0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
40.0
3.0
12MBa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GB 40 wt.-%
GX 15 wt.-%
GX 25 wt.-%
MX 20 wt.-%
T 15 wt.-%
T 30 wt.-%
CaCO3 20 wt.-%
RF 9 wt.-%
RF 15 wt.-%
CD 5 wt.-%
CD 10 wt.-%
CF 10 wt.-%
POM + CF 15 wt.-%
POM + CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
POM
POM
POM
POM
+
+
+
+
MF 20 wt.-%
MD 10 wt.-%
MD 25 wt.-%
MD 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
4100
4900
6900 8600
2900
2700
2760
5520
14000
12400
14500
17000
4900
4000
3200
4700 7000
POM
POM
POM
POM
/
/
/
/
PE + CD 10 wt.-%
PE + MD 10 wt.-%
PE + MD 20 wt.-%
PTFE
23
23
23
23
2200 2830
38.0
50.0
59.0
44.8 65.0
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
/
/
/
/
/
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
23
23
23
23
23
4344
7929
8618
586 2600
72.4 79.3
100
103
93.1
46.2 50.0
POM / PTFE / SI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
8274
103
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
23
3197 22
56.6 0.5
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
23
4945 40
79.9 0.3
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
23
6826 35
97.4 0.2
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
23
8820 28
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
23
11045 86
110.3
0.5
115.5
0.3
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
/ SI
10
20
25
30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
3.8
0.1
3.2
0.1
2.9
0.1
2.7
0.1
2.2
0.1
12Pol
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
11Sch

(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
Material
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
25
25
26
26
26
30
23
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
2600 5200
37.0 55.0
12Pol, 12MBa
40.0 76.0
107
73.3
33.3
33.0 86.3
44.8 73.6
118 139
75.8 86.8
39.1 48.3
129
89.0
44.5
33.0 83.0
52.0 83.0
148
95.5
47.8
48.0
103.7
35.0 116
40.0 116
117 171
1.5
10.0
2.6
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.5
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
20
23
95
23
23
20
23
95
20
23
95
23
23
20
23
95
23
2800
7511
4121
1927
3100
3500
7424
4582
2597
7952
5713
3272
7300
5900
9539
6333
3744
6900
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
20
4500
5439
6200
8346
5469
3052
7900
7900
8300
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
95
23
23
PP + GF 60 wt.-%
23
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
CF 10 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
4900 9200
5200 9200
7646
10688
5500 7585
2890 4535
7200 9000
6000 9404
7300
10300
10352
13753
8566 9694
4947 5639
10000
10000
12500
13100
15000
1500
1320 1900
PP + GB 30 wt.-%
23
1500 2500
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
95
23
23
23
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
20
PP
PP
PP
PP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
30
30
35
40
40
40
40
45
50
37
6.0
unpbl
6.0
7.0
12Cam, 99Bud
12Pol, 12MBa
unpbl
6.0
3.0
12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
unpbl
5.0
12Pol, 99Bud
1.5 5.0
1.8 5.5
-
08Els, 12MBa
07Sae, 12Cam
unpbl
1.5 2.8
1.0 4.5
1.5 4.5
12Pol, 12MBa
12Cam, 99Bud
12Pol, 12MBa
158 198
unpbl
112 122
50.0 69.3
80.0 110
50.0 131
2.0 3.0
1.7 3.0
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
114 140
1.2 1.5
12MBa
25.2
26.5
24.5
28.0
18.0 29.0
10.0
10.0
100
10.0
45.0
12MBa
70.5
34.0
55.0
70.0
48.0
109
60.7
60.0
131
131
16.0 24.0
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
38
T
[ C]
Material
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
10.0
2.5
3.0
20.0
3.0 3.5
1.0
4.0 8.0
4.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
4.0
15.0
15.0
16.0
60.0
110
20.0
18.0
75.0
4.0
35.0
10.0
90.0
1.0
45.0
50.0
16.0
20.0
7.0
4.0
200
6.0
200
70.0
13.0
50.0
15.0
50.0
30.0
50.0
12MBa
PP + GB 40 wt.-%
PP + NF 40 wt.-%
PP + GX 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
2200
2900
2800 4700
21.0
30.0
18.0 70.0
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
GX 30 wt.-%
GX 45 wt.-%
MD 15 wt.-%
MD 18 wt.-%
MD 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
6200 6500
1500 1900
1700
1500 2800
84.0 88.0
60.0
20.0 23.0
26.0
21.0 34.0
PP + MD 30 wt.-%
23
2400 3500
20.0 32.0
PP + MD 40 wt.-%
23
2400 4000
29.0 32.0
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
20
23
95
23
6489
2713
677
1900 2100
42.0
22.2
11.7
8.0
PP + MF 10 wt.-%
23
26.5 34.3
PP + MF 15 wt.-%
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
23
23
1700 2400
27.5
17.0 35.3
PP + MF 30 wt.-%
23
2800 4200
20.0 35.3
PP
PP
PP
PP
40 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
55 wt.-%
75 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
3900 5200
6650
1600 2000
22.0 32.0
15.0
30.0
10.0 12.0
PP + CD 9 wt.-%
PP + CD 30 wt.-%
23
23
1689
-
32.4
19.3 20.0
PP
PP
PP
PP
GC 10 wt.-%
GC 20 wt.-%
MX 5 wt.-%
MX 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1000
1000
48.3
68.9
20.0
15.0 35.0
PP + MX 15 wt.-%
PP + MX 18 wt.-%
PP + MX 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
1500
2150
1950 3100
19.0
17.0 23.0
18.0 34.0
PP + MX 25 wt.-%
23
2200 2900
20.0 27.0
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
23
2400 3600
25.0 29.0
PP
PP
PP
PP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MD
MD
MD
MD
MF
MF
MF
MF
40
40
40
75
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
12Cam
12MBa, 12Cam
unpbl
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
Material
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
10.0
50.0
40.0
10.0
10.0
50.0
10.0
12.5
22.2
10.0
15.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
180
10.0
4.0 6.0
3.4 4.0
2.5
10.0
1.5
10.0
3.0
4.0
0.5 3.0
0.5 2.0
6.0
4.0
4.5
7.7
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
23
2600 4100
22.0 30.0
PP + MX 50 wt.-%
PP + T 10 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
2800
2100 2800
2300 3100
25.0
24.0 34.0
23.0 31.0
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
20
23
95
20
23
95
20
23
95
23
20
23
6480
2630
610
5133 5950
2190 2891
604 783
6443
3095
987
3500
5532 5984
2435 2610
48.2
30.0
11.0
43.0
25.0
10.8
52.6
29.1
10.7
31.0
22.0
PP + T 40 wt.-%
23
2900 4700
23.0 34.0
30.0
28.0
21.0
25.0
24.0
39.1
22.0
10.7
39.0
21.0
10.2
25.0
32.0
30.0
31.0
51.0
36.0
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
20
20
20
22
22
22
27
27
27
30
33
33
53.9
29.1
12.1
24.2
T 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 10 wt.-%
CaCO3 20 wt.-%
CaCO3 30 wt.-%
CaCO3 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 42 wt.-%
CaCO3 42 wt.-%
CaCO3 42 wt.-%
M 25 wt.-%
M 30 wt.-%
M 40 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
20
23
95
20
23
95
23
23
23
23
23
23
3100
1900
1700
2600
2900
6245
2663
647
5905
2465
812
3400
4100
6900
3500
3500
5000
PP + (GF + MX) 30 wt.-%
23
9000
42.0 85.3
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4688
10342
2700 5500
2700 5000
4200
5500
-
70.3
75.8
35.0 76.0
9.0 35.0
27.6
47.0
50.0
78.6
+ (GF + MX) 35 wt.-%

+ (GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + MD) 80 wt.-%
+ (GF + CaCO3) 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + T) 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + T) 35 wt.-%
/ PPE + GX 30 wt.-%
/ PPE + GX 40 wt.-%
2600
2728
7600
5200
26.0
21.3
51.0
65.0
68.7
39
Ref.
12Pol
12Pol, 95Car
unpbl
12Pol
08Sch
12Pol, 95Car
08Els
12Pol
unpbl
08Els
12Pol
08Els
12Pol, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
40
T
[ C]
Material
PP / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
PP / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PP-I + GF 20 wt.-%
PP-I + GF 30 wt.-%
PP-I + GF 40 wt.-%
PP-I + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
PPA + GF 33 wt.-%
23
PPA + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
23
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
23
23
PPA + GF 60 wt.-%
PPA + MF 40 wt.-%
PPA + CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
PPA
PPA
PPA
PPA
PPA
PPA
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ MD 30 wt.-%
+ MD 40 wt.-%
+ GX 33 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
+ (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
PPA + (GF + CF) 25 wt.-%

PPA / PTFE
PPA / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
PPA / PTFE / SI
PPA / PTFE / SI + CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
PPE + GF 10 wt.-%
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE + MD 20 wt.-%
PPE + GX 10 wt.-%
PPE + GX 20 wt.-%
PPE + GX 30 wt.-%
PPE / PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE / PS + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
PPA
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
15
22
25
30
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
3034 3795
4482 5171
2900
5900
8000 8500
95.1
37.9
48.3
31.0
75.0
84.0
3530 3951
5380 6890
9100 9170
8890
9310
12400
11200
14500
11500
13100
11700
13900
17200
23300
15200
19000
28300
6890
10000
11500
19700
22500
13000
3200 3210
11000
12000
3172
17926
81.4 86.2
114 160
104 125
190
170 172
3.0
3.7
1.2
2.5
2.0
145 233
1.6 3.0
08Els, 12MBa
211 221
2.0 2.5
12MBa, 04Erh
220
227 263
2.5
1.8 2.7
07Sae
08Els, 12MBa
244
107
179 210
1.4
1.1
2.0
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
207
95.8
104
195
145
138 200
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.0 1.4
08Els
12MBa
39.0 60.0
185 195
2.0
1.2 2.2
2.0 2.2
75.8
217
4.0
2.0
73.8 83.0
80.0 99.0
103 120
73.8 74.1
83.4
107
125
135 160
50.0 86.2
70.0 108
90.0 150
2.5
1.5
1.3
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
2.4
2.2
4500
5095
8500
4295
6798
9515
8300
3800
5000
7900
11000
6700
9000
9000
4500
8000
nB
[%]
46.5
68.9
33.0
86.0
Ref.
6.4
6.0
3.0 5.5
45.0
4.5
3.2 4.3
3.5
3.9
1.6
12MBa
3.3
2.6
3.3
2.5
12MBa
07Sae
3.0
9.0
8.0
5.0
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
41
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4344
6198 6495
9170
3647
8000 9000
70.3 78.6
62.7 68.5
77.2
89.6 109
116
50.3
60.0
78.8
100 120
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.5
2.0
30.0
8.4
4.2
2.0
PPO + GF 10 wt.-%
PPO + GF 20 wt.-%
PPO + GF 30 wt.-%
PPO + GX 30 wt.-%
PPO / PS + GX 30 wt.-%
PPO / PS + GX 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
3000
6000
8000
7722
7998 9101
13790
50.0 70.0
80.0 85.0
85.0 100
108
114 119
165
3.5
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3 2.6
1.8
12MBa
PPS
23
2800 3800
37.0 80.0
07Sae, 12Pol
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
30.0
45.0
46.0
55.0
83.0
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
PPS + GF 50 wt.-%
23
PPS + GF 60 wt.-%
PPS + RF 35 wt.-%
PPS + CF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
PPS + CF 15 wt.-%
PPS + CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
23
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
PPS + CF 40 wt.-%
23
23
PPS + CF 45 wt.-%
PPS + CF 50 wt.-%
23
23
1900 4200
5500
6900
6900 8300
9000
11000
9300
13100
11500
16500
12000
15800
13000
19000
16550
18200
8800
8300
12400
10300
13100
22700
10000
26200
17000
31000
35100
40680
38600
2.0
40.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
+
+
+
+
PS + CF 10 wt.-%
PS + GX 10 wt.-%
PS + GX 15 wt.-%
PS + GX 20 wt.-%
PS + GX 30 wt.-%
PS + MX 13 wt.-%
PS + MX 17 wt.-%
PTFE /PS + GX 20 wt.-%
SB + GF 30 wt.-%
GF
GF
GF
GF
90.0
76.0
120
120
Ref.
4.1
5.0
2.6
3.0
8.0
1.4
2.0
1.5
07Sae
12MBa
12Cam
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
103 210
1.0 2.6
12Pol, 04Erh
145 200
1.2 3.0
12Pol, 12MBa
137 195
1.2 1.9
08Els, 12Cam
165 200
0.9 1.8
07Sae, 00Fra
138 180
1.0 1.4
172
77.0
55.0 147
2.0
1.4
0.7 2.0
12Pol, 12MBa
98Mai
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12Pol, 12MBa
76.0
96.0 172
0.7
0.5 2.5
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
115 215
0.5 1.5
190
145 214
0.5 2.5
08Els
98Mai
166
145
0.5
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
42
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
+
+
+
+
+
CF 55 wt.-%
CF 60 wt.-%
(GF + CD) 45 wt.-%
(GF + GS) 50 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 65 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
99.0
90.0
135
145
130 160
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
12MBa
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
+
+
+
+
+
(GF
(GF
(GF
(GF
(GF
MF) 70 wt.-%
MD) 30 wt.-%
MD) 50 wt.-%
MD) 53 wt.-%
MD) 60 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
157
155
90.0 125
165
110 135
1.0
1.7
1.0 1.5
1.4
1.0 1.2
PPS + (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
23
115 145
1.0 1.2
PPS / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS / PPE
PPS / PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
150 170
71.0 91.0
140 150
1.6 2.1
2.0
2.2
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPE + GF 40 wt.-%
PTFE
PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
165
135
75.8
150 155
2.0
2.0
1.6 2.0
12Pol
12MBa
PPS / PTFE + CF 15 wt.-%

23
23
162
155 180
2.0
1.1 1.5

PPS / PTFE /SI + CF 20 wt.-%
23
23
46200
42000
19000
21000
18500
16600
17300
20000
19000
21500
8600 9500
10000
11000
15000
8274
10000
12100
14824
19000
23500
34474
24132
172
165
1.5
2.0
PPSU + GF 10 wt.-%
PPSU + GF 20 wt.-%
PPSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PPSU / PTFE
PPSU / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
3700
7240
8136
2068
6895
85.0
110
118
62.1
103
7.0
5.0
2.2
10.0
5.0
12MBa
PS
23
3100 3500
41.0 65.0
2.0 4.0
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2379 3800
6200
8300
10300
11000
13800
5600
2000
1848 2000
25.5 55.0
59.0
69.0
76.0
95.0
83.0
22.4
39.0
15.0
20.0 27.0
23
23
3241 3378
9100
48.3 55.2
57.0
1.0 4.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.6
2.0
13.3
37.0
3.0 4.5
2.0
07Sae, 12Pol
11Ehr
08Els, 12MBa
12Pol
08Els
12Pol
12MBa
08Els
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
/
/
/
/
+
+
+
+
+
+ GF 10 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ MX 30 wt.-%
+ T 40 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 30 wt.-%
/ PTFE
PS / SB
PS-I + GF 30 wt.-%
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
43
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
PS-HI + GF 15 wt.-%
PS-HI + GF 20 wt.-%
PS-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
PS-HI + GF 50 wt.-%
PS-HI + T 10 wt.-%
PS-HI + T 10 wt.-%
PS-HI /PTFE
PS-HI /SI
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
62.1
68.9 72.4
65.5 82.7
89.6
22.8
22.8
21.4
24.1
1.0 5.0
1.0
1.0
-
PSAC / PP
23
965 1069
15.0 17.0
12MBa
PSAC / TPC
PSAC / PHA / PHB
23
23
2500
12.0
62.0
10.0
16.0
3.6
PSU + GF 10 wt.-%
PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
PSU + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PSU + CF 20 wt.-%
PSU + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
75.8 82.7
96.5 115
110
120
115 120
108 125
128
130 159
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.7
1.7
2.0
3.0
2.0
5.0
3.0
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
12Cam
3.0
3.5
08Els, 12MBa
07Sae, 12MBa
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
PSU + GC 10 wt.-%
PSU / PTFE
23
23
3447 5170
5520 7000
6800
9400
7600 9400
7500 9500
11000
13000
14500
3448
1800 2500
76.0
47.0 90.0
12Pol
12MBa
PSU / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%

PSU / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
7584
9700
109
105
5.0
6.3
11.8
3.5
2.0
PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
16.5
19.3
11.7 18.6
12MBa
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
5 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
17.2
21.4 23.5
18.6
22.8
20.7
PTFE + CD 20 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 25 wt.-%
23
23
13.1 17.2
13.8 16.5
PTFE + CD 35 wt.-%
PTFE + (CD + MX) 37 wt.-%
PTFE /TPE
23
23
23
240 256
12.4
17.2
21.4
225
250
450
60.0
270
220
235
240
75.0
80.0
43.0
90.0
PTT
PTT + GF 20 wt.-%
PTT + GF 30 wt.-%
PTT / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
2551
9377
11721
-
61.4
93.1
103 152
124
10.0
2.5
1.5
-
12MBa
+ GC
+ GC
+ GC
+ CD
+ CD
Ref.
3.0
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
44
Material
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
Ref.
PVC + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC + GF 20 wt.-%
PVC + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
4140 5520
6210 7580
8620 9650
54.5 75.8
60.3 96.5
86.2 103
2.0 5.0
2.0 3.0
2.0 3.0
12MBa
PVC-U + GF 40 wt.-%
PVC-U + T 20 wt.-%
PVC-U + CaCO3 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
8000
3500
3100
25.0
34.0
30.0 47.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
08Els, 07Sae
08Els
08Els, 07Sae
PVCC
23
2248 3413
44.8 55.8
4.0
12MBa
SAN
SAN
23
23
3600 4100
3275 3900
69.0 70.0
65.0 79.0
3.5 5.0
2.5 4.0
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
69.0 79.0
82.0 103
67.0
48.3 107
1.5 2.0
1.4 6.5
1.0 1.2
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
23
110
1.1 2.0
12Pol, 12Cam
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
23
23
100 120
110 120
1.7 6.0
2.0 3.0
08Els, 12MBa
07Sae
SAN + GF 40 wt.-%
SAN + M 30 wt.-%
(SAN / PC)-I + GF 10 wt.-%
(SAN / PC)-I + GF 20 wt.-%
(SAN / PC)-I + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
117
83.0
95.0
115 120
135 139
1.1
3.0
3.7
2.0 2.7
2.0 2.3
12Pol
08Els
12MBa
(SAN / PC)-I + MD 10 wt.-%
23
5500 6200
7000 9000
10300
13800
11000
12000
10000
10000
12000
13800
16300
5100
7300 7500
9800
10000
4900
08Els, 12Pol
12MBa, 12Cam
11Ehr
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12MBa
12Pol, 12MBa
60.0
50.0
SB
SB / PS
SB / SMMA
23
23
23
2310
3241 3378
2000
48.3 55.2
28.0
3.0 4.5
25.0
11Ehr
12MBa
SI
23
5674
79.3
2.2
12MBa
SMS
23
3300 3500
50.0 60.0
24.0
07Sae
TPA
TPA (dry)
TPA (cond.)
23
23
23
120 230
13 414
10 522
12Cam
TPC + GF 20 wt.-%
TPC / PSAC
TPC / PLA
23
23
23
3650
230 2800
65.0
12.0
16.0 47.0
9.0
7.0
19.0
12Cam
12MBa
TPCnE + GF 5 wt.-%
TPC-E + GF 10 wt.-%
TPC-E + GF 15 wt.-%
TPC-E + GF 20 wt.-%
TPC-E + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
413
517
550
690
3500
12.0
16.0
19.0
28.0
55.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
12Pol
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
20
25
30
827
1200
620
2200
28.0
33.0
22.0
50.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
Et
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
nB
[%]
23
23
23
23
4500
-
61.0
19.0
18.0 24.0
22.0
7.0
-
TPU
23
345 965
17.2 42.4
TPU + GF 10 wt.-%
TPU + GF 15 wt.-%
23
23
1500
1000 3300
43.0
46.0 65.0
TPU
TPU
TPU
TPU
TPU
TPU
23
23
23
23
23
23
8500
11100
15100
18700
15858
27600
180
210
230
240
155
285
10.0
40.0
5.0
40.0
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.8
3.0
1.4
23
10
2.9 20.0
Material
TPC-E
TPC-E
TPC-E
TPC-E
+
+
+
+
GF 40 wt.-%
MX 10 wt.-%
MX 12 wt.-%
MX 15 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ GF 60 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
+ CF 40 wt.-%
TPV
45
Ref.
12MBa
65.0
75.0
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa
12MBa, 12Cam
12MBa

95Car
98Dom
98Mai
99Bud
00Fra
00Par
04Erh
05Nas
07Sae
08Els
08Sch
11Ehr
11Sch
Budke, M.: Einfluss des Faservolumengehaltes auf festigkeits- und verformungsbestimmte
Zahigkeitsmechanismen von PP/GF-Verbunden. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat
Park, W., Mark, J. E.: Reinforcement of the aromatic polyamide poly (trimethyhexamethy-lene
terephthalate): Comparisons among blended ex situ silica with and without a bonding agent and
in situ generated silica. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 39 (2000) 5, 783792.
Nase, M.: Deformations- und Bruchverhalten von glasfaserverstarkten PA6/PA66-Blends. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2005.
Schone, J.: Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunde Einfluss von Partikelgroe und Mengenanteil auf
das mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau von heterophasigen Propylen-Copolymer-Talkum-Verbunden. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2008.
Schoig, M.: Schadigungsmechanismen in faserverstarkten Kunststoffen. Quasistatische und
dynamische Untersuchungen. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Vieweg
und Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2011.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
46
12Cam
12Els
12MBa
12Pol

(rech. 06/2013).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_18
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Quasi-static tensile test application

The following Figures 4.11 up to 4.25 show the elastic properties and tensile strength in dependence on
glass fiber content and test temperature for constructional used thermoplastic materials.
In the Figures can be seen that modulus of elasticity in tension as well as tensile strength depend
strongly on test temperature and degree of crystallinity. In the case of reinforced materials such as poly
(butylene terephthalate) or polyamide the content of fibers has an essential influence on the level of properties. For polyamides such as PA 6 or PA 66 the moisture of specimen influences the level of modulus and
strength additionally. It is of essential importance whether the tests are executed in dry or conditioned state
of material.
Fig. 4.11 Modulus of elasticity in dependence on temperature and crystallinity for PTFE [08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Fig. 4.12 Tensile strength of different thermoplastics in dependence on test temperature [98Dom].
Fig. 4.13 Tensile strength of technical thermoplastics in dependence on test temperature [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.14 Tensile strength of thermoplastic materials versus test temperature [08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Fig. 4.15 Modulus of elasticity in tension in dependence on fiber content and moisture [08Els].
Fig. 4.16 Modulus of elasticity in tension of PBT in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.17 Tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced PBT in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Fig. 4.18 Modulus of elasticity in tension of PA 6 (dry) in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
Fig. 4.19 Modulus of elasticity in tension of PA 6 (cond.) in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.20 Tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced PA 6 (dry) in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Fig. 4.21 Tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced PA 6 (cond.) versus test temperature [12Cam].
Fig. 4.22 Modulus of elasticity in tension of PA 66 (dry) in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.23 Modulus of elasticity in tension of PA 66 (cond.) in dependence on temperature [12Cam].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
10
Fig. 4.24 Tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced PA 66 (dry) versus test temperature [12Cam].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
Fig. 4.25 Tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced PA 66 (cond.) versus test temperature [12Cam].

98Dom
08Els
12Cam
Data sheets in Campus plastics data base 5.2, www.campusplastics.com/campus/de/ data sheet
(rech. 06/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_19
Quasi-static tensile test Poisson ratio of thermoplastic materials data
Quasi-static tensile test Poisson ratio of thermoplastic

materials data
In the next Table 4.3 of this chapter values for the Poisson ratio determined in the tensile test are shown for
different materials.
Table 4.3 Poisson ratio of thermoplastic materials.
Material
T
[ C]
m
[-]
Ref.
ABS
23
0.39 0.41
04Erh
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 14
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 20
PA 6 + GF 25
PA 6 + GF 30
40
20
0
23
23
23
40
60
85
100
40
20
0
23
40
60
23
40
20
0
23
40
60
40
20
0
23
40
60
23
23
40
0.32
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.33
0.39
0.41
0.39
0.41
0.45
0.38
0.39
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.42
0.35
0.38
0.37
0.40
0.35
0.40
0.43
0.37
0.36
0.45
0.48
0.47
0.44
0.35
0.35
0.32
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.42
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
unpbl
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
04Erh, 12Mat, 07Ehr

unpbl
07Ehr
unpbl
12Mat
unpbl
12Mat, unpbl
unpbl
12Mat
0.03
unpbl
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_20
Material
T
[ C]
m
[-]
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
20
0
23
40
60
40
20
0
23
40
60
23
23
40
20
0
23
40
60
40
20
0
23
40
60
23
0.37
0.38
0.35
0.41
0.42
0.37
0.36
0.43
0.47
0.47
0.43
0.35
0.44
0.33
0.34
0.37
0.35
0.40
0.39
0.34
0.35
0.43
0.47
0.48
0.43
0.35
0.03
0.04
0.40
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
85
23
100
23
23
23
23
23
23
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.33
0.45
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.34
0.40
0.35
0.42
0.03
0.02
0.42
PAI
23
0.42 0.45
12Mat
PBI
23
0.34
08Els, 07Ehr
PBT
23
0.41 0.42
04Erh
PC
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC / ABS
23
23
23
23
23
23
0.35 0.42
0.39
0.38
0.36
0.35 0.37
0.37
04Erh, 11Ehr, 08Bay, 12Mat, 07Ehr

08Bay
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ref.
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.40
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
12Mat, unpbl
unpbl
12Mat
unpbl
12Mat, unpbl
unpbl
12Mat
04Erh, 12Mat
unpbl
07Ehr, 12Mat
07Ehr
12Mat
0.42
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_20
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
m
[-]
PC / PBT + MD 20 wt.-%
PC / PET
PC / PET + MD 10 wt.-%
PC / PET + MD 20 wt.-%
(PC / PBT)-I
(PC / SAN)-I + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
0.34
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.37 0.38
0.34
PE-HD
23
0.38 0.50
11Kun, 04Erh, 07Ehr
PE-LD
23
0.45 0.50
04Erh, 08Els, 07Ehr
PEEK
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
0.30 0.45
0.45
0.44
08Els, 12Mat
PEI
23
0.3
12Mat
PEKK
23
0.40 0.45
12Mat
PES
23
0.24 0.43
04Erh, 12Mat
PI
PI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
0.41
0.41
08Els
PK
23
0.30 0.45
12Mat
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA (im)
PMMA (ex)
40
20
0
23
23
40
60
23
23
0.35
0.33
0.36
0.37
0.31
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.37
POM
23
0.35 0.45
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
40
20
0
23
23
40
60
0.31
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.40
0.47
0.49
Ref.
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.43
0.01
0.03
12Mat
unpbl
07Ehr, 11Ehr, 04Erh, 11Kun, 12Mat

unpbl
12Mat
0.43
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.45
0.02
0.01
04Erh, 12Mat
unpbl
12Mat, 07Ehr, 04Erh

unpbl
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_20
Material
T
[ C]
m
[-]
PPA
PPA + GF 15 wt.-%
PPA + GF 30 wt.-%
PPA + GF 33 wt.-%
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + GF 50 wt.-%
PPA + MF 30 wt.-%
PPA + MF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
0.29
0.41
0.37
0.41
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.31
0.29
PPS
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
0.38 0.40
0.38 0.40
12Mat
PPSU
23
0.42
12Mat
PS
PS
PS / PPE
23
23
23
0.30 0.39
0.33 0.02
0.3
07Ehr, 04Erh, 12Mat

12Mat
PSU
23
0.42
04Erh
PTFE
23
0.4
07Ehr
PUR
23
0.25
12Mat
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC + GF 20 wt.-%
PVC + GF 30 wt.-%
40
20
0
23
23
40
60
23
23
23
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.44
0.02
0.01
0.44
0.43
0.42
unpbl
SAN
23
0.33 0.36
04Erh
SB
23
0.35 0.37
04Erh
Ref.
0.41
12Mat
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.38
11Ehr, 04Erh, 12Mat

unpbl
12Mat

04Erh
07Ehr
08Bay
08Els
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Mit Kunststoffen konstruieren. 3. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2007.
N.N.: Querkontraktionszahlen ausgewahlter Bayer MaterialScience Thermoplaste. Firmenschrift
PCS 1149 de, Bayer MaterialSience AG, Leverkusen, 2008.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_20
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11Ehr
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Polymerwerkstoffe Struktur Eigenschaften Anwendung. 3. Auflage, Carl

Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2011.
11Kun Kunz, J.: Die Querkontrationszahl in der Konstruktionspraxis. KunststoffXtra, Sigwerb GmbH,
Separatdruck, 2011.
12Mat Data sheets in MatWeb-Material property data, www.matweb.com (rech. 06/2012).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_20
Quasi-static tensile test Poisson ratio - application

In the following Figures 4.26 up to 4.29 different dependencies of Poisson ratio on temperature and axial
strain are shown for various unreinforced materials. It is clearly visible that Poisson ratio increases at
higher temperatures independently on the type of material. Due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the thermoplastic materials the Poisson ratio is increasing at higher axial strain values.
Fig. 4.26 Poisson ratio of different materials versus test temperature [07Sae].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_21
Fig. 4.27 Poisson ratio of thermoplastics in dependence on test temperature [07Ehr].
Fig. 4.28 Influence of axial strain value on Poisson ratio [11Kun].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_21
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.29 Poisson ratio of different materials and test temperatures versus axial strain value [07Ehr].

07Ehr
07Sae
11Kun Kunz, J.: Die Querkontrationszahl in der Konstruktionspraxis. KunststoffXtra, Sigwerb GmbH,
Separatdruck, 2011.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_21
Tear Resistance - introduction
Tear Resistance - introduction

K. Reincke, W. Grellmann
4.1.2 Tear Resistance

The tear resistance (sometimes also called tear strength) is a more or less technological material parameter
which should describe the resistance of the material against the growth of a sharp cut. Usually, tear tests
are applied for rubber mixtures, rubber vulcanizates, thermoplastic films, leather or textiles. Different standards exist for the determination of the tear resistance for elastomers and thermoplastic films, for example:
ISO 34-1: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of tear strength Part 1: Trouser, angle
and crescent test pieces

DIN 53363: Testing of plastic films Tear test using trapezoidal test specimen with incision
The tear resistance having the symbol Ts and the unit N mm1 is calculated according to Eq. (4.16) and
depends on the specimen type as well as the experimental conditions such as test speed and test temperature. Therefore, the following Tables 4.4 and 4.5 allows only a rough overview.
Ts
F max , F med
B
(4:16)
with
Fmax maximum load
Fmed median of the load
ISO 34-1(2010)
DIN 53363(2003)
DIN 53128(1978)
ASTM D 624
(2012)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of tear strength Part 1:

Trouser, angle and crescent test pieces
Testing of plastic films Tear test using trapezoidal test specimen with incision
Testing of paper Determination of tearing resistance according to Elmendorf (single
tear tester)(withdrawn; replaced by ISO 1974: 2012)
Standard test method for tear strength of conventional vulcanized rubber and
thermoplastic elastomers
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_22
Tear Resistance - data

Table 4.4 Tear resistance Ts of thermoplastic films

Material
Tear Resistance
1
Test Conditions
Ref.
1
Ts [N mm ]
Specimen Type
Speed [mm min ]
T
[ C]
PA 6
13.0
B = 25.4 mm
06Nen
PA 66
PA 66 / PA 6
13.0
27.0
B = 25.4 mm
06Nen
PE
265 6
trapezoidal;
B = 110 mm
200
23
unpbl
PE-LD
PE-LD + 4 wt.-% iPB-1
254
268
286
291
trapezoidal;
B = 50 mm
100
23
10Nas
PEEK
PEI
PES
PSU
30.0
10.0
13.0
11.0
according to
DIN 53128
B = 50 mm
06Nen
PVC-soft
117 2.6
trapezoidal;
B = 50 mm
100
unpbl
5
5
5
4
Table 4.5 Tear resistance Ts of elastomeric materials

Material
Tear
Resistance
Test Conditions
Ts [N mm 1]
Specimen Type
Ref.
Speed
[mm min 1]
T [ C]
CR
13.8
500
03Apr
CR
CR +10 phr CB N762 CR +20 phr
CB N762 CR + 30 phr
CB N762 CR + 40 phr
CB N762 CR + 45 phr
CB N762
24.0
35.0
41.0
46.0
42.0
44.0
500
25
04Mar
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_23
Material
Tear
Resistance
Test Conditions
Ref.
Ts [N mm 1]
Specimen Type
Speed
[mm min 1]
T [ C]
EPDM +60 phr CB N550
6.2 0.4
100
23
unpbl
EPDM / NBR
EPDM / NBR +
5 phr CB N220 EPDM / NBR +
20 phr CB N220
18.4
trouser
specimen B
=2 mm
trouser
specimen
10Man
HNBR
4.2
trouser
specimen
500
10Kar
IR + 25 phr CB N774
IR + 50 phr CB N774
IR + 2 phr Dellite 67 G (layered
silicate)
silicate)
silicate)
6.0
18.0
6.2 0.7
trouser
specimen
trouser
specimen
B = 2 mm
07El
100
23
11Rei
NBR
NBR + 40 phr CB
13.6
36.1
12Wan
NR
NR + 5 phr Nanofil (layered silicate)
NR + 15 phr Nanofil (layered
silicate)
silicate)
silicate)
NR + 84 phr calcinated clay
NR + 54 phr calcinated clay +15
phr CB N330
NR + 54 phr calcinated clay +17.5
phr CB N550
NR + 54 phr calcinated clay +22.5
phr CB N774
NR (deproteinised) + 25 phr CB
N774
NR (deproteinised) + 50 phr CB
N774
5.2 0.7
4.4 0.7
trouser
specimen B
=2 mm
100
23
11Rei
trouser
specimen
B = 2 mm
100
23
crescent
specimen
B = 1 mm
07Rat
trouser
specimen
07El
20.6
28.6
35.2
32.8
8.0 1.2
5.1 1.3
3.6 0.9
4.9 0.7
5.6 1.2
75.0
93.0
87.0
87.0
11.0
18.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_23
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
SBR
SBR +20 phr CB N339
SBR +40 phr CB N339
SBR +60 phr CB N339
SBR +20 phr Silica
SBR +40 phr Silica
SBR +60 phr Silica
Silica = ULTRASIL
GR7000
SBR +60 phr CB N115
SBR +60 phr CB N550
SBR/EPDM
SBR/EPDM +
60 phr CB N234
SBR/NR
SBR/NR +60 phr CB N234
TPE
TPE
TPE (SEBS + CaCO3 +
process oil)
Tear
Resistance
Test Conditions
Ts [N mm 1]
Specimen Type
Speed
[mm min 1]
T [ C]
1.5 0.04
4.1 0.3
5.2 0.5
5.3 0.3
3.4 0.1
7.4 0.4
10.4 1.4
trouser
specimen
B = 2 mm
100
23
100
23
100
23
100
23
12Cam
100
23
09Rei
16.7 3.2
4.2 0.24
1.8 0.1
4.4 0.3
2.6 0.2
14.7 1.7
61.0 95.0
44.0 166
6.9 7.9
trouser
specimen
B = 2 mm
trouser
specimen
B = 2 mm
Ref.
unpbl
References Chapter 4.1.2 - Data

03Apr
04Mar
06Nen
07El
07Rat
09Rei
12Cam
10Kar
10Nas
Aprem, A. S., Jose, S., Thomas, S., Barkoula, N. M., Karger-Kocsis, J.: Influence of hygro-thermally degraded polyester-urethane on physical and mechanical properties of chloroprene rubber.
European Polymer Journal 39 (2003) 6976.
Martins, A. F., de Meneses, S. M., Visconte, L. L. Y., Nunes, R. C. R.: Mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of chloroprene rubber and cellulose II composites. J. of Appl. Polym.
Sci. 92 (2004) 24252430.
Nentwig, J.: Kunststoff-Folien. Herstellung Eigenschaften Anwendung. 3. Auflage, Carl
Hanser Verlag, Munich Vienna, 2006.
El-Tayeb, N. S. M., Nasir, R.M.: Effect of soft carbon black on tribology of deproteinised and
polyisoprene rubbers. Wear 262 (2007) 350361.
Rattanasom, N., Prasertsri, S.: Relationship among mechanical properties, heat ageing resistance, cut growth behaviour and morphology in natural rubber: Partial replacement of clay with
various types of carbon black at similar hardness level. Polymer Testing 28 (2009) 270276.
Reincke, K., Friedel, J., Grellmann, W.: Influence of process oils on the mechanical properties of
elastomers. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst. 62 (2009) 506514.
(rech. 07/2013).
Karger-Kocsis, J. Felhos, D., Xuc, D.: Mechanical and tribological properties of rubber blends
composed of HNBR and in situ produced polyurethane. Wear 268 (2010) 464472.
Nase, M.: Zusammenhang zwischen Herstellungsbedingungen, ubermolekularer Struktur und
Eigenschaften von Peelfolien. Shaker-Verlag Aachen, 2010.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_23
4
10Man
11Rei
12Wan

Manoj, K. C., Kumari, P., Unnikrishnan, G.: Cure characteristics, swelling behaviors, and
mechanical properties of carbon black filler reinforced EPDM/NBR blend system. J. of Appl.
Polym. Sci. 120 (2011) 26542662.
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W.: Mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of rubber compositions with reinforcing components. In: Galimberti, M. (ed.): Rubber-clay nano-compo-sites:
Science, technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons, First edition, (2011) 305342,
ISBN 978-0-470-56210-9.
Wang, L. L., Zhang, L. Q., Tian, M.: Mechanical and tribological properties of acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber filled with graphite and carbon black. Materials and Design 39 (2012) 450457.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_23
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Tear Resistance- application

Further results are shown in the following Figs. 4.30 4.32. The influence of the content of carbon black
(in this case the active type N234) can be seen in Fig. 4.30 for SBR, EPDM and NR. For all three types of
polymers, the tear resistance increases with the CB loading in the range of filler content investigated. For
EPDM the maximum value was found at 40 phr. The highest tear resistance values in a direct comparison
were determined for the NR compounds. The materials do not contain a softener. Figure 4.31 summarizes
the values of the tear resistance of filler-reinforced rubber vulcanizates on the basis of a SBR/BR blend as a
function of the macro dispersion index DI. The higher DI the better the mechanical properties should be.
As one can see, the tear resistance there is not really a functional connection between the tear resistance
and the macro dispersion. When the material is exposed e.g. to heat, sun light, chemicals, oils or other
aggressive media ageing may occur connected with changes of the properties.
Fig. 4.30 Tear Resistance Ts of carbon black-reinforced elastomers as a function of the CB content; the tests were
performed with 2 mm thick trouser specimens and a test speed of 100 mm min 1.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_24
Fig. 4.31 Tear Resistance Ts of filler-reinforced SBR/BR blends as a function of the macro dispersion index DI; DI
was determined by a light-microscopic investigation and is a measure for the number of filler agglomerates being
larger than 3 5 mm.
In Fig. 4.32 some results of experimental investigations of the ageing behaviour are shown. It can be
seen that the tear resistance can be strongly influenced by the exposure to lye or the storage in hot air. This
depends on the matrix of the elastomer, which generally determines the chemical resistance or the heat
resistance.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_24
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.32 Tear Resistance Ts of filler-reinforced HNBR and EPDM material as a function of the exposure time; the
exposure temperature was 95 C and the exposure medium was washing lye [09Kah] (a) and Ts of carbon-black filled
elastomers in dependence on the time of an artificial thermo-oxidative ageing at T =70 C (b)
References Chapter 4.1.2 - Application

09Kah
Kahnt, N.: Entwicklung einer geeigneten Methode zur Kurzzeitprufung des Einsatzverhaltens
von Elastomerwerkstoffen. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_24
Compression Loading - introduction

The compression properties characterize the strength, deformation and stiffness behaviour of plastics
under quasi-static uniaxial compression load conditions. Generally, for these tests commercial universal
test systems with different load capacity are used. The valid and common used standard for the compression test of plastics is the ISO 604 (2002): Plastics Determination of compressive properties. The data
collected include also values determined according DIN 53454 and DIN 53457 as well as ASTM D 695
(Fig. 4.33). The specimen of preference exhibits dimensions of 50104 mm3 for the determination
of modulus of elasticity and 10104 mm3 for the investigation of the other compressive properties
(Fig. 4.34).
Fig. 4.33 Stress distribution in the test specimen under uniaxial compression load [13Gre].
Both specimen types can be produced by cutting the shoulders from multipurpose specimens. In case of
determination of modulus of elasticity strain gauges or clip on gauges must be used to measure the normative compressive strain e. For the measurement of other compressive properties the nominal compressive
strain ec is sufficiently.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_25
Fig. 4.34 Specimen preparation on a multipurpose specimen (a) for

determination of compressive modulus Ec (b) and a specimen for
determining compressive properties (c) [13Gre].
During the test, the load (F)elongation (DL) diagram (Fig. 4.35) up to the break of specimen is
recorded necessary to calculate the compressive stress (s)compressive strain (e) diagram using the geometric conditions of specimen A0 and equipment L or L0 (Eqs. 4.174.19). In the case of compression measurement with extensometer DL0 = DL02 DL01 is used otherwise the traverse path DL serves for the
calculation of compression strain. For the determination of modulus of elasticity Ec a strain rate of 1 %/
min is applied and 2 mm/min are mostly used to perform the compression test.
F
A0
(4:17)
DL0
100 %
L0
(4:18)
DL
100 %
L
(4:19)
ec
Due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the plastics modulus of elasticity in compression Ec is determined
as secant modulus between the strain limits of 0.05 % and 0.25 % (Eq. 4.20). Based on the stressstrain
diagram the values compressive stress at yield sy and compressive strength sM as maximum as well as
the associated nominal compressive yield strain ecy and nominal compressive strain at compressive
strength ecM can be calculated (Eqs. 4.214.24). For completely recorded diagrams the nominal strain at
break ecB can be determined additionally (Eq. 4.25). Because of the dependence on software and test
equipment the compressive stress at break sB should not be used (Eq. 4.26).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_25
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.35 Typical compressive stress (s)compressive strain (e) diagrams of polymers in the compression test; brittle
plastics (a), ductile materials with compressive yield stress (b), ductile materials without compressive yield stress (c)
and ductile plastics without break (d) [13Gre].
s 2 s1
0:002
(4:20)
Fy
A0
(4:21)
F max
A0
(4:22)
DLy
100 %
L
(4:23)
DLF max
100 %
L
(4:24)
DLB
100 %
L
(4:25)
FB
A0
(4:26)
Ec
sy
sM
ecy
ecM
ecB
sB
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_25
with
Fy load at yield
FB load at break
DLy compression at yield
DLB compression at break
DLFmax compression at load maximum
The amount and quality of the values of compressive modulus depend strongly on the planparallelity of
specimen surfaces.
DIN 53454
(1971)
DIN 53457
(1987)
ISO 604
(2002)
ASTM D 695
(2010)
Testing of plastics Compression test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 604: 2002)

Testing of plastics Determination of the modulus of elasticity by tensile, compression and flexural test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 604: 2002)
Plastics Determination of compressive properties
Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics
References Chapter 4.2 - Introduction

13Gre
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_25
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Compression Loading - data

The following Table 4.6. shows a summary of available data of different thermoplastics and resins especially compressive modulus Ec, compressive strength sM and the other values if possible.
Table 4.6 Compressive properties of thermoplastics.
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
ABS
23
2540 3200
42.0 114
23
23
23
23
23
23
68.9
96.5
103
45.0 63.0
62.0 93.0
131
12MBa, 12Pol
11Ehr
12MBa
ANMA
23
81.4
12MBa
APA / PTFE
APA / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
30.0
80.0
12Pol
CA
23
2420
50.0
11Ehr
CAB
23
1500
31.0 33.0
11Ehr
CTFE
23
1280 1480
12MBa
ETFE
ETFE + GF 25 wt.-%
ETFE + GC 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
648
-
17.0 49.0
69.0
68.9
12MBa, 12Pol
08Els
12MBa
FEP
23
490
0.49 16.0
08Els, 12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2940
-
44.8 96.5
96.5
96.5 117
135 150
117 155
148
120 180
111 172
155
149 207
140 220
165 175
207
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12Pol, 95Car
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12Pol, 95Car
12MBa
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
+
+
+
+
+
+
PA 6
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
PA 6 +
GC 10 wt.-%
GC 20 wt.-%
GC 30 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 13 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GC 40 wt.-%
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
100 159
90.0 186
96.5
117
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
65.5 100
76.0 83.0
110 179
117 207
136 138
110 170
148 245
158 276
158 162
195
186
207 210
110
131
31.0
41.0
45.0
48.0
55.0
59.0
90.0
124
61.0
65.0
69.0 252
100
255
165
30.0 40.0
62.0
164
110
131
131 152
30.0 40.0
62.0 107
117
121
117
126
172
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12Pol, 95Car
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol, 98Mai
12Pol
6
6
6
6
+ MF 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
/ SI
/ SI / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 66
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 66 + GC 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GC 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 5 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (CF + RF) 40 wt.-%
PA 66-HI
PA 66-HI + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE / SI + CF 30 wt.-%
12Pol, 95Car
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
PA 610
PA 610 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
55.0 69.0
152
165
160 172
176
179
20.0
12Pol
PA 11
PA 11 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 11 / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
47.0 69.0
72.0
86.0
83.0
12Pol
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 12 / PTFE
PA 12 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
69.0
83.0
26.0
69.0
12Pol
PA 612
PA 612 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 612 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PA 612 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
52.0 67.0
100
119
138
90 124
138 152
157
145 162
165
179
96.0
103
28.0
12Pol
PAEK + GF 40 wt.-%
PAEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
228
233
12Pol
PAI
23
4000 8550
99.3 221
23
23
23
23
23
9860
-
264
260
254
120
170
08Els, 12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
08Els
12MBa, 12Pol
08Els
23
6200
08Els
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
43.0 117
72.0 107
110
107 161
117
85.0 202
134
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 33 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
+ CD 23 wt.-%
/ PTFE + CD 12 wt.-%
PBI
PBT
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
10
15
20
25
30
40
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
124
152
50.0
50.0 51.0
53.0
55.0
50.0
54.0
86.0
69.0
83.0
76.0
12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
23
23
2580
-
54.0 72.0
75.5 86.0
80.0
-
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2470
2310
3820
1700
-
62.0 96.0
100 141
115
152
93.1
107
117
145
127
72.0
72.0
76.0
86.0 90.0
93.0
71.3
110
55.6
63.8
48.4
-
08Els, 11Ehr
12MBa, 12Pol
98Mai
09Vor
12Pol
12Pol, 12MBa
12Pol, 08Els
12Pol, 98Mai
12MBa
PCTFE
23
32.0 52.0
08Els
PE-HD
PE-HD + GF 10 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 20 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
2000
-
14.5 22.0
28.0
34.0
52.0
12Pol, 11Ehr
12Pol
PE-LD
23
240
11Ehr
PE-UHMW
23
276 621
>400
12MBa, 12Pol
PEEK (fl)
PEEK (afl)
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-% (fl)
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-% (afl)
23
23
23
23
118
119
215
149
08Els
+ GC 30 wt.-%
+ GC 40 wt.-%
+ GB 10 wt.-%
+ GB 20 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-%
+ GB 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
/ PTFE
/ PTFE + RF 15 wt.-%
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
+ GF 10 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GC 10 wt.-%
+ GC 20 wt.-%
+ GC 30 wt.-%
+ GC 40 wt.-%
+ CF 20 wt.-%
/ ABS
/ ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PBT
/ PTFE
2858
2350
4090
1914
74.2
63.8
82.0
49.4
12Pol
09Vor
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
+ GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
120
23
23
240
153
150
170
110
97.2 137
228
PEI
PEI +
PEI +
PEI +
PEI +
PEI +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
2900
3100
3800
-
140
160
159
165
145 160
169 200
08Els
08Els, 95Car
12Pol
PES
PES + GF 20 wt.-%
PES + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
131
138
152
12Pol
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 55 wt.-%
PET + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
138
172
233
172
179
196
145
12Pol
PFA
23
541
379
12MBa
PI
23
2200
44.0 310
300
23
300
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2900
-
130 133
200 235
64.0 68.0
138
155
108
133
200
227
188
207
08Els, 12MBa
12Pol
08Els
23
23
23
23
2760
83.0 93.0
51.7 108
100 107
97.0 107
110
-
08Els, 11Ehr
08Els
12MBa, 12Pol
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
+ CF 30 wt.-% (fl)
+ CF 30 wt.-% (afl)
/ PTFE + CF 10 wt.-% (fl)
10
15
20
30
40
+ CD 15 wt.-%
+ CD 15 wt.-%
+ CD 25 wt.-%
+ CD 30 wt.-%
+ CD 40 wt.-%
+ RF 30 wt.-%
+ GB 40 wt.-%
+ GC 65 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
PMMA (im)
PMMA (ex)
PMMA (mou.)
PMMA
Ref.
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
08Els,12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
POM
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
POM + GF 40 wt.-%
POM + GB 10 wt.-%
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
POM + GB 40 wt.-%
POM / PTFE
POM / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3030
-
31.0
65.0
83.0
86.0
90.0
43.0
39.0
27.0
24.0
59.0
12Pol, 11Ehr
PP
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1430
-
43.0
40.0
29.6
40.0
55.0
52.0
60.0
61.0
42.7
26.0
27.0
50.0
31.0
47.0
28.0
24.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
27.0
34.5
41.0
55.0
11Ehr
12MBa, 12Pol
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
162
100
247
145 276
148
302
172 314
189
166
152
162 185
189
75.0
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 43 wt.-%
T 10 wt.-%
T 20 wt.-%
T 30 wt.-%
T 40 wt.-%
CaCO3 10 wt.-%
CaCO3 20 wt.-%
CaCO3 40 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
GB 40 wt.-%
M 25 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
PPA
PPA + GF 15 wt.-%
PPA + GF 33 wt.-% (hr)
PPA + GF 33 wt.-%
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-% (fr)
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + GF 60 wt.-%
PPA + MX 40 wt.-% (hr)
PPA + MD 30 wt.-%
PPA + MD 40 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
PPA / PTFE
55.2
53.1
82.7
93.1
82.7
47.0
52.0
48.0
58.0
35.9
43.0
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
PPE / PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
170
12MBa, 12Pol
PPS
PPS +
PPS +
PPS +
PPS +
PPS +
23
23
23
23
23
23
15000
100 120
55.0
69.0
138
130 240
172 276
12MBa
12Pol
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
18500
-
172 201
83.0
158 165
130 240
186
203
190
190
193
230
41.0 71.0
62.0
155
23
45.0 124
23
23
23
23
117 120
121
96.5
130
PSU
PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
97.0
138
12Pol
12MBa
PTFE
23
541
6.9 12.0
08Els, 12Pol
12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
758
758
4900
6000
-
170 180
172 220
131 200
117
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
PUR
23
3.6 22.1
12MBa
PVC
PVC / Acrylate
23
23
2650
-
43.0 70.0
49.0
11Ehr
98Dom
PVC-C
23
1460
82.7
12MBa
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
PPS
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ CF 10 wt.-%
+ CF 20 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ CF 45 wt.-%
+ CF 50 wt.-%
+ CF 55 wt.-%
+ CF 60 wt.-%
+ (GF + MD) 20 wt.-%
/ PTFE
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GC 20 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 25 wt.-%
+ CD 15 wt.-%
+ CD 25 wt.-%
/ PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
/ PET + GF 40 wt.-%
/ PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
/ PA 66 / SI + CF 30 wt.-%
12Pol, 12MBa
08Els, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol, 98Mai
12Pol
98Mai
12Pol
08Els
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
11Ehr
12Pol, 95Car
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Material
T
[ C]
Ec
[MPa]
sM
[MPa]
sy
[MPa]
Ref.
PVDF
PVDF + CF 10 wt.-%
23
23
2100 3800
6000
49.0 90.0
95.8
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
23
23
23
23
23
23
3610
-
76.0 114
103
145
148
152
11Ehr
12Pol
TPE-E + GF 5 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 10 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 15 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 20 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 30 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
11.0 36.0
12.0 37.0
14.0
34.0
48.0
52.0
12Pol
TPE-U + GF 5 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 10 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 15 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
8.0
10.0
15.0
21.0
12Pol
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
20
30
35
40
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
12Pol, 95Car
References Chapter 4.2 - Data

95Car
98Dom
98Mai
08Els
09Vor
11Ehr
12MBa
12Pol
Voronko, Y.: Mechanische Eigenschaften von Kunststoffen im Biege- und Druckversuch.
Studienarbeit, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_26
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Compression loading - application

In the following Figures 4.36 and 4.37 functional correlations of compression properties in dependence on
temperature for the material polybenzimidazole (PBI) are shown. It is clearly to see, that with increasing
temperature a loss of stiffness and strength is registered.
Fig. 4.36 Modulus of elasticity in compression Ec in dependence on test temperature for PBI [98Dom].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_27
Fig. 4.37 Compression strength sM in dependence on test temperature for PBI [98Dom].
Figure 4.38 shows the dependence of moisture and test temperature on the compression strength for
polyamide 6. At lower temperatures, the influence of moisture is higher as of temperature.
Fig. 4.38 Compression strength sM in dependence on test temperature and moisture for PA 6 [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_27
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
References Chapter 4.2 - Application

98Dom
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_27
Bend loading - introduction

4.3 Bend Loading

The flexural properties characterize the strength, deformation and stiffness behaviour of plastics under
quasi-static bend loading. For these tests commercial universal test systems equipped with three-point
and four-point fixtures are used. The most important standard for the bend test of plastics is the ISO
178: Plastics Determination of flexural properties, which favors the three point bend test (Fig. 4.39).
The data collected include also values determined according DIN 53452 and DIN 53457 as well as ASTM
D 790. The specimen of preference exhibits dimensions of 80104 mm3 and can be produced directly
by injection moulding or cutting the shoulders from multipurpose specimens.
Fig. 4.39 Three-point bend test

equipment according ISO 178
[13Gre].
During the test, the load (F) deflection (s) diagram up to the break of specimen or reaching the conventional deflection sC is recorded necessary to calculate the stress (sf) strain (ef) diagram using the
thickness h and the width b of specimen as well as support length L (Eqs. 4.27 and 4.28). For the determination of modulus of elasticity Ef and flexural properties the cross-head speed preferred is 2 mm/min.
3F L
2 b h2
(4:27)
6sh
100 %
L2
(4:28)
sf
ef
On the basis of the stressstrain diagram registered (Fig. 4.40) the flexural strength sfM (Eq. 4.30) and the
associated flexural strain efM and flexural strain at break efB can be calculated. Because of the dependence
on software and test equipment the flexural stress at break sfB is not used. If the specimen fails to break,
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_28
Ef
s f 2 sf 1
0:002
(4:29)
Fig. 4.40 Typical flexural stressperipheral fiber strain diagrams of polymers in the bend test [13Gre]; specimen
that breaks before yielding (a), specimen that shows a maximum and then breaks before conventional deflection sC
(b), specimen that neither has a yield point nor breaks before the conventional deflection sC (c).
Or if no maximum load occurs the flexural stress sfC at conventional deflection sC = 1.5 h is determined
(Eq. 4.31). Analog to the tensile test the modulus of elasticity in flexure Ef is calculated as secant modulus
between the strain limits of 0.05 and 0.25 per cent (Eq. 4.29).
sf M
3F max L
2 b h2
(4:30)
sf C
3 FfC L
2 b h2
(4:31)
with
FfC load at conventional deflection
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_28
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

DIN 53452(1997)
DIN 53457(1987)
ISO 178(2010)
ASTM D 790(2010)
Testing of plastics Flexural test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 178: 2010)

Testing of plastics Determination of the modulus of elasticity by tensile,
compression and flexural test (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 178: 2010)
Plastics Determination of flexural properties; (AMD 1: 2013)
Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics
and electrical insulating materials

13Gre
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_28
Bend loading - data
Bend loading - data

Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
grafted polymer (htr)

grafted polymer (ltd)
+ GF 5 wt.-%
+ GF 10 wt.-%
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 33 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ GF 60 wt.-%
+ GB 10 wt.-%
+ GB 20 wt.-%
+ CF 5 wt.-%
+ CF 8 wt.-%
+ CF 10 wt.-%
+ CF 15 wt.-%
+ CF 20 wt.-%
+ CF 25 wt.-%
+ CF 30 wt.-%
+ CF 40 wt.-%
+ MF 20 wt.-%
+ GC 10 wt.-%
+ GC 20 wt.-%
+ GC 30 wt.-%
/ PVC
/ PC
/ PC + GF 5 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 30 wt.-%
/ PC + MF 10 wt.-%
/ PC + MF 15 wt.-%
/ PC + CF 8 wt.-%
/ PC + CF 20 wt.-%
/ PBT
/ PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1373 3792
2930
2965 4900
4413 5998
3240 7200
6067 9400
7584
6840 10800
11376
15755
2930
3000
4275
4690
4140 8756
7580 10549
11928 12411
12755
16547
17237 19305
3930
4551
4895
6412
1448 2500
1666 3920
2453 3335
2620 4807
3924 4700
5101 5998
7505 8136
3139
4120
6198
9239
1862 4220
2943 4350
80
55
47.1 95.1
98.6
77.9 130
60.7 123
86.2 150
86.9 162
131
141 160
138
145 152
50.3
89.6
82.7
68.9 132
138 145
152 159
165
179
138 193
109
103
107
116
40.0 62.7
58.8 121
78.5 110
98.1 137
98.1
123 147
137 167
98.1
108 113
144
112
60.8 108
83.4 119
08Els
12MBa, 11Ehr
08Els, 12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Bend loading - data

sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
116 131
103 145
147 186
61.4 79.3
61.0 76.0
72.0 82.7
82.7
65
80
94.5 105
145
2796
103
23
23
23
23
23
1200 2254
4905
6953
8829
1655 1931
44.1 64.7
118
153
177
51.7 54.5
12MBa
AMMA (mou.)
23
165
98Dom
ANMA
23
2965 3378
95.8 96.5
12MBa
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1344
4826
5516
1875
2020
1924
4100
7000
38.6
55
117
124
54.5
81.4
51.0
-
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
12MBa
CA
23
1655 2470
12MBa, 11Ehr
CAB
23
827 1793
12MBa, 11Ehr
CAP
23
1172 1862
12MBa
COC
23
2503 3199
90.0 110
12MBa
CTFE
23
1655 1862
12MBa
ECTFE
23
1690 6205
114
08Els, 12MBa
EMMA
23
41.4 620
12MBa
EPDM
23
1100 1250
12MBa
ETFE
ETFE + GF 25 wt.-%
ETFE + GC 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
758 1724
6250
6550
37.9
-
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
12MBa
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]

ABS / PTFE
ABS / PMMA
ABS / PLA
ABS / PSU
ABS / ASA
ABS / PC / PBT
ABS / PC / PTFE
ABS / PC / PTFE +
GF 20 wt.-%
ABS / PC / PMMA
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4415
4344
8205
1380
2060
2482
2137
2000
2199
2717
6550
23
AEPDS
AEPDS + GF 10 wt.-%
AEPDS + GF 20 wt.-%
AEPDS + GF 30 wt.-%
AEPDS / ASA
- HI
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
/ SAN
/ PC
/ PVC
/ PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
5809
7800
10100
2461
2630
2710
2751
3000
2165
2965
2268
84.8
67.6
96.5
63.4
Ref.
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
EVOH
23
3247 4800
88.9 124
12MBa
FEP
23
621 648
24.1 38.6
12MBa
MABS
23
1370 2450
44.0 81.0
08Els, 12MBa
MPF
23
8963
58.6 68.9
12MBa
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 - HI (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (hi)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (hi)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (hi)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (hi)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (hi), (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (hi),
(cond.)
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (hi)
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-%
23
90
23
80
23
80
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
80
80
23
90
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
1680 3406
380 600
2800 3600
700 1000
720 1400
300 500
655 1852
3310 3792
2896 4600
4100 4500
2200 2300
3102 5984
2896 4137
5000 5800
2400 2900
2300
1700
5314 6895
3100
4137 5171
5200 6800
2600 4200
2300 3200
1000 2600
5309 8963
6600
7000
5800 10825
4300 5100
5500 8500
5800 9500
2600 5600
3000 4700
3500
7500
4000
75.8 127
44.1 62.1
117 145
117 152
137 179
138 172
180
120
152 216
131 172
165 245
200
192 276
180 234
250
200
-
50
130
-
12MBa, 08Els
12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
6206
5861
9200
5700
8829
193 299
186 234
234 275
11572
8963
9500
6200
10000
12MBa, 95Car
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 95Car
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
9500 10000
6000 6600
9310 13000
9500
10300 10600
6500
9653 11772
11400 12411
11900 13800
8100 8800
6200 7100
5000
10342 15000
8618 9308
9100
14000 14900
8000
14134
18000 19995
9300
3400
3500
3792 3800
2900 4482
1400
4200
1700
4500 4600
3000 5800
2000
3654
11032
4826
5723
3447
6895 13790
14000 17237
20684
3630 4119
3434 4316
3924
3138 5982
4000 5396
2100
5171 6867
2827
3500 3924
4137
4100 7000
228 303
236 352
294 322
290 324
241 305
320
280
290
338 345
85
100
80.0 114
100 138
120
93.1
331
117
131
100
207 290
310
324
98.1 108
88.3 130
98.1
90.3 127
98.1 124
124 143
117
125 137
124
124 200
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-% (hi)
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 43 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-% (hi)
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 55 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 25 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 40 wt.-%
GB 50 wt.-%
GB 50 wt.-%
GC 15 wt.-%
GC 40 wt.-%
GD 30 wt.-%
GD 40 wt.-%
CD 10 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
MF 15 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
MF 30 wt.-%
MF 30 wt.-%
MF 40 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 15 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 20 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 25 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
Ref.
12MBa
12MBa, 95Car
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%

PA 6 + (GF + MF) 45 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 55 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MX) 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
PA 6 / PTFE
PA 6 / PPE (dry)
PA 6 / PPE (cond.)
PA 6 / PPE + GF 20
wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 / PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 / PA 66
PA 6 / PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS
PA 6 / ABS + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + MF 5 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6688 10100
8500 9100
14134
4482 4826
4400 6895
8274
6500 7300
5900 9308
3800
2137 2689
3585
4500 4826
8000 8274
9653
11583 19305
2200 2500
1200 1500
6000
186 221
207 215
234
172 276
131
152
152
178
155 198
82.7 89.7
103
128
197
193
252 296
-
252 296
-
23
4100
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
5600
3000
6972
1570
2620
4344
5171
2261
195
140
58.9
72.4
107 130
141
67.0 73.0
195
140
219 222
58.9
72.4
-
PA 6 G
23
2500 3300
70.0 140
08Els
PA 66
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 + GC 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GC 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GC 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
40
40
80
80
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1310 3792
1800 3500
600 1500
2300 2600
2600
900 1200
500
350 400
4275 5378
5861
8343 9308
1758 3792
2206 4905
4400
3103 5516
4800
3300
48.3 131
117 172
192
222 234
79.3 124
89.6 142
110 174
-
50
-
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
6986
1800
3000
4482
2500
Ref.
05Nas
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 55 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 55 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 55 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
80
80
90
23
23
23
80
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
40
80
80
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4800 6962
5700 7500
3500 4700
2800
2200
2100
4862 7584
7000
4200 5000
4200
3500
4826 8342
7600 7800
5000 6200
7584 10000
8800 9500
6800 7200
8500
5500 5800
4300
3400 5500
5861 9653
7300 10000
4800 8100
8826 9308
10000
8000
9653 12263
12000
10342 13103
10600 11700
7000 8700
11032 12063
13800
11000
8600
7300
11790 16500
13600 15200
11000 13600
9500
14500
15400
12300
15858 20000
6205 6826
10687
13800 17237
12411 19305
160
145
157
160
165
275
290
276
275
307
317
314
186
255
276
234
sfC
[MPa]
206
221
245
290
281
294
350
304
333
380
400
190
262
290
419
200
-
Ref.
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 98Mai
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 60 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GB 5 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + T 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + CaCO3 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GB 35 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + RF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T +
GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T +
GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T +
GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 6I/6T +
GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 / PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
90
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
20700
24100
2500 3200
3434 4000
4137
3500 5886
4826 8963
5800
3100
3100
2758 4482
2759 3900
4130 4137
3900 4275
3100 4400
1500
6964 7584
4826 5100
4119
4137
3700 4650
7300 7500
8274 12411
6895
1724 3434
3516 3723
4826 5000
4826
9308
6800 9250
12500
4100
12755
12400 13652
10342
3447
9300
379
345
78.0 124
88.3 150
124
93.2 186
128 162
135
117
117
117 135
117
110 117
120 165
118
124
130
179 193
214
65.5 112
103 117
172
155
183
220 255
255
276 288
152
138
-
23
12000
23
16400
23
20000
23
23
23
5700
7100
1790
195
240
80
Ref.
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PA 66 / PA 610 +
GF30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 / PA 610 +
GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
9100
23
6700
PA 11
PA 11 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 11 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 11 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 11 / PTFE + RF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
300 1241
2482
3999
1931
6067
1586
51.7 75.8
103
68.9
179
56.9
70
-
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
PA 12
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 13 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 12 / PTFE + RF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
345 2068
4000
3999 5000
5516 7100
11721
3447
7240
7580
1724
20.0 98.6
140
150
150 185
253
129
152
172
62.1
12MBa
PA 12 G
23
2000
90
08Els
PA 4/6
PA 4/6 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 4/6 + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 4/6 / PTFE
PA 4/6 / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 4/6 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2482
2896 3792
4826
5033
8274
8963
11032
16547
22063 26890
1207 2800
9653
16547 17926
110
96.5 152
179
172
221
255
317
365
393 434
62.1
269
283 290
12MBa
PA 6 /3T
23
125
08Els
PA 610
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 (cond.)
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 610 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF 35 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
80
23
23
23
23
23
23
2034 2068
2000
900
500
7580
7900
5600
7584
9300
6800
72.4 86.2
221
-
12MBa
23
8960
234
Ref.
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PA 610 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 610 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE
PA 610 / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 / PA 66 + GF 30
wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 / PA 66 + GF 30
wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10342
13800
17200
1710 2320
6550
10300
9100
276
331
165
221
-
23
6700
PA 612
PA 612 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 612 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE
PA 612 / PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE + RF 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1724
4480
5860
8270
6895
9653
8481
15858
2000
4826
15300
2758
82.7 96.5
138
186
234
102 255
269
303
74.5
145
286
86.2
12MBa
PA 666
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 666 / PTFE + GF 43 wt.-%
23
23
90
23
23
23
90
23
1862 2758
8000 8200
5200
8963 9913
9508 12200
13500 18300
10000
11900
83.4 93.1
290
225
-
12MBa
PAEK
PAEK + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
17000
-
130
250
12MBa, 95Car
95Car
PAI
PAI
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
PAI +
23
232
23
232
23
150
260
23
150
260
23
150
260
23
4482 7308
3600
11700 11721
9900
11700
10600
8600
19900
17000
14000
7400
5600
4800
19857 19900
131 241
333
340
240
160
355
250
160
212
150
100
350
12MBa, 95Car
95Car
12MBa, 95Car
95Car
08Els
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 33 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
CX 23 wt.-%
CX 23 wt.-%
CX 23 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
2758
8274
11032
2137
Ref.
12MBa, 95Car
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
10
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
PAI
232
23
150
260
23
150
260
15700
5000
4000
3500
6900
5100
4100
244
158
76
220
150
100
95Car
08Els
PARA
23
8963
203
12MBa
PB-1
PB-1
PB-1 +
PB-1 +
PB-1 +
PB-1 +
PB-1 +
PB-1
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
310 350
1041 11
1834 23
2995 81
4544 64
6414 66
8371 70
120 450
79.9 0.5
89.2 0.5
-
14.0
20.4
35.4
54.3
74.1
-
PBI
23
6500
220
08Els
PBN + GF 30 wt.-%
23
214
98Dom
PBT
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
23
23
23
23
23
23
1900
3728
3000
3924
4905
6343
62.1 101
95.0 108
80.0 132
123 166
125 186
150 225
98Dom
12MBa
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
8063 9101
9308 14000
11721 15000
12411 13790
16547
12400
2800 3000
3500 4500
2900
2100 3447
2300 4482
4137
3825
4206
7722
12273
8500
1720 2840
3237 3826
6100
6800
165 185
177 207
124 225
241
221
179
70.0 95.0
90.0 110
60
80.0 86.2
80.0 95.0
98.1
136
193
238
165
67.6 98.0
90.3 128
120
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ CF 30 wt.-%
/ PTFE
/ PTFE
/ PTFE
/ PTFE + CX 12 wt.-%
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
20
30
40
50
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
5 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
+ GF 33 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 45 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ GF 55 wt.-%
+ CF 18 wt.-%
+ MF 15 wt.-%
+ MF 30 wt.-%
+ GB 10 wt.-%
+ GB 20 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 25 wt.-%
+ GC 10 wt.-%
+ GC 30 wt.-%
+ GC 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + GB) 50 wt.-%
/ PC
/ PC + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PC + GF 20 wt.-%
2760
3900
5000
6400
8274
11500
16.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
08Els
11Sch
12MBa
12MBa,
98Dom
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data

sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
130 196
152
97.1
60.8 79.3
83.4 119
116 131
132 143
147 186
128 147
162
177 206
235
90.3
85.3 93.2
167
12MBa
4100
7000
2300 3103
4137
8780
2780
9000
2199
2200
190
75.8
117
180
78.6
80
23
1889 2786
71.7 114
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2347 2810
2413 2999
2689 4350
3041 5500
4120 6200
5861
6180 8900
7240 10800
7240
11600 14200
4650 5980
5520 7500
6890 9600
8960 12500
10342
15900 16200
13500 20700
3447
6550
6895
73.7 75.4
89.6 97.2
85.0 128
88.3 138
100 200
147 220
195 214
159
170
133 172
103 124
124 172
172
165
207 241
185 228
110
128
141
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
PBT / PC + MF 30 wt.-%
PBT / ABS
PBT / ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT / PET + (GF + MF)
40 wt.-%
PBT / PTFE
PBT / PE
PBT / SAN + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT / PC / PET
PBT / PC / ABS
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6377
7860
5101
1862
2943
4415
5861
8205
4120
5886
7860
13721
3630
4310
8335
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
PC
PC
PC
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
GF 5 wt.-%
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
CF 8 wt.-%
CF 10 wt.-%
CF 15 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
CF 25 wt.-%
CF 30 wt.-%
CF 40 wt.-%
GC 10 wt.-%
GC 20 wt.-%
GC 30 wt.-%
11
9880
2344
4826
5700
7800
10100
5650
9940
5101
12MBa, 11Ehr
98Mai
09Vor
11MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
12
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
9653
6900
12800
15000
1683
1380
4480
6890
9101
11000
16500
2410
4480
4760
1641
3447
1724
1931
2068
2482
2206
3550
221
55.8 56.5
64.8 86.9
145
179
160
121
241
93.1 96.5
110
124
66.2 85.5
103
55.2 86.2
62.1 82.7
75.8 82.7
95.8
70.8 72.7
101 102
11MBa, 98Mai
11MBa
PCTA
23
1999
68.9
12MBa
PE
PE / PP
PE / POM
PE / PBT
PE / PTFE
PE / PA66
PE / PS
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
112 1517
650
2100 2200
2788
1000
1796
1450
44.8 60.0
20
80
-
12MBa
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
PE-HD +
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
689 1655
744 10
1405 56
2543 53
4112 40
5668 47
7724 129
1586 1931
4068
3447 4068
3447
3792 4826
4826
6205
25.5 32.4
105.0 0.4
114.6 1.9
68.8
55.2 68.9
68.9
75.8
62.1 75.8
91
91
30.0
20.6
41.9
68.1
98.2
-
+ GC 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + CF) 20 wt.-%
+ (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + CF) 40 wt.-%
/ PBT
/ PTFE
/ PSU
/ PSU + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PET
/ PET + GF 10 wt.-%
/ PLA
/ PMMA
/ PCT
/ SAN
/ ABS
/ ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
10
20
30
40
50
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
1994
2303
2620
2344
2758
2413
2644
4306
09Vor
12MBa
09Vor
40.0
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
12MBa, 08Els
11Sch
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
13
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7584
5171
758
938 1517
1241
1379
2448
1103 1379
2068
2620
3930
5240
850 1103
91
42.7
25.5
29.3 37.9
37.9
44.8
51.7
55.2
66.9
75.8
86.2
48.3
PE-LD
PE-LD
23
23
69.0 621
7.0 15.2
7.0 10.0
-
08Els
12MBa
PE-LLD
PE-LLD + CaCO3 50 wt.-%
23
23
207 827
500
12MBa
PE-MD
23
345 900
12MBa
PE-VLD
23
45.0 115
12MBa
PE-HMW
23
16.0 18.0
08Els
PE-UHMW
PE-UHMW
23
23
276 923
41.4
14
-
08Els
12MBa
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK + GF 10 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 15 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 20 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 40 wt.-%
PEEK + GF 60 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 20 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 40 wt.-%
PEEK / PTFE
23
120
250
23
23
23
23
23
120
250
23
23
23
23
23
120
250
23
23
2758 4300
4000
300
5170
7000 7500
7580 8800
8963 12000
10000
9200
3000
14755
23000
16000 20000
15168 24000
9800 20200
8000 18600
3000 5100
20700 37000
2750 3200
103 170
100
12.5
193
221
221 261
233
175
70
253
283
262 321
210 355
260
36.0 105
310
117 118
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
+ GF 60 wt.-%
+ M 40 wt.-%
+ T 10 wt.-%
+ T 20 wt.-%
+ T 25 wt.-%
+ T 30 wt.-%
+ T 40 wt.-%
+ CD 30 wt.-%
+ GC 10 wt.-%
+ GC 20 wt.-%
+ GC 30 wt.-%
+ GC 40 wt.-%
/ PTFE
Ref.
12MBa
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
08Els
12MBa, 98Mai
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
14
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PEEK / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%

PEEK / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
23
23
23
7584
11700 14500
11500
217
228
-
PEI
PEI
PEI + GF 10 wt.-%
PEI + GF 20 wt.-%
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
PEI + GF 40 wt.-%
PEI + CF 5 wt.-%
PEI + CF 10 wt.-%
PEI + CF 30 wt.-%
PEI + CF 40 wt.-%
PEI / PC
PEI / PTFE
PEI / PTFE + CF 10 wt.-%
23
200
23
23
23
200
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2900 3447
2000
4500 5233
6847 6890
8300 9653
6000
10618 11721
4480
7584 7860
17200
19300
3000
2400 3516
9308
89.6 165
192 200
206 228
203 241
240 254
193
165 221
303
331
135 172
234
08Els, 12MBa
95Car
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
08Els, 95Car
95Car
08Els, 12MBa
PEK
PEK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
4200 6205
11000
22000
207
-
12MBa
PEKEKK
PEKEKK + GF 30 wt.-%
PEKEKK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
4100
11000
22000
12MBa
PES
PES + GF 10 wt.-%
PES + GF 15 wt.-%
PES + GF 20 wt.-%
PES + GF 30 wt.-%
PES + CF 30 wt.-%
PES + CF 40 wt.-%
PES + (GF + CF) 15 wt.-%
PES / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2468 2889
4140
4480
5930 6550
8270 9239
17200
22100
7580
6556
111 128
152
138
162 169
179 190
276
299
207
167
12MBa
PET
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1090
4000
7500
8998
6965
6895
9807
12893
3951
6000
79.3 82.7
108
131 170
120 175
169 205
123 240
169
208 283
270
219
89.6
160
12MBa
GF 5 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
CF 20 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
(GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
2758
7000
8618
11928
16203
Ref.
12MBa
95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
15
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PET + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%

PET + (GF + MF) 35 wt.-%
PET + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PET / PBT
PET / PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PET / PBT + (GF + MF)
40 wt.-%
PET / PBT + MF 18 wt.-%
PET / PBT + MF 25 wt.-%
PET / PC
PET / PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PET / PC / PBT
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7700
10406
8343
3737
4120 5650
5880
7860 9940
8335
175
37.1
128 147
162
177 206
167
23
23
23
23
23
3630
4903 5101
1641 2400
3447
2199
90.3
83.4 93.2
66.2 88.3
103
78.6
PET-G
23
1999 2758
68.3 88.9
12MBa
PFA
23
483 840
98Dom,
12MBa
PHA
23
1800 3180
44
12MBa
PLA
PLA / TPC
PLA / PC
PLA / ABS
PLA / PMMA
23
23
23
23
23
703 3357
215 680
1724 2758
2482 2710
2413 3792
18.3
9.5
55.2
72.0
68.9
12MBa
86.2
82.7
121
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI + GX 15 wt.-%
PI + GX 15 wt.-%
PI + GF 42 wt.-%
PI + GF 50 wt.-%
PI + GF 50 wt.-%
PI + GF 65 wt.-%
PI + GF 65 wt.-%
PI + RF 30 wt.-%
PI + GB 40 wt.-%
PI + CD 15 wt.-%
PI + CD 25 wt.-%
PI + CD 40 wt.-%
PI + GC 65 wt.-%
PI + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
PI + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
23
300
23
260
23
300
23
23
260
23
260
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
260
3000
1800
2500
1500
3500
2100
4300
14000
10500
21000
17000
2896
7929
2756
4823
20684
8000
6500
105 174
60.0 73.0
82.0 110
45.0 62.0
80.0 125
45.0 70.0
40.0 80.0
150
125
350
250
44.8
117
69.0 110
88.3
62.0 90.0
345
110
85
08Els, 12MBa
PIB
23
6500
220
98Dom
PK
PK + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
1400 1600
7000
55
-
08Els, 12She
08Els
3516
1900
4000
2500
7000
3790
92.4
Ref.
12MBa
95Car
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
95Car
12MBa
95Car
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
16
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
PMB
PMMA (im)
PMMA (tough)
PMMA (ex)
PMMA (mou.)
PMMA
PMMA + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
770 1800
1200 3654
6481
110 130
45.0 105
75.0 115
140
46.2 121
106
28.0 - 42.0
-
08Els
08Els
PMP
23
630 1772
21.0 44.8
12MBa
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
POM + GF 40 wt.-%
POM + CF 10 wt.-%
POM + CF 15 wt.-%
POM + CF 20 wt.-%
POM + MF 20 wt.-%
POM + GB 15 wt.-%
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
POM + GB 25 wt.-%
POM + GB 30 wt.-%
POM + CD 5 wt.-%
POM + CD 10 wt.-%
POM + T 15 wt.-%
POM + T 30 wt.-%
POM + RF 5 wt.-%
POM / PTFE
POM / PTFE + GB 10 wt.-%
POM / PTFE + CD 10 wt.-%
POM / PE
POM / PE + CD 10 wt.-%
POM / PE + MD 10 wt.-%
POM / PE + MD 20 wt.-%
POM / PUR
POM / TPE
POM / TPU
55
23
70
100
120
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3600 3900
1471 3150
1400 1600
800 900
600
3000 4905
4410 7584
7000 9100
6890 9000
11790
8274 10300
12000 16000
5880
1720
2200
3600
5520 7500
1900 3170
2800
2206 3000
4600
7000
2760
1750 2896
3654 4826
6895
7240
8274
2620
2500
2100 2200
2500
3200
4900
750 1700
1088 2000
1663 1960
52.0 95.1
98.0 128
98.0 172
196 212
121
275
106 124
196
108
68.9
82.7 167
62.1
55.2
54.5 89.6
107 117
145
165
155
67.2
40.4 72.0
60.0 64.7
95Car
12MBa, 11Ehr
95Car
PMP
23
630 1772
21.0 49.0
12MBa
12MBa, 11Ehr
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
17
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
PP
23
1500 2462
29.0 59.2
08Els, 02Sch
11Ehr
1653 15
2732 64
3862 4982
5127 64
4975 7001
7600 9219
10617 119
1200 2207
1380 2830
2747
2850
3862 4982
2070 4700
5127 64
5578 7001
4900 5500
3600 4200
6205 8963
5550 9650
8783 9219
22
30
39.4 0.2
67.6 0.2
98.8 122
124 0.6
132 152
98.8 120
124 0.6
128 151
-
6550 6895
7500 8300
9000 11000
12900 14500
1103 3103
3447 3999
3999
4826
6067 6895
1030 1800
1290 1600
896
1373 2354
1766 2747
1200 3630
2551 2896
2300 3700
3500 6671
7300
3700
3800
2310
1517 2713
1343 2482
136 157
166 178
163 2.3
37.2 39.2
40.0 82.7
70.6
48.3 114
112 157
74.0 125
80.0 159
179
166.3
177.5
105 115
140
180 210
230
27.6 72.4
58.6 93.1
65.5
75.8
82.7 110
25
34.5
35.3 42.2
36.3 44.1
30.0 54.0
34.5 39.2
40.2 54.9
43.2 55.9
40.0 51.7
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
block polymer (hv)

block polymer (lv)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
80
23
23
23
23
23
80
23
80
23
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF 43 wt.-%
GF 45 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 60 wt.-%
GC 10 wt.-%
GC 20 wt.-%
GC 25 wt.-%
GC 30 wt.-%
GC 40 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
MF 5 wt.-%
MF 10 wt.-%
MF 15 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
MF 25 wt.-%
MF 30 wt.-%
MF 40 wt.-%
MF 55 wt.-%
NF 30 wt.-%
NF 40 wt.-%
T 5 wt.-%
T 10 wt.-%
T 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10
20
25
30
40
50
10
15
20
20
20
25
26
30
30
30
40
40
40
50.8
54.7
-
11Sch
12MBa
unpbl
12MBa
unpbl
12MBa
98Mai
unpbl
12MBa
12MBa
02Sch
12MBa, 02Sch
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
18
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1542 3720
2385 40
2374 2706
2183 2450
2100 3000
3051 87
2340 3900
2413 2919
2758 3792
6000
1930 2896
1586
2200
1723 3792
2137 2200
2413 5033
5102 6343
1517 1793
1500
1330 2400
1800
1896 2800
2400 2569
1586 3000
2525 2923
3300
5000
2413 5994
5516 7063
4500
2758
1372 1950
3447 4137
650
1338 3054
689 758
1441 2173
2060
1324
481
25
35.2
37
38.6
51.0
48.3
44.8
46.2
49.6
27.0
32.4
47
25.9
45
53.1
82.7
80
50.3
40.7
75.8
49.6
21.6
46.0
70.6
48.1
20.1
23
100
23
100
23
23
23
23
2206 3413
400 1800
4306 4413
2400
7800 8101
7800
7600 10300
10300 13100
91.7 129
165
165
255
236 262
224 317
+ T 20 wt.-%
+ T 20 wt.-%
+ T 22 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 25 wt.-%
+ T 27 wt.-%
+ T 30 wt.-%
+ T 33 wt.-%
+ T 40 wt.-%
+ T 60 wt.-%
+ M 10 wt.-%
+ M 12 wt.-%
+ M 15 wt.-%
+ M 20 wt.-%
+ M 25 wt.-%
+ M 30 wt.-%
+ M 40 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 10 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 15 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 20 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 22 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 30 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 35 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 40 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 42 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 50 wt.-%
+ CaCO3 70 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
+ (GF + CaCO3)30 wt.-%
/ PTFE
/ PE
/ PPE
/ PSAC
/ PPE / PS
/ EPDM / PA 6
/ EPDM / PE-HD
/ EPDM / PE-LD
PPA
PPA
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
15
15
22
25
30
33
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
sfC
[MPa]
58.6
55.2
58.6
58.6
75.2
62.1
51.7
45.0
46.2
98.1
128
41.4
93.1
91.7
22.6
61.0
37.2
35.6
31.7
42.6
33.9
28.4
28.4
-
0.1
39.5
34.1
0.8
36.6
37.4
39.1
Ref.
unpbl
12MBa, 08Sch
12MBa
unpbl
12MBa
12MBa, 08Sch
12MBa
unpbl
12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
19
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.

PPA + GF 33 wt.-% (fr)
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + MX 40 wt.-% (hr)
PPA + GF 60 wt.-%
PPA + GF 60 wt.-%
PPA + CF 20 wt.-%
PPA + CF 40 wt.-%
PPA + MD 30 wt.-%
PPA + MD 40 wt.-%
PPA + MD 40 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + CD) 25 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + CF) 25 wt.-%
PPA + (GF + MX)
50 wt.-% (fr)
PPA / PTFE
23
23
175
23
175
23
23
23
23
200
23
23
23
175
23
175
23
175
23
175
23
23
11400
13000
4600
12500 15900
4900
19300 21718
14500
8800
8500
13800
24100
6205
4300 7584
600 900
10900
3600 4600
9100 10168
2300
17000 20800
5000 6400
10900
14000
254
230
276 363
400
307
176
269
352
08Els
200
148 207
263
210 290
214
12MBa, 95Car
12MBa
23
2900 2980
105
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1999
3792
4799
7293
3378
1999
3000
4895
7171
5992
9860
134 145
73.8 113
80.0 127
100 170
82.7 220
94.5 103
127
23
23
23
23
23
23
2500
2400
8894
2200
1200
6000
1500 1700
109 124
-
23
4100
23
23
23
2310
2000 2468
1641 2137
77.2
60.7 68.3
46.0 61.0
PPE
PPE + GF 10 wt.-%
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE + MF 20 wt.-%
PPE / PS
PPE / PS + CF 10 wt.-%
PPE / PS + (GF + CF)
30 wt.-%
PPE / PTFE
PPE / PA 66
PPE / PPS
PPE / PA 6 (dry)
PPE / PA 6 (cond.)
PPE / PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
(dry)
PPE / PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
(cond.)
PPE / PA 66 / PS
PPE / PTFE / PS
PPE / PP / PS
2400
4400
6500
8900
3516
2750
3923
5716
10000
6889
2500
9239
2500
1500
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
20
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
PPO
PPO + GF 10 wt.-%
PPO + GF 20 wt.-%
PPO + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1786 4000
3400
4700
5600 6000
64.1 75.8
-
12MBa
PPS
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + GF 50 wt.-%
PPS + GF 60 wt.-%
PPS + CF 20 wt.-%
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
PPS + CF 40 wt.-%
PPS + CF 45 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MD) 50 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MD) 60 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MD) 65 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 65 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 70 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + CD) 45 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MX) 65 wt.-%
PPS / PTFE
PPS / PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PPS / PPE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
3103 4826
8500 13100
10500 14715
16550
12263
15200
16547 21200
27600
31720
11200
14400 17800
16600 19000
21000
15696
12000
18800
10000
8274
9000 10500
13790
17926
17200 22800
27579
8994 10000
96.5 138
170 250
215 285
228
235
221
224 290
296
262
220
235
210
165
86.2
159 230
214
214
245 270
262
109 220
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
08Els, 12MBa
98Mai
12MBa
PPSU
PPSU + GF 20 wt.-%
PPSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PPSU / PTFE
PPSU / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
2068 3034
6502 6895
7791
2206
6205
82.7 109
155 172
170
89.6
165
12MBa
PS (htr)
PS (mv)
PS (lv)
PS
PS + GC 20 wt.-%
PS / SI
PS / SB
PS / PTFE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1724 3447
6895
3100
3172
1855 2000
100
100
90
37.9 75.8
89.6
64.1 82.7
33.8
08Els
PS-HI
PS-HI + GF 15 wt.-%
PS-HI + GF 20 wt.-%
PS-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1379 3034
6033
5516 7239
7239 8274
29.0 82.7
89.6
89.6 96.5
89.6 100
12MBa
98Mai
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
21
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
PS-HI + GF 50 wt.-%
PS-HI + T 10 wt.-%
23
23
11032
2000
124
35.9
PSAC
PSAC / TPC
PSAC / PP
23
23
23
1720 2700
180
690 758
5
21.6 22.1
12MBa
PSU
PSU + GF 10 wt.-%
PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PSU + CF 20 wt.-%
PSU + CF 30 wt.-%
PSU / PTFE
PSU / PTFE + CF 10 wt.-%
PSU / ABS
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2179 2640
3447 5170
5520
7580
11000
14500
2000 2400
7239
2137
82.7 96.5
103 124
152
165
155
228
75
178
82.7
12MBa
PTFE + GF 15 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 25 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 10 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 15 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 20 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 25 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 35 wt.-%
PTFE + GC 15 wt.-%
PTFE + GC 25 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1103
896
1310
827
848 965
896
1103
1241
1103
1310
12MBa
PTT
PTT + GF 20 wt.-%
PTT + GF 30 wt.-%
PTT / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
2758
8618
9653 11721
9653
98.6
128
155 228
193
12MBa
PUR
23
21.0 1999
6.2 75.8
12MBa
PVC
23
1810 3378
33.0 93.1
70.0 110
PVC + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC + GF 20 wt.-%
PVC + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
3790 5170
5520 6890
7930 9310
82.7 117
96.1 138
145 159
08Els, 12MBa
11Ehr
12MBa
PVC-C
23
2137 3137
80.7 103
120
08Els, 12MBa
PVC-HI
23
55.0 80.0
08Els
PVC-U
23
70.0 110
08Els
PVCA
23
20.0 30.0
98Dom
PVDF
PVDF + GF 30 wt.-%
PVDF + CF 10 wt.-%
PVDF + GC 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
413 3309
6300
5998
7171
48.3 94.1
85
170
159
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
Ref.
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
22
Bend loading - data
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
SAN
SAN + GF 20 wt.-%
SAN + GF 30 wt.-%
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
3447 3792
5200 7500
10500
9500 11500
103 135
140 200
155 160
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
SB
23
847 2865
31.4 83.4
12MBa, 11Ehr
SI / POM
SI / ABS
SI / PC
SI / PC + GF 10 wt.-%
SI / PA 6
SI / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
SI / PA 66
SI / PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-%
SI / PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
SI / PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-%
SI / PBT
SI / PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
SI / TPE
SI / POM / PTFE
SI / POM / PTFE + GF
30 wt.-%
SI / PA 12 / PTFE
SI / PA 6 / PTFE
SI / PA 6 / PTFE + CF
30 wt.-%
SI / PA 66 / PTFE
SI / PA 66 / PTFE + GF
30 wt.-%
10 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
SI / PA 610 / PTFE
SI / PC / PTFE
SI / PBT / PTFE
SI / PCA / PTFE
SI / PCA / PTFE + CF
20 wt.-%
SI / PPS / PTFE + CF
30 wt.-%
SI / TPC / PTFE
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
2551
2068 2275
2344
3792
2827
7500
2300
3792
8000 8618
7239
2300
4482
180
1900 2760
8618
84.4
63.4 64.8
86.2
121
108
121
241
121
131
37.9 82.7
172
12MBa
23
23
23
1655
2275
11514
68.9
89.6
249
23
23
2062 2785
5520
67.6 68.3
214
23
6895 12755
207 262
23
12755 12893
262 263
23
23
23
23
23
1924 2230
1896 2320
2120 2400
3309
15513
73.8
75.2 77.2
138
303
23
23442
248
23
255
SMAH
23
2703 5019
95.1 116
12MBa
SMMA
SMMA / SB
23
23
1579 3200
2000
103
-
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - data
23
Material
T
[ C]
Ef
[MPa]
sfM
[MPa]
sfC
[MPa]
Ref.
TEEE
TEEE / TPE
TEEE / TPE / PTFE
23
23
23
28.0 276
28.0 69.0
276
2.6
2.6
11
12MBa
TPA
23
621
12MBa
TPC
TPC / PLA
TPC / PSAC
23
23
23
196 3330
215 2890
180
66.2 71.7
9.5
5
12MBa
TPE
TPE / PTFE
TPE / POM
23
23
23
49.0 2440
230 290
1195 1472
230 290
40.4 54.0
12MBa
TPO
23
83.0 1569
15.2 43.4
12MBa
TPU
TPU + GF 10 wt.-%
TPU + GF 15 wt.-%
TPU + GF 20 wt.-%
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
TPU + GF 40 wt.-%
TPU + CF 30 wt.-%
TPU / POM
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
345 750
275 896
1200
1050 3000
2175
2758 3792
14479
1663 1960
9.0 14.5
10.0 27.6
15.2
82.7
224
60.0 64.7
12MBa
TPZ
23
689
6.2
12MBa
VCAK
23
2800
98Dom
The Table 4.7. shows a summary of available data especially modulus of elasticity in exure Ef, flexural
strength sfM and stress at conventional deflection sfC of bend tests under quasi-static load conditions
for thermoplastics and resins.

95Car
98Dom
98Mai
02Sch
05Nas
08Els
08Sch
Schoig, M.: Zahigkeitsverhalten von PP-Stofangercompounds mit bimodaler Matrix. Studienarbeit, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2002.
Nase, M.: Deformations- und Bruchverhalten von glasfaserverstarkten PA6/PA66-Blends. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2005.
Schone, J.: Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunde Einfluss von Partikelgroe und Mengenanteil auf
das mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau von heterophasigen Propylen-Copolymer-Talkum-Verbunden. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2008.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
24
09Vor
11Ehr
11Sch
12MBa
12She
Bend loading - data

Voronko, Y.: Mechanische Eigenschaften von Kunststoffen im Biege- und Druckversuch. Studienarbeit, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
dynamische Untersuchungen. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Witten-berg, Vieweg
Shell Chemical Company data sheets in matweb, www.matweb.com (rech. 07/2013).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_29
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Bend loading - application

In the following Figures 4.41 up to 4.44 functional correlations of flexural properties and modulus of elasticity in flexure in dependence on temperature or moisture for chosen materials are shown. For all materials shown in the Figures the decrease of properties with increasing test temperature or moisture is evident.
Fig. 4.41 Modulus of elasticity in flexure in dependence on test temperature for polyacetale, polysulfone,
polycarbonate, poly(butylene terephthalate), transparent polyamide and high temperature resistant
acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene [08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_30
Fig. 4.42 Modulus of elasticity in flexure in dependence on moisture for polyphthal amide and poly-amide 66
[98Dom].
Fig. 4.43 Modulus of elasticity in flexure in dependence on test temperature for unreinforced (d) and reinforced
polyetherimide with 10 wt.-% (c), 20 wt.-% (b) and 30 wt.-% (a) glass fibers [08Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_30
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.44 Modulus of elasticity in flexion vs. test temperature for reinforced polyphthal amide, poly(phenylene
sulfide) and polyamide 66 with 33 wt.-% of glass fibers [08Els].
References Chapter 4.3 - Application

98Dom
08Els
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_30
Charpy impact strength - introduction
Charpy impact strength - introduction

B. Langer, W. Grellmann
The Charpy impact test is performed on notched and unnotched specimens with three-point support and
serves to evaluate the toughness behaviour of plastics under impact loading. It is standardized in ISO 179.
For the test, pendulum hammers are used with nominal impact energies of 0.5 J up to 50 J and impact
velocities of 2.9 m s-1 and 3.8 m s-1. When the test is performed, the energy W absorbed by the specimen is
calculated from the difference between the pendulum hammer height over specimen before and after
impact and the mass mp of the pendulum hammer.
W W 1 W 2 m gh1 h2 m g lcos b cos a
(4:33)
with
W1
W2
h1
h2
l
g
a
b
pendulum hammer energy before specimen breaking

pendulum hammer energy after specimen breaking
height of pendulum hammer before impact
height of pendulum hammer after impact
distance between the axis of rotation of the pendulum and the center of gravity of the pendulum
local acceleration due to gravity (g =9.81 m s-2)
starting angle
angle of rise
To determine the Charpy impact strength of an unnotched specimen acU, the energy Wc absorbed by
breaking the specimen is related to the initial cross-section area of the specimen:
acU
Wc
b h
(4:33)
Notched Charpy impact strength acN is calculated from the absorbed energy Wc, related to the smallest
initial cross-section of the specimen at notch base:
acN
Wc
bN h
(4:34)
bN remaining specimen width at notch base

ISO 179-1
(2010)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Plastics Determination of Charpy impact properties Part 1: Non-instrumented

impact test
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_31
Charpy impact strength - data

Table 4.8 Charpy impact strength values (unnotched and notched) of unfilled materials (number in
brackets represents the hammer energy used).
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
40
30
20
23
30
23
20
23
30.0
80.0
20.0
60.0
N
N
N
N
1.0 10.0
4.0 20.0
20.0 50.0
2.0 44.0
10.0 50.0
72.0 82.0
10.0 15.0
25.0 50.0
12Cam, 12Els, 95Car, 07Sae
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASA / PC
ASA / PC
40
30
20
23
30
23
15.0 N
60.0 140
18.0 N
40.0 N
160 N
N
1.0 2.0
3.0 5.0
6.0 7.0
4.0 23.0
11.0 20.0
35.0 70.0
12Cam, 12Els, 95Car, 07Sae, 10Hel
CA
CA
CA
40
30
23
25.0 50.0
N
70.0 N
6.0 76.0
16.0 60.0
12Cam, 95Car, 07Sae, 12Art
CAB
CAB
CAB
40
20
23
80.0 N
50.0 N
N
95Car, 07Sae
COC
23
13.0 20.0
1.7 2.6
12Cam
CP
CP
CP / EVA
CP / EVA
30
23
20
23
50.0 N
N
85.0 N
N
07Sae
EEA
EEA
20
23
N
N
12Els
EVA
EVA
20
23
15.0 N
18.0 N
12Els
EP
23
5.0 13.0
1.5 9.0
11Hel, 13Gre
LCP
LCP / PTFE 25 wt.-%
23
23
17.8 132
78.0
10.5 90.0
29.0
12Cam
/ PA 6
/ PA 6
/ PC
/ PC
N
180
50.0
N
12Cam
12Cam, 07Sae
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
MABS
MABS
MABS
40
30
23
25.0 30.0
70.0 80.0
80.0 120
2.0
5.0 16.0
12Cam, 95Car
MF
23
1.5 12
1.2 4.3
10Hel, 13Gre
MBS
MBS
20
23
34.0
60.0 N
33.0
6.5 11.0
07Sae, 12Els
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 / ABS
PA 6 / ABS
PA 6 / EVA (dry)
PA 6 / EVA (cond.)
PA 6 / EVA (dry)
PA 6 / EVA (cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 (cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 (dry)
PA 6 / PA 66 (cond.)
30
23
40
40
30
30
20
20
23
23
40
23
20
20
23
23
30
30
23
23
20.0 30.0
54.0 N
N
N
100 N
30.0 N
N
N
25.0 N
25.0 N
N
N
N
N
100
N
4.0 22.0
4.0 33.0
2.4 N
2.2 N
2.0 4.0
3.0 N
3.0 N
12.0 15.0
35.0 45.0
16.0
20.0
4.0
9.0
35.0
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 10Hel, 13Gre
PA 11 (dry)
PA 11(cond.)
PA 11(dry)
PA 11(cond.)
40
40
23
23
N
N
N
N
5.0 20.0
5.0 20.0
40.0
40.0
12Els, 95Car
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12 (dry)
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12 (dry)
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12 (dry)
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12 (dry)
PA 12 (cond.)
30
23
40
40
30
30
20
20
23
23
80.0 N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
12Cam
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
40
30
23
90.0 N
100 N
71.0 N
9.0 22.0
4.0 30.0
4.0 125
75.0
N
95Car
12Els
12Cam
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
12Cam, 95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
PA 66
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
23
40
40
30
30
20
20
23
23
700 N
N
9.0 N
100 N
N
N
50.0 N
N
3.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.5
7.7
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 10Hel, 95Car
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 (cond.)
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 (cond.)
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 (cond.)
40
40
20
20
23
23
N
N
N
N
N
N
3.0
3.0
6.0 13.0
13.0 14.0
12Els, 07Sae, 95Car
PA 612
PA 612
PA 612 (dry)
PA 612 (cond.)
PA 612 (dry)
PA 612 (cond.)
PA 612 (dry)
PA 612 (cond.)
40
23
40
40
30
30
23
23
N
N
N
N
20.0
N
N
6.6 9.0
6.0 12.0
3.0
N
12Cam, 95Car
PA 666 (dry)
PA 666 (cond.)
PA 666 (dry)
PA 666 (cond.)
PA 666 (dry)
PA 666 (cond.)
40
40
30
30
23
23
N
N
N
N
60.0 N
N
4.1
4.1 6.0
3.0 8.0
6.8 30
12Cam, 95Car
PAI
30
130
11Fra
PAEK
PAEK
40
23
N
N
5.0 10.0
5.2 12.0
95Car, 11Fra
PB-1
PB-1
PB-1
30
20
23
25.0 N
N
25.0 N
3.0 N
15.0 N
3.0 N
12Cam, 07Sae
PBT
PBT
30
23
55.0 N
30.0 N
3.0 12.0
1.0 11.0
12Cam, 10Hel, 11Fra
PC
PC
PC
PC /
PC /
PC /
PC /
30
20
23
30
20
23
30
25.0 N
N
25.0 N
N
N
N
N
34.0
6.0 74.0
10.0 16.0
10.0 16.0
25.0 N
15.0
12Cam, 07Sae, 10Hel, 11Fra
ABS
ABS
ABS
ASA
25.0
25.0
90.0
100
12Cam, 07Sae, 10Hel, 11Fra

07Sae, 11Fra
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PC
PC
PC
PC
23
30
20
23
N
N
N
N
28.0
20.0 60.0
6.0 8.0
40.0
PCTFE
23
8.0 9.0
07Sae
PE
PE
30
23
N
N
4.0 6.0
6.0 25.0
12Cam
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
30
20
23
5.0 N
N
700 N
3.0 11.0
> 5.0
2.1 N
12Els, 07Sae, 13Gre, 11Fra
PE-LD
PE-LD
PE-LD
PE-LD
40
30
20
23
N
700 N
N
700 N
N
N
12Els, 07Sae, 95Car, 10Hel, 13Gre,
PE-LLD
PE-LLD
20
23
4.0
N
4.0
N
12Els
PE-MD
PE-MD
20
23
6.5
24.0
11Fra
PE-HMW
PE-HMW
20
23
18.0 N
18.0 N
12Els
PE-UHMW
PE-UHMW
30
23
N
N
100
80.0 N
07Sae, 11Fra
PE-X
23
95Car
PEBA
PEBA
30
23
N
N
30.0 N
N
11Fra
PEI
PEI
30
23
N
N
6.0
6.0
11Fra
PESU
PESU
30
23
700 N
700 N
7.0 7.5
6.0 6.5
12Cam, 10Hel
PET
PET
30
23
N
32.0 N
1.7 12.0
2.2 12.0
12Cam, 10Hel, 12Els, 13Gre
PF
23
3.0 15.0
1.3 8.0
10Hel, 13Gre
PI
23
35.0 N
3.5 4.0
12Art
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA / ABS
40
30
23
23
14.0
16.0 22.0
15.0 N
55.0
2.0
1.3 2.0
1.3 4.0
-
12Cam, 95Car, 10Hel
/
/
/
/
ASA
PBT
PBT
PBT
Ref.
11Fra
12Cam, 07Sae
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
POM
POM
POM
30
20
23
20.0 N
80.0 N
20.0 N
2.0 12.0
3.0 8.6
2.2 N
12Cam, 12Els, 10Hel, 07Sae, 13Gre
PP
40
8.0 N
1.4 3.0
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 95Car, 11Fra,

13Gre, 11Hel
PP
PP
PP
PP / EPR
PP / EPR
PP / EPR
PP (copo)+9 10 wt.-%
Ethylen
PP (copo)+9 10 wt.-%
Ethylen
30
20
23
40
30
23
30
10.0 N
10.0
10.0 N
N
N
N
158.9 (15)
1.0 38.0
1.5 12.0
2.0 100
10.0
50.0
7.2 (0.5)
23
8.4 (1.0)
PPE
PPE
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
30
23
30
23
23
30
23
10.0 40.0
33.0 N
100 140
150 N
11.0 14.0
8.0 26.0
30.0
65.0
15.0 25.0
6.0 15.0
10.0 25.0
PPS
PPS
30
23
21.0 34.0
15.0 35.0
6.0 11.0
6.0 11.0
10Hel
PPSU
PPSU
30
23
N
N
13.0 24.4
11.6 58.3
12Cam
PS
40
15.0
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 95Car, 10Hel,

13Gre
PS
PS
PS
30
20
23
11.0 56.0
9.0 13.0
5.0 91.0
1.2 4.0
2.0
1.5 7.0
PSU
PSU
30
23
N
N
6.0 8.7
5.5 7.8
12Cam
PTFE
PTFE
30
23
20.0
30.0
11Fra, 13Gre
PTP
23
4.0 5.0
07Sae
PUR
PUR
30
23
38.0 56.6
N
5.0 12.0
7.0 26.2
12Cam
PVC
23
3.5 20.0
12Els, 11Fra
PVC-C
23
2.0
12Els, 07Sae
PVC-HI
PVC-HI
40
23
N
N
8.0 15.0
15.0 N
11Fra, 95Car
PA 6
PA 6
PPA
SB
SB
95Car, 11Fra
Pie
95Car, 10Hel
11Fra
95Car
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Material
T
[ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
PVC-P
PVC-P
20
23
2.0 N
3.0 N
13Gre, 07Sae
PVC-S
PVC-S
30
23
20.0 60.0
70.0 N
2.0
2.0 4.0
12Els, 07Sae
PVC-U
PVC-U
20
23
80.0
3.0 10.0
3.0 50.0
12Els, 13Gre
PVDF
PVDF
20
23
97.0 N
22.0 N
2.3 11.0
7.6 105
12Cam, 95Car, 07Sae
SAN
40
16.0 20.0
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 95Car, 10Hel,

13Gre, 11Fra
SAN
SAN
SAN
30
20
23
12.0 26.0
14.0 16.0
16.0 24.0
2.0 2.5
2.5 3.5
SB
SB
SB
SB
40
30
20
23
40.0
39.0
10.0
14.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
SBS
SBS
SBS / PE
SBS / PE
30
23
30
23
30.0 160
30.0 N
N
N
2.0 3.0
4.0 85.0
26.0
12Cam
TPU
TPU
TPU / POM
TPU / POM
30
23
30
23
N
N
230 N
N
4.0 N
N
6.5 9.0
11.0 18.0
12Cam
TPC
TPC
30
23
6.0
-
4.0 N
15.0 N
12Cam
UF
23
6.3
1.3
10Hel, 13Gre
UP
23
6.0 12.0
1.8 6.0
10Hel, 13Gre
N
N
N
N
6.0
6.0
12.0
14.0
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae, 95Car, 10Hel
Table 4.9 Charpy impact strength values (unnotched and notched) of filled and reinforced materials
(number in brackets represents the hammer energy used).
Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
16 wt.-%
16 wt.-%
17 wt.-%
17 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
30
23
40
23
30
23
30
23
20.0
18.0
14.0
14.0 16.0
25.0
25.0
29.0
20.0
5.0
6.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
12Cam, 95Car, 11Fra
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
48.0
45.0
40.0
43.0
50.0
-
6.0 10.0
5.0
10.0 20.0
11.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
15.0
-
12Cam
LCP + GF 15 wt.-%
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
LCP + GF 40 wt.-%
LCP + GF 50 wt.-%
LCP + CF 30 wt.-%
LCP + MF 15 wt.-%
LCP + MF 30 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
42.0 46.0
17.0 32.0
16.0 20.0
15.0
94.0
53.0
22.0
32.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
12.0
45.0
50.0
9.0
12Cam
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 14 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 18 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 18 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
35.0
35.0 80.0
35.0 80.0
42.0 85.0
40.0 N
55.0
65.0
35.0 85.0
35.0 90.0
40.0 80.0
45.0 N
35.0 115
35.0 100
40.0 110
45.0 110
50.0 90.0
50.0 85.0
60.0 100
65.0 110
50.0 115
50.0 95.0
75.0 107
75.0 115
80.0
75.0
30.0 100
35.0 115
40.0
25.0 95.0
5.0
6.5
4.0 12.0
5.0 12.0
5.0 20.0
10.0 35.0
7.0
23.0
3.4 8.5
4.0 5.7
3.0 15.0
6.0 30.0
8.0 20.0
8.0 20.0
10.0 25.0
10.0 45.0
8.5 15.0
10.0 14.0
10.0 14.0
13.5 20.0
20.0 33.0
10.0 18.0
10.0 16.0
14.0 30.0
20.0 35.0
13.0
13.0
20.0
35.0
10.0 17.0
10.0 15.0
Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
+ GF 8 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 8 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 8 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 8 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
45.0
43.0
14.0
13.0
12Cam, 13Gre
12Cam, 13Gre
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
40.0 107
45.0 N
40.0
38.0
45.0
70.0
55.0
60.0
52.0
75.0
28.0 N
30.0 N
30.0 N
30.0 N
35.0
60.0
100
100
110
120
45.0
45.0
40.0
50.0
40.0 N
80.0
35.0 N
50.0 N
N
N
45.0 N
220 N
25.0
50.0
35.0 45.0
35.0 45.0
40.0 50.0
50.0 75.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
50.0
35.0 50.0
35.0 50.0
40.0 60.0
50.0 120
35.0
35.0
40.0
12.0 22.0
16.0 33.0
4.9
4.3
6.0
8.5
9.5
10.0
2.0 4.0
2.1 41.0
3.1 6.0
4.0 14.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
10.0
10.0
15.0
30.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
17.0
3.5 7.0
2.7 6.0
4.5 9.0
6.4 24.0
4.0
10.0
2.8 3.0
4.2 6.0
6.5
2.0
2.5
6.0
6.0 10.0
7.0 8.0
10.0 15.0
4.0
4.0
4.0 5.0
7.2 8.0
5.0
5.0
6.0 7.0
10.0 13.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
+ GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 34 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 34 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ T 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ T 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 25 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 25 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 25 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 25 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (dry)
Ref.
12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
23
30
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
20
23
30
23
50.0
35.0 50.0
35.0 60.0
40.0 65.0
40.0 90.0
38.0 40.0
45.0 55.0
60.0
70.0
75.0
90.0
40.0 80.0
40.0 80.0
50.0 80.0
80.0 N
60.0 80.0
70.0 90.0
75.0 90.0
85.0 100
40.0
40.0
50.0
80.0
60.0
60.0
65.0
90.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
85.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
85.0
35.0
35.0
45.0
N
25.0
25.0
30.0
85.0
90.0
N
48.0
50.0
10.0
4.5
5.0
3.0 6.0
3.0 8.0
7.0 8.0
10.0 13.0
4.6 5.2
7.2 13.0
5.0
7.0
12.0
17.0
3.0 10.0
3.0 10.0
4.0 15.0
8.0 25.0
8.0 12.0
8.0 12.0
10.0 15.0
13.0 20.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
12.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
15.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
16.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
16.0
5.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
8.0
40.0
70.0
8.0
11.0
+ (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (cond.)

+ (GF + MF) 36 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 36 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 45 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 45 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
/ PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
/ PA 66 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
/ PA 66 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
/ PP + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
/ PP + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
Ref.
12Cam, 13Gre
12Cam, 13Gre
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
10
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + GB 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + GB 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + CF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 12 + CD 25 wt.-% (cond.)
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
30
23
23
30
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
30
23
23
20.0
80.0
40.0 85.0
70.0 80.0
70.0
75.0
65.0 80.0
70.0 80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
75.0
95.0
75.0
90.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
100
95.0
85.0
75.0
N
22.0 N
N
17.0 N
65.0
N
70.0
65.0
50.0
65.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
N
34.0
40.0
34.0
37.0
7.0
12.0
4.0 6.0
4.0 5.0
11.0
12.0
11.0 15.0
10.0 20.0
15.0
20.0
11.0
17.0
16.0
17.0
25.0
23.0
18.0
21.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
6.0
5.4 6.0
6.0
5.0 6.0
4.0
5.0
12.0
20.0
13.0
20.0
8.0
13.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
12Cam, 11Fra
PA 46 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
50.0 65.0
50.0 70.0
50.0 80.0
60.0 90.0
50.0 70.0
50.0 70.0
60.0 85.0
70.0 95.0
50.0
50.0
65.0
4.5
13.0
9.0 10.0
9.0 10.0
9.0 13.0
11.0 19.0
11.0 12.0
11.0 12.0
12.0 13.0
14.0 22.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
12Cam
12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
PA 46
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
75.0
75.0
70.0
90.0
100
-
15.0
12.0
12.0
16.0
24.0
9.0
19.0
4.0
4.0
9.0
8.0
15.0
4.0
6.0
23
23
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
40
20
20
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
30.0 35.0
42.0
35.0
60.0
55.0
30.0 45.0
30.0 45.0
30.0 45.0
45.0 100
35.0 70.0
45.0
50.0 68.0
70.0 80.0
40.0 50.0
40.0 50.0
45.0 50.0
55.0 85.0
30.0 65.0
44.0 75.0
40.0 95.0
57.0 100
30.0 75.0
40.0 90.0
40.0 66.0
40.0 66.0
56.0 95.0
55.0 110
80.0
90.0
52.0 85.0
59.0 85.0
40.0 125
40.0 130
60.0 90.0
62.0 90.0
70.0 105
97.0 115
100
95.0
5.0 7.0
5.5
5.0
6.0
8.0
5.0 7.0
7.5 9.0
6.6 9.0
7.5 11.0
7.0 9.5
7.0 10.0
8.0 13.0
11.0 20.0
8.0
7.9 8.0
8.0 10.0
10.0 14.0
3.8 10.0
5.7 12.5
4.2 13.0
10.0 20.0
7.0 12.5
8.5 11.5
9.5 15.0
11.5 23.0
14.0
22.0
8.5 22.0
9.0 13.0
10.0 15.0
10.0 22.0
10.0 30.0
10.0 12.0
12.0 30.0
15.0 30.0
-
+ GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GC 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ GC 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + MF) 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 18 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 18 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 18 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 18 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
11
Ref.
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae
12Cam, 12Els, 07Sae
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
12
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
PA 66
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
105
110
85.0 100
85.0 100
50.0 100
50.0 105
50.0
60.0
70.0
14.0
42.0
50.0
69.0
N
N
20.0 N
N
25.0
N
45.0
80.0
40.0
50.0
55.0
62.0
250
70.0 N
70.0 N
100 N
N
30.0
30.0
21.0 30.0
25.0 50.0
25.0 N
25.0 N
25.0 N
50.0 N
14.0
14.0
45.0
35.0
50.0
40.0
19.0
22.0
13.0 15.0
12.0 15.0
12.0 22.0
16.0 23.0
7.5
8.0 11.0
15.0 16.0
4.9
5.1
6.6
8.5
3.0
2.3
3.5 3.8
3.2 3.5
4.0
7.5
4.0
6.0
6.7
8.0
16.0
7.0
3.9 4.6
3.8 4.3
4.3 5.1
4.5 7.9
5.0
5.0
2.5 5.0
3.0 10.0
3.0 7.0
2.9 9.0
2.2 9.0
10.0 12.0
2.0
2.0
10.0
6.0
13.0
8.0
23
23
30
30
23
23
30.0
55.0
17.0 65.0
17.0
2.3
10.0
4.0
3.0 14.0
-
+ GF 43 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 16 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 35 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 35 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ MX 50 wt.-% (cond.)
+ MX 50 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)

PA 666 + GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
Ref.
12Cam
12Cam
12Cam
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)

PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + MX 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + MX 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + MX 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + MX 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 666 + (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 666 + (GF + MF) 35 wt.-% (cond.)
30
30
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
23
23
75.0
80.0 95.0
90.0
40.0
110
60.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
50.0
80.0
45.0
80.0
11.5
11.0 13.5
16.0
3.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
6.0 8.0
12.0 13.0
5.0
10.0
3.5
5.5
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 12 wt.-%
PBT + GF 12 wt.-%
PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 25 wt.-%
PBT + GF 25 wt.-%
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + GF 35 wt.-%
PBT + GF 35 wt.-%
PBT + GF 40 wt.-%
PBT + GF 40 wt.-%
PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
PBT + GB 30 wt.-%
PBT + GB 30 wt.-%
PBT + MX 25 wt.-%
PBT + MX 30 wt.-%
PBT + MX 30 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
23
30
23
23
30
23
30
23
23
30
23
30
24.0 45.0
24.0 45.0
30.0
30.0
20.0 40.0
20.0 57.0
29.0 65.0
30.0 60.0
23.0
26.0
30.0 83.0
25.0 80.0
65.0
65.0
47.0 55.0
48.0 60.0
45.0 50.0
45.0 50.0
65.0 69.0
55.0 70.0
22.0 34.0
25.0 35.0
22.0 23.0
22.0 35.0
40.0
34.0 40.0
34.0 38.0
40.0
34.0 40.0
34.0 38.0
27.0
45.0
52.0
43.0
55.0
50.0
5.5 6.0
5.0 50.0
5.5
6.5
5.0 8.0
5.6 8.0
5.3 11.0
5.9 13.0
6.0
6.6
8.0 14.0
8.0 20.0
14.0
14.0
5.0 6.0
7.0
9.0 13.0
9.0 13.0
11.5
11.0 11.5
3.0 3.5
3.0 4.0
3.3 3.5
3.3 3.5
4.0
5.0 6.5
5.0 6.5
4.0
4.5
5.5
6.0
8.0
7.0
-
13
Ref.
11Fra
12Cam
12Cam, 12Els
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
14
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
PBT /
23
23
23
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
59.0
40.0
N
N
30.0
30.0
160
40 N
30.0
40.0 55.0
70.0
70.0
58.0
52.0
9.0
6.0 12.0
8.0
11.0
12.0
10.0
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 35 wt.-%
PC + GF 35 wt.-%
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
100
100
40.0 73.0
40.0 60.0
35.0
35.0
40.0 50.0
40.0 50.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
5.0 8.0
11.0
-
12Cam, 07Sae, 11Fra
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
PESU + GF 22 wt.-%
PESU + GF 22 wt.-%
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
30
23
30
23
30
23
46.3
46.8
36.4
38.0
30.6
24.8
8.7
7.7
5.7
6.6
5.3
5.8
12Cam
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 25 wt.-%
PET + GF 25 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
PET + GF 36 wt.-%
PET + GF 36 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
28.0
30.0
30.0
35.0
25.0 40.0
29.0 41.0
10.0 50.0
40.0 50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
44.0
44.0
50.0
50.0
6.0
8.5
8.5
9.0 10.5
9.0 10.5
10.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
12Cam, 11Fra
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
30
23
30
23
30
23
50.0
40.0
40.0
35.0
60.0
55.0
6.5
6.5
8.0
8.0
8.5
9.0
12Cam
ASA + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 15 wt.-%
PC + MX 10 wt.-%
PC + MX 10 wt.-%
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
Ref.
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
35.0
30.0
18.0 25.0
16.0 20.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
55.0
55.0
8.0
6.0 8.0
30.0
5.0 9.0
4.5 9.0
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
30
23
30
20
23
23
30
23
23
23
23
30
23
30
23
23
23
23
23
30
23
23
30
23
23
40
30
20
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
17.0
19.0
17.0 57.0
10.0 60.0
18.0 52.8
40.4 47.0
14.0 60.0
10.0 62.0
46.5 61.0
55.0
59.0 61.3
57.0
53.0 59.0
42.0
48.0
35.0 38.0
34.8
16.0 36.9
31.3 N
N
68.6
15.2 23.5
67.1
10.0 13.0
17.0 51.0
15.0
25.0 N
13.0
32.0 92.8
16.0
32.4 55.5
14.0
23.0
5.0
6.0
5.0 7.0
4.0 8.0
8.2 9.8
4.0 12.0
5.0 16.0
15.1
7.8
10.3 13.2
13.0
11.7 16.0
14.0
13.1 19.0
4.0
1.4 4.5
2.6 8.0
2.9
1.5
2.7
3.0 4.0
3.0
2.3 11.0
2.5
3.5 5.7
2.5
2.7 4.5
2.5
3.0
GF 26 wt.-%
GF 26 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
GB 30 wt.-%
MX 30 wt.-%
MX 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 18 wt.-%
PP + GF 18 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-% ll to flow direction
PP + GF 30 wt.-% to flow direction
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
PP + GX 20 wt.-%
PP + GX 30 wt.-%
PP + GB 20 wt.-%
PP + MF 10 wt.-%
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
PP + MF 25 wt.-%
PP + MF 30 wt.-%
PP + MF 40 wt.-%
PP + MD 40 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 22 wt.-%
PP + T 22 wt.-%
PP + T 30 wt.-%
PP + T 30 wt.-%
PP + T 38 wt.-%
PP + T 38 wt.-%
15
Ref.
12Cam
unpbl
12Cam, 12Els, 95Car, 07Sae, 13Gre
07Wen
unpbl
12Cam, 12Els, 95Car, 07Sae, unpbl
12Cam
12Cam, 07Sae, 95Car
12Cam, 13Gre
unpbl
12Cam, 12Els, 95Car, 07Sae, 13Gre
11Fra

11Fra
11Fra
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
16
Material
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
PP + T 40 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
30
20
23
30
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
23
PP + CaCO3 42 wt.-%
PP / EPM + GF 15 wt.-%
PP / EPM + GF 15 wt.-%
PP (copo) / ethylene 6 7 mol.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
+ T 33 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=2 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=5 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
+ T 43 wt.-% (D=11 mm)
23
30
23
30
8.0 14.0
10.0
12.0 N
14.3
(4.0)
57.0
(1.0)
38.9 55.1
30.0
95.0
26.7
(4.0)
67.8
(4.0)
50.0
(4.0)
129.4
(15.0)
40.5
(4.0)
108.5
(15.0)
29.1
(4.0)
62.2
(4.0)
26.2
(4.0)
80.4
(15.0)
24.3
(4.0)
68.5
(15.0)
18.3
(4.0)
34.9
(4.0)
13.4
(4.0)
41.6
(4.0)
12.2
(4.0)
24.0
(4.0)
12.1
(4.0)
20.2
4.0
1.8 2.5
1.6 4.0
2.9
-0.5
3.2
-0.5
2.1 2.8
3.0
20.0
4.6
-0.5
4.4
(1.0)
5.2
-0.5
5.7
(1.0)
4.7
-0.5
5.6
(1.0)
4.3
-0.5
5.1
(1.0)
3.2
-0.5
5.4
(1.0)
3.1
-0.5
5.5
(1.0)
3.0
-0.5
4.0
(1.0)
3.0
-0.5
4.0
(1.0)
2.9
-0.5
3.7
(1.0)
2.7
-0.5
3.4
1.0
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
23
30
23
26.0 30.0
-
7.0 8.0
12.0
15.0
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
Ref.
09Pie
unpbl
09Pie
09Pie
12Cam
11Fra
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
17
T [ C]
acU
[kJ m-2]
acN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
30
23
30
23
30
23
35.0 40.0
35.0 40.0
35.0 40.0
35.0 40.0
35.0
35.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
14.0
12Cam
PPS + GF 20 wt.-%
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 60 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 60 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 65 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 65 wt.-%
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
28.0
27.0 42.0
27.0 42.0
27.0 53.0
10.0 53.0
16.0 29.0
16.0 29.0
15.0
15.0
18.0
18.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 10.0
4.5 10.0
4.0 7.0
4.0 7.0
6.0
6.0
12Cam
PS + GF 20 wt.-%
PS + GF 22 wt.-%
PS + GF 30 wt.-%
PS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
35.0
30.0
30.0 40.0
30.0 40.0
9.0
8.0
9.0 13.0
9.0 10.0
12Cam
PTP + GF 20 wt.-%
PTP + GF 30 wt.-%
PTP + GF 30 wt.-%
PTP + GB 30 wt.-%
PTP + GB 30 wt.-%
23
20
23
20
23
18.0
30.0 40.0
28.0
32.0
7.0 8.0
10.0
30.0 35.0
-
07Sae
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
20
23
10.0 18.0
10.0 18.0
4.0
3.6 5.0
12Cam, 11Fra, 12Els, 07Sae
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
30
23
80.0
22.0 N
7.0 20.0
-
12Cam, 07Sae
Material
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
PPE /
SB +
SB +
SB +
SB +
SB +
SB +
GF 10
GF 10
GF 20
GF 20
GF 30
GF 30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
11.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
12Cam, 11Fra
12Cam, 11Fra

95Car
07Sae
07Wen
09Pie
10Hel
11Fra
11Hel
Wendt, D.: Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Verarbeitungsparameter auf die mechanischen und
morphologischen Eigenschaften von Spritzgussbauteilen. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2007.
Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunden. Studienarbeit,
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
Kennwerte. 10. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2010.
Held, S.: Zahigkeitseigenschaften von Polypropylenwerkstoffen in Abhangigkeit vom Molekulargewicht. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2011.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
18
12Cam
12Els
12Art
13Gre

(rech. 06/2013).
Vespel-Data sheets, www.arthur-krueger.de/html/img/pool/pi-vespel.pdf, (rech. 08/2013).
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_32
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Charpy impact strength - application

Fig. 4.45 Influence of exposuring time in

wash lye at 95 C on Charpy impact
strength of different polypropylene
materials [09Tis].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33

wash lye at 95 C on notched Charpy impact
strength of different polypropylene materials
[09Tis].

wash lye at 95 C on Charpy impact strength
of different polypropylene copolymers
[09Tis].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

wash lye at 95 C on notched Charpy
impact strength of different polypropylene
copolymers [09Tis].

copolymers tested along flow direction
[10Jae].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33

copolymers tested across flow direction
[10Jae].
Fig. 4.51 Influence of exposuring time

in wash lye at 95 C on notched Charpy
impact strength of different
polypropylene copolymers tested along
flow direction [10Jae].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.52 Influence of exposuring time

in wash lye at 95 C on notched Charpy
polypropylene copolymers tested
across flow direction [10Jae].
Fig. 4.53 Influence of carbon black

content and type on notched Charpy
impact strength of different polyamides
copolymers in dry state [09Kro].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
Fig. 4.54 Influence of carbon black

content and type on notched Charpy
polyamides copolymers in conditioned
state [09Kro].
Fig. 4.55 Notched Charpy impact

strength of polyamide in dependence on
nanoparticle content [07Kel].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

strength of polypropylene in dependence
on nanoparticle content [06Zho].

strength of polybutene-1 in
dependence on notch tip radius
[09Wil].
In the above shown Figures functional dependencies of different polymeric materials on exposuring
time or filler content are documented. Figures 4.45. up to 4.52. demonstrate the influence of exposuring
in wash lye at 95 C on the Charpy impact strength for unnotched and notched specimen taken along
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
and across to the injection moulding direction. In the Figures 4.53 and 4.54 the influence of carbon black
content and type on notched Charpy impact strength for different polyamide copolymers in dry and conditioned state is shown. The Figures 4.55 and 4.56 give an overview about the dependence of conventional
toughness on nanoparticle content for polyamide and polypropylene materials. Finally in Figure 4.57 the
influence of notch tip radius of polybutene-1 on notched Charpy impact strength is shown.
06Zho
07Kel
09Kro
09Tis
09Wil
10Jae
Zhou, Z., Wang, S., Zhang, Y.: Effect of different carbon fillers on the properties of PP composites: Comparison of Carbon Black with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102
(2006) 5, 4823 4830.
Kelar, K., Jurkowski, B.: Properties of anionic polymerized e-caprolactam in the presence of carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 104 (2007) 5, 3010 3017.
Kroll, M.: Rugefarbte PA6/PA66-GF-Verbunde Untersuchungen zum Einsatzverhalten bei
Variation der Rutypen und -gehalte unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des Konditionierungszustandes. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
Tischer, M.: Polypropylen-Hybrid-Verbunde Einfluss von Art und Mengenverhaltnis der Einzelkomponenten auf das mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau infolge medialer und thermischer
Beanspruchung. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
Wilke, A.: Einfluss der Kerbscharfe auf die Zahigkeit ausgewahlter Kunststoffe unter Ableitung
materialspezifischer Grenzwerte. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg,
2009.
Jager, S.: Einfluss der Faserorientierung auf das mechanische Kennwertniveau medial und thermisch beanspruchter Polypropylen-Glasfaser-Verbunde. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_33
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Izod impact strength - introduction
Izod impact strength - introduction

4.4.2 Izod Impact Strength

The Izod impact test is performed on notched and unnotched single edge clamped specimens and serves to
evaluate the toughness behaviour of plastics under impact loading. It is standardized in ASTM D 256 and
ISO 180.
For the test, pendulum hammers are used with nominal impact energies between 1.0 and 22 J and a test
velocity of 3.5 m s1.
To determine the Izod impact strength of an unnotched specimen aiU, the energy Wc absorbed by breaking the specimen is related to the initial cross-section area of the specimen:
aiU
Wc
b h
(4:36)
Notched Izod impact strength aiN is calculated from the absorbed energy Wc, related to the smallest initial
cross-section area of the specimen at notch base:
aiN
Wc
bN h
(4:37)

ASTM D 256
(2010)
ISO 180
(2000)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Standard test methods for determining the Izod pendulum impact resistance of
plastics
Plastics Determination of Izod impact strength; (AMD 2: 2013)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_34
Izod impact strength of unfilled and reinforced materials according to ASTM D 256 - data
Izod impact strength of unfilled and reinforced materials according

to ASTM D 256 - data
Table 4.9 Izod impact strength values (unnotched and notched) of unfilled materials.
Material
ABS
ABS / PA 6
ABS /
PMMA
T [ C]
30
30
23
23
30
23
b [in.]
1/4
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
aiU
aiN
Ref.
[kJ m-1]
[kJ m-2]
[kJ m-1]
[kJ m-2]
0.094
0,059
0.176
0.037
0.042
0.057
0.189
0.432
0.120
8.0
80.0
-
0.016
0.010
0.053
0.053
0.347
0.107
0.961
0.064
0.171
0.027
0.155
0.057
0.330
0.454
1.070
0.113
0.673
0.673
0.395
5.0
7.0
30.0
9.0
17.0
5.0
12.0
13MBa
30
23
23
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
30
23
1/8
40
23
0.016
0.090
0.053
0.220
13MBa
1/8
40
23
0.091
0.198
0.123
0.448
13MBa
1/8
COC
23
1/8
0.024
0.432
13MBa
EVA C
EVA L
EVA LX
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.008
N
0.06
0.181
13MBa
EP
23
1/8
0.016
0.241
13MBa
LCP
23
1/8
0.026
0.133
13MBa
MABS
23
1/8
0.033
0.188
13MBa
ASA
ASA / ABS
ASA / EPDS
ASA / PVC
ASA / PC
ASA / SAN
CA
CAB
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
100
0.117
0.406
15.0
13MBa
30.0
15.0
65.0
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_35
Material
T [ C]
b [in.]
aiU
aiN
[kJ m-1]
[kJ m-2]
[kJ m-1]
Ref.
[kJ m-2]
PA 6
23
1/8
0.047
0.057
13MBa
PA 11
23
1/8
0.027
0.214
13MBa
PA 12
PA 12 (dry)
23
23
1/8
-
0.035
0.347
11.0
13MBa
PA 46
23
1/8
56.0
0,032
5.0
PA 66
23
1/8
0.042
0.15
PA 66 / PE
PA 66 / PTFE
23
23
1/8
0.0374
PA 610
23
1/8
0.037
0.139
13MBa
PA 612
23
1/8
0.037
0.101
13MBa
PA 612/
PTFE
23
1/8
0.048
PA 666 (dry)
PA 666 (cond.)
23
23
4.0 4.5
11.0
13MBa
PBT / PET
40
23
1/8
1/8
0.043
0.059
13MBa
PAI
PAI / PTFE
23
23
1/8
1/8
0.2
1.1
0.043
0.140
13MBa
PAEK
23
0.220
12Els
PEEK
23
1/8
0.101
13MBa
PBT
23
1/8
0.038
13MBa
PC
23
1/8
0.660
0.740
PC / ABS
PC / ABS
30
23
1/8
1/8
0.424
0.754
36.0 41.0
40.0 48.0
PC / ABS /
PMMA
PC / PSU
PC / PMMA
23
1/8
0.080
12Els,
13MBa
12Els
12Els,
13MBa
13MBa
23
23
1/8
1/8
73.0
0.077
0.374
PE
PE / PTFE
PE-X
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
-
5.0
N
0.027
-
PEI
23
1/8
0.320
PSU
23
1/8
PSU / ABS
PSU / PC
23
23
1/8
1/8
1.1
35.0
-
0.230
0.082
1.374
13MBa
13MBa,
96Kes
13MBa
8.0
2.0
13MBa
0.534
5.0
13MBa
0.010
0.961
5.0 6.0
0.374
0.064
0.107
12Els,
13MBa
13MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_35
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T [ C]
b [in.]
aiU
aiN
[kJ m-1]
[kJ m-2]
[kJ m-1]
PSU / PTFE
23
1/8
38.0 70.0
0.053
PET
23
PF
PF / PTFE-X
23
23
1/8
1/8
0.015
0.023
PI
40
23
1/8
1/8
0
0.043
PMMA
23
1/8
POM
40
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
PP
PP (copo) /
ethylene
9 10 mol.-%
23
23
1/8
-
PPA
23
PPE
PPE / PA
Ref.
[kJ m-2]
0.600
6.0 7.0
3.0
13MBa
13MBa
13MBa
0.092
0.019
0.149
13MBa
0.091
0.053
0.047
0.171
0.113
12Els,
13MBa
0.036
-
0.128
12Els
23
1/8
0.030 0.125
30
20
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
0.048
0.069
0.188
0.096
0.278
0.339
9.0 20.0
9.0
11.0 50.0
-
12Els,
13MBa
13MBa
PPS
PPS-X
23
23
1/8
1/8
7.0
0.027
0.029
0.587
0.113
2.0
13MBa
PPSU
23
1/8
0.060
0.107
13MBa
PS
23
1/8
0.048
0.16
13MBa
PTFE
40
23
1/8
1/8
0.133
0.021
13MBa
0.512
PUR
23
1/8
0.320
0.534
13MBa
PVC
PVC / NBR
23
23
1/8
1/8
0.027
0.021
1.080
0.064
13MBa
PVDF
23
1/8
0.075
0.117
13MBa
SAN
23
1/8
0.24
0.016
0.048
13MBa
SB
30
23
23
1/4
1/8
0.038
0.024
0.075
13MBa
0.028
23
1/8
0.016
0.543
13MBa
POM / TPU
PPE / PS
TPU
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
0.024
0.512
0.117
3.0
9.4
4.5
13MBa
09Pie
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_35

96Kes
09Pie
12Els
13MBa
Oshinski, A. J., Keskkula, H., Paul, D. R.: The role of matrix molecular weight in rubber toughened nylon 6 blends: 2. Room temperature Izod impact toughness. Polymer Vol. 37 (1996) 22,
49094918.
Pieold, A.: Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunden. Studienarbeit, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg 2009.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_35
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to ASTM D 256 data
Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to

ASTM D 256 data
Table 4.10 Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to ASTM D 256.
T
[ C]
b
[in.]
aiU
[kJ m-1]
aiN
[kJ m-1]
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
20
23
23
23
20
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.019
0.019
0.021
-
0.080
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.051
0.052
0.075
0.069
0.060
0.120
0.139
0.112
0.060
0.120
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.770
0.123
0.673 0.769
0.625
0.048 0.058
0.048
0.058
0.072 0.144
0.061
13MBa
PA / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PA / PTFE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
1/8
1/8
0.112
0.091
13MBa
PA 6 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 36 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
29
23
20
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.036
-
0.069
0.087
0.080
0.037
0.037
0.036
0.069
0.085
0.048
0.091
Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
+ GF 5 wt.-%
+ GF 10 wt.-%
+ GF 15 wt.-%
+ GF 20 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 50 wt.-%
+ GF 60 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 8 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 8 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 15 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PA + GF 20 wt.-%
LCP + CF 30 wt.-%
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
LCP + GF 35 wt.-%
LCP + (GF + MD) 33
LCP + (GF + MD) 35
LCP + (GF + MD) 40
LCP + (GF + MD) 50
LCP + X 35 wt.-%
LCP + X 50 wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
0.022
Ref.
13MBa
0.080
0.080
0.112
0.117
0.112
0.075
0.107
0.107
13MBa
0.043
0.160
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_36
Material
T
[ C]
b
[in.]
aiU
[kJ m-1]
aiN
[kJ m-1]
Ref.
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
40
23
40
23
40
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
N
0.077
0.077
0.042 0.080
0.043
0.042
0.040
0.101
0.067
0.101
0.053
0.077
0.091
0.080
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+ (GF + CF)
+ (GF + CF) 50 wt.-%
+ (GF + GB)
+ (GF + MF)
+ (GF + MF)
+ MF
23
23
23
30
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.087
0.056
0.062
0.029
0.038 0.043
0.107
0.096 0.107
13MBa
PA 66 + GB 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 36 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.036
0.056
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.069
0.036
0.048
0.056
0.103
0.625
0.080
0.043
0.064
0.107
0.064
0.149
0.107
0.154
0.133
12Els, 13MBa
PA 666 + GF 33 wt.-%
23
1/8
0.064
13MBa
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
20
23
20
23
20
23
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.043
0.048
0.030
0.043 0.05
0.035
0.037 0.055
0.040
0.060
13MBa
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
15
20
25
30
30
33
33
35
35
40
N
0.144
0.053
0.240
0.246
0.113
0.267
0.038
0.059
0.769
0.267
0.32
0.128
0.347
13MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_36
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
b
[in.]
aiU
[kJ m-1]
aiN
[kJ m-1]
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
+ GF 25 wt.-%
+ GF 25 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 30 wt.-%
+ GF 33 wt.-%
+ GF 40 wt.-%
+ GF 53 wt.-%
/ PET + GF 30 wt.-%
20
23
20
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.042
0.085 0.620
0.045
0.053 0.112
0.151
0.128
0.133
0.062
PC + GF 5 wt.-%
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
PC + GF + CF
PC + GF + MF
PC + GX 10 wt.-%
PC + GX 20 wt.-%
PC + GX 30 wt.-%
PC + GX 40 wt.-%
PC / PBT + GF
PC / PBT + GF
PC / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
20
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
20
23
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.133
0.092
0.048
0.072
0.154
0.053
0.107
0.096
0.128
0.053
0.096
0.107
0.080
0.149
0.087
0.096
0.097
0.128
0.134
0.077
0.103
0.141
0.103
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
23
1/8
0.107
12Els
PESU + GF 10 wt.-%
PESU + GF 15 wt.-%
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
PESU + (GF + CF) 15 wt.-%
PESU / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.072
0.103
0.070 0.075
0.062 0.080
0.062
0.085
13MBa
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 25 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.059
0.641
0.101
12Els, 13MBa
Ref.
13MBa
0.133
0.133
0.195
0.107
0.107
0.12
0.100
0.103
0.747
0.080
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_36
Material
T
[ C]
b
[in.]
aiU
[kJ m-1]
aiN
[kJ m-1]
Ref.
POM + GF
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.028 0.048
0.051
0.041
0.043 0.053
0.069
13MBa
PP + CF
PP + CF 10 wt.-%
PP + CF 20 wt.-%
PP + CF 30 wt.-%
PP + CF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
PP + (GF + MF)
PP + (GF + MF)
PP + GX
PP + GX 20 wt.-%
PP + GX 20 wt.-%
PP + GX 30 wt.-%
PP + GX 45 wt.-%
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + T
PP + T 10 wt.-%
PP + T 10 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 25 wt.-%
PP + T 30 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
0
23
0
23
0
23
23
20
23
23
20
23
23
23
23
0
23
23
40
23
23
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/8
13MBa
0.24 0.267
0.228
0.090
0.069
0.065
0.054
0.058
0.077
0.043
0.063
0.077
0.096
0.077
0.214
0.534
0.155
0.038
0.053
0.059
0.085
0.032
0.019
0.021
0.021
0.022
0.028
0.029
0.030
0.027
0.043
0.026
PPE + GF 10 wt.-%
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE / PS-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE / PS-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE / PS + GX 10 wt.-%
23
30
23
23
23
23
30
23
40
30
23
40
30
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.42
-
0.107
0.048
0.059
0.112
0.127
0.077
0.069
0.080
0.069
0.101
0.084
0.091
0.091
0.106
0.24
0.320
0.176
0.080
0.053
0.435
0.747
0.240
0.054
0.128
0.133
13MBa
0.112
0.087
0.117
0.096
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_36
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
b
[in.]
aiU
[kJ m-1]
aiN
[kJ m-1]
23
40
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.096 0.117
0.096
0.117
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
1/8
1/8
0.054
0.105
PS + GF
23
1/8
0.037
SAN + GF 20 wt.-%
23
1/8
0.030
13MBa
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
TPU + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
0.363
0.368
0.454
0.480
13MBa
Ref.
12Els
13MBa
0.043
13MBa

12Els
13MBa
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_36
Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to ISO 180 data
Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to

ISO 180 data
Table 4.11 Izod impact strength of filled and reinforced materials according to ISO 180.
Material
T
[ C]
aiU
[kJ m-2]
aiN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
LCP + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
15.0
13.0
13MBa
PA 6 + CF 10 wt.-% dry
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + (T + GX) 15 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
40
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
6.0 70.0
45.0 60.0
40.0
40.0 90.0
105
-
3.5
8.5
9.3
5.0
4.5
10.0
3.5 5.0
10.0
5.0 8.0
3.0 7.0
6.0 16.0
7.0
7.0 9.0
13.0
11.0 12.0
10.0 15.5
20.0
8.0 18.0
27.0
13.0
10.0 30.0
14.0
5.0
4.0 7.0
8.0 11.0
5.0
13MBa
13MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_37
Material
T
[ C]
aiU
[kJ m-2]
aiN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + MX 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
30
30
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
35.0 40.0
45.0 85.0
45.0 90.0
70.0 95.0
100 105
80.0 100
-
3.5 4.0
3.0 9.5
12.0 16.0
14.0 18.0
8.0
13.0 20.0
20.0 24.0
13.0
14.5
3.6
6.0
12Els,
13MBa
PA 666 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 666 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 666 + GX 10 wt.-%
PA 666 / PTFE + GF 43 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
60.0
-
8.0 15.0
9.0 19.0
17.0 20.0
8.0
17.0
13MBa
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
23
8.5
13MBa
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
8.0 9.0
11.0
9.0
8.0
13MBa
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + (MF + GF) 29 wt.-%
PET + (MF + GF) 35 wt.-%
23
23
23
9.0
7.0
6.0
1.0
12Els, 13MBa
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 15 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
POM + GF 40 wt.-%
POM / PTFE + (GF + GB 10) wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
4.0
6.5
13MBa
15.0
13MBa
18.0
5.5
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_37
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
aiU
[kJ m-2]
aiN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
PP + GB 30 wt.-%
PP + (MF + GF)
PP + MX 10 wt.-%
PP + MX 10 wt.-%
PP + MX 10 wt.-%
PP + MX 20 wt.-%
PP + MX 20 wt.-%
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + T
PP + T
PP + T
PP + T 10 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 30 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
23
23
30
20
23
30
23
30
20
23
40
20
23
40
0
23
23
30
23
23
23
25.0
15.0
28.0 40.0
13MBa
20.0 40.0
20.0 72.0
14.0 16.0
-
3.5
5.0
1.5 8.0
5.5
2.5 51.0
2.0 4.0
3.0 5.0
2.3 3.0
3.0 3.7
3.0 20.0
3.0
1.0 9.0
2.0 5.0
5.0
8.0
2.6 25.0
3.0 47.0
2.0
3.0 8.0
5.0 15.0
4.0 12.0
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
PP (copo) / ethylene 6 7 mol.-% + T 23 wt.-%
PP (copo) / ethylene 9 10 mol.-% + T 23 wt.-% (D =2 mm)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
37.0
47.9
48.3
66.6
53.5
27.7
32.1
20.8
17.5
2.3
5.4
7.3
7.3
6.6
6.8
6.2
5.0
5.9
5.0
4.3
09Pie
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23.0
13MBa
PS + GF
23
8.0 17.0
2.0 5.0
13MBa

09Pie
12Els
13MBa
Pieold, A.: Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunden. Studienarbeit, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg 2009.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_37
Izod impact strength - application

In the following Figures 4.58 and 4.59 dependencies of polypropylene filled with nanoparticles on filler
content and test temperature are shown.
Fig. 4.58 Izod impact strength values of PP nanocomposites in dependence on the amount of nanoparticles [00Zha]
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_38
Fig. 4.59 Izod impact strength values of PP and PP nanocomposites in dependence on the test temperature [06Yua]

06Yua Yuan, Q., Misra, R. D. K.: Impact fracture behaviour of clay-reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites. Polymer Vol. 47 (2006) 44214433.
00Zha Zhang, Q., Fu, Q., Jiang, L., Lei, Y.: Preparation and properties of polypropylene/ mont-morillonite layered nanocomposites. Polymer International. Vol. 49 (2000) 12, 15611564.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_38
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Dynstat impact strength - introduction
Dynstat impact strength - introduction

The dynstat impact test is performed on notched and unnotched small specimens and serves for the evaluation of toughness behaviour if no specimen according to ISO 179-1 or ISO 180 can be prepared. The total
length of these specimens is only 15 mm according to DIN 53435. For the tests a force-fitted three-point
bend fixture is used.
Pendulum hammers with nominal impact energies between 0.2 and 2.0 J and a test velocity of 2.2 m s-1
are available.
To determine the dynstat impact strength of an unnotched specimen aU, the energy AU absorbed by
breaking the specimen is related to the initial cross-section area of the specimen:
aU
AU
bh
(4:38)
U-notched dynstat impact strength aN is calculated from the absorbed energy AN, related to the smallest
initial cross-section area of the specimen at notch base:
aN
AN
bN h
(4:39)

ISO 179-1
(2010)
ISO 180 AMD 2
(2013)
DIN 53435
(1983)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Plastics Determination of Charpy impact properties Part 1: Non-instrumented

impact test
Plastics Determination of Izod impact strength Amendment 2: Precision data
Testing of plastics Bending test and impact test on dynstat test pieces
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_39
Dynstat impact strength - data

The following Table 4.12 shows a summary of available data of dynstat strength values.
Table 4.12 Dynstat strength values (unnotched and notched) of different materials.
Material
T
[ C]
aU
[kJ m-2]
aN
[kJ m-2]
Ref.
ABS
ABS
ABS (along to machine direction)
ABS (along to machine direction)
ABS (across to machine direction)
ABS (across to machine direction)
ABS+GF 15 wt.-%
ABS / PC
ABS / PC
ABS / PC+GF 10 wt.-%
ABS / PC+GF 10 wt.-%
25
23
25
23
25
23
23
25
23
30
23
4.5
10.9
12.2
6.9
7.8
9.5
13.5
8.3
12.2
13.3 22.9
27.4 N
-
unpbl
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (along to machine direction)

PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (along to machine direction)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (across to machine direction)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (across to machine direction)
25
23
25
23
23.1
25.8
13.9
16.3
unpbl
PP-HI
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-%
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 2 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 5 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 11 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 2 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 5 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 11 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 2 m)
25
23
23
23
23.7
13.2
19.6
7.2
2.6
5.5
unpbl
09Pie
23
9.2
23
34.2
8.2
23
17.4
6.4
23
27.9
8.9
23
17.8
6.8
23
11.1
5.8
23
14.2
6.6
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_40
Material
T
[ C]
aU
[kJ m-2]
aN
[kJ m-2]

+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 5 m)
+ T 23 wt.-% (D = 11 m)
23
9.2
5.4
23
7.8
4.6
Ref.

09Pie
Pieold, A.: Einfluss der Prufanordnung auf mechanische Zahigkeitskennwerte und Warmeformbestandigkeitstemperaturen von heterophasigen Polypropylen-Talkum-Verbunden. Studienarbeit,
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_40
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact failure energy - introduction

The impact failure energy can be determined by using free-falling weight tests. Here, a dart drop with a
defined tip mostly a spherical cap with a certain diameter and loaded with a certain mass falls down
from a defined height to the surface of the specimen having a plate-like or circular geometry. The specimen is fully clamped so that it cannot be moved during the deformation process and loaded perpendicularly to its surface. Therefore, a multi-axial stress state during the loading is reached. For this reason,
free-falling weight tests are essential for components where such loads appear during the practical use,
for example, in automotive applications or packaging materials.
Fig. 4.60 Schematic representation of load (F) deflection (l) diagrams resulting from different material behaviour
with Fm maximum load, lm deflection at maximum load, Em energy up to maximum load, Fp puncture load
corresponding to Fm/2, lp deformation at puncture load and ER crack propagation energy.
During the historic development of free-falling weight tests, conventional tests without any electronic
recording of force, time or deflection were firstly applied. Instead, the loading mass and therefore the
impact energy is varied until this energy/work can be determined, where 50 % of the specimens fail, this
means where a complete puncture can be reached. So, the 50 % impact failure energy can be determined as
a material parameter. This method has the character of a technological testing and is therefore not further
regarded here. Much more information can be received by the application of instrumented free-falling
weight tests. Due to the instrumentation by load cells within the clamping ring or within the tip of the dart
drop, the load can be measured. As a result, a complete load (F) time (t) diagram can be displayed and
transferred to a load (F) deflection (l) diagram by double integration (see Fig. 4.60). Depending on the
materials toughness or energy absorption capability, respectively different types of Fl diagrams are possible and the analysis presented schematically in Fig. 4.60 complies with the form of the diagram.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_41
One valid standard for the instrumented free-falling weight test is the ISO 6603-2: Plastics Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics Part 2: Instrumented impact testing. According to
this standard, a fixed plate with a diameter of minimum 60 mm are loaded perpendicularly to the surface
by a free falling weight with a certain tip geometry. Due to this load, which is applied with an initial test
speed of 4.4 m s-1, a multi-axial stress state appears within the specimen. As a result the maximum impact
energy Em and the puncture energy Ep as a sum of Em and ER can be determined. The value Em corresponds to the energy which was consumed by the specimen until the maximum load Fm was reached. In
principle, the Ep values correspond to the energy which is necessary to get a complete break-through of
the hammer through the specimen and is calculated from the integration of the load deformation signal
up to the point of Fm/2 after reaching the maximum load FM.
ISO 6603-1
(2000)
ISO 6603-2
(2000)
ASTM D 3763
(2010)
ISO 7765-1
(1988)
ISO 7765-2
(1994)
ASTM D 4272
(2009)
ASTM D 7192
(2010)
ASTM D 1709
(2009)
Plastics Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics Part 1: Noninstrumented impact testing
Plastics Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics Part 2:
Instrumented impact testing
Standard test method for high speed puncture properties of plastics using load and
displacement sensors
Plastics film and sheeting Determination of impact resistance by the free-falling
dart method Part 1: Staircase methods
Plastics film and sheeting Determination of impact resistance by the free-falling
dart method Part 2: Instrumented puncture test
Standard test method for total energy impact of plastic films by dart drop
Standard test method for high speed puncture properties of plastic films using load
and displacement sensors
Standard test methods for impact resistance of plastic film by the free-falling dart
method
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_41
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact failure energy - data

The following Tables 4.13 and 4.14 show a summary of available data of fracture mechanics tests under
impact-like loading conditions for thermoplastic films and elastomers.
Table 4.13 Impact failure energies from instrumented free-falling weight tests for rigid thermo-plas tic
materials.
Material
Puncture Energy
Ep [J]
T =23 C
Puncture Energy
Ep [J]
T=30 C
Ref.
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 15
PA 6 + GF 30
PA 6 + GF 30
PA 6 + GF 40
PA 6 + GF 50
PA 6 + GF 50
12.0 130
30.0 140
2.1 2.9
10.0
2.6 10.0
13.0 17.0
4.0 11.0
4.0 9.0
6.0 14.0
10.0 160
1.7 3.0
6.0 7.0
3.0 8.0
3.7 6.0
-
12Cam
53.0
60.0
12Cam
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
30.0 108
1.7 2.3
2.1 2.3
2.2 3.1
3.6 5.4
4.0 18.3
3.6 31.0
5.0 34.0
8.2
0.7
1.9
17.8
2.8
31.0
(dry)
(cond.)
+ CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
+ CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GB 40 wt.-% (dry)
+ GB 40 wt.-% (cond.)
+ GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
+ GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
20.0 40.0
55.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
4.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
1.0
20.0
2.0
6.0
6.0
16.0
-
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
PA 612 (dry)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
PA 66 + GF
15 wt.-%
15 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
50 wt.-%
60 wt.-%
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
PA 66 / PA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
33.0
1.5
12Cam
2.3
28.0
12Cam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_42
Material
Puncture Energy
Ep [J]
T =23 C
Puncture Energy
Ep [J]
T=30 C
Ref.
PA 11 (cond.)
65.0 70.0
12Cam
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 30 wt.-%
35.0 44.0
14.0
6.0
45.0 70.0
3.5
3.5
12Cam
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-%
7.0
8.0
5.0
12Cam
PBT
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
22.0 45.0
10.6
2.1
3.5
5.0 57.0
1.8
-
12Cam
PC
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC / ABS
PC / PBT
16.0 156
20.0
5.0
35.0
45.0 47.0
11.0 321
10.0
5.0
55.0 58.0
12Cam, 12Rei
12Cam
PE
20.4
POM
3.4 4.8
2.3
PP
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
35.5
24.0
17.0 19.0
21.0
18.0 19.0
PPE
PPE / PS / PA66
39.0
91.3
48
-
12Cam, 12Rei
TPA (dry)
14.0
25.0
12Cam
PS-HI
35.3
unpbl
12Cam
unpbl, 12Cam
12Rei
Table 4.14 Impact failure energies from instrumented free-falling weight tests for thermoplastic films
(test temperature T =23 C)
Material
Maximum Energy
Em [J]
Puncture Energy
Ep [J]
Specimen Thickness
d [mm]
Ref.
PE-LD
PE-LD +4 wt.-% iPB-1
0.410.04
0.380.04
0.350.02
0.250.02
0.530.06
0.380.05
0.350.04
0.250.02
0.05
10Nas
PP
PP
1.150.14
0.740.13
1.850.39
1.400.37
0.2
0.17
unpbl
PVC-U
5.250.31
10.90.40
0.8
unpbl
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_42
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

10Nas
12Rei
12Cam

Eigenschaften von Peelfolien. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg,
Shaker-Verlag Aachen, 2010.
Reincke, K., Sover, A., Grellmann, W., Frormann, L.: Verhalten von polymeren Werkstoffen
unter stoartiger Beanspruchung. Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe GAK 65 (2012) 290296.
(rech. 08/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_42
Impact failure energy - application
Impact failure energy - application

The following Fig. 4.61 shows the puncture energy values Ep of two PMMA types as a function of the test
temperature. It can be clearly seen that there are strong differences in the temperature-dependent behaviour. While one type of PMMA has a minimum value of Ep at a test temperature of 20 C, the second
type has a relatively constant toughness behaviour with increasing temperature up to 0 C. At low temperatures, PMMA 1 has lower energy-absorption capability, but at room temperature a larger Ep value was
obtained compared to PMMA 2.
Fig. 4.61 Puncture Energy Ep of two different PMMA types as a function of the test temperature [10PSM].

10PSM
Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg, Internal Test Report, 2010.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_43
Tensile impact toughness - introduction
Tensile impact toughness - introduction

The tensile-impact toughness (also called tensile-impact strength) atU is a toughness parameter which is
determined under impact-like loading conditions. During the test, the energy uptake of the specimen, provided by the pendulum hammer, is measured and then normalized to the specimen cross-section area.
Therefore, the unit of this material parameter is kJ m2 or J mm2. Generally, for tensile-impact tests, commercial pendulum devices with a special specimen holder and pendulum hammers are used. One valid
standard for the test is the ISO 8256: Plastics Determination of tensile-impact strength. According to this
standard, the tests can be performed with dumbbell specimens or with double edge V-notched specimens
with a notch radius of 1 mm. As a result, the tensile-impact toughness atU or the notched tensile-impact
toughness atN can be determined according to the following equation:
atU atN
Ec
xh
(4:40)
The experimental experience showed that the standard deviation is usually much smaller for atN compared
to atU, why the use of notched specimens should be preferred. When testing rubber vulcanizates (elastomers), only notched specimens can deliver a result at all because of the mostly large deformation. For thermoplastic films, especially with very small thickness, the dumbbell specimen type can be more useful,
otherwise also notched specimens should be preferred. Besides the testing of elastomers and films, for
which the Charpy test cannot be applied, also testing of rigid thermoplastic materials/specimens is generally possible.
ISO 8256 (2004)
ASTM D 1822
(2006)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Plastics Determination of tensile-impact strength.

Standard test method for tensile-impact energy to break plastics and electrical
insulating materials.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_44
Tensile impact toughness - data

The following Tables 4.154.17 summarize values of tensile-impact toughness atU and notched tensileimpact toughness atN for some materials. It must be regarded that this test method is not widely spread
why no large data pool is available.
Table 4.15 Tensile-impact and notched tensile-impact toughness of thermoplastic films
Material
TensileImpact
Toughness
atU [kJ m-2]
Notched
TensileImpact
Toughness
atN [kJ m-2]
PA 6
PA 6 + 20 wt.-% SAN
PA 6 + 30 wt.-% SAN1
570
205 70
130 60
PE-LD
254
268
286
291
PET
297 28
PP
PP
PP
64.5 5.5
94 18
94 4.7
PP
PPOH2
PPH3
95
246
308
5
5
5
4
456
456
492
501
16
33
24
20
Test Conditions
Ref.
Test Speed
[m s-1]/ Test
Temperature
[ C]
Specimen
Thickness [mm]
2.4/23
see1
88Ang
2.9/23
0.05
10Nas
2.9/23
0.26
unpbl
2.9/23
2.9/21
0.20
0.17
unpbl
09Iiz
PVC-U4
98.6 9.4
2.9/23
0.8
unpbl
PVC-P
465 18.5
2.9/23
0.8
unpbl
Miniaturized dumbbell specimens were used: complete length = 20 mm, length of the parallel part = 8 mm
and diameter of the parallel part =1.6 mm.
2
Comonomer content was 1.3 mol.-%.
3
Comonomer content was 1.6 mol.-%.
4
Notches were produced by using a razor blade.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_45
Table 4.16 Notched tensile-impact toughness of rigid thermoplastics

Material
Notched TensileImpact Toughness

atN [kJ m-2]
Test Conditions
Test Speed [m s-1]/Test
Temperature [ C]
Specimen
Thickness [mm]
PA 612 (dry)
PA 612 (cond.)
119 158
199
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
PBT
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
55 110
40
55
75
80
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
PP + GF
18 35
1.5/23
7.5
unpbl
TPA (dry)
TPA (cond.)
160 230
210 270
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
TPU TPU + GF
360 1100
610
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
Ref.
Table 4.17 Notched tensile-impact toughness of elastomers

Material
Notched TensileImpact Toughness

atN [kJ m-2]
Test Conditions
Test Speed [m s-1]/
Test Temperature
[ C]
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
EPDM + 50 phr N550

EPDM + Silica
EPDM + CaCO3
84 3.9
371 26
536 52
3.9/23
2.0
unpbl
SBR
SBR + 20 phr Silica
SBR + 40 phr Silica
SBR + 60 phr Silica
(SBR type S-SBR VSL 5025;
Silica ULTRASIL GR7000)
SBR + 20 phr N339
SBR + 40 phr N339
SBR + 60 phr N339
SBR + 60 phr N115
SBR + 60 phr N550
(SBR type S-SBR VSL 5025)
315
468
598
580
74
81
124
86
3.9/23
2.0
09Rei
620
717
575
576
530
101
61
99
59
57
3.9/23
2.0
TPC
57 480
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
TPE
179 233
2.9/23
4.0
12Cam
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_45
Refn
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
References Chapter 4.4.5. - Data

88Ang
09Iiz
09Rei
10Nas
12Cam
Angola, J., Fujita, Y., Sakai, T., Inoue, T.: Compatibilizer-aided toughening in polymer blends
consisting of brittle polymer particles dispersed in a ductile polymer matrix. J. Polym. Sci.: Part
B: Polym. Phys. 26 (1988) 807816.
Iizuka, Y., Sugiyama, J., Hagihara, H.: Unexpected mechanical properties of functionalized
polypropylene: Tensile test, Charpy impact test, DSC, and WAXD analysis of poly(5-hexen-1ol-co-propylene). Macromolecules 42 (2009) 23212323.
Reincke, K., Kluppel, M., Grellmann, W.: Investigation of fracture mechanical properties of
filler-reinforced styrenebutadiene elastomers. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst. 62 (2009) 246251.
Eigenschaften von Peelfolien. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg,
Shaker-Verlag Aachen, 2010.
(rech. 07/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_45
Tensile-Impact Toughness of Elastomers - Application

How the notched tensile-impact toughness of different elastomer materials can vary due to the exposure to
a hot aqueous medium is shown in Figs. 4.62 and 4.63. Figure 4.62 contains the atN values of HNBR and
EPDM designed for a sealing application. It can be seen that a slightly different behaviour for both materials was obtained depending on the time of exposure. While HNBR shows a continuous decrease in toughness, for the EPDM material, an increase followed by a decrease in atN was found. A similar result for two
other EPDM materials produced also for seal applications is shown in Fig. 4.63. After a short exposure, a
small increase in toughness is obtained and with further increasing exposure time, the atN value is
decreased. For all results, a constancy of the toughness values after a certain exposure time cannot be
assumed reliably.
Fig. 4.62 Tensile-impact toughness atN of filler reinforced HNBR and EPDM material as a function of the exposure
time; test speed vH = 3.7 m s1, specimen thickness B = 2 mm [09Kah].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_46
Fig. 4.63 Tensile-impact toughness atN of two EPDM materials as a function of the exposure time; test speed
vH = 3.7 m s1, specimen thickness B = 2 mm.

09Kah
Kahnt, N.: Entwicklung einer geeigneten Methode zur Kurzzeitprufung des Einsatzverhaltens
von Elastomerwerkstoffen. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_46
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fatigue Loading of Plastics - Introduction

In practice plastic components or constructions frequently are subject of complex loading conditions
including static-long term loading, impact loading and dynamic loading. Such dynamic loading can lead
to component failure at essentially lower stress or deformations than under static load conditions [13Gre].
Especially in the presence of notches, weld lines or structural inhomogeneities such as agglomerations
or orientations as well as simultaneous interaction with stress corrosion environments failure of plastic
components in accordance to technical regulations is often caused by a dynamic or repeated loading
[07Sae, 07Ehr]. If material-dependent limits are exceeded, damages arise already in the region of linearviscoelastic material behaviour, leading to fatigue of plastic component or construction. This specific fatigue behaviour of plastics is essentially determined by the typical stressstrain behaviour of the polymeric
structure [13Gr]. Due to these effects the strength or strain parameters and values determined in short- or
long-term tests cannot be used for the dimensioning of plastic components under dynamic or cyclic loading conditions [10Hel, 07Sae].
Starting a periodically alternating, cyclic or oscillating load sequence a deviation from linear-elastic
behaviour can be observed, and a hysteresis loop develops due to the phase shift between forced vibration
load and the associated deformation (Fig. 4.64). In case of a pure linear-elastic behaviour loading and
unloading curve are identical and no hysteresis loop occurs (dotted line in Fig. 4.64). The development
of the hysteresis area depends essentially on the amplitude of vibration, the load level, kind of cyclic loading (sine, triangle or square) (Fig. 4.64) test temperature and frequency chosen for the experiments. Acting
forces and forced deformations occur in a time-shifted sequence, whereby additional energy must be
exerted for elastic recovery. As loading increases, the deformation energy absorbed by the material
damages, the hysteresis area (loss or dissipated energy) grows, and an increase in temperature takes place
in the polymer material. This increase in temperature is caused in particular by the structurally determined
low heat conductivity of plastics two to three decimal powers lower than that of metal materials
(Table 4.18). Due to this high damping (tan d) and the low heat conductivity the produced heat plastic specimen show an increase of temperature which leads finally to a thermal failure especially at higher test frequencies. If fatigue behaviour of polymers should be studied this influence factors must be observed and
the test frequencies for these experiments are limited because small temperature variations and/or mechanical damage produce strong property changes of the plastics investigated [13Gre, 07Sae].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
Fig. 4.64 Hysteresis loop of polymeric materials under dynamic loading.
Table 4.18 Damping factors of different materials [07Sae].

Material
T
[ C]
tan d
[-]
ABS
ABS
20
60
0.015
0.028
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
20
60
20
60
0.010
0.160
0.150
0.060
PC
PC
20
60
0.008
0.010
PE-LD
PE-LD
20
60
0.170
0.060
PMMA
PMMA
20
60
0.080
0.100
POM
POM
20
60
0.014
0.015
PP
PP
20
60
0.070
0.070
PS
PS
20
60
0.013
0.028
PTFE
PTFE
20
60
0.075
0.060
PVC
PVC
20
60
0.018
0.025
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
tan d
[-]
Steel
Steel
20
60
0.00002
0.00100
Copper
Copper
20
60
0.0002
0.0010
The continuous oscillating test provides the basis for investigation and determination of fatigue behaviour of plastics [94Blu]. Because of the fact that for plastics only DIN 53442 is a valid standard the DIN
50100 is applied for the testing of polymers. This standard describes the frequently used test method for
determining fatigue behaviour of metallic materials as well as parameters, terms and diagrams used for
the evaluation of data. Independently of the test method (tensile, flexural or torsion fatigue test) the concepts of testing as well as the evaluation procedure are overtaken for polymeric materials. In the continuous vibration test it is distinguished between stress-controlled loading, in which a constant alternating
stress amplitude sa is overlaid by a constant mean stress sm (Fig. 4.65a) and strain-controlled loading,
in which a constant strain amplitude ea is overlapped by a constant mean strain em (Fig. 4.65b). In
Figure 4.65. a it can be seen that under condition of a stress-controlled fatigue test the stress amplitude
is constant (first closed loop) but the resulting strain is overlapped by an increase of middle strain well
known as creep. Opposite to metals already at room temperature the total amount of creep (Fig. 4.65a)
or stress relaxation (Fig. 4.65b) is not negligible.
Fig. 4.65 Influence of creep and stress relaxation on fatigue tests of polymers.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
Because of these effects both in stress-controlled and strain-controlled test a second closed loop is
necessary which guarantees a constant middle stress sm or strain em.
Independently of the kind of test with increasing duration of the vibration in the specimen micro
damages are developing or internal temperatures are increasing due to the low heat conductivity of the
polymeric materials. Both effects have essential influence on the stiffness ds/de of the specimen used.
At the start of the test trainee cycles for the specimen are executed to determine the optimal closed loop
parameters (PID) for the material investigated. These parameters show a strong dependence on the stiffness ratio between specimen and testing device. If this ratio reaches a critical value the PID-parameters
are not more optimal and instabilities of the loop or break-off of the test are the consequence. Consequently a third closed loop well known as auto-adaptive feedback control is required which regulates
the stiffness ratio [01Ins].
Depending upon the load on the material to be tested, this uniaxial test can be performed in three loading ranges in a total of seven cases of loading (Fig. 4.66). Either mean stress sm and stress amplitude sa, or
the maximum so and minimum su stress are predefined as loading values, depending on the test procedure.
The parameter stated in the stress-controlled continuous vibration test are the stress ratio S = su /so and rest
grade R = sm /so and in the strain-controlled test the strain ratio S = eu /eo and the rest grade R = em /eo.
Because of the slender plastic specimen and the risk of Euler instabilities the pure compression swell range
is not used for polymer testing. Only the ranges of pulsating or alternating uniaxial stress and the tension
swell range are commonly used for the determination of fatigue behaviour of plastics.
Fig. 4.66 Loading states of the continuous oscillation test for uniaxial fatigue loading.
So in case of stress-controlled tests it is separated between the

Range for pulsating compressive stresses: so and su are negative, sm sa ; 0 S < + 1; + 0.5
R < + 1,
Range for alternating stresses: so and su have contrary signs and sm < sa; 0 > S 1; + 0.5 > R 0,
Range for pulsating tensile stresses: so and su are positive. sm sa; 0 S < + 1; + 0.5 R < + 1.
If a constant mean stress is assumed, the object of the test is to determine endurance strength or fatigue
strength sD. Fatigue strength sD characterizes the largest stress amplitude sa that a specimen can sustain
indefinitely without unacceptable deformations or failure. Specimen break occurs at all stress amplitudes
above sD. For a practical determination of sD, the Wohler test can be performed, reflecting the dependence
between the amplitude of loading and the established number of cycles until fracture Nf. For plastics, the
Wohler test is performed to determine stress-load cycle diagrams in maximum at stress cycles reaching
N 107 [13Gr].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Opposite to the standardized nomenclature in the following Table the tensile alternating loading is
designated to stal, the compression alternating loading is named as scal and the compression-tension loading has the symbol sctal. For the tension swell range the term stsw is used.
Wohler curves (SN curves) are determined by single-stage fatigue tests using load cycles with constant amplitude sa and constant mean stress level sm respectively constant stress ratio S. For the tension
or compression fatigue test on plastics no valid standard exists. These tests can be performed according
to material testing of metals. For the measurements mechanical resonance pulsators or electro-servo
hydraulic (ESH) machines are used. The advantages of electro-servo hydraulic systems are caused by
defined control units for load, strain and extension, the presetting of vibration modes (i.e. sine, triangle
or random) as well as definition of test frequencies and stress ratios S [13Gr]. Independent of the kind
of test machine the system should by equipped with a temperature chamber to realize fatigue tests at various temperatures (Fig. 4.67). During the test the number of cycles until fracture is recorded for the determination of fatigue strength or thermal failure. So additionally specimen surface temperature should be
monitored and recorded consistently to check out self-heating of sample especially at higher test frequencies. The stiffness decrease of the specimen is monitored using the stressstrain hysteresis of the specimen.
Fig. 4.67 Test equipment for uniaxial

tension/compression fatigue loading.
If SN curves were measured in different loading ranges (i.e. tension, compression or torsion) the Smith
diagram can be constructed. For this purpose all fatigue strength values that lead to fracture after 107 load
cycles are combined in one diagram. The straight line crossing the origin represents the middle stress sm
and the outer lines are the maximum realized stress amplitude sa. With increasing absolute level of middle
stress the stress amplitudes are smaller understandable [07Sae].
Standards Chapter 4.5 - Introduction - 01
DIN 50100 (1978)
DIN 50113 (1982)
DIN 50142 (1982)
DIN 53398 (1975)
DIN 53442 (1990)
DIN 53513 (1990)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Testing of materials Continuous vibration test; definitions, symbols,

procedure, evaluation
Testing of metals Rotating bar bending fatigue test
Testing of metallic materials Flat bending fatigue test
Testing of textile glass reinforced plastics Bending pulsating test
(withdrawn)
Flexural fatigue testing of plastics using flat specimen
Determination of the viscoelastic properties of elastomers on exposure to
forced vibration at non-resonant frequencies
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
DIN 53574 (1977)
DIN 53769-6 1989

DIN 65586 (1994)
ISO 13003 (2003)

ISO/DIS 3385 (2013)
ASTM D 671 (1993)
ASTM D 3479/D
3479 M (2012)
ASTM D 6115 (2011)
ASTM D 6873 (2008)
Testing of flexible cellular polymeric materials Fatigue )vibration test by

constant load pounding in the indentation/pulsation range (withdrawn;
replaced by ISO 3385: 2009)
Testing of glass fibre reinforced plastics pipes Testing of pipes and fittings
under pulsating internal pressure
Luft- und Raumfahrt Faserverstarkte Kunststoffe
Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von Faserverbundwerkstoffen im
Einstufenversuch (withdrawn)
Fibre-reinforced plastics Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic
loading conditions
Flexible cellular polymeric materials Determination of fatigue by constantload pounding
Standard test method for flexural fatigue of plastics by constant amplitude of
force (withdrawn; no replacement)
Standard test method for tension-tension fatigue of polymer matrix composite
materials
Standard test method for mode I fatigue delamination growth onset of
Standard practice for bearing fatigue response of polymer matrix composite
laminates
References Chapter 4.5 - Introduction - 01

94Blu
01Ins
07Ehr
07Sae
10Hel
13Gre
Blumenauer, H. (ed.): Werkstoffprufung. Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 1994.

N.N.: Service manual of the servo-hydraulic test machine INSTRON 8501. Instron Inc., UK,
2001.
Baur, E., Brinkmann, S., Osswald, T. A., Schmachtenberg, E. (eds.): Saechtling Kunststoff
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_47
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Tensile Fatigue Loading of Thermoplastics Data

The following Table 4.19 shows a summary of available tensile fatigue strength values of thermoplastics
materials.
Table 4.19 Alternate and swell tensile fatigue strength of thermoplastics materials.
Material
T
[ C]
f
[Hz]
N
[-]
stal or stsw*
[MPa]
Ref.
ABS
ABS
ABS
23
23
23
7
7
-
105
106
107
20.5*
17.5*
12.0 17.0*
95Car
ETFE + GF 30 wt.-%
ETFE + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
30
30
107
107
24.1
42.1
98Mai
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
30
30
-
107
104
107
107
20.0*
48.3
39.7
45.0*
07Ehr
98Mai
95Car, 07Ehr
07Ehr
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
10
107
104
107
46.9
37.9
55.2
48.3
98Mai
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
104
107
104
107
107
104
107
107
104
107
104
107
104
107
104
107
44.8
35.9
23.4
21.4
25.0*
55.2
40.7
50.0*
72.4
62.7
62.1
48.3
89.6
55.2
103
58.6
98Mai
PBI
23
106
56.0
08Els
07Ehr
98Mai
07Ehr
98Mai
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_48
Material
T
[ C]
f
[Hz]
N
[-]
stal or stsw*
[MPa]
Ref.
PBT
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
30
30
107
104
107
33.0*
75.8
35.2
07Ehr
98Mai
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + CF 30 wt.-%
PBT + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
30
30
107
104
107
50.0*
89.6
44.8
07Ehr
98Mai
PC
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
PC-HI
PC / ABS
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
5
-
107
104
107
107
104
107
107
107
20.0*
62.1
34.5
45.0*
100
41.4
6.9
15.0 20.0*
07Ehr
98Mai
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
30
30
104
107
124
121
98Mai
PES + GF 30 wt.-%
PES + GF 30 wt.-%
PES + GF 40 wt.-%
PES + GF 40 wt.-%
PES + CF 30 wt.-%
PES + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
104
107
104
107
104
107
110
34.5
131
42.8
152
46.2
98Mai
PI
PI
PI
PI
23
260
23
260
103
103
107
107
46.2 55.8
22.8 26.2
32.4 42.1
16.5
12Dup
POM
23
107
30.0*
07Ehr
07Ehr
98Mai
07Ehr
98Mai
07Sae
07Ehr
PP
PP + GF 30 wt-%
23
23
30
10
107
17.0
31.0
PS + GF 30 wt.-%
23
30
107
41.4
98Mai
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
104
107
104
107
49.6
32.8
89.6
65.5
98Mai
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PSU + GF 30 wt.-%
PSU + GF 40 wt.-%
PSU + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
104
107
104
107
96.5
31.0
110
37.7
98Mai
SAN + GF 30 wt.-%
23
30
107
44.8
98Mai
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_48
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
References Chapter 4.5 - Data - 01

95Car
98Mai
handbook of engineering fundamentals. Fourth edition., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1998.
07Ehr Ehrenstein, G. W.: Mit Kunststoffen konstruieren. 3. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2007.
07Sae Baur, E., Brinkmann, S., Osswald, T. A., Schmachtenberg, E. (eds.): Saechtling Kunststoff
08Els Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T. (eds.): Domininghaus Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen. 7. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 2008.
12Dup Data sheets of Company DuPont, www2.dupont.com (rech. 05/2013)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_48
Tensile Fatigue Loading of Thermoplastics - Application

On the following pages selected examples of fatigue behaviour for tensile loading conditions are shown.
Figure 4.68 gives an overview about the properties of unreinforced technical thermoplastics at test frequency of 30 Hz under alternating tensile load. It is recognizable that the SN diagrams of the various plastics show significant differences in absolute level as well as curve progression. In the Figures 4.69 and 4.70
test results for ABS materials under different loading conditions (stsw and stal) are shown. The influence of
stress concentrations such as holes or dynamic weldlines on fatigue behaviour is clear visible (Fig. 4.70).
The influence of the loading condition (stal or sctal) is demonstrated in Figure 4.71 for PA 610. Due to the
different mechanical behaviour of plastics under tension and compression loading different SN curves are
registered for various middle stress values. In the Figures 4.72 up to 4.75 fatigue strength for PA 6 and PA
66 materials is shown. The kind of oscillation (Fig. 4.72) and the direction of removal of specimen
(Fig. 4.73) as well as stress concentrators (Fig 4.74) have a significant influence on the test results. In
Figure 4.76 fatigue strength of polyamidimid for tensile swell loading is demonstrated. Figure 4.77
includes fatigue curves of polycarbonate using regular specimens, specimens with 3 three mm hole as
stress concentrators and dynamic weldlines under alternating load conditions sctal. The influence of reinforcement on fatigue behaviour is shown in Figure 4.78 for polyetheretherketone. In Figures 4.79 up to
4.81 the influence of test temperature and different kinds of vibrations are given for poly(oxy-methylene).
In Figure 4.82 the influence of test frequency and direction of specimen removal is demonstrated on
example of pure and reinforced polypropylene. Figures 4.83 and 4.84 show test results for reinforced
poly(phenylene sulfide) at different test temperatures. It is clear visible that for all temperatures investigated the hybrid reinforcement offers lower fatigue strength values in comparison to the glass fiber
reinforcement. The influence of a stress concentrator such as a hole on fatigue behaviour is represented
for poly(vinyl chloride) in Figure 4.85. In the last Figures 4.86 and 4.87. Smith diagrams for glass fiber
reinforced PA 6 and unreinforced polypropylene materials are shown.
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
Fig. 4.68 Stress-life (SN) curves of several thermoplastics materials in mode sctal at 23 C [06Oss].
Fig. 4.69 Fatigue strength of acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene materials in tension swell loading stsw at different load
levels [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
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New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.70 Fatigue curves of acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene using regular specimens, specimens with holes ( 3 mm)
as stress concentrator and dynamic weldline under alternating load conditions sctal [06Oss].
Fig. 4.71 Fatigue strength of polyamide 610 at alternating tension loading (compression tension) sctal and tension
swell loading stsw [12Els].
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
Fig. 4.72 SN curves of reinforced polyamide 6 in tensile swell range stsw with different kinds of vibration [07Sae].
Fig. 4.73 Fatigue limit of

reinforced polyamide 66 in the
tensile swell range stsw as a
function of the direction of
specimen removal [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
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New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.74 Fatigue curves for polyamide 66 using specimens with and without three mm hole as stress concentrator
tested at room temperature in the alternating tensile range sctal [06Oss].
Fig. 4.75 Fatigue limit of unreinforced polyamide 66 at different loading ranges sctal, scal and stal [08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
Fig. 4.76 Tensile swell strength stsw of polyamidimid with 30 wt.-% of carbon fibers [12Els].
Fig. 4.77 Fatigue curves of polycarbonate using regular specimens, specimens with three mm hole as stress
concentrator and dynamic weldline under alternating load conditions sctal [06Oss].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
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Fig. 4.78 Fatigue strength under alternating tensile load sctal of pure and glass and carbon fiber reinforced
polyetheretherketone [12Els].
Fig. 4.79 Fatigue strength of poly(oxymethylene) at different temperatures and tensile loading conditions stal and stsw
[12Dup].
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
Fig. 4.80 SN curve of poly(oxymethylene) determined in tensile swell range stsw [12Els].
Fig. 4.81 SN curve of poly(oxymethylene) determined in alternating tensile range sctal [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
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Fig. 4.82 Fatigue cycles to failure versus stress in compression tension mode sctal for unreinforced and reinforced
polypropylene specimen taken in different removal directions [98Mai].
Fig. 4.83 SN curves of poly(phenylene sulfide) with different kinds of reinforcement for tensile swell range stsw at
the temperature of 20 C [04Tic].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
10
Fig. 4.84 SN curves of poly(phenylene sulfide) with different kinds of reinforcement for tensile swell range stsw at
the temperature of 90 C [04Tic].
Fig. 4.85 Fatigue curves for poly(vinyl chloride) using specimens with and without three mm hole as stress
concentrator tested at room temperature in the alternating tensile range stal [06Oss].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
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11
Fig. 4.86 Smith diagram of a reinforced

polyamide 6 for compressiontension
loading [07Sae].
Fig. 4.87 Smith diagram of a reinforced

polypropylene for compressiontension
loading [98Dom].
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
12
References Chapter 4.5 - Application - 01

98Dom
98Mai
04Tic
06Oss
07Sae
08Els
12Els
12Dup
N.N.: Polyphenylensulfid Fortron Faltblatt B 260 FB D. Ticona GmbH, Kelsterbach, 2004.
Osswald, T. A., Baur, E., Oberbach, K., Brinkmann, S., Schmachtenberg, E.: International plastics handbook The resource for plastics engineers. Fourth edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
2006.
Baur, E., Brinkmann, S., Osswald, T. A., Schmachtenberg, E. (eds.): Saechtling Kunststoff
Data sheets of Company DuPont, www2.dupont.com (rech. 05/2013)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_49
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Flexural Fatigue Loading - Introduction

Another technical possibility for determination of fatigue behaviour is the test under flexural loading conditions. For this purpose the standards DIN 53442 or ASTM D 671 can be used for thermoplastic materials.
Alternatively test methods according to the testing of metals such as DIN 50113 or DIN 50142 can be
applied for plastics. In case of fiber reinforced plastics for example in aircraft industry ISO 13003, ASTM
D 6873, ASTM D 3479 and DIN 53398 as well as DIN 65586 are standards for investigation of fatigue
behaviour. The test specimens used in different standards are shown in Figure 4.88. as well as the various
loading conditions for the specimen investigated. In case of ASTM D 671 a cantilever beam specimen with
a thickness of 3.2 mm is used. The width increases linear toward the beam root. With a test frequency of
30 Hz the test conditions are different to that of DIN 53442 [04Kag].
Fig. 4.88 Test specimen and flexural loading conditions for determination fatigue behaviour of plastics.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_50
The use of these test methods is not limited to standardized specimen shapes. Also prismatic or various
dumbbell and even compact specimens can be used. This test can be performed as single-stage flexural
fatigue test using rotary bend test machines (DIN 50113), mechanical pulsators or electro-servo hydraulic
test systems [13Gre]. In comparison to the tensile loading flexural fatigues are easier to realize because of
the path or deflection closed-loop control. Due to triangle stress distribution with stress maxima at the
upper and lower surface stress relaxation is accelerated and the self-heating is minimized [07Ehr]. Independently of these effects analog to the tensile fatigue test the temperature should be monitored and
recorded on the surface of the specimen. For the realization of fatigue tests at various temperatures the test
machines or systems should by equipped with a temperature chamber (Fig. 4.89). During the whole test the
number of cycles until fracture is recorded to determine fatigue strength or thermal failure.
Fig. 4.89 Principle of flexural fatigue test

system and loading ranges in flexural testing.
Because of the symmetrically stress distribution in the cross-section area with a comparable tension
and compression stress at the upper and lower side of the specimen only two loading ranges exist for
the flexural fatigue test (Fig. 4.89). These are the alternating and the flexural swell range. Differing to
the regulations of the standards the flexural alternating range is designated with the symbol sfal and the
swell range has the symbol sfsw.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_50
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

DIN 50100 (1978)
DIN 50113 (1982)
DIN 50142 (1982)
DIN 53398 (1975)
DIN 53442 (1990)
DIN 53513 (1990)
DIN 53574 (1977)
DIN 53769-6 (1989)

DIN 65586 (1994)
ISO 13003 (2003)

ISO/DIS 3385 (2013)
ASTM D 671 (1993)
ASTM D 3479/D
3479 M (2012)
ASTM D 6115 (2011)
ASTM D 6873 (2008)
Testing of materials Continuous vibration test; definitions, symbols,

procedure, evaluation
Testing of metallic materials Flat bending fatigue test
Testing of textile glass reinforced plastics Bending pulsating test
(withdrawn)
Flexural fatigue testing of plastics using flat specimen
Determination of the viscoelastic properties of elastomers on exposure to
forced vibration at non-resonant frequencies
Testing of flexible cellular polymeric materials Fatigue by constant vibration
test load pounding in the indentation/pulsation range (withdrawn; replaced by
ISO 3385:2009)
Testing of glass fibre reinforced plastics pipes Testing of pipes and fittings
under pulsating internal pressure
Luft- und Raumfahrt Faserverstarkte Kunststoffe
Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von Faserverbundwerkstoffen im
Einstufenversuch (withdrawn)
Fibre-reinforced plastics Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic
loading conditions
Flexible cellular polymeric materials Determination of fatigue by constantload pounding
Standard test method for flexural fatigue of plastics by constant amplitude of
force (withdrawn; no replacement)
Standard test method for tension-tension fatigue of polymer matrix composite
materials
Standard test method for mode I fatigue delamination growth onset of
Standard practice for bearing fatigue response of polymer matrix composite
laminates

04Kag
07Ehr
13Gre
Kagan, V. A., Palley, I., Nanjing, J.: Plastics part design: Low cycle fatigue strength of glassfiber-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (PET). J. Reinforced Plastics Compos. 23 (2004)
15, 16071614.
2013.
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_50
Flexural Fatigue Loading - Data

The following Table 4.20 shows a summary of available flexural fatigue strength values of thermoplastics
materials according to relevant standards.
Table 4.20 Flexural-fatigue strength of thermoplastic materials.
Material
T [ C]
f [Hz]
N [-]
sfal or sfsw*
[MPa]
Ref.
ABS
23
107
12.5 21.0
07Ehr, 10Hel
ASA
23
107
15.0 25.0
07Ehr
ETFE
23
107
12.0
12Mat
9.7
12Mat
FEP
23
10
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 25
PA 6 + GF 25
PA 6 + GF 25
PA 6 + GF 30
PA 6 + GF 35
PA 6 + GF 35
PA 6 + GF 35
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
107
107
107
105
106
107
107
105
106
107
19.0 32.0
27.0
42.0*
43.0
39.5
37.5
50.0
48.0
29.0 40.5
25.0 36.0
10Hel
07Ehr
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
-
107
107
107
105
106
107
105
106
107
107
21.0
30.0
45.0*
54.0
45.0
40.0
50.0
40.0
32.5
83.0
34.0
10Hel
07Ehr
75.0
60.0
12Mat
95Car
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10
10
10
-
107
107
105
106
107
107
107
27.0 28.0
40.0*
52.0
37.0
33.0
40.0
58.0*
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
PA 66 (dry)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PBT
PBT
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
PBT + GF
30
30
30
30
30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
95Car
07Ehr
95Car
79.0
62.0
51.0
149
07Ehr, 10Hel
07Ehr
95Car
07Ehr
(continued)
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_51
Material
T [ C]
f [Hz]
N [-]
sfal or sfsw*
[MPa]
Ref.
PC
23
107
18.0 24.0
10Hel
PEEK
23
107
56.0 70.0
12Mat
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
10
10
10
10
10
10
107
2106
4106
6106
8106
107
16.0 20.0
5.0
25.0
22.0
21.3
21.1
21.0
07Ehr, 10Hel
PEI
23
107
12.0
10Hel
PES
23
107
12.0
10Hel
23
23
23
23
23
23
10
106
106
106
106
106
7.0 30.0
20.7
34.5
26.9
38.0
33.1
12Mat, 10Hel
12Dup
PI
PI
23
23
107
103
35.0 44.8
65.5
08Els, 12Dup
12Dup
PK
23
107
56.0 105
12Mat
10.5 38.0
12Mat, 10Hel
21.0 27.6
44.0*
58.0
43.0
26.0 30.0
37.0*
30.5*
23.0*
71.0
60.0
50.0
44.0*
38.0*
32.0 65.0*
12Mat, 07Ehr
07Ehr
95Car
10.0 20.0
30.0*
43.0
33.0
28.0
35.0*
34.0
07Ehr, 10Hel
07Ehr
95Car
PET
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 35 wt.-%
(GF + MF) 45 wt.-%
(GF + M) 35 wt.-%
PMMA
23
10
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
POM +
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
107
107
105
106
107
105
106
107
105
106
107
105
106
107
PP
PP
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
MF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10
10
10
10
10
107
105
106
107
107
105
95Car
95Car, 10Hel
95Car
95Car, 07Ehr
95Car
95Car, 07Ehr
95Car, 07Ehr
07Ehr
95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_51
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Material
T [ C]
f [Hz]
N [-]
sfal or sfsw*
[MPa]
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
10
10
-
106
107
107
24.0
19.8
20.0
Ref.
07Ehr
23
23
23
23
23
10
107
107
107
107
43.2 153
53.2 120
68.0 153
101 228
95.0 171
12Mat
PPE
23
107
12.0 18.0
10Hel
PPS
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
107
107
38.0
56.0 85.0
12Mat
PS
23
107
18.5 20.0
07Ehr, 10Hel
7.0 7.5
10Hel
PPA
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
PPA + GF
30
40
45
50
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
PSU
23
10
PVC-U
23
107
16.0 20.0
10Hel
SAN
23
107
26.5 27.0
10Hel
15.0 20.0
07Ehr, 10Hel
SB
23
10

95Car
07Ehr
08Els
10Hel Hellerich, W., Harsch, G., Baur, E.: Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften Prufungen
12Dup Data sheets of Company DuPont, www2.dupont.com (rech. /2013)
12Mat Data sheets in MatWeb-Material property data, www.matweb.com (rech. 06/2013)
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_51
Flexural Fatigue Strength - Application

On the following pages selected examples of fatigue behaviour for flexural loading conditions are shown.
Figures 4.90 up to 4.94 give an overview about the properties of unreinforced and reinforced technical
thermoplastics at different test conditions under alternating flexural load. It is clear visible that the SN
diagrams of the various plastics show very significant differences in absolute strength level as well as in
curve progression. In the Figure 4.95 test results for acrylonitrilestyreneacrylate materials under alternating load conditions (sfal) are shown. Figure 4.96 represents SN curves of unreinforced and reinforced
ethylenetetrafluoroethylene. The influence of glass fiber reinforcement on fatigue behaviour can be seen
clearly. Test results in dependence of the kind of reinforcement are shown in Figure 4.97 for liquid-crystal
polymers. Glass fiber reinforcement lead to a higher fatigue strength as mineral fibers. In the Figures 4.98
up to 4.100. SN curves of various polyamide materials with different kinds of reinforcement are illustrated. The best fatigue behaviour of the polyamides can be registered for PA 66. The influence of the
loading condition (sfal or sfsw) is demonstrated in Figures 4.101 and 4.102 for pure and glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate). The comparison of the same material but different kinds of specimen
according to DIN 53442 shows the influence of specimen geometry on the test results (Fig. 4.103). Fatigue
test results for polycarbonate are demonstrated in Figure 4.104 With increasing glass fiber content fatigue
strength is increasing. An analogous behaviour can be stated for polyether sulfone (Fig. 4.105). In
Figure 4.106 the fatigue strength in alternating and swell mode of poly(ethylene terephthalate) is shown.
Due to the different mechanical behaviour of plastics under tension and compression loading different
SN curves are registered for various middle stress values. In the Figure 4.107. SN curves of polyimide
materials with different kinds of reinforcement are illustrated. With increasing fiber content an essentially
better fatigue behaviour can be observed. Test results of poly(methyl methacrylate) are demonstrated in
Figures 4.108 and 4.110 In dependence on the stress level partially a thermal failure occur. In the
Figures 4.111 up to 4.113 fatigue strength for modified and reinforced poly(oxymethylene) materials under
different loading conditions is shown. The fatigue behaviour of unreinforced and reinforced polypropylene
is demonstrated for various loading ranges in Figures 4.114 up to 4.117 Figure 4.118 contains test results
for poly (phenylene sulfide) and in Figure 4.119 fatigue behaviour of pure and reinforced poly(phenylene
sulfone) is shown. The influence of blend composition is demonstrated for example on PVC / PE blends
(Fig. 4.120). It can be seen from Figure 4.121 that an influence of specimen preparation on fatigue strength
of styreneacrylonitrile exists. In Figure 4.122 test results of styrenebutadiene are represented. Finally in
Figures 4.123 up to 4.129. Smith diagrams of materials polyamide 6 and 66, poly(butylene terephthalate),
poly(oxymethylene) and polypropylene are illustrated.
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Fig. 4.90 SN curves of unreinforced and reinforced materials under flexural loading [07Ehr].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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Fig. 4.91 SN curves of different materials in alternating loading range [92Car].
Fig. 4.92 Alternating flexural fatigue

strength of technical thermoplastics
[12Els].
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Fig. 4.93 Alternating flexural fatigue strength of thermoplastics materials [12Els].
Fig. 4.94 SN curves of different thermoplastics in flexural alternating range [90Car].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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Fig. 4.95 Flexural fatigue strength of acrylonitrilestyreneacrylate [12Els].
Fig. 4.96 Alternating flexural fatigue strength of pure and reinforced ethylenetetrafluoroethylene [12Els].
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Fig. 4.97 Alternating flexural fatigue strength of reinforced liquid-crystal polymers [98Dom].
Fig. 4.98 Flexural fatigue strength of different unreinforced and reinforced polyamides [04Erh].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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Fig. 4.99 Flexural fatigue strength

of different unreinforced and
reinforced polyamides [12Els].
Fig. 4.100 Comparison of SN curves for different polyamide materials [12Els].

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Fig. 4.101 Fatigue strength in alternating and swell range for poly(butylene terephthalate) [98Dom].
Fig. 4.102 Fatigue strength in flexural swell range for poly(butylene terephthalate) [04Tic].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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Fig. 4.103 Fatigue strength of poly(butylene terephthalate) for different kinds of specimen [12Els].
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10
Fig. 4.104 Fatigue strength in alternating range of unreinforced and reinforced polycarbonate [12Els].
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11
Fig. 4.105 Fatigue strength in alternating range of unreinforced and reinforced polyether sulfone [12Els].
Fig. 4.106 Fatigue strength in alternating and swell mode of poly(ethylene terephthalate) [12Els].
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12
Fig. 4.107 Flexural alternating fatigue strength of polyimide with different content of filler [12Els].
Fig. 4.108 Flexural alternating fatigue strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) at different stresses [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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13
Fig. 4.109 Flexural alternating fatigue strength of extruded poly(methyl methacrylate) [12Els].
Fig. 4.110 Flexural alternating fatigue strength of poly(oxymethylene) [12Dup].
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14
Fig. 4.111 Fatigue strength in flexural swell range of pure and reinforced poly(oxymethylene) [12Els].
Fig. 4.112 Fatigue strength in flexural swell range of modified poly(oxymethylene) [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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15
Fig. 4.113 Fatigue strength in alternating and swell mode of reinforced and filled polypropylene [98Mai].
Fig. 4.114 Fatigue strength in flexural swell range of reinforced polypropylene [98Dom].
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16
Fig. 4.115 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of reinforced polypropylene [98Dom].
Fig. 4.116 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of reinforced polypropylene [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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17
Fig. 4.117 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of poly(phenylene oxide) [12Els].
Fig. 4.118 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) [04Tic].
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18
Fig. 4.119 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of pure and reinforced polysulfone [12Els].
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19
Fig. 4.120 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of two poly(vinyl chloride)/polyethylene-blends [98Dom].
Fig. 4.121 Fatigue strength in flexural alternating range of injection moulded and compressed styreneacrylonitrile
[12Els].
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20
Fig. 4.122 Flexural fatigue strength of high-impact modified styrenebutadiene [12Els].
Fig. 4.123 Smith diagram of polyamide 66 for 2 107 load cycles [10Hel].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
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21
Fig. 4.124 Smith diagram of polyamide 6 for 2 107 load cycles [10Hel].
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22
Fig. 4.125 Smith diagram of poly(butylene terephthalate) for 2 107 load cycles [10Hel].
Fig. 4.126 Smith diagram of poly(oxymethylene) for 2 107 load cycles [10Hel].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
23
Fig. 4.127 Smith diagram of poly(oxymethylene) for 107

load cycles [92Car].
Fig. 4.128 Smith diagram of poly

(oxymethylene) for 107 load cycles
[12Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
24
Fig. 4.129 Smith diagram of polypropylene

for 107 load cycles [98Dom].

90Car
92Car
98Dom
98Mai
04Erh
04Tic
07Ehr
10Hel
12Els
12Dup
Carlowitz, B.: Die Kunststoffe Chemie, Physik, Technologie. Becker/Braun Kunststoff Handbuch. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1990.
bersicht uber die Prufung von Kunststoffen. 6. Auflage, Giesel
Carlowitz, B.: Tabellarische U
Verlag, Isernhagen, 1992.
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Mit Kunststoffen konstruieren. 3. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
2007.
Data sheets of Company DuPont, www2.dupont.com (rech. 05/2013)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_52
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Torsional Fatigue Strength Application

Alternative technologies for determining fatigue properties of plastics are the compression and torsion or
shear fatigue test. The compression loading is used preferentially for foams, elastomeric materials or compact specimens in accordance to ISO / DIS 3385, DIN 53574 and DIN 53513. For torsion or shear loading
actual no standards are available for determination of fatigue behaviour. For these test round specimen
with a mould parting line along the loading line of specimen must be used. Due to this these specimens
do not reflect the real properties of the materials investigated. In the following two examples of torsion
fatigue test of poly(oxymethylene) are shown in Figures 4.130 and 4.131.
Fig. 4.130 Torsional fatigue

strength in swell range of poly
(oxymethylene) [98Dom].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_53
Fig. 4.131 Torsional fatigue strength in alternating range of poly(oxymethylene) [98Dom].
Standards Chapter 4.5 - Application - 03

DIN 50113
(1982)
DIN 53574
(1977)
ISO/DIS 3385
(2013)

Testing of flexible cellular polymeric materials Fatigue vibration test by constant
load pounding in the indentation/pulsation range (withdrawn; replaced by ISO
3385:2009)
Flexible cellular polymeric materials Determination of fatigue by constant-load
pounding

98Dom
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_53
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Long-term Loading Introduction

4.6 Long-term Loading

Under static loading conditions thermoplastic materials clearly show a non-linear viscoelastic deformation
behaviour even at ambient temperature. After a sudden application of a constant static load or stress s0
plastics react firstly with a linear-elastic deformation which depends on the stiffness and structure of these
materials. Due to the amount of the load level and the temperature this linear-elastic deformation is overlapped by a time-dependent viscoelastic deformation, also known as creep deformation or retardation. In
the case of a constant deformation e0 caused by a gradual stress a decrease of the stress can be observed,
called stress relaxation. So the static long-term behaviour is essentially influenced by retardation and stress
relaxation determined by molecular structure and morphology 13Gre, 10Hel. These time and temperature
dependent effects have essential importance for the dimensional stability and functionality of plastic components or screw joints and sealing elements. In order to ensure dimensioning and design of long-term
loaded components and products information about materials behaviour is required. Long-term investigations can be executed under uniaxial tensile, flexural and compression loading as function of loading level,
time and temperature as well as environmental exposure 13Gre. Due to the complexity of stress relaxation
measurements and the absence of valid standards the preferred method for determination of long-term
behaviour of plastics is the creep experiment. In the Figure 4.132a the equipment for tensile creep experiments with constant loading is shown for the initial and deformed state of the specimen.
Fig. 4.132 Principle of tensile creep test (a) and stress relaxation test (b) under uniaxial loading.
The valid and mostly used standard for the tensile creep test of rigid plastics is the ISO 899-1: Plastics
Determination of creep behaviour Part 1: Tensile creep. The specimens used for this preferred standard
are frequently in accordance to ISO 527 or ISO 293 up to ISO 294. If the specimens prepared from semifinished products or moulded parts by milling or cutting standard ISO 2818 should be applied. The data
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_54
collected here include also values determined according to DIN 53444 and ASTM D 2990. The investigation of creep behaviour according to the test principle of the tensile creep test is also used in other test
methods. Especially the stress cracking resistance (ESC) influenced by complex loading conditions (stress
level, environment, test temperature) has importance for many plastics and their long-term service-life. For
these experiments the standards ISO 22088 and ISO 6252 are frequently used. For the prediction of service-life of welded plastic joints and pipes against internal pressure ISO 9967, standard series ISO 1167
as well as DIN 53759 or DIN EN 12814-3 and DVS guidelines 2203 and 2226 can be used. In the past
the withdrawn standard DIN 53441 was used to determine the stress relaxation of plastics (Fig. 4.132b).
Tensile creep experiments should be conceived in such a way that specimens normally survive a test time
of at least 103 hours without break. For this 30 to 50 percent of short time tensile strength is recommended
as reference value. Below this material dependent stress level at least 4 up to 6 stress steps should be chosen for each test temperature. After applying the weight without impact the accompanying load generates a
uniaxial stress st0 (Eq. 4.41) in the specimen initial cross-section area A0. At this moment the extensometer
records the increase in time-dependent elongation DL0 (t) = (DL0)t from which normative tensile creep
strain is calculated (Eq. 4.42). If not constructive values should be determined alternatively the cross-head
motion DL* (t) = (DL*)t can be monitored. In this case the nominal tensile creep strain (Eq. 4.43) may be
obtained.
st0
et et
F
A0
(4:41)
DL0 t
100 %
L0
(4:42)
DL t
100 %
L
(4:43)
et e t
Depending on the length measurement system used either traverse path or extensometer or a clip gauge
additionally the normative (Eq. 4.44) or nominal (Eq. 4.45) creep strain rate d/dt can be determined to
describe static long-term behaviour of plastics.
e_t
det
1 dDL0 t
L0
dt
dt
(4:44)
e_t
det
1 dDLt
L
dt
dt
(4:45)
with
L clamping length
L0 initial gauge length
A0 initial cross-section area
s0 constant stress level
The registered time-dependent strain curves also well known as creep curves or creeptime diagram e(t) or
e*(t) for different stress levels st0 = const. = s1 up to s4 are illustrated in Figure 4.133a. Depending on the
load level and test temperature these curves are non linear in the non linear-viscoelastic range or linear in
the linear-viscoelastic or elastic deformation range and provide the basis for the derivation of creep diagram as well as isochronous se diagram. The isochronous stressstrain diagram can be constructed using
perpendicular cuts of creeptime curves at specified times (Fig. 4.133b). As a result of this evaluation
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_54
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
method every of these curves represents a particular loading period, e.g. 100, 102 or 103 hours. The creep
diagrams s(t) for constant strains e1 up to e4 are resulting from the tensile creepstrain diagrams using horizontal cuts at specified strain values (Fig. 4.133c). If fracture of a specimen occurs the timestress curve is
equal to the creeprupture line s(t) of the material investigated. For an effective descrip-
Fig. 4.133 Evaluation of tensile creep tests on polymers according to ISO 899-1.
tion of the time-dependent material behaviour and constructional applications of plastics the creep
modulus Ect is introduced (Eq. 4.46). The creep modulus Ect is calculated as secant modulus by the quotient of applied stress level st0 and the time-dependent strain e(t) (Fig. 4.133d). In the case of using the
traverse path as measuring value the creep modulus is calculated according Eq. 4.47. These values should
not be used for dimensioning of plastics or other constructional purposes. Depending on material, test temperature and moisture of specimen the creepstrength limit is equivalent to the load level st0 at a given
time t which produces a break sB,t or a defined strain se,t of the specimen (Eq. 4.48 and 4.49).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
E ct
s0
s0
F L0
et et
A0 DL0 t
(4:46)
E ct
s0
s0
F L
A0 DL t
e t et
(4:47)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_54
s B, t
F B, t
A0
(4:48)
se, t
F e, t
A0
(4:49)
In contrast to the regulations of the standards ISO 899-1 and DIN 53444 and according to databases
12Cam, 12MBa the tensilecreep modulus is designated as symbol Ect. The frequently used values in these
databases are the modulus at 1 hour Ect1 and at 1000 hours Ect1000. This creep modulus values in Table
4.21. are given at the test temperature of 23 C for strains et 0.5 % and the smallest material specific
stress level st0. Further information especially about creeptime diagrams and isochronous stressstrain
diagrams as well as creep modulustime curves at different temperatures and stress levels are available
in the databases 12Cam, 12MBa. In the case of stress relaxation experiments the tensile-relaxation modulus Er or Ert can be determined from the time dependent stress s(t) and the constant strain level et0.
DIN 53441
(1984)
DIN 53444
(1990)
DIN 53759
(1975)
DIN EN
12814-3
(2012)
ISO 293
(2004)
ISO 294-1
(1996)
ISO 294-2
(1996)
ISO 294-3
(2002)
ISO 294-4
(2001)
ISO 294-5
(2011)
ISO 899-1
(2003)
ISO 1167-1
(2006)
ISO 2818
(1994)
ISO 6252
(1992)
Testing of plastics Stress relaxation test (withdrawn)

Testing of plastics Tensile creep test (withdrawn)
Testing of plastics articles Determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow
objects by long-time test
Prufen von Schweiverbindungen aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen Teil 3:
Zeit-stand-Zugversuch
Plastics Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials
Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 1:
General principles, and moulding of multipurpose and bar test specimens
(AMD 2: 2005)
Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 2: Small
tensile bars (AMD 1: 2004)
Plastics Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastics materials
Part 3: Small plates (AMD 1: 2006)
Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part 4:
Determination of moulding shrinkage
Plastics Plastics Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials Part
5: Preparation of standard specimens for investigating anisotropy
Plastics Determination of creep behaviour Part 1: Tensile creep; (DAM 1: 2012)
Thermoplastics pipes, fittings and assemblies for the conveyance of fluids
Determination of the resistance to internal pressure; Part 1: General method
Plastics Preparation of test specimens by machining (Technical corrigendum TC 1:
2007)
Plastics Determination of environmental stress cracking (ESC) Constant-tensilestress (withdrawn)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_54
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

ISO/DIS 9967
(2013)
ISO 22088-1
(2006)
ISO 22088-2
(2006)
ASTM D
2990
(2009)
DVS 2203-4
(1997)
DVS 2203-4
(2001)
DVS 2203-4
(2001)
DVS 2203-4
(2008)
DVS 2226-4
(2000)
Thermoplastics pipes Determination of creep ratio

Plastics Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) Part 1:
General guidance
Plastics Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) Part 2:
Constant tensile load method
Standard test method for tensile, compressive, and flexural creep and creep-rupture
of plastics
Technical Rule, Testing of welded joints of thermoplastic plates and tubes Tensile
creep test
Technical Rule, Beiblatt 1: Testing of welded joints of thermoplastic sheets and
pipes Tensile creep test Testing of socket joints
Technical Rule, Beiblatt 2: Testing of welded joints of thermoplastic sheets and pipes
Tensile creep test Testing of the resistance to slow crack growth using the full notch
creep test (FNCT)
Technical Rule, Beiblatt 3: Prufen von Schweiverbindungen an Tafeln und Roh- ren
berprufung des
aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen Zeitstandzugversuch U
geforderten Zeitstandzug-Schweifaktors und der Mindestlebensdauer von Schweiverbindungen aus Polyethylenen (PE 80 und PE 100)
Testing of fused joints on liners of polymer materials Tensile creep test on PE

10Hel
12Cam
12MBa
13Gre
(rech. 06/2013)
MBase-Material Data Center in www.m-base.de (rech. 07/2013)
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_54
Long-term Loading Tensile Creep Modulus - data

The following Table 4.21 shows a summary of available tensile-creep moduli values of thermoplastic
materials according to the demands of ISO 899-1 or other relevant standards.
Table 4.21 Tensilecreep modulus of thermoplastic materials.
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
23
23
23
23
23
71
71
71
23
23
23
23
23
71
71
71
23
11.2
14
21
28
3.5
7
10.5
14
21
28
35
3.5
7
10.5
-
2550
2500
2500
2500
2050
2050
1850
1600 2400
2300
2300
2150
2000
1850
1850
1850
-
1200 1650
1300 1900
1500
1000
300
700 1900
1700
1500
700
600
500
3500
08Els, 95Car
95Car
08Els
APE
23
2050
1600
00Fra
ASA
23
1850 2200
1100 1650
ASA-HI
ASA / PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
ASA / PC
23
23
23
23
23
3500
5300 7500
7600 9500
2000
1100
3300
4700 7500
6700 7400
1600
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
95Car
12MBa
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
18
18
23
23
23
2.1
14
3.5
7
10.5
610
390
470
395
210
Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
(ex)
(im)
(ex)
(ex)
(ex)
(ex)
(ex)
(ex)
(im)
(im)
(im)
(im)
(im)
(im)
(im)
(im)
+ GF 17 wt.-%
00Fra
08Els
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
08Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
100
100
175
175
1.4
3.5
0.7
1.4
51
31
32
26
LCP
LCP + GF 30 wt.-%
23
23
23
6600 6800
10900
14100
15800
12Cam, 95Car
LCP + CF 30 wt.-%
8500 9000
12600
16000
19500
19600
MABS
23
1250
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
PA 12
PA 12 (cond.)
23
23
450 1000
190 800
300 400
140 450
12Cam
12Cam,
12MBa
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF 23 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
CF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
5000
5000
5000
10000
5500
3700
3700
3500 4000
8700
3900
PA 12 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
1600
1050 1100
PA 12 + GB 50 wt.-%
PA 12-I (cond.)
23
23
2100
130
1100
100
PA 46 (cond.)
23
550
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
140
23
4500 7500
3000
6000
PA 46 + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 46 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
12000
8000
PA 46 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
23
10500
PA 6 (cond.)
23
420 2530
230 1790
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (dry)
23
66
66
14
14
21
2350
330
232
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
12 +
Ref.
00Fra
12Cam, 95Car
12Cam
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
12Cam
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
2500 3000
2000 2600
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
1500
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
3500 4500
4200 9200
3000 3500
3200 4500
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
121
23
28
-
1900
3900 6000
1300
3300 4900
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
08Els
12Cam,
12MBa
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)
GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
GB 50 wt.-% (cond.)
MD 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
23
6100
9400
8100 9600
1500
1200 1500
4900
7300
6600 7400
850
740 800
PA 6 + MF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
2800
800
1850
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6-I (cond.)
23
23
2400
650 900
2000 2700
320 550
PA 6-I + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
3800
3000
PA 6-G (cond.)
23
500
95Car

PA 6T/6I + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
13000
17000
7500
11500
15000
6800
12Cam
PA 6/6T (cond.)
23
2300
12Cam,
12MBa
PA 6/6T + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6/6T + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
6400 6500
6500
PA 6/6T + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6/6T + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
120
23
2000
8700
PA 6/6T + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6/6T + CF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
120
23
2500
10500
17400
PA 6T/66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
10000
8500
PA 6T/66 + MD 37 wt.-% (cond.)
23
8000
6000
6
6
6
6
6
+
+
+
+
+
95Car
12Cam
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PA 6/XT + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
11000
9500
12Cam,
12MBa
PA 6/XT + GF 45 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 6/XT + (GF + MD) 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
23
23
14000
16000
12000
16000
PA 610 (cond.)
23
400
95Car
PA 612
23
600 1800
600
PA 612 / PAIND/INDT
23
2200
800
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12MBa
PA 66 (cond.)
23
1000 2300
450 1300
PA
PA
PA
PA
66 (dry)
66 (dry)
66 (dry)
66 + GF 13 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
23
10.5
21
42
-
2950
2900
2800
3300
2200
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
23
2500 2600
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
23
4700 7000
3100 5800
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
28
82
116
23
70
70
70
70
-
2500 5000
8800
5200
4550
3550
6100 9350
2000 4400
5100 5620
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
8000
6200 9300
5500
4250 6650
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
7700 12000
6800 7700
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
23
10800
9800 16500
8000
5400 11500
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
23
13000
19000
22500
2100 2500
11500
15000
6800
16500
1300 1600
PA 66 + (GF + MD) 38 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 66 + (GF + MD) 40 wt.-% (cond.)
23
23
2300
6000 7000
1500
3700 6000
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
66 +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
08Els
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
08Els
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam
12Cam,
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66 / PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 66-I (cond.)
23
23
23
6000
11000
800 950
5600
8800
450 840
12Cam
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
23
23
23
23
23
4000 4030
3100
2500
5300
3180 3200
2500
2000
3000
4300
PA 66-I + MD 40 wt.-% (cond.)

PA 66 / PAIND/INDT + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
2200
9600
1400
5200
PA 666
23
1000
890
12Cam,
12MBa
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
PAEK
23
200
23
23
23
23
82
82
82
82
14
21
28
35
3.5
7
10.5
17.5
3600
2150
1950
1900
1700
2000
1950
1850
1700
3500
250 350
1300
1050
950
720
670
570
-
00Fra, 95Car
08Els, 95Car
95Car
08Els
PAIND/INDT
23
1300 2500
700 1600
12Cam,
12MBa
PAIND/INDT + GF 35 wt.-%
PAIND/INDT / PA66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PAIND/INDT / PA612
23
23
23
10000
2220
9600
8300
800
5200
PBT
23
1200 3200
700 2500
PBT
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
23
23
7
-
2600
4000 5500
1850
2500 3500
PBT + GF 12 wt.-%
23
5500
4800 5000
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
35
-
5300
5100
7800
9000
8900
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
23
2900 3500
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
66-I
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
15
20
30
30
50
13
14
25
30
33
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
6000
7500
11000
15000
4300
2300
5200
7050
3900
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa
4800
7000
10000
11600
1300 2700
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa, 95Car
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
PBT + GB 30 wt.-%
23
3600
1300 2500
PBT + MF 25 wt.-%
23
2000
PBT + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%

PBT + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MD) 45 wt.-%
23
23
23
10500
5500
4500
6500
4100
PBT-I
PBT-I + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT-I + GF 30 wt.-%
(PBT / PC)-I
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
450
5000
5200
3500
5300
7600
7200
10000
16500
1500
1600
340
4200
4500 5100
3300
4700 7500
6700 7400
6100
8500
15000
1200
PC
23
2100 2200
1700 1900
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
23
3600
2900
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
23
3700 5900
3500 5400
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
23
4700 5700
3900 5000
PC + GF 35 wt.-%
23
9000 10200
8500 9600
PC / ABS
PC / ASA
(PC / PBT)-I
23
23
23
2000
1500 1600
1600
1600
1200
PCTFE
PCTFE
PCTFE
PCTFE
PCTFE
23
23
66
121
121
14
21
7
1.4
3.5
930
570
470
120
84
585
275
-
08Els
PEBA
23
120
100 200
00Fra, 95Car
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
23
23
23
23
23
23
1
5
1.8
3.5
670 1200
370 460
580
420
-
340 680
310
200
520
380
12Cam, 00Fra
95Car
6800
7500
9500
Ref.
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Cra
00Fra
12MBa, 00Fra
12MBa
08Els
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD + GF 20 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
40
40
40
23
23
5.3
7
1.8
3.5
5.3
14
14
2600
2000
295
280
265
210
200
-
PE-MD
23
320 340
190
00Fra, 95Car
PE-UHMW
23
370 550
180 270
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
PE-LD
PE-LD
23
60
5.1
70 105
52
35 69
39
12MBa
08Els
PEI + GF 30 wt.-%
150
21
6800
5000
95Car
PES (cond.)
23
2800
2700
12Cam,
12MBa

23
23
6100
9000
5600
8300
PESU
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
PESU + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
23
160
23
23
2800
10000
2600 2700
800 1000
6200
9200
00Fra, 95Car
95Car
00Fra
95Car
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
PET +
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
18 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
7.5
15
25
7.5
10
15
20
40
60
20
40
60
10
20
30
-
2650
2650
2650
1700
1650
1600
5250
5250
5250
4850
4100
3350
1550
1350
1250
8800 9700
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
20
40
60
80
100
3100
3100
3100
2750
2750
2750
6750
6750
6750
6250
6050
5750
3450
3100
2750
10800
11200
10900
10800
10600
10300
9700
08Els
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
23
23
23
40
40
40
23
23
23
40
40
40
70
70
70
23
+
+
+
+
+
Ref.
08Els
9700
9600
9400
8800
7900
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PET + GF 36 wt.-%
40
20
10600
7100
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
40
40
40
40
70
70
70
70
70
110
110
110
110
110
23
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
5
10
15
22
30
-
10500
10200
9400
8100
6700
6200
6000
5600
5150
3900
3800
3750
3650
3500
-
7050
7000
6700
6000
3950
4000
3450
3300
2700
2550
2400
2250
15000
12Cam,
12MBa
08Els
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
+ GF 45 wt.-%
+ GF 55 wt.-%
+ (GF + MD) 35 wt.-%
+ (GF + MD) 40 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
/ PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
15600
18900
9400
8000
7200
10000
16500
13300
15300
7700
6500
6100
8500
15000
PK
23
1300
900
00Fra
PMMA
23
2600 3300
1700 2700
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA-I
20
20
20
23
23
23
23
23
60
60
60
23
10.2
20.4
30.6
10
20
30
40
50
5.1
15.3
20.4
-
2800
2700
2350
3200
2900
2500
2200
1700
2300
2100
1900
900 2500
2500
2200
1700
1000
1350
600 1700
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra
08Els
POM
23
1300 3000
650 1700
POM
POM
POM
20
20
20
15
20
25
2400
2300
2200
1300
1200
1000
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
36 wt.-%
43 wt.-%
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa
95Car
08Els
08Els
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
POM
POM
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
20
20
23
30
35
-
2000
1800
3700 4800
900
700
2500 3500
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 25 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GB 10 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
5700 6500
7500 8500
7700
11000
2800
3500 4500
5800 6000
5400
7100
1500
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
POM + GB 30 wt.-%
POM + MD 30 wt.-%
POM / PUR
POM-I
23
23
23
23
23
3000
3300
4100
825 1550
1100
1700
2100
2750
575 1050
550
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP (copo)
PP + GF 20
PP + GF 20
PP + GF 20
PP + GF 20
PP + GF 20
PP + GF 30
PP + GF 30
PP + GF 30
PP + GF 30
PP + GF 30
PP + GF 40
PP + GF 40
PP + GF 40
PP + GF 40
PP + GF 40
23
22
22
22
65
65
65
110
110
110
20
20
20
60
60
60
23
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
23
80
80
23
23
23
60
60
10
20
50
10
20
50
10
20
40
3.5
7
10.5
1.4
2.8
4.2
17.5
35
10.5
21
28
56
14
24.5
35
56
70
17.5
28
800 1400
1100
1050
910
560
500
420
240
230
220
1050
880
730
410
380
345
700 1000
2300 3400
4500
3750
2950
2650
4800 5800
5750
5150
4350
4000
7700
5900
5300
5150
4600
400 1260
560
510
440
330
330
270
150
145
465
395
325
240
225
211
300 400
1300 2400
2750
2550
2300
1700
3200 3800
4150
3150
2950
2400
4450
3750
3250
+
+
+
+
+
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
Ref.
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam, 00Fra
12Cam,
12MBa
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
08Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
10
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
PP
PP
PP
PP
GF 40 wt.-%
GB 20 wt.-%
Talc 20 wt.-%
Talc 40 wt.-%
60
23
23
24
32.5
7
4350
1100
1600 1700
2400 2800
500
800 900
1200 1400
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
65
65
65
23
10
15
20
5
10
15
-
2850
2540
2300
2500
2300
2140
5100
2380
2050
1700
1500
1430
1200
2300
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE-I
80
80
80
100
100
100
23
10
15
20
10
15
20
-
6250
5450
4700
5880
5350
5000
2000
3110
2800
2500
2130
1900
1650
2000
PS
23
3100 3300
2200 2600
PS
PS
PS-HI
23
23
23
21.8
-
2950
-
2300 2850
1300 1800
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + GF 45 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MF) 60 wt.-%
23
23
23
15000
17000
15000
20000
14000
16000
14000
19000
95Car
PSU (cond.)
23
2400 2500
2300 2500
PSU
PSU
PSU
PSU
23
100
140
149
23
28
21
7
-
6400
2300
1350
3800
550
6000
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
08Els
23
8600
8300
140
3800
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
18
18
18
23
7
14
21
3.5
1260
670
420
420
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
Ref.
95Car
08Els, 95Car
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra, 95Car
08Els
95Car
95Car
08Els
12Cam,
12MBa
95Car
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
23
100
100
100
200
200
200
7
1.4
3.5
4.1
0.7
1.4
2.1
125
115
44
28
50
42
18
08Els
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC-U
PVC-HI (ex)
PVC-HI
PVC-C
23
23
23
38
38
49
49
23
23
23
23
3.5
7
10.5
2.1
5.3
3.5
7
-
1650
1350
1100
740
740
470
415
2600 3000
2400
1950 2250
-
275
210
2000 2150
1000
1500 1650
2400
08Els
PVDF
23
580 1050
210 650
12Cam
SAN
23
3500
2800
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
31
34.5
38.8
42.3
45.4
48.3
-
3500
3500
3450
3350
3300
3250
9500
2850 2900
2300
2200
7500
12Cam,
12MBa
00Fra
08Els
SB
23
1300 1550
490 1050
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
23
23
23
38
38
38
14.2
16
17
7.4
10.3
14.2
2100
1850
1700
1800
1800
1600
900
900
-
TPA
23
80
60 100
12Cam,
12MBa
TPC
23
22 650
18 320
TPC / PBT
23
650
320
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam
95Car
00Fra
95Car
12Cam,
12MBa
12Cam,
12MBa
08Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
12
Material
T
[ C]
st0
[MPa
Ect1
[MPa]
Ect1000
[MPa]
Ref.
TPU
23
18 290
15 250
12Cam,
12MBa
TPV
23
35 49
25 35
12Cam
Standards Chapter 4.6 - Data - 01

ISO 899-1
(2003)

95Car
00Fra
08Els
12Cam
12MBa
Data sheets in Campus plastics data base 5.2,www.campusplastics.com/campus/de/datasheet
(rech. 06/2013)
MBase-Material Data Center in www.m-base.de (rech. 07/2013)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_55
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Long-term Loading Tensile Creep Modulus - application

On the following pages selected examples of long-term behaviour for the tensile-creep modulus, tensilerelaxation modulus and tensile-creep strength are shown. Figures 4.134 up to 4.136 give an overview about
the properties of unreinforced technical thermoplastics and aromatic polyester at different loading conditions and test temperatures. In the Figures 4.137 to 4.139 as well as 4.141 the tensile-creep modulus for
chosen polyamides is shown at comparably load levels but different test temperatures. The influence of
higher temperatures is clearly recognizable by the represented functionalities. In comparison to these
unreinforced materials the glass fiber reinforced polyamides (Fig. 4.140) exhibit an essentially higher
creep modulus and linear curves independent of the load level realized. In Figure 4.142 the tensile-creep
modules of pure poly(butylene terephthalate) show a strong decrease already at room temperature. A comparison of tensile-creep and relaxation modulus of glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate is given in
Figure 4.143. It can be seen, that a comparable amount is existing but different curve functionalities are
registered. The following Figures 4.144 up to 4.149 represent the long-term properties especially creep
and relaxation modulus of chosen polyethylene materials and poly(oxymethylene) under various loading
conditions and test temperatures. In Figure 4.151 the creep-time diagrams and isochronous stressstrain
diagrams as well as creep modulustime curves of pure polypropylene at different temperatures and stress
levels are shown. The influence of reinforcement, higher temperatures and different load levels on tensilecreep modulus is represented in Figures 4.150 as well as 4.152 up to 4.154. For unreinforced and glass
fiber reinforced polysulfone the dependencies of creep modulus versus test time for different temperatures
are shown in Figures 4.155 and 4.156. In Figure 4.157 the tensile-creep strength of glass fiber reinforced
and unreinforced styreneacrylonitrile is demonstrated. The last Figure 4.158 gives an overview about the
long-term behaviour of a thermoplastic elastomer at ambient temperature and different load levels.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Fig. 4.134 Tensile-creep modulus of chosen technical thermoplastic materials at 20 C [98Dom].
Fig. 4.135 Tensile-creep modulus of chosen heat resistant thermoplastic materials: polyether sulfone at T = 150 C
and st0 = 6.9 MPa (a), polyether sulfone at T =150 C and st0 = 20.7 MPa (b), poly(phenylene ether) at T = 100 C and
st0 = 6.9 MPa (c), polysulfone at T = 250 C and st0 = 6.9 MPa (d) and polycarbonate at T =120 C and st0 = 3.5 MPa
(a) at higher temperatures [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.136 Tensile-creep modulus

of aromatic polyester at different
temperatures and stress levels
[98Dom].
Fig. 4.137 Tensile-creep modulus of polyamide 6 at different temperatures and stress levels [12Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Fig. 4.138 Tensile-creep modulus of polyamide 66 at different temperatures and stress levels [12Els].
Fig. 4.139 Tensile-creep modulus of polyamide 612 at different stress levels at room temperature [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.140 Tensile-creep modulus of different reinforced polyamides at different stress levels [12Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Fig. 4.141 Tensile-creep modulus of different polyamide 12 at different stress levels and test temperatures [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.142 Tensile-creep modulus of poly(butylene terephthalate) at different stress levels [07Sae].
Fig. 4.143 Tensile-creep and relaxation modulus of polycarbonate with 30 wt.-% glass fibers at various stress and
strain levels for 22 C [98Dom].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Fig. 4.144 Tensile-creep modulus of polyethylene, high density, at different stress levels and test temperatures
[12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.145 Tensile-creep modulus of polyethylene, high density, at different stress levels and the temperature of
65 C [98Dom].
Fig. 4.146 Tensile-relaxation modulus of polyethylene, high molecular weight, at different strain levels for the test
temperature of 23 C [13Gre].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
10
Fig. 4.147 Tensile-creep and relaxation modulus of poly(oxymethylene) at various stress and strain levels for 22 C
[98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
Fig. 4.148 Tensile-creep modulus of poly(oxymethylene) at different stress levels and the temperature of 23 C
[10Hel].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
12
Fig. 4.149 Tensile-creep modulus of poly(oxymethylene) at different stress levels and the temperature of 60 C
[10Hel].
Fig. 4.150 Tensile-creep modulus of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) at different stress levels [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
13
Fig. 4.151 Long-term properties of polypropylene at different stress levels [13Gre].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
14
Fig. 4.152 Tensile-creep modulus of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) at higher temperature [98Dom].
Fig. 4.153 Tensile-creep modulus of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) at ambient temperature [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
15
Fig. 4.154 Tensile-creep modulus of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) at 200 C and various stress levels [98Dom].
Fig. 4.155 Tensile-creep modulus of polysulfone at different stress levels and temperatures [98Dom].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
16
Fig. 4.156 Tensile-creep modulus of

glass fiber reinforced polysulfone at
different temperatures [98Dom].
Fig. 4.157 Tensile-creep strength of glass fiber reinforced and unreinforced styreneacrylonitrile at different test
temperatures [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
17
Fig. 4.158 Tensile-creep modulus of TPE for room temperature and different stress levels [98Dom].

98Dom
07Sae
10Hel
12Els
13Gre
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_56
Long-term Loading Flexural Creep Test - Introduction

Another technical possibility for determination of long-term creep and relaxation properties is the test
under flexural loading conditions. This test serves especially for the long-term characterization of thermosets, brittle thermoplastic materials and thermoplastics with higher contents of reinforcing materials such
as glass, carbon or mineral fibers. In principle there exist two variations of test equipment. The easier test
method with simple handling is the standardized method according to ISO 899-2 (Fig. 4.159a). This test
specifies specimen of the same shape and dimension as are described for determining flexural properties
according to ISO 178. These test specimens can be prepared by cutting of multipurpose specimen which
corresponds to ISO 3167 or ISO 527. The exacting but technical complicated test method is the four-point
bend test according to standard DIN 54852 which allows tests in three- and four-point arrangement
(Fig. 4.159b). As well known, caused by the loading conditions and the resulting constant bend moment
between the bending jaws more accurate results can be measured. On the other hand precise measuring
devices are necessary because of the lower deflection signals. The evaluation of flexural creep test will
be executed in analogy to the demands of tensile creep test. For the determination of flexural-relaxation
modulus DIN 53441 can be applied. By contrast to the short-time bend test, the change in deflection as
a function of measuring time s(t) is used to calculate peripheral fiber strain ef (t) of the specimen according
to Eq. 4.50.
ef t
6 h s t
100 %
L2
(4:50)
For a constant stress level the flexural-creep modulus Ecf is be calculated using the time-dependent deflection and Eq. 4.51. The flexural-creep strength is determined in accordance to Eq. 4.52.
E cf
F L3
4 b h3 s t
(4:51)
Fig. 4.159 Principle of flexural creep test with three- (a) and four-point bend test equipment (b).
sf B, t
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
3 F f B, t L
2 b h2
(4:52)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_57
Differing to the regulations of the standard ISO 899-2 the flexural-creep modulus is designated as symbol
Ecf. The frequently used values in the following Table are the modulus at 1 hour Ecf1, at 100 hours Ecf100
and at 1000 hours Ecf1000.
DIN 53441
(1984)
DIN 54852
(1986)
ISO 899-2
(2003)
Testing of plastics Stress relaxation test (withdrawn)

Testing of plastics Determination of flexural creep of plastics by three-point loading and
four-point loading (withdrawn)
Plastics Determination of creep behaviour Part 2: Flexural creep by three-point loading;
(DAM 1: 2012)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_57
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Flexural creep modulus - data

The following Table 4.22 shows a summary of available flexural-creep modulus values of thermoplastics
materials according to the demands of ISO 899-2 or other relevant standards.
Table 4.22 Flexural-creep modulus of thermoplastic materials.
T
[ C]
sf0
[MPa]
Ecf1
[MPa]
Ecf100
[MPa]
Ecf1000
[MPa]
Ref.
24
24
24
24
23
23
23
23
14.0
35.0
35.0
70.0
7.0
14.0
7.0
14.0
2550
2550
2100
2150
5550
5500
12000
11600
2350
2350
1850
1900
5500
5400
11600
11200
2200
2200
1600
1600
08Els
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
38
82
116
23
38
82
116
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
5850
3600
3300
2650
7750
6700
5400
4650
5050
3250
2950
2250
6100
5700
4800
3900
08Els
PA 610 + GF
30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 610 + GF
40 wt.-% (dry)
23
56.0
5550
4500
08Els
38
56.0
3250
2900
82
56.0
3000
2400
116
56.0
2650
1090
23
70.0
8500
6700
38
70.0
6350
5750
82
70.0
5250
4800
116
70.0
5150
4550
Material
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
+ GF 20
+ GF 20
+ GF 40
+ GF 40
/ PC
/ PC
/ PVC
/ PVC
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_58
Material
T
[ C]
sf0
[MPa]
Ecf1
[MPa]
Ecf100
[MPa]
Ecf1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PA 66 + GF 40wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
23
38
82
116
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
11500
9500
8000
7500
10500
8500
7400
6700
08Els
PBT
PBT
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
23
80
23
80
10.0
5.0
10.0
5.0
2700
700
5000
3100
2400
650
4350
2760
2150
625
3980
2580
95Car
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
PBT
23
80
23
80
23
80
10.0
5.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
5.0
7000
4800
9500
7500
14500
11500
6540
4320
9000
6770
13700
10580
6270
4070
8800
6390
13250
10070
23
54
54
71
71
71
121
121
23
38
93
24
43
43
54
54
54
71
71
71
121
121
21.0
10.5
14.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
1.7
3.5
56.0
56.0
56.0
14.0
28.0
35.0
21.0
28.0
35.0
21.0
28.0
35.0
21.0
35.0
2450
2100
2100
1750
1700
1600
1050
950
7200
6750
5100
7700
7100
7300
7050
6750
7600
7400
6600
7500
7500
2250
1750
1600
1400
1350
1350
490
490
6850
5900
3650
6300
7000
5300
5250
6900
6200
5800
6100
5400
4700
4700
2150
1600
1400
1300
1250
1200
390
390
6050
6050
5300
7000
5300
5250
6700
6000
5350
2950
2950
08Els
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
23
23
40
23
38
1.0
5.0
14.0
14.0
520 900
420
300 510
5900
4850
300 490
245
175 280
4800
4100
310
200
-
95Car
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
60
82
14.0
14.0
4100
3500
3350
2950
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
PC +
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
+ GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
20
20
30
30
50
50
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_58
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
PE-MD
PE-MD
23
40
PE-UHMW
PE-UHMW
sf0
[MPa]
Ecf1
[MPa]
Ecf100
[MPa]
Ecf1000
[MPa]
Ref.
520 900
300 510
300 490
175 280
95Car
20
50
2.0
2.0
400
200
215
170
95Car
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
24
14.0
5600
5050
08Els
POM
20
7.0
2400 2800
1700 2050
1400 1750
POM
POM
POM
23
23
46
10.5
3.5
7.0
2800
2750
1850
2050
2000
1200
1750
1700
1050
08Els,
95Car
08Els
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
POM
46
46
46
50
60
60
60
80
85
85
85
85
100
100
100
100
23
23
23
23
60
60
60
85
85
85
85
90
20
24
80
23
38
82
10.5
14.0
10.0
3.5
7.0
14.0
10.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
14.0
3.5
3.5
7.0
10.0
10.5
3.5
7.0
10.5
14.0
3.5
7.0
14.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
17.5
14.0
10.0
14.0
10.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
1750
1750
1700
1700
1700
1600
1350
1100
1250
1200
1150
1100
900
850
800
800
8500
6500
6200
6100
4800
3750
2950
2900
2650
2300
2100
2300
8200
6300
8800
6100
3150
1200
1100
1100
1200
1050
1050
850
900
850
750
750
700
650
550
700
500
5600
4600
4300
4450
2900
2450
1750
1850
1700
1550
1300
1350
7200
6000
5250
6700
4700
2100
1000
900
850
1000
850
850
700
800
650
550
500
500
400
600
4500
3800
3500
3450
2100
2000
1350
1400
1350
1250
1100
6750
5500
4500
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
25 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
95Car
08Els
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_58
Material
T
[ C]
sf0
[MPa]
Ecf1
[MPa]
Ecf100
[MPa]
Ecf1000
[MPa]
POM (copo)
POM (copo)
POM (copo)
POM (copo)
POM (copo)
POM (copo) +
GF 25 wt.-%
POM (copo) +
GF 25 wt.-%
POM (copo) +
GF 25 wt.-%
23
23
82
116
116
82
3.5
3.0
3.5
3.5
7.0
3.50
2700
2700
700
51
51
3750
2200
1900
540
40
39
2900
1900
1550
480
33
32
2700
82
22.0
3750
2900
2600
82
35.0
2300
1650
1300
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
23
40
60
80
23
80
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
12.0
5.0
950
630
430
320
3400
2150
770
520
335
250
2750
1550
590
410
240
180
2400
-
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
23
80
23
80
23
80
12.0
5.0
12.0
5.0
12.0
5.0
5150
3700
1150
600
2500
1000
4000
2500
480
1750
500
3200
1400
-
23
23
23
60
60
60
77
77
77
77
100
100
100
100
77
77
77
23
23
66
66
66
7.0
14.0
21.0
7.0
14.0
21.0
5.6
7.0
10.5
14.0
3.5
10.5
14.0
21.0
14.0
17.5
24.5
14.0
21.0
14.0
28.0
35.0
2750
2500
2400
2050
2050
2050
1700
1650
1650
1650
1750
1650
1650
1550
5250
4650
4400
8000
7700
7800
6800
6650
2650
2350
2200
1800
1500
1250
1200
1200
1050
850
1100
1100
1000
1000
3300
3200
3000
8000
7400
6850
6700
6500
2350
2050
1850
1700
1250
1000
1000
1000
900
650
800
800
800
800
3100
2950
2250
7350
6900
6600
6300
5550
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
T 20 wt.-%
T 20 wt.-%
T 40 wt.-%
T 40 wt.-%
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
PPE +
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
Ref.
95Car
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_58
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
sf0
[MPa]
Ecf1
[MPa]
Ecf100
[MPa]
Ecf1000
[MPa]
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
77
77
77
100
14.0
17.5
21.0
35.0
7350
7050
6700
5850
6800
5900
5500
4600
6050
5000
4800
4000
60
24
24
100
100
29.5
35.0
70.0
14.0
21.0
2250
10600
10200
5400
4350
2200
10400
10200
5200
4200
08Els
30
30
30
30
PS + GF 20 wt.-%
PS + GF 20 wt.-%
PS + GF 20 wt.-%
PS + GF 35 wt.-%
PS + GF 35 wt.-%
PS + GF 35 wt.-%
23
38
60
23
38
60
14.0
14.0
14.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
6900
6600
5550
9500
8800
6000
6550
4750
2900
8750
6750
3000
08Els
PUR + GF 40 wt.-%
23
3.5
900
875
08Els
PVC + GF 25 wt.-%
PVC + GF 25 wt.-%
PVC + GF 35 wt.-%
PVC + GF 35 wt.-%
24
24
24
24
35.0
70.0
35.0
70.0
8800
8500
11000
10800
8500
7900
10600
9900
08Els
24
24
23
38
60
24
35.0
35.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
70.0
11500
8000
5800
-
7000
8800
10500
5050
4350
11500
6500
8800
10900
08Els
Material
PPE
PPE
PPE
PPE
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
PSU
PSU + GF
PSU + GF
PSU + GF
PSU + GF
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
SAN
+
+
+
+
+
+
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
GF
20
30
35
35
35
40
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
Ref.

ISO 899-2
(2003)
Plastics Determination of creep behaviour Part 2: Flexural creep by three-point loading;

(DAM 1: 2012)

95Car
08Els
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_58
Flexural creep modulus application

The following Figures show chosen examples of long-term behaviour for the flexural-creep modulus and
flexural-relaxation modulus. Figures 4.160. and 4.161. give an overview about the properties of unreinforced and reinforced technical thermoplastics at different loading conditions. In the Figures 4.162. and
4.163. the flexural-creep modulus for chosen plastics is shown for different test temperatures. For poly
(butylene terephthalate) the influence of higher temperatures is clearly to see (Figs. 4.164. and 4.165).
In the Figures 4.166. up to 4.173. various technical thermoplastics are shown in comparison to different
loading conditions. In Figure 4.174. the creep-time diagrams and isochronous stressstrain diagrams as
well as creep modulustime curves of poly(vinyl chloride) at different stress levels are shown. The influence of higher temperatures and different load levels on flexural-creep modulus is represented in
Figures 4.175. and 4.176.
Fig. 4.160 Flexural-creep modulus

of chosen technical thermoplastic
materials at 120 C [08Els].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Fig. 4.161 Flexural-creep modulus of

glass fiber reinforced polyamide and
polyphthal amide at 23 C [12Els].
Fig. 4.162 Flexural-creep modulus of glass fiber reinforced ethylenetetrafluoroethylene at different temperatures
[12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.163 Flexural-creep modulus of glass fiber reinforced liquid-crystal polymer at different temperatures and stress
levels [12Els].
Fig. 4.164 Flexural-creep modulus of unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) with
various fiber contents at 23 C and stress level of 10 MPa [98Dom, 04Tic].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Fig. 4.165 Flexural-creep modulus of unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) with
various fiber contents at 80 C and stress level of 5 MPa [98Dom, 04Tic].
Fig. 4.166 Flexural-creep modulus of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) at different temperatures and stress
levels [12Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.167 Flexural-creep modulus of polyimide at different temperatures and stress levels [12Els].
Fig. 4.168 Flexural-creep modulus of unreinforced poly(oxymethylene) at 20 and 50 C [07Ehr].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Fig. 4.169 Flexural-creep modulus of unreinforced and reinforced poly(oxymethylene) with 26 wt.-% of glass fibers
at 20 and 80 C [98Dom].
Fig. 4.170 Flexural-relaxation modulus of an unreinforced and a reinforced poly(oxymethylene) copolymer with 30
wt.-% of glass fibers at 23 C and different strain levels [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.171 Flexural-creep modulus of unreinforced, talcum filled and glass fiber reinforced polypropylene at 20 C
[98Dom].
Fig. 4.172 Flexural-creep modulus of reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) with different kinds and amounts of filler at
various temperatures and stress levels [98Dom, 04Tic].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Fig. 4.173 Flexural-creep modulus of polysulfone at various temperatures [98Dom].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.174 Long-term properties of poly(vinyl chloride) at various stress levels [13Gre].
Fig. 4.175 Flexural-creep modulus of poly(vinyl chloride) at different temperatures [98Dom].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
10
Fig. 4.176 Flexural-creep modulus of poly(vinylidene flouride) at different temperatures and stress levels [98Dom].

98Dom
04Tic
07Ehr
08Els
12Els
13Gre
Ehrenstein, G. W.: Mit Kunststoffen konstruieren. 3. Auflage, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
2007.
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_59
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Long-term loading Compression Creep Test - Introduction

An alternative technology for determination of long-term creep and relaxation properties is the test under
compression loading conditions. This test has special importance for the long-term characterization of
thermoplastic foams for the building industry [ISO 7616, DIN EN 826, DIN EN 1606 and DIN 53425]
and rubber applied as damping materials [ISO 8013 and DIN 53522-1]. For the prediction the service-life
of pipes and tubes against internal pressure DIN 16887, standard series DIN 53769 or DIN 53759 as well
as DIN EN 12814-3 can be applied as a technological test method. Concerning this matter no results for
long-term resistance against internal pressure are included. For foams and rigid thermoplastic materials
for example polyamides, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymers, polychlortrifluoroethylenes and
polyethylenes with ultra high molecular weight used under compression loading the test equipment shown
in Figure 4.177 can be used. The specimen geometry and the dimensions specified by ISO 7616 or DIN EN
826 for the determination of compression properties are suitable in principle for measuring compression
strain as function of loading time.
The results from creep or relaxation compression test are evaluated and represented on the same way as
for tensile creep or relaxation tests. After the applying of the weight m to the specimen accompanying load
generates a uniaxial stress sc0 (Eq. 4.53) in the initial cross-section area A0. At this moment the extensometer monitors the increase in time-dependent compression DL (t) from which normative compression
creep strain is calculated (Eq. 4.54).
sc0
ec e t
F
A0
(4:53)
DL t
100 %
L0
(4:54)
Fig. 4.177 Principle of compression-creep test in undeformed and deformed state of specimen.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_60
The creep modulus Ecc is calculated as secant modulus by the quotient of applied stress level sc0 and
the time-dependent strain e(t) (Eq. 4.55).
Ecc
s0
F L0
et A0 DLt
(4:55)
Opposite to the regulations of the standard ISO 899-1 the compression-creep modulus is named with the
symbol Ecc. The frequently used values in the following Table are the modulus at 1 hour Ecc1, 100 hours
Ecc100 and at 1000 hours Ecc1000. In the case of stress relaxation experiments the compression-relaxation
modulus Erc can be determined from the time dependent stress s(t) and the constant strain level ec0.
DIN 53425
(1965)
DIN 53522-1
(1979)
DIN 53759
(1975)
DIN 53769-3
(1988)
DIN EN 826
(2012)
DIN EN 1606
(2012)
DIN EN 12814-3
(2012)
ISO 899-1
(2003)
ISO 7616
(1986)
ISO 8013
(2012)
Testing of rigid cellular materials Time-depending creep compression test

underheat (withdrawn)
Testing of rubber and elastomers Flexing endurance test, definitions, apparatus,
preparation of test pieces (withdrawn; replaced by ISO 132: 2011)
Testing of plastics articles Determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow objects by long-time test
Testing of glass fibre reinforced plastics pipes Flattening endurance test on pipes
Warmedammstoffe fur das Bauwesen Bestimmung des Verhaltens bei Druckbeanspruchung
Warmedammstoffe fur das Bauwesen Bestimmung des Langzeit-Kriechverhaltens
bei Druckbeanspruchung
Prufen von Schweiverbindungen aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen Teil 3: Zeitstand-Zugversuch
Cellular plastics, rigid Determination of compressive creep under specified load
and temperature conditions
Rubber, vulcanized Determination of creep in compression or shear
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_60
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Compression creep modulus data
Compression creep modulus data

The following Table 4.23 shows some available compression-creep modulus values of thermoplastics
materials according to the demands of ISO 899-1 or other relevant standards. Due to the fact that less rigid
thermoplastics are used for constructional purposes under compression loading only few results are
existing in the literature.
Table 4.23 Compression-creep modulus of thermoplastic materials used for compression applications.
Material
T
[ C]
sc0
[MPa]
Ecc1
[MPa]
Ecc100
[MPa]
Ecc1000
[MPa]
Ref.
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
PTFE
23
23
23
100
100
100
3.5
7.0
12.3
1.4
3.5
5.3
35
28
15
18
10
8
26
20
11
7
08Els
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
FEP
23
23
23
23
100
100
100
3.5
14.0
17.5
21.0
1.4
3.5
5.3
34
25
16
12
12
10
8
29
19
13
8
6
5
08Els

ISO 899-1
(2003)

08Els
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_61
Compression creep modulus application

On the following page examples of long-term behaviour for the compression-creep modulus are represented. In Figure 4.178 the creep-time diagrams and isochronous stressstrain diagrams as well as creep
modulustime curves of pure polytetrafluoroethylene at different temperatures and stress levels are shown.
The strong influence of different strain levels on compression-creep modulus is shown for poly(oxymethylene) copolymer in Figure 4.179.
Fig. 4.178 Long-term properties of polytetrafluoroethylene at different stress levels [13Gre].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_62
Fig. 4.179 Compression-relaxation modulus of a poly(oxymethylene) copolymer for various strain levels [12Els].

12Els
13Gre
Elsner, P., Eyerer, P., Hirth, T. (eds.): Domininghaus Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und
Anwendungen. 8. Auflage, Springer, Berlin, 2012.
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_62
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Stress Cracking Resistance introduction

4.7 Stress Cracking Resistance

For analysis of the stress cracking resistance conventional testing methods such as the constant tensile load
method (ISO 22088-2; incl. full notch creep test (FNCT) according to ISO 16770 and Pennsylvania edgenotch tensile test (PENT) according to ASTM F 1473), the constant tensile deformation method (ISO
22088-5), the slow strain rate test method (ISO 22088-6), the bent strip method (ISO 22088-3 using
unnotched samples; incl. bell telephone test using notched samples according to ASTM D 1693 or IEC
60811-4-1) and the ball or pin impression test (ISO 22088-4) as well non-conventional testing methods
such as the fracture mechanics method (KIscc) were generally applied (see [07Ram] and [98Ble] for comparison of the methods).
The constant tensile test method (Fig. 4.180) where a well-defined constant tensile load smaller than
the yield stress has been applied for measuring a single parameter, the time to fracture, as a function of
the material and its specification, the medium and the temperature is the most common method. This tensile test was performed mostly at room temperature (23 C) but also at higher temperatures up to 80 C
(see Table 4.24 and Figs. 4.182 4.190). Another conventional test method, the ball impression test,
where an oversized ball of steel is pressed into a hole inside a medium-embedded specimen for a given
time of loading has been only relatively rarely applied. After loading, the residual tensile or bending
strength was determined to quantify the influence of the medium (see Table 4.25). For the very similar
pin impression test hardly any data are available in literature (except [98Ble]). For the bent strip method
(see Table 4.26 and Fig. 4.191) a (notched) strip-like specimen inside a medium was loaded at a given
bending strain and the time to fracture was measured partly as a function of the temperature. The slow
strain rate test method rarely applied to polymers is a conventional tensile test at quasi-static loading conditions but using very low strain rates to measure stressstrain curves as a function of the medium. Due to
the fact that only the onset of crazes formation and no crack growth or fracture have been analysed data
obtained by means of this test methods was not considered here. Furthermore, data of the constant tensile
deformation method are not available in literature.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_63
Fig. 4.180 Scheme of the slow-crack growth behaviour of thermoplastic polymer parts as a function of the
temperature.
One of the most evident disadvantages of all conventional test methods is the low level of information by
using a single-parameter description of the stress cracking resistance. These methods give no insight into the
kinetics of damage evolution and crack propagation before final fracture. In contrast, the fracture mechanic
method, a non-conventional testing method applying pre-notched samples under constant load, is based on
assessment of the stress intensity factor KI as the fundamental parameter of linear-elastic fracture mechanics
as a function of the stable crack growth rate da/dt (Fig. 4.181). At the onset of crack growth the KI values KIscc
were determined as a measure of the resistance against stress corrosion cracking (SCC) depending on the
material and its specification, the medium and the temperature (see Table 4.27 and Figs. 4.182 4.194).
Fig. 4.181 Crack speed as a

function of the applied stress
intensity factor at static long-term
conditions for thermoplastic
polymers, KIscc onset value of
stress corrosion cracking (SCC), KIc
fracture toughness at quasi-static
loading conditions.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_63
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
The stress cracking resistance of a given polymer has been found to be strongly affected by the solubility parameter of the medium used (for the data and detailed information see [07Ram]).
ISO 16770
(2004)
ISO 22088-2
(2006)
ISO 22088-3
(2006)
ISO 22088-4
(2006)
ISO 22088-5
(2006)
ISO 22088-6
(2006)
ASTM F 1473
(2011)
ASTM D 1693
(2012)
IEC 60811-1
(2004)
Plastics Determination of environmental stress cracking (ESC) of polyethylene

Full-notch creep test (FNCT)
Plastics Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) Part
Constant tensile load method
Bent strip method
Ball or pin impression method
Constant tensile deformation method
Slow strain rate test method
Standard test method for notch tensile test to measure the resistance to slow crack
growth of polyethylene pipes and resins
Standard test method for environmental stress-cracking of ethylene plastics
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables Common test
methods Part 4-1: Methods specific to polyethylene and polypropylene compounds
Resistance to environmental stress cracking Measurement of the melt flow index
Carbon black and/or mineral filler content measurement in polyethy-lene by direct
combustion Measurement of carbon black content by thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) Assessment of carbon black dispersion in polyethylene using a microscope

98Ble
07Ram
Bletzki, K. A., Barth, C.: Fast and significant determination of environmental stress cracking
resistance of polycarbonate. Materialprufung 40 (1998) 404410.
Ramsteiner, F.: Evaluating environmental stress cracking resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler,
S. (eds.): Polymer testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 2007, chapter 7, 383428.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_63
Stress Cracking Resistance (Constant Tensile Load) data

Constant Tensile Test Method

Table 4.24 Time to fracture as a function of medium and applied load (unit MPa) or the stress intensity
factor K (unit MPa mm1/2) for thermoplastic materials by means of the constant (tensile) load method
(using notched samples; incl. FNCT and PENT).
Material
Specification
ABS
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
air
olive oil/oleic
acid
turpentine
Time to
fracture [s]
Ref.
1.5 105
81Mor
3.6 106
99Kaw
44
25
5
23
air
non-ionic
surfactant
32
4.8
PA 6
methanol
23
21
3.6 106
98Bec
PA 66
methanol
23
14.3
3.6 106
98Bec
PA 610
methanol
23
19.3
3.6 106
98Bec
PBT/
PBA
copolyester
80
2.0
1.35 105
23
PC
quenched
slowly cooled
air
palatinol
palatinol
aqueous media
pH = 11
pH = 9
pH = 8
pH = 6.5
pH = 4
non-ionic
tenside
07Ram
47.6
4.9
3.0
60
PC
04Kui
2.4 107
4.7 105
9.2 104
air
water
phosphoric acid
solution
13.8
00Ber
1.2 104
6 104
2.6 105
1.2 106
1.1 106
8.3 105
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
2
Material

Specification
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
molecular weight:
low
medium
high
high + chain
branching
PE
PE-HD
Ref.
8.5 104
0.85 1.1 106
1.3 106
2.0 106*
density (g cm 3)
0.914
0.918
0.927
0.960
surfactant
solution viscosity
(dl g 1)
1.5
2.0
2.4
3.3
4.2
6.0
molecular weight
(105 g/mol):
5 % solution of
nekanil
Mw/Mn = 7.4
11.5
1.2
2.1
2.6
3.2
4.1
6.8
6.2
8.1
Mw/Mn = 22
3.9
Mw/Mn = 3844
(bimodal)
3.3
4.4
Time to
fracture [s]
50
4.2
67Mar
7.2 102
2.52 103
4.32 105
9.0 105
50
2.0
07Ram
1.3 104
2.4 104
3.6 104
9.0 104
2.45 105
4.75 105
aqueous
solution of
argopal1 (N110)
80
5.0
04Men
8.3
2.2
2.9
5.0
9.4
2.8
3.8
8.1
102
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
8.3 104
6.9 106
1.2 107
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
Specification
broad molecular
weight
distribution
bimodal
molecular weight
distribution
PE-HD blends
density (g cm 3)
0.935
0.962
0.954
molecular weight
(Mw)
(105 g/mol):
injection
moulding
resin (Mw/Mn =
4.0)
0.794
blow moulding
resins
(Mw/Mn = 7.6
7.8)
1.185
1.275
1.401
pipe resins (Mw/
Mn = 14.4 53.3)
2.201 (PE 80)
2.179 (PE 100)
2.228 (PE 100)
3.154 (PE 100)
PE-HD/
PE-HB
blends
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
detergent
solution
(rhodocal
DS50)
75
3.0
Time to
fracture [s]
3
Ref.
05Kur
0.036 1.1 106

3.6 > 7.2 106
ethylene glycol
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
80
50
46
6.3 MPa
mm1/2+
< 6.8 103
98Sch
81Bub
1.2 104
5.5 104
1.3 105
10 % solution of
igepal
50
08Che,
11Che
1.30 0.19 104
4.32 0.61 103

1.73 0.33 104
1.01 0.09 104
7.14 0.16 105
3.14 1.22 106
5.02 1.22 106
> 1.08 107
ethylene glycol
80
< 9.3 105
98Sch
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Material
Specification
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
PE-HD/
PE-MD
blends
molecular weight
(105 g/mol):
(according to
ASTM F 1473)
80
2.4
1.41
1.49
1.71
1.78
1.84
PE-HD/
PE-LLD
blends
Time to
fracture [s]
Ref.
08Gar
3.6
4.7
7.2
1.3
4.7
104
104
104
105
105
ethylene glycol
80
6.0
0.1 3.7 105
98Sch
1.2 103
07Ram
PE-LD
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
50
3.2 MPa
mm1/2+
PE-LLD
copolymers with:
propylene
propylene/octene
butene
butene/octene
hexene/octene
octene
molecular weight
(105 g/mol):
0.82
1.17
1.18
ethyleneoctene
copolymer
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
50
3.2 MPa
mm1/2+
2 % solution of
nonyl phenoxy(ethyleneoxy)ethanol
23
82Bub
4.0
6.0
1.0
1.9
3.8
5.8
103
103
104
104
104
104
1.5
8.9
5.6
6.0
0.2 107
1.1 106
0.3 106
104
08Max
10.5
air
91War
34
42
50
60
70
7.0
6.3
5.1
3.7
2.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
PE-LLD
Specification
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
30
42
50
60
80
80
7.0
6.1
5.3
4.1
2.3
2.4
ethylenehexene
copolymer,
molecular weight
(105 g/mol):
1.35
1.70
1.80
1.92
other
air
1.35
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
1.70
1.80
1.92
other
ethylenebutene
copolymer,
molecular weight
(105 g/mol):
1.50
2.00
2.67
4.29
other
1.50
2.00
2.67
4.29
other
ethyleneoctene
copolymer
Time to
fracture [s]
5
Ref.
90War
1.34 107
1.80 4.64 106
1.11 106
6 107
0.05 5.26 106
air
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
air
50
80
50
80
4.2
5.11 105
4.97
4.82
9.89
0.57
5.71 105
105
105
9.78 105
4.2
0.17
2.71
1.24
1.79
4.49
5.64
6.90 104
107
105
106
106
105
2.4
4.50
2.07
1.88
4.98
0.03
105
106
106
7.98 103
2.30 106
2.4
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
6
Material

Specification
ethylene4methyl pentene
copolymer
gas pipe,
extrusion
direction
(Mw = 1.28
105 g/mol)
compression
moulded (Mw =
1.28 105 g/mol)
PE-LLD
compression
moulded (Mw =
1.7 105 g/mol)
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
Time to
fracture [s]
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
air
50
4.2
0.28 2.49 105
80
2.4
1.26 4.75 106
10 % solution of
igepal (CO-630)
solution of
igepal (CO-630)
(%)
50
4.2
2.54 4.50 105
50
4.2
Ref.
93Qia
0 (air)
0.15
1
5
10
20
30
50
100
0 (air)
0.15
1.41
1.18
1.41
1.89
1.89
1.61
1.25
1.95
2.64
2.42
1.03
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
1
5
10
20
30
50
70
100
9.10
1.03
9.38
4.11
2.86
3.22
3.57
1.09
104
105
104
104
104
104
104
105
0 (air)
2.27 107
0.15
1
5
10
20
30
50
6.48
4.04
3.61
3.84
2.70
1.79
1.34
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
Specification
different grades
PE-MD
Medium
70
100
2 % solution of
igepal
T
[C]
50
Load
[MPa]
Time to
fracture [s]
9.0
3.47 105
2.79 106
0.21 1.52 105
50
air
21 MPa
mm1/2+
28 MPa
mm1/2+
solution of
igepal (CO-630)
(vol.-%)
0.01
0.1
air
32 MPa
mm1/2+
solution of
igepal (CO-630)
(vol.-%)
0.01
0.1
10
10 vol.-%
solution of
igepal
CO-997
21 MPa
mm1/2+
32 MPa
mm1/2+
08Ayy,
07Ayy
5.7
3.6
9.8
8.9
6.2
1.0
106
106
105
105
105
107
1.1 106
6.3 105
7.5 106
3.0 3.98 106

1.1 0.15 106
1.85 106
3.63 105
CO-850
not aged
physically aged
09Wel,
11Wel
5.7 105
3.3 105
3.2 105
CO-850
CO-997
0.1 % aqueous
NaOH
Ref.
2.1 107
water
solution of
igepal (CO-630)
(vol.-%)
0.001
0.003
0.01
1
10
air
PET
1.7 107
30
09Zho
5.1 6.4 105
1.38 1.62 105
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Material
Specification
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
Time to
fracture [s]
Ref.
PS
non-oriented
oriented
non-oriented
oriented
air
23
23
23
23
23
26*
27.7
30.6
37.7*
6.9
8.2
12.8
13.9
1.35 105
3.6 106
1.35 105
1.35 105
3.6 106
1.35 105
1.35 105
07Ram
96Bec
90Ram
07Ram
96Bec
07Ram
non-oriented
oriented
PVC**
isobutanol
propanol
methanol
decan
palatinol A
ethylenglycol
hexamethyldisiloxan
gas pipe material
23
23
23
23
23
23
air
high-pressure
condensate
natural gas
enriched with
benzene
n-octane
low-pressure
condensate
PVC/
PE-C**
gas pipe material
MPa
mm1/2+
39*
44
90Ram
96Bec
07Ram
90Ram
96Bec
90Ram
96Bec
1 106
95Bre
1 106
95Bre
48*
54
54
23
air
n-octane
low-pressure
condensate
natural gas
enriched with
benzene
high-pressure
condensate
n-octane/
benzene 90/10
5.7
6.1
11.7*
2
9.5
1.9*
9.7
7.4
10
7.7*
20.2
3.6 106
1.35 105
1.35 105
1.35 105
3.6 106
3.6 106
1.35 105
1.35 105
3.6 106
3.6 106
3.6 106
MPa
mm1/2+
71
48
48
37
31
31
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
Medium
T
[C]
Load
[MPa]
Time to
fracture [s]
Ref.
sPS
syndiotactic
methanol
18
1.35 105
07Ram
1.35 10
07Ram
SAN
23
air
isobutanol
decan
propanol
methanol
51.4
20.2
10.4*
4.8
4.08
*approximated value, **tested under three-point bending, +stress intensify factor K, elsewhere load,
ethoxylated nonylphenol

67Mar
81Bub
81Mor
82Bub
90Ram
90War
91War
93Qia
95Bre
96Bec
98Sch
99Kaw
00Ber
04Kui
04Men
05Kur
Mark, H.F. (ed.): Encycyclopedia of polymer science and technology Plastics, resins, rubbers,
fibers. Vol. 7: Fire retardancy to isotopic labeling. Interscience Publ., New York, 1967.
Bubeck, R. A: Kinetics of environmental stress cracking in high density polyethylene. Poly- mer
22 (1981) 682686.
Morbitzer, L.: Spannungsrisskorosion in Polymeren. Colloid & Polym. Sci. 259 (1981)
832851.
Bubeck, R.A., Baker, H.M.: The influence of branch length on the deformation and microstructure of polyethylene. Polymer 23 (1982) 16801684.
Ramsteiner, F.: Zur Spannungsrissbildung in Thermoplasten durch flussige Umgebungs-medien.
Kunststoffe 80 (1990) 695700.
Ward, A. L., Lu, X., Brown, N.: Accelerated test for evaluating slow crack growth of polyethylene copolymers in igepal and air. Polym. Eng. Sci. 30 (1990) 10751079.
Ward, A. L., Lu, X., Huang, Y., Brown, N.: The mechanism of slow crack-growth in polyethylene by an environmental-stress cracking agent. Polymer 32 (1991) 21722178.
Qian, R., Lu, X., Brown, N.: The effect of concentration of an environmental-stress cracking
agent on slow crack-growth in polyethylenes. Polymer 34 (1993) 47274731.
Breen, J.: Environmental stress cracking of PVC and PVC-CPE Part III: Crack growth.
J. Mater. Sci. 30 (1995) 58335840.
Becker, G., Braun, D.: Kunststoff Handbuch 4, Polystyrol. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1996.
Schellenberg, J., Fienhold, G.: Environmental stress cracking resistance of blends of highdensity polyethylene with other polyethylenes. Polym. Eng. Sci. 38 (1998) 14131419.
Kawaguchi, T., Nishimura, H., Miwa, F., Abe, K., Kuriyama, T., Narisawa, I.: Environmental
stress cracking of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene). Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 (1999) 268273.
Berlich, R., Schmachtenberg, E., Ehrenstein, G. W., Pongratz. S. (Hrsg.): Alterung von Polycarbonat unter Medieneinfluss. In: Thermische Einsatzgrenzen von Kunststoffen wahrend der Verarbeitung und in der Anwendung. Springer VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 2000.
Kuipers, N. B., Riemslag, A. C., Lange, R. F. M., Janssen, M., Bakker, A., Marissen, R.: Environmental stress cracking of a chemical nature in a PBT/PBA co-poly(ester ester). Polym. Eng.
Sci. 44 (2004) 13191327.
Men, Y. F., Rieger, J., Enderle, H. F., Lilge, D.: The mobility of the amorphous phase in polyethylene as a determining factor for slow crack growth. European Phys. J. E Soft Matter 15
(2004) 421425.
Kurelec, L., Teeuwen, M., Schoffeleers, H., Deblieck, R.: Strain hardening modulus as a measure of environmental stress crack resistance of high density polyethylene. Polymer 46 (2005)
63696379.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
10
07Ayy
07Ram
08Ayy
08Che
08Gar
08Max
09Wel
09Zho
11Che
11Wel

Ayyer, R., Hiltner, A., Baer, E.: A fatigue-to-creep correlation in air for application to environmental stress cracking of polyethylene. J. Mater. Sci. 42 (2007) 70047015.
Ayyer, R., Hiltner, A., Baer, E.: Effect of an environmental stress cracking agent on the mechanism of fatigue and creep in polyethylene. J. Mater. Sci. 43 (2008) 62386253.
Cheng, J. J., Polak, M. A., Penlidis, A.: A tensile strain hardening test indicator of environmental
stress cracking resistance. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Pure Appl. Chem. 45 (2008) 599611.
Garcia, R. A., Carrero, A., Aroca, M., Prieto, O., Dominguez, C.: Slow crack growth resistance
in resin blends of chromium and metallocene catalyzed ethylene-hexene copolymers for pipe
applications. Polym. Eng. Sci. 48 (2008) 825933.
Maxwell, A. S., Pilkington, G.: Prediction of environmental stress cracking resistance in linear
low density polyethylenes. Polym. Eng. Sci. 48 (2008) 360364.
Weltschev, M.: Vergleich der Materialkennwerte von Formstoffen aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte
mit dem Baumusterverhalten von Gefahrgutverpackungen. PhD thesis, Bergischen Universitat
Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 2009.
Zhou, H. X., Lofgren, E. A., Jabarin, S. A.: Effects of microcrystallinity and morphology on physical aging and its associated effects on tensile mechanical and environmental stress cracking
properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 112 (2009) 29062917.
Cheng, J. J., Polak, M. A., Penlidis, A.: Influence of micromolecular structure on environmental
stress cracking resistance of high density polyethylene. Tunnelling Underground Space Technol.
26 (2011) 582593.
Weltschev, M.: Comparison between material parameters of polyethylene grades and the test
performance behaviour of packaging for the transport of dangerous goods. Packaging Technol.
Sci. 24 (2011) 361371.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_64
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Stress Cracking Resistance (Constant Tensile Load) Application

Fig. 4.182a Time to fracture as a function of applied load for polycarbonate using the constant tensile stress method
[00Ber]: (a) in aqueous media and non-ionic tenside at 60 C as a function of pH.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Fig. 4.182b Time to fracture as a function of applied load for polycarbonate using the constant tensile stress method
[00Ber]: (b) different PC materials in non-ionic tenside at 60 C.
Fig. 4.183a Time to fracture as a function of medium and applied load for polystyrene using the constant tensile stress
method: (a) [96Bec].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.183b Time to fracture as a function of applied load for polycarbonate using the constant tensile stress method:
(b) at 23 C [90Ram].
Fig. 4.183c Time to fracture as a function of applied load for polycarbonate using the constant tensile stress method:
(c) for different processing conditions at 23 C [07Ram].
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Fig. 4.184 Time to fracture as a function of applied load for different polyamide materials in methanol at 23 C using
the constant tensile stress method [98Bec].
Fig. 4.185 Time to fracture as a function of applied load for high-density polyethylene materials having different
molecular weight in 5 % solution of nekantil at 50 C using the constant tensile stress method [07Ram].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
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New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.186 Time to fracture as a function of medium and applied load for styreneacrylonitrile at 23 C using the
constant tensile stress method [07Ram].
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New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Fig. 4.187 Time to fracture as a function of medium and applied load for acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene using the
constant tensile stress method [81Mor].
Fig. 4.188 Time to fracture in igepal (load = 2.4 MPa, T = 80 C) versus time to fracture in air (load = 4.2 MPa,
T = 50 C) for linear low density polyethylene with different comonomers [90War, 91War, 93Qia].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.189a Time to fracture as a function of applied stress intensity factor for poly(vinyl chloride) (a) and poly(vinyl
chloride)/chlorinated polyethylene blend [95Bre].
Fig. 4.189b Time to fracture as a function of applied stress intensity factor for poly(vinyl chloride) (b) using the
constant bending stress method in different media at 23 C [95Bre].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Fig. 4.190 Time to fracture of linear low density polyethylene (load = 4.2 MPa (black), 3 MPa (gray) and 2 MPa (light
gray), T = 50 C) in igepal versus time to fracture in air (load = 4.2 MPa, T = 50 C) as a function of the igepal
concentration (data from [93Qia]).

81Mor
90Ram
90War
91War
93Qia
95Bre
96Bec
98Bec
00Ber
07Ram
832851.
Ramsteiner, F.: Zur Spannungsrissbildung in Thermoplasten durch flussige Umgebungs-medien.
Kunststoffe 80 (1990) 695700.
Ward, A. L., Lu, X., Brown, N.: Accelerated test for evaluating slow crack growth of polyethylene copolymers in igepal and air. Polym. Eng. Sci. 30 (1990) 10751079.
Ward, A. L., Lu, X., Huang, Y., Brown, N.: The mechanism of slow crack-growth in polyethylene by an environmental-stress cracking agent. Polymer 32 (1991) 21722178.
Qian, R., Lu, X., Brown, N.: The effect of concentration of an environmental-stress cracking
agent on slow crack-growth in polyethylenes. Polymer 34 (1993) 47274731.
Breen, J.: Environmental stress cracking of PVC and PVC-CPE Part III: Crack growth.
J. Mater. Sci. 30 (1995) 58335840.
Becker, G., Braun, D.: Kunststoff Handbuch 3-4, Polyamide. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1998.
Berlich, R., Schmachtenberg, E., Ehrenstein, G. W., Pongratz. S. (Hrsg.): Alterung von Polycarbonat unter Medieneinfluss. In: Thermische Einsatzgrenzen von Kunststoffen wahrend der Verarbeitung und in der Anwendung. Springer VDI-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 2000.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_65
Landolt-Bornstein
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Stress Cracking Resistance (Bent Strip Method) - Data

Bent Strip Method

Table 4.25 Time to fracture by means of the Bent Strip Method (using notched samples; incl. Bell
Telephone Test).
Material
Specification
PE
Medium
T
[ C]
Strain
conditions
igepal
23
10 % solution
of igepal
(CO-630)
50
09Sha
1.1105
5.4104
3.2104
igepal
(CO-630)
00Soa
4.0104
ethylene
homopolymer
made in single
slurry reactor
extruder blends of
two resins
gas-phase reactor
produced with two
reactors in series
-
06Caz
5.4106
1.7 4.1106
2.2106
slowly cooled
controlled cooled
quenched
PE-LD
Ref.
0.36 2.4 105
1st generation
chromium-oxide
catalysis
2nd generation
chromium-oxide
catalysis:
lower density
higher density
tandem-reactor
Ziegler-Natta
catalysis
PE-HD
Time to
fracture [s]
1.3 6.6 105

1.4 2.5 105
2.7105
1 3.3106
10 % solution
of igepal (CO630)
3070
**
0.36 1.8104
03Bor
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_66
Material
Specification
Medium
PE-LD/EVA
blends
EVA fraction
(wt.-%)
10 % solution
of igepal
(CO-630)
T
[ C]
Ref.
isopropanol
03Bor
0.72 2.9 104
1.1 3.2 104
1.8 8.3 104
1.8 8.3 104
3070
3050
ethylene fraction
(mol-%)
6.5
9.5
12
Time to
fracture [s]
**
1.8
3.6
5.4
7.1
PP-PE
copolymers
Strain
conditions
09Ree
3.1105
9.4 104
5.6 104
*according to ASTM D 1693, **according to IEC 60811-4-1
Ball Impression Test

Table 4.26 Flexural (*) or tensile (+) strength as a function of medium for thermoplastic materials using
the Ball Impression Test.
Material
Specification
Medium
T
[ C]
Ball oversize [mm]
ABS
(24 h)
air
olive oil/oleic acid
turpentine
0.105
ABS
standard
specimens
small-sized
specimens
Strength
[MPa]
Ref.
81Mor
66 *
36 *
13 *
-
0.32
96Bec
44+
28.5+
19+
air
isopropanol/water 35/65
isopropanol
0.11
air
isopropanol/water 35/65
isopropanol
44+
20+
10.5+

ASTM D 1693 (2012)
IEC 60811-1 (2004)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_66
Standard test method for environmental stress-cracking of ethylene plastics

Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables Common
test methods Part 4-1: Methods specific to polyethylene and polypropylene
compounds Resistance to environmental stress cracking Measurement of
the melt flow index Carbon black and/or mineral filler content
measurement in polyethy-lene by direct combustion Measurement of
carbon black content by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Assessment of
carbon black dispersion in polyethylene using a microscope
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

81Mor
96Bec
00Soa
03Bor
06Caz
09Ree
09Sha
832851.
Soares, J. B. P., Abbott, R. F., Kim, J. D.: Environmental stress cracking resistance of polyethylene: The use of CRYSTAF and SEC to establish structure-property relationships. J. Polym. Sci.
Part BPolym. Phys. 38 (2000) 12671275.
Borisova, B., Kressler, J.: Environmental stress-cracking resistance of LDPE/EVA blends.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288 (2003) 509515.
Cazenave, J., Sixou, B., Seguela, R.: Structural approaches of polyethylene environmental stresscrack resistance. Oil & Gas Science and Technology-Revue de l Francais du Petrole 61 (2006)
735742.
van Reenen, A. J., Shebani, A. N.: The effect of molecular composition and heterogeneity on the
environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of propylene impact copolymers. Polym. Degr.
Stab. 94 (2009) 15581563.
Sharif, A., Mohammadi, N., Ghaffarian, S. R.: Model prediction of the ESCR of semicrys-talline
polyethylene: Effects of melt cooling rate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 112 (2009) 32493256.
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_66
Stress Cracking Resistance (Ball Impression Test) - Application

Fig. 4.191 Bending strength (a) [81Mor] and tensile strength (b) [96Bec] as a function of medium and ball oversize
for acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene using the ball impression test.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_67

81Mor
96Bec
832851.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_67
Landolt-Bornstein
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Stress Cracking Resistance (Fracture Mechanic Method) - Data

Fracture Mechanic Method (KIscc)

Table 4.27 Fracture mechanics values KIscc for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) as a function of
medium for thermoplastic materials.
Material
Specification
PA-G
Medium
T [ C]
40 60
air
water
PBS
PBS/CTA
blends
CTA fraction:
2050 wt.-%
PLLA
aqueous NaOH solution,

normality:
0.05
0.1
0.3
TAC fraction (phr)
25 40
25 40
18
10 13
10 13
0.3 normal aqueous

NaOH solution
30
~17
aqueous NaOH solution
03bTak
7
aqueous NaOH solution
03bTak
69
15
MFI
7
20
7
20
03aTak
23 25
air
carbon tetrachloride
ethanol
air, relative humidity (%)
1133
54
75
98
PE
88Lei
03aTak
100
150
PMMA
Ref.
57
57
as prepared and
annealed at 80 C
annealed at 110 and
160 C
PLLA/TAC
blends
KIscc [MPa
mm1/2]
75Mai
25
17
9
20
02Ish
22
22 25
23 27
30
20
methanol
ethanol
70Mar
2.6
1.6
2.5
1.4
(continued)
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_68
Material
Specification
Medium
T [ C]
PE-HD1
molecular weight:
lower
higher
methanol
22
KIscc [MPa
mm1/2]
72Mar
1.8
2.6
5 % solution of dispersant
25
lower
higher
higher
84Hof
4.9
7
7*
23
lower
higher
A at 85 C
A at 115 C
S
Q
PE-LD1
MFI
4.0 (A)
0.8 4.0 (Q)
4.0
83Wie
15
13
water
lower
medium
higher
density (g cm 3)
0.937
0.941
0.949
0.959
thermal treatment
60
91Bro
30
~32
36
61
50
42
< 39
10 % solution of igepal
(CO-630)
24.5
0.5
81bBan
10
11
12
4
methanol
methyl alcohol
ethyl alcohol
n-butyl alcohol
n-propyl alcohol
10 % solution of igepal
(CO-630)
86aOga
0 30
5 10
2 30
7 37
7 37
7 37
22
19 29
59 67
8.1 9.6
8.5 9.3
8.2 10.2
8.2 9.1
3.4
25
0.25 (Q, Q+A)
0.25 (S)
1.7 (S, Q, Q+A)
2.5 (S, Q+A)
2.5 (Q)
7 (S, Q+A)
7 (Q)
PET
Ref.
23
86Ton
81aBan,
79Ban
3.2
6.1
2.2
1.7
3.4
1.2
2.5
phenol/tretrachloroethane
mixture 60/40
86bOga
3.4
2.5
1.8
1.3
98Mos
S slowly cooled, Q quenched, A annealed

*constant crack opening, otherwise: constant load
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_68
Landolt-Bornstein
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70Mar
Marshall, G. P., Culver, L. E., Williams, J. G.: Environmental stress crack growth in low-density
polyethylenes. Plastics & Polymers 38 (1970) 95101.
72Mar
Marshall, G. R., Williams, J. G., Culver, L. E., Linkins, N. H.: Environmental stress cracking in
polyolefins. SPE Journal 28 (1972) 26.
75Mai
Mai, Y. W.: On the environmental fracture of polymethylmetacrylate. J. Mater. Sci. 10 (1975)
943954.
79Ban
Bandyopadhyay, S., Brown, H. R.: K a relationship in the environmental stress cracking of
high molecular weight polyethylene. Int. J. Fracture 15 (1979) R175R177.
81aBan Bandyopadhyay, S., Brown, H. R.: Studies of environmental stress-crack propagation in lowdensity polyethylene. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 19 (1981) 749761.
81bBan Bandyopadhyay, S., Brown, H. R.: Environmental stress cracking of low molecular weight high
density polyethylene. Polymer 22 (1981) 245249.
83Wie Wiersdorf, G.: Untersuchungen zum stabilen Risswachstum in Plastwerkstoffen bei medialer
Beanspruchung. Masterthesis, TH Leuna-Merseburg, Merseburg, 1983.
84Hof
Hoffmann, H., Rufke, B., Pogert, M.: Anwendung der Bruchmechanik zur Beurteilung des
Spannungsrissverhaltens von medial beanspruchtem Polyethylen hoher Dichte. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der TH Leuna-Merseburg 26 (1984) 157167.
86aOga Ogata, N., Yanagawa, T., Yoshida, K.: Effects of loading conditions and temperature on environmental stress cracking of low-density polyethylene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 24
(1986) 19171929.
86bOga Ogata, N., Yanagawa, T., Yoshida, K.: Environmental stress cracking of low-density polyethylene in normal alcohols. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 24 (1986) 8997.
86Ton
Tonyali, K., Brown, H. R.: On the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to environmental stress cracking of low-density polyethylene. J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 31163124.
88Lei
Leidert, K.: Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen an Polyamidwerkstoffen. Masterthesis, TH
Leuna-Merseburg, Merseburg, 1988.
91Bro
Brostow, W., Fleissner, M., Muller, W. F.: Slow crack propagation in polyethylene: determination and prediction. Polymer 32 (1991) 419425.
98Mos Moskala, E. J.: A fracture mechanics approach to environmental stress cracking in poly (ethyleneterephthalate). Polymer 39 (1998) 675680.
02Ish
Ishiyama, C., Sakuma, T., Shimojo, M., Higo, Y.: Effects of humidity on environmental stress
cracking behavior in poly (methyl methacrylate). J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 40 (2002)
19.
03aTak Tatsushima, T., Ogata, N., Nakane, K., Ogihara, T.: Environmental stress cracking of poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose triacetate blend films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87 (2003) 510515.
03bTak Tatsushima, T., Ogata, N., Ogihara, T., Nakane, K.: Environmental stress cracking of poly l-lactic acid/triacetin blend film. Sen-I Gakkaishi 59 (2003) 272277.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_68
Stress Cracking Resistance (Fracture Mechanic Method) - Application
Stress Cracking Resistance (Fracture Mechanic Method) Application

Fig. 4.192 Stress intensity factor K related to the crack speed a_ for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of poly (methyl
methacrylate) using different media [81Mor] with data from [75Mai].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_69
Fig. 4.193 Stress intensity factor K related to the crack speed a_ for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of poly(butylene
succinate) as a function of the normality (N) of aqueous NaOH solution [03aTak].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_69
Landolt-Bornstein
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Fig. 4.194 Stress intensity factor K related to the crack speed a_ for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of lower and
higher molecular weight (Mw) high density polyethylene using different media: (a) methanol [72Mar], (b) 5 % solution
of dispersant [84Hof].
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_69

72Mar
75Mai
81Mor
84Hof
03aTak
Marshall, G. R., Williams, J. G., Culver, L. E., Linkins, N. H.: Environmental stress cracking in
polyolefins. SPE Journal 28 (1972) 26.
Mai, Y. W.: On the environmental fracture of polymethylmetacrylate. J. Mater. Sci. 10 (1975)
943954.
832851.
Hoffmann, H., Rufke, B., Pogert, M.: Anwendung der Bruchmechanik zur Beurteilung des
Spannungsrissverhaltens von medial beanspruchtem Polyethylen hoher Dichte. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der TH Leuna-Merseburg 26 (1984) 157167.
Tatsushima, T., Ogata, N., Nakane, K., Ogihara, T.: Environmental stress cracking of poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose triacetate blend films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87 (2003) 510515.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_69
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Conventional Hardness Values - Introduction

T. Koch, C. Bierogel, S. Seidler
4.8 Hardness Testing

4.8.1 Conventional Hardness Values
In the standardized hardness tests most often used today a hard indenter is pressed into the surface of the
specimens under investigation, which is exactly in line with the historical definition of hardness given by
Martens in 1908 that hardness is the resistance against indentation by a harder body. Hardness testing is
comparatively simply, quickly and efficiently and is called nearly non-destructive.
The hardness test methods differ fundamentally with respect to the shape and material of the indenter,
load level and time, as well as their mode of application (under total test load, after unloading), see Tables
4.28. and 4.29. Due to this hardness values cannot be extrapolated from one to another, or only to a limited
extend. In industrial testing practice, however, a trend can be seen to a few universal test procedures.
It should be recognized the fact that there are statistically secured correlations between hardness and
other mechanical properties, such as yield point or abrasion, at least one for group of materials.
In principle, as in metals it is possible to measure indentation magnitude after unloading or under load
whereas the latter method is preferred for plastics and in the case of elastomers unavoidable due to the
rubber-elastic redeformation.
Table 4.28 Classification of hardness test methods typically used in polymer testing.
Measurement under maximum load
Measurement after unloading
Ball indentation hardness HB

Shore hardness
IRHD
a-Rockwell
Barcol hardness
Scratch hardness
(Vickers under load)
(Knoop under load)
Rockwell R, L, M, E, K
Buchholz hardness
Vickers hardness
Knoop hardness
Scratch hardness
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_70
Table 4.29 Overview of hardness test methods typically used in polymer testing.
Parameter
Indenter geometry/
material
Test force/
indentation depth
Definition
Special requirements/aspects
Ball
indentation
hardness
ball, 5 mm
hardened steel
preforce 9.8 N
additional test force
49 N, 132 N, 358 N
or 961 N
quotient from test force and surface of a

balls indentation under the acting test
force.
Shore
hardness
Shore A
hardened steel
truncated cone
R0 = 1.25 mm
R = 0.79 mm
0.55 N F 8.05 N
0 mm h 2.5 mm
Shore D
truncated cone with

spherical cap
R0 = 1.25 mm
R = 0.1 mm
0 N F 44.5 N
0 mm h 2.5 mm
Shore AO
spherical,
R = 2.5 mm
0.55 N F 8.05 N
0 mm h 2.5 mm
Shore AM
truncated cone with

spherical cap
R0 = 0.79 mm
R = 0.1 mm
0.32 N F 0.76 N
0 mm h 2.5 mm
IRHD
N (normal)
H (hard)
L (soft)
M (micro)
ball, steel
2.5 mm
1 mm
5 mm
0.395 mm
preload/add. test load

0.3 N / 5.4 N
0.3 N / 5.4 N
0.3 N / 5.4 N
0.0083 N / 0.145 N
difference between the number 100 and

the depth of penetration [in mm] under
force divided by scale value 0.025 mm.
Table value, specified by the receptive

depth of indentation under test load.
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_70
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Parameter
Indenter geometry/
material
Test force/
indentation depth
Definition
Rockwell
hardness
R
L
M
E
K
ball, hardened
steel
12.7 mm
6.35 mm
6.35 mm
3.175 mm
3.175 mm
preload/add. test load

98.07 N / 490.3 N
98.07 N / 490.3 N
98.07 N / 882.6 N
98.07 N / 882.6 N
98.07 N / 1372.9 N
difference between a value and the depth

of indentation [in mm] divided by the
scale value 0.002 mm, caused by the
additional test load and measured under
preload, i.e. after unloading to preload.
12.7 mm
98.07 N / 490.3 N
difference between the value 150 and the

depth of indentation [in mm] divided by
the scale value 0.002 mm under total test
load.
Barcol
truncated cone,
steel
preload 61.1 N,
test load
difference between 100 and the depth of

indentation [in mm] divided by the scale
value 0.0076 mm under total test load.
Buchholz
steel wheel
5N
5 mm h 24 mm
quotient of the number 100 and the length

of the remaining indentation [in mm] after
unloading.
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_70
Parameter
Indenter geometry/
material
Test force/
indentation depth
Definition
Vickers
square-based
diamond
pyramid,
136 between
opposite surfaces
micro to macro range

(0.05 to 5 N recommended)
quotient of load and indentation surface,

calculated after unloading using the length
of the indentation diagonals.
Knoop
rhombic-based
diamond
pyramid
micro range
(0.05 to 1 N recommended)
quotient of load and projected surface,

calculated after unloading using the length
of the long diagonal.
Scratch
hardness
different shapes and

materials
nano to macro;
constant or steadily
increasing
quotient of normal load and scratch width

or scratch cross-section area.
0 20 N
load at which the scratch is visible or the

coating is cut through.
Special scratch methods

Clemen
needle or chisel
Sikkens
carbide blade
van Laar
tungsten carbide
chisel,
0.5 mm
0 20 N
load at which the scratch is clearly visible.
Bosch
tungsten carbide
chisel,
0.75 mm
0 20 N
load at which the scratch is clearly visible.
Oesterle
fixed round disk,

duroplast, copper or
steel
0 20 N
resistance against mar effect.
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_70
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Parameter
Indenter geometry/
material
Test force/
indentation depth
Definition
ISO 1518-1
spheric tip, ruby or

hard metal, 0.25
or 0.5 mm
1 20 N
load at which the coating is cut through to

the substrate or to a defined layer.
ISO 1518-2
conic tip, sapphire

or diamond,
0.03 mm
0 several ten N,
continously
increasing
load at which the scratch is visible.
Standards Chapter 4.8.1

DIN EN 59
(1977)
ISO 48
(2010)
ISO 2039-1
(2001)
ISO 2039-2
(1987)
ISO 2815
(2003)
ISO 4516
(2002)
ISO 4545-1
(2005)
ISO 6507-1
(2005)
ISO 7619-1
(2010)
ISO 7619-2
(2010)
VDI/VDE
2616-2
(2012)
ISO 868
(2003)
ASTM D 2240
(2010)
ASTM D 785
(2008)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Glass reinforced plastics Measurement of hardness by means of a Barcol impressor

Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of hardness (hardness between 10
IRHD and 100 IRHD)
Plastics Determination of hardness Part 1: Ball indentation method
Plastics Determination of hardness Part 2: Rockwell hardness
Paints and varnishes Buchholz indentation test
Metallic and other inorganic coatings Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests
Metallic materials Knoop hardness test Part 1: Test method
Metallic materials Vickers hardness test Part 1: Test method
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of indentation hardness Part 1:
Durometer method (Shore hardness)
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Determination of indentation hardness Part 2:
IRHD pocket meter method
Hardness testing of plastics and rubber
Plastics and ebonite Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer

(Shore hardness)
Standard test method for rubber property Durometer hardness
Standard test method for Rockwell hardness of plastics and electrical insulating materials
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_70
Conventional Hardness Values - Application

T. Koch, C. Bierogel, S. Seidler, W. Grellmann
As other mechanical properties also the hardness shows a strong dependence on temperature (Fig. 4.195)
and loading time (Fig. 4.196). With increasing temperature and holding time for example the ball indentation hardness HB is decreasing due to the influence of relaxation and retardation effects.
Fig. 4.195 Ball indentation hardness HB vs. temperature for different semicrystalline thermoplastics [08Els]; POM
copolymer (a), PA6 (b), PP (c), PE-HD (d).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_71
Fig. 4.196 Ball indentation hardness HB vs. holding time for different semicrystalline thermoplastics; PA 12 (a),
PP-Copolymer (b), PE-HD (c), PTFE (d).
For many thermoplastics there exist a mostly linear correlation between hardness and crystallinity.
This is a result of the mixing rule of the hardnesses of the crystalline and the amorphous phase of the given
poly-mer. Figure 4.197 shows the increase of hardness with increasing density, i.e. with higher crystallinity.
Fig. 4.197 Ball indentation hardness HB vs. density for polyethylene materials [08Els].
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_71
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

08Els
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_71
Conventional Hardness Values - Data

T. Koch, C. Bierogel, S. Seidler, W. Grellmann
Table 4.30 Hardness values of thermoplastics materials.

HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
ABS
ABS
ABS + GF 10 wt.-%
ABS + GF 15 wt.-%
ABS + GF 17 wt.-%
65 120
77 95
110 160
75 80
93
35 50
53
-
85 95
-
100 110
81 122
110 115
107 124
-
70 85
-
25 50
78 121
-
ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
ABS + GF 30 wt.-%
ABS + GF 33 wt.-%
ABS + GF 40 wt.-%
ABS + GF 50 wt.-%
ABS + GF 60 wt.-%
ABS + CF 5 wt.-%
ABS + CF 10 wt.-%
ABS + CF 15 wt.-%
ABS + CF 20 wt.-%
ABS + CF 25 wt.-%
ABS + CF 30 wt.-%
ABS + CF 40 wt.-%
ABS + GX 5 wt.-%
ABS + GX 10 wt.-%
ABS + GX 15 wt.-%
ABS + GX 17 wt.-%
ABS + GX 20 wt.-%
ABS + GX 30 wt.-%
ABS + MF 20 wt.-%
ABS + MX 20 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6
ABS / PA 6 + GF 5 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
ABS / PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
ABS / PBT
ABS / PBT + GX 20 wt.-%
ABS / PC
ABS / PC + GX 10 wt.-%
ABS / PET
ABS / PTFE
101
120
108
89 110
116
-
45 76
62 68
56
37
41
-
103 124
106 115
80
110 125
125
125
108
108
108
108
108
110
110
107
108 113
107
117
111
108 113
107
110
93 121
105
105
105
99 120
82
113
105 123
113 118
115 118
112
110
111 121
112 119
112 115
112
103
90
91
93
82
84
-
Material
Ref.
95Car, 12VDI
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
95Car, 12VDI,
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
ABS / PMMA
ABS / SI
ABS / TPE
ABS / TPU
ABS / PC /SMAH
46
58 68
-
112 116
105
122
AMMA
250
88
120
125
115
105
12VDI
ASA
65 100
75
65
80 108
45
< 10 30
95Car, 12VDI,
12MBa
ASA + GF 15 wt.-%
ASA + GF 20 wt.-%
ASA / AEPDS
ASA / PBT + GX 10 wt.-%
ASA / PC
ASA / PET
ASA / PVC
ASA / SAN
100
130
145
104 106
70
120
120
85 89
120
118
119
103 120
120
100 102
95
CA
40 90
29 112
95Car, 12MBa
CAB
25 70
12 98
95Car, 12MBa
CAP
55 98
12MBa
CP
35 62
95Car
CTFE
118 122
118
12MBa
ECO
130 190
08Els
ECTFE
ECTFE + GF 25 wt.-%
95
120
08Els
12MBa
EEA
27 38
08Els
EMAA
75
65 106
12MBa
ETFE
60 78
98 120
05Mar,
12MBa,12Pol
EVA
8 14
17 45
95Car, 08Els
EVAL
23 50
70 100
12MBa
FEP
55 73
100 121
10Hel, 12MBa
Ionomer
54 66
95Car
LCP
60
12Pol
MABS
70 80
85 115
95Car, 12MBa
PA 11 (dry)
PA 11 (cond.)
PA 11
PA 11 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 17 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 11 + GF 40 wt.-%
90
75
-
107
90 108
108
108
108
109
112
72 80
-
08Els
Material
Ref.
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
70
-
108
108
109
12MBa
108 109
12MBa, 12Pol
PA 12 (dry)
PA 12 (cond.)
PA 12
PA 12 + GF 23 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 12 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 12 + CF 13 wt.-%
PA 12 / PTFE
PA 12 / PTFE +
GF 30 wt.-%
PA 12 / PTFE / SI
100
75
78
-
77
75 78
75
-
108
105
27 120
110
110
110
115
115
110
67 75
82
-
95Car, 08Els
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
106
PA 46
PA 46 / PTFE
PA 610 (dry)
PA 610 (cond.)
PA 610
PA 610 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 610 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 610 / PTFE
PA 610 / PTFE +
GF 30 wt.-%
120
80
-
90 100
100
111 116
117
119
119
119
119
118
82
80
-
12MBa
PA 612
PA 612 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 612 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 612 + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 612 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 + (GF + GB)
30 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE
PA 612 / PTFE + GF
25 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE +
GF 30 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE +
GF 40 wt.-%
PA 612 / PTFE +
CF 30 wt.-%
73
-
66 119
117
120
116
121 122
121
121
121
119
119
118
118
120
82
-
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
118
117
80
-
114 118
118
118
Material
PA 11
PA 11
PA 11
PA 11
GF 20
PA 11
GF 30
+ GF 23 wt.-%
+ GB 30 wt.-%
/ PTFE
/ PTFE +
wt.-%
/ PTFE +
wt.-%
Ref.
12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
95Car
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Material
PA 6
PA 6 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 17 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 55 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GX 13 wt.-%
PA 6 + GX 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + GX 33 wt.-%
PA 6 + GX 35 wt.-%
PA 6 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + CD 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + CD 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 23 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 35 wt.-%
PA 6 + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + MX 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + MX 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + CF) 50 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 15 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 36 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 45 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MF) 50 wt.-%
PA 6 + (GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
PA 6, dry
PA 6, cond.
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 10 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 18 wt.-% (dry)
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
190
217
150 160
70
180 210
90 120
160 220
80 130
180
52
65
73
40
79
65
48
47
81
81
78
78
75
-
90 123
119
100 120
112 120
112 119
112 115
112 121
110 121
115 122
118 122
120 121
119 122
121
121
110 122
121
121 122
90 116
119
119
95
110 120
115 120
115
118 120
120
115
118
114 115
118
118
117 121
110 122
117
112 121
117 122
120 121
115
121
122
120
121
120 122
121
120 122
121 122
121
119
111
-
80 100
90
92
93
95
-
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
90
90
-
12MBa
77
79
59
80
80
Ref.
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
95Car, 08Els
95Car
12MBa
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 20 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 25 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-% (cond.)
200 220
120 122
190 220
130
160 240
110 150
84
-
PA 6 + GF 35 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 45 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GF 50 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + GF 60 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + GB 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + CF 10 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + CF 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + CF 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + MX 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + MX 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + MX 20 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + MX 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 + MX 30 wt.-% (cond.)
PA 6 + MX 40 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6 / ABS
PA 6 / ABS + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 6 / ABS + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 6 / PA 66
PA 6 / PTFE
PA 6 / PTFE / SI
220
195 250
150
290
270 280
130 200
320
200
95
200
210
255
240
60
90
160 175
160 200
105 120
160 200
-
82
-
120
122
105
105
118
116
117
90 118
95 119
120 122
118 120
116
PA 66, dry
160 170
105 121
PA 66, cond.
PA 66 + GF 5 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 13 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 35 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 43 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 45 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + GF 60 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 20 wt.-%
100 110
-
30
74
83
77
60
63
68
85
117 119
113 120
111 120
115 122
116 122
118 122
118 122
108 122
122
120 123
120 122
121
120 122
120 121
118 119
119
118 120
95
94
97 100
103
95
-
Material
48
81
90
82
80
85
86
Ref.
95Car, 08Els,
12MBa
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
95Car, 08Els,
12MBa
95Car
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Material
PA 66 + GB 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + GB 50 wt.-%
PA 66 + GX 13 wt.-%
PA 66 + GX 33 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 22 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 25 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 15 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 18 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + MX 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + CaCO3 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + T 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 20 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 30 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + CF) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MF)
38 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MF)
40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MF)
45 wt.-%
PA 66 + (CF + RF) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GB + GC) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 + (GF + MX) 40 wt.-%
PA 66 / PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE
PA 66 / PTFE +
GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
GF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + GB 30 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
CF 15 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE +
CF 30 wt.-%
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
81
55
82
78
75
50
75 82
59 80
-
118 119
119 120
119
119
115 120
120
110 120
118 120
110 120
125
110 120
120
115 120
119 122
120
115 122
118 122
120
122
120
125
111 115
115
122
122
98
97
-
121 122
119
82
-
120
119
118
121
114 118
119
95 120
80
-
12Pol
120
12MBa, 12Pol
118 120
12Pol
114 118
119
118
118 120
119 120
100 120
12MBa, 12Pol
118 120
12Pol
Ref.
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PA 66 / PTFE + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 66 / PTFE + MF 40 wt.-%
PA 66-HI
PA 66-HI + GF 10 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 20 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 30 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 10 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 20 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + CF 40 wt.-%
PA 66-HI + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 66-HI / PTFE
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-% (dry)
PA 66 + GF 50 wt.-%
(cond.)
270
200
120
105
112
113
114
114
114
114
114 117
114 120
114
112
-
300
260
80
-
95
-
PA 666
110
12MBa
PA6I/XT
124 128
12MBa
PA 6/6 T
190
08Els
PAEK
PAEK + GF 30 wt.-%
220
290
86 90
90
95Car, 12MBa
PEBA 12
55 80
08Els
PB
55 65
08Els
PBI
99
125
08Els
PBT
125 145
79 86
35 95
114 120
85 110
65 95
PBT + GF 5 wt.-%
PBT + GF 10 wt.-%
155
117 118
86
80
PBT + GF 15 wt.-%
PBT + GF 20 wt.-%
PBT + GF 25 wt.-%
PBT + GF 30 wt.-%
PBT + GF 40 wt.-%
PBT + GF 45 wt.-%
PBT + GF 50 wt.-%
PBT + GB 10 wt.-%
PBT + GB 20 wt.-%
PBT + GB 30 wt.-%
PBT + GB 40 wt.-%
PBT + GX 10 wt.-%
PBT + GX 15 wt.-%
PBT + GX 30 wt.-%
PBT + MF 15 wt.-%
PBT + MF 30 wt.-%
PBT + MF 35 wt.-%
PBT + T 20 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PBT + (GF + GB) 30 wt.-%
200
230
170
-
53 85
54
-
117 120
118 119
118
118 120
120
117
117
117
118
125
119
119
119
119
109
120
118
120
117
87
85
75
94
93
85
97
-
95Car, 08Els, 12VDI

12MBa
12MBa
95Car, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa
Material
Ref.
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
95Car, 08Els,
12MBa
95Car
93
93
94
95
12Pol
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
95Car
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
95Car, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PBT + (GF + GB) 50 wt.-%

PBT / PC
PBT / PTFE
PBT / PTFE + CF 30 wt.-%
PBT / PTFE + RF 15 wt.-%
76
-
120
115 119
118
110 118
117
120
115
112 118
117
117
118 120
120
117
12MBa
PC
110 115
51 85
95 100
113 124
97 105
60 98
PC + GF 5 wt.-%
PC + GF 10 wt.-%
PC + GF 15 wt.-%
PC + GF 20 wt.-%
PC + GF 30 wt.-%
PC + GF 40 wt.-%
PC + CF 20 wt.-%
PC + CF 30 wt.-%
PC + GX 10 wt.-%
PC + GX 20 wt.-%
PC + GX 30 wt.-%
PC + GX 40 wt.-%
PC / ABS
PC / PET
PC / PMMA
PC / PTFE
130
80 115
-
37 65
65 72
70
-
117 121
120 124
121 123
118 122
119 120
119
118
119
122 124
122
120 121
119
108 118
120 126
116 117
117
117 118
113 118
118
70
76
84
84
86
92
85
91
92
93
08Els, 12VDI,
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
PCTFE
76 80
75 95
08Els
PE-HD
38 53
56 69
25 55
45 110
3 30
80
68
60 80
80
65 80
76
75 120
PE-HD + GF 40 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 50 wt.-%
PE-HD + GF 60 wt.-%
PE-HD + P 40 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 5 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 10 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 20 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 25 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 30 wt.-%
PE-HD + T 40 wt.-%
85 112
112
112
112
30
30
50
50
70
70
95Car, 12VDI,
05Mar
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
PE-HMW
36 40
Material
PE-HD + GF 10
PE-HD + GF 15
PE-HD + GF 20
PE-HD + GF 25
PE-HD + GF 30
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
Ref.
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
90
85
93
92
95
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
08Els, 12VDI
12MBa
12Pol
08Els
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PE-LD
PE-LD + GF 30 wt.-%
PE-LD + GB 30 wt.-%
PE-LD + mica 30 wt.-%
PE-LD + T 30 wt.-%
13 23
33
19
27
30
39 83
-
46 110
-
60
-
95Car, 12MBa
95Car
PE-LLD
38 60
103 110
95Car, 12MBa
PE-MD
28 32
45 60
95Car, 05Mar,
12MBa
PE-UHMW
30 38
60 65
100 102
95Car, 12MBa,
12Pol
Material
Ref.
95Car
PE-VLD
25 40
95Car
PEEK
174 231
83 88
100 126
95 103
PEEK + GF 20 wt.-%
102
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa
PEI
165
88 90
115 120
110 125
120
110
121
122
123
123
PEK
PEK + GF 30 wt.-%
87
90
12MBa
PES + GF 10 wt.-%
PES + GF 15 wt.-%
PES + GF 20 wt.-%
PES + GF 30 wt.-%
PES + GF 40 wt.-%
121
121
122
123
123
12Pol
PESU
PESU + GF 20 wt.-%
PESU + GF 30 wt.-%
PESU / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
145 165
205
220
-
120
08Els
PET
PET + GF 15 wt.-%
PET + GF 20 wt.-%
PET + GF 30 wt.-%
PET + GF 33 wt.-%
PET + GF 35 wt.-%
PET + GF 45 wt.-%
PET + GF 50 wt.-%
PET + GF 55 wt.-%
PET + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PET / PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PET / PTFE + GF 40 wt.-%
97 150
255
290
-
63 65
76
-
108 118
70 119
110 120
120
121
120
60 120
95 96
120
120
120
120
107
-
08Els, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
95Car
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
PETG
106 117
12MBa
PFA
60 64
10Hel
PI
138 140
12MBa
PEI + GF
PEI + GF
PEI + GF
PEI + GF
10 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
95Car, 08Els, 12VDI

12MBa
12Pol
95Car, 08Els
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
10
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PMMA
170 200
52 85
100 110
78 125
115
60 105
PMMA, toughened
PMMA + GF 30 wt.-%
40 125
-
55
Material
Ref.
08Els, 12VDI,
12MBa
95Car
12MBa
PMP
6774
95Car
POM, homopolymer
POM, copolymer
POM
POM + GF 10 wt.-%
POM + GF 15 wt.-%
POM + GF 20 wt.-%
POM + GF 25 wt.-%
POM + GF 30 wt.-%
150 180
100 156
90 150
190
200
205 210
205 220
180 230
79 82
52 83
-
95 105
45
61 83
-
115 120
78 125
83 120
107 120
85 120
112
100 110
-
85 95
60 100
-
95Car, 08Els, 12VDI

95Car
12MBa
POM + GF 40 wt.-%
POM + GB 10 wt.-%
POM + GB 20 wt.-%
230
160
167 180
87 118
108
110
POM + GB 30 wt.-%
POM + GB 40 wt.-%
POM + GX 15 wt.-%
POM + GX 25 wt.-%
POM + CF 10 wt.-%
POM + CF 15 wt.-%
POM + CF 20 wt.-%
POM + MD 20 wt.-%
POM + MD 30 wt.-%
POM + RF 5 wt.-%
POM + RF 15 wt.-%
POM + T 30 wt.-%
POM + CaCO3 5 wt.-%
POM + CaCO3 20 wt.-%
POM + (GF + GB) 20 wt.-%
POM / PTFE
POM / SI
POM / TPE
POM / TPU
POM / PTFE / SI
200
210
180
220
145
160
155
84
180
110 140
175
180
130
-
110
111
160
155
84
180
110 140
175
180
130
-
83
85
90
84
104
80 92
82
70 78
60 75
-
PP
64 95
59 77
30 70
60 110
40 85
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
PP + GF 15 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 25 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 35 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 43 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
PP + GB 10 wt.-%
PP + GB 20 wt.-%
PP + GB 30 wt.-%
100 115
70
-
62
65
68
62
69
-
84 120
84 112
80 113
93 113
95 115
98
97 118
97
90 115
82
90
94
96
-
63
87
69
80
71
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
08Els
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
08Els, 95Car, 12VDI

12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
95Car, 12Pol
12Pol
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
11
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PP + GB 40 wt.-%
PP + GX 5 wt.-%
PP + GX 10 wt.-%
PP + GX 15 wt.-%
PP + GX 20 wt.-%
PP + GX 30 wt.-%
PP + GX 40 wt.-%
PP + GX 45 wt.-%
PP + CD 30 wt.-%
PP + MF 10 wt.-%
PP + MF 15 wt.-%
PP + MF 20 wt.-%
PP + MF 30 wt.-%
PP + MF 40 wt.-%
PP + MF 55 wt.-%
PP + MX 10 wt.-%
PP + MX 15 wt.-%
PP + MX 20 wt.-%
PP + MX 23 wt.-%
PP + MX 25 wt.-%
PP + MX 30 wt.-%
PP + MX 40 wt.-%
PP + M 25 wt.-%
PP + M 40 wt.-%
PP + P 10 wt.-%
PP + P 15 wt.-%
PP + P 20 wt.-%
PP + P 25 wt.-%
PP + P 30 wt.-%
PP + P 40 wt.-%
PP + T 10 wt.-%
PP + T 15 wt.-%
PP + T 20 wt.-%
PP + T 25 wt.-%
PP + T 30 wt.-%
PP + T 40 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 10 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 15 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 20 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 30 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 50 wt.-%
PP + (GF + GB) 40 wt.-%
PP + (GF + MF) 30 wt.-%
PP + (GF + MF) 40 wt.-%
PP + (GF + MX) 30 wt.-%
PP / EPDM
110
110 120
88
58 95
65
67 71
80 85
90 105
-
97
74
65
60
67
75
66
66
65
75
72
65
58
57
60
60
63
52
85
66
66
55
70
40
96
90
80
100
84 105
86 110
110
110
105
110
110
110
102
100
87 117
100
93
99
89 100
121
85 90
87
94 98
100 104
80 118
121
74 119
88
76 106
80 102
82 112
66 120
68 118
71 114
105
120
93 100
94 102
117
-
108
104
-
76
80
93 95
91
60 80
97
-
PPA
PPA + GF 22 wt.-%
PPA + GF 33 wt.-%
PPA + GF 35 wt.-%
PPA + GF 45 wt.-%
PPA + MD 30 wt.-%
PPA + MD 40 wt.-%
PPA / PTFE
120 127
124
121 125
125
124 125
126
125
80
Material
75
76
74
79
70
85
97
70
70
78
70
86
Ref.
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12MBa
12Pol
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
12
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PPE
PPE + GF 10 wt.-%
PPE + GF 15 wt.-%
PPE + GF 20 wt.-%
PPE + GF 30 wt.-%
PPE + GX 30 wt.-%
PPE / PS
PPE / PS + CF 10 wt.-%
PPE / PS + MX 13 wt.-%
70 100
100 130
100
130 140
130
-
124
113 119
110 127
80 121
122
121
-
104
76 93
-
PPE / PS-HI
119 124
54 106
108
-
PPO
PPO / PS
PPO / PS-HI
70 95
87
96
114 123
-
12MBa
PPS
190
116 123
93 100
PPS + GF 5 wt.-%
PPS + GF 10 wt.-%
PPS + GF 15 wt.-%
PPS + GF 20 wt.-%
PPS + GF 30 wt.-%
PPS + GF 40 wt.-%
PPS + GF 50 wt.-%
PPS + CF 10 wt.-%
PPS + CF 15 wt.-%
PPS + CF 20 wt.-%
PPS + CF 30 wt.-%
PPS + CF 40 wt.-%
PPS + CF 50 wt.-%
PPS + CF 55 wt.-%
PPS + CF 60 wt.-%
PPS + (GF + MX) 65 wt.-%
PPS / PTFE
300 322
428
-
120
121 124
121 124
121 124
118 123
118 123
123
121 124
121
122 123
120 123
122 123
123
123
123
115 118
119 121
117 118
118 123
124
118 123
123
121
121
100
100
100
98
100
100
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12Pol
PS
165
78 80
100 110
94 121
60 110
45 89
PS + GF 10 wt.-%
PS + GF 30 wt.-%
PS + GF 40 wt.-%
PS-HI
58 88
117
121
121
-
Material
Ref.
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
95Car, 12MBa
12MBa
12MBa, 12Pol
08Els, 12Pol
12Pol
08Els
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
08Els, 05Mar,
12VDI
12MBa, 12Pol
12Pol
95Car
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
13
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
PSU
PSU + GF 20 wt.-%
PSU + GC 10 wt.-%
135 145
170
-
120 123
122
08Els, 12MBa
08Els
12Pol
PTFE
22 34
50 90
117 118
PTFE + GF 20 wt.-%
PTFE + GF 25 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 10 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 15 wt.-%
PTFE + CD 20 wt.-%
32
-
75
81
-
106
88
105
104
08Els, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa
95Car, 10Hel, 12Pol
12MBa
PUR, mold resin

PUR
20 84
65 82
82 121
85 109
12MBa
PVC-U
PVC-U + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC-U + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC-U + GF 10 wt.-%
PVC-U / NBR
95 145
-
74
82
83
85
58
75 95
-
110 115
95
80 95
-
50 70
-
12VDI, 05Mar
12MBa
PVC-P
42 77
98 124
12MBa
PVC-C
170
82
107 120
95Car, 12MBa
PVDF
115
4679
95 121
55
PVDF + CD 10 wt.-%
74
95Car, 12MBa,
12Pol
12MBa
SAN
165 205
45 85
110 115
120 125
105
83 93
SAN + GF 10 wt.-%
SAN + GF 20 wt.-%
SAN + GF 25 wt.-%
SAN + GF 30 wt.-%
SAN + GF 35 wt.-%
SAN + GF 40 wt.-%
SAN + GX 12 wt.-%
SAN + GX 15 wt.-%
SAN + GX 20 wt.-%
SAN + GX 32 wt.-%
240
-
121
115 122
123
94 124
123
-
83
86
90
92
94
SI + CaCO3 40 wt.-%
80
106
12MBa
SMAH
98
12MBa
SMMA
SMMA-I
155
-
72 82
-
61 76
65 85
-
12MBa
TPA (dry)
22 68
93
12MBa
TPC
TPC + GF 20 wt.-%
28 82
34 72
103 113
-
12MBa
TPE
TPE + MX 10 wt.-%
TPE + MX 12 wt.-%
TPE / PTFE
48 78
54
55
56
12MBa
TPE-E + GF 5 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 10 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 15 wt.-%
40 55
40 55
40
12Pol
Material
94
86
87
88
74
Ref.
95Car, 12VDI,
12MBa
12Pol
12MBa, 12Pol
12MBa
12Pol
95Car
12Pol
12MBa
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
14
HB
[N mm 2]
Shore
Rockwell
D
[-]
a
[-]
R
[-]
L
[-]
M
[-]
TPE-E + GF 20 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 30 wt.-%
TPE-E + GF 40 wt.-%
55
55
55
TPE-U + GF 5 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 10 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 15 wt.-%
TPE-U + GF 20 wt.-%
55
60
60
60
12Pol
TPO
TPO + GF 20 wt.-%
TPO + GF 25 wt.-%
TPO + MX 15 wt.-%
TPO + MX 20 wt.-%
50
50
16 70
52
55 69
-
80 118
-
12MBa
TPS
60
12MBa
28 73
55 70
70
74 80
75
12MBa
40 51
88 95
12MBa
Material
TPU
TPU + GF
TPU + GF
TPU + GF
TPU + GF
TPV
10 wt.-%
20 wt.-%
30 wt.-%
40 wt.-%
Ref.
12Pol

95Car
05Mar
08Els
10Hel
12MBa
12Pol
12VDI
Martienssen, W., Warlimont, H. (eds.): Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials
data. Springer, Berlin, 2005.
Hellerich, W., Harsch, G., Baur, E.: Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe. Eigenschaften Prufungen
Guideline VDI/VDE 2616-2: Hardness Testing of Plastics and Rubber. VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft
Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik, Dusseldorf, 2012.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_72
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Instrumented Hardness Values introduction

T. Koch, S. Seidler
4.8.2 Instrumented Hardness Values

The information gained from hardness measurements can be enhanced if both the force required by the
indenter to penetrate the specimen and the indentation depth over the entire indenting process is recorded.
Several names can be found for this type of test: Instrumented hardness test, instrumented indentation test
or depth-sensing indentation testing as well as registering hardness measurement. Because the whole
indentation process is recorded information on the viscoelasticplastic behaviour is derived by evaluating
the recorded loading and unloading curves as well as the curve during holding at maximum load [77Fro,
78Gre, 83May]. The testing cycle can be performed either load or indentation depth controlled, or at a constant indentation strain rate (dh/dt)/h. Various indenters can be used: rectangular based Vickers and Knoop
pyramids, triangular-based Berkovich pyramids or cube corners, conical tips and even specially rounded or
flat punch indenters.
Hardness values, indentation moduli, strain hardening exponents and viscoelastic properties can be
measured with the instrumented indentation test, also the fracture toughness of very brittle polymers as
well as the influence of residual stresses. If needed and a suitable device provided measurements can be
done with high spatial resolution and with very small indentation depths. A special application of the testing devices is the characterization of the elastic behaviour of miniaturized components or the realization of
micro compression tests, i.e. using the machines like a small universal testing machine.
One benefit is the automatic execution of the test, the other big advantage lies in the comparability of
all materials within one hardness scale (Fig. 4.198).
Following functional dependencies can be measured:
Indentation depth as a function of load during load increase
Load and indentation depth as functions of time for determining relaxation and creep behaviour
Elastic recovery during/after unloading
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_73
Fig. 4.198 Gradation of load ranges and the relationship between Martens hardness HM and indentation depth for
various materials [13Gre].
Fig. 4.199 Schematic loadindentation depth curve and section through an indentation (Fmax maximum load, hmax
maximum indentation depth, hr intersection of the tangent to the unloading curve with the indentation depth-axis,
hc contact depth, Wplast plastic energy, Welast elastic energy).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_73
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 4.200 Schematic loadtime, depthtime and loaddepth curves for indentation creep (a, c) and indentation
relaxation (b, d) tests.
A schematic load (F) displacement (h) curve is shown in Figure 4.199. From such a curve different
parameters can be determined (Fig. 4.199).
One very useful application of instrumented indentation testing is the qualitative (and also quantitative)
investigation of short-time creep and relaxation behaviour. After relatively fast loading up to maximum
load (or indentation depth) the load (or depth) is held constant and the resulting depth or load signal will
be recorded. In general the creep tests will be done load controlled and the relaxation tests will be done
depth controlled (Fig. 4.200). From the resulting curves indentation creep parameters (Table 4.31) can
be obtained. More sophisticated approaches can be found in [08Sel, 05Che, 06Bea, 03Lu, 04Kum] where
viscoelastic parameters can be deducted by applying viscoeleastic-viscoplastic materials models.
After reaching the initial level F0 in the creep test (Fig. 4.200a and c) it can be seen that beginning at h0
an increase of indentation depth Dh during the holding time of load Dt can be observed for viscoelastic
materials. The relaxation test is executed in depth control mode up to the initial value h0 (Fig. 4.200b) generates a starting load level F0. Due to the viscoelastic behaviour of polymers a decrease of load DF can be
recognized during the holding time Dt (Fig. 4.200b and b).
An overview of typical material parameters commonly calculated from the measured curves is given in
Table 4.31.
Table 4.31 Parameters calculated from load indentation depth curve.
Parameter
Equation
Description
Martens hardness
HM
HM
Quotient of test load F and the assumed contact area

calculated from the indentation depth h. Contains plastic and
elastic parts of deformation.
F
26:43 h2
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_73
Parameter
Equation
Plastic hardness
Hplast
H plast
Indentation hardness
HIT
H IT
Fmax
Ap
Quotient of maximum acting test load Fmax and projected

contact Ap.
Elastic indentation
modulus EIT
E IT
1n2s
Calculated from the slope of the tangent to the unloading

curve at maximum load.
Er
Description
Fmax
26:43 h2r
1n2
1
i
Er Ei
p
pp dF
2
Ap dh
Plastic work
Plastic part of total indentation work.
Elastic work
Elastic part of total indentation work.
Indentation creep
parameter CIT
C IT
h2 h1
h2
Relative change of indentation depth at constant test load.
Indentation
relaxation parameter
RIT
RIT
F1 F 2
F1
Relative change of resulting load at constant indentation

depth.

ISO/FDIS 14577-1
(2013)
ISO 1518-1 (2011)
ISO 1518-2 (2011)
Metallic materials Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials

parameters Part 1: Test method
Paints and varnishes Determination of scratch resistance Part 1: Constantloading method
Paints and varnishes Determination of scratch resistance Part 2: Variableloading method

Frohlich, F., Grau, P., Grellmann, W.: Performance and analysis of recording microhardness
test. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 42 (1977) 7989.
78Gre
Grellmann, W.: Ermittlung der Harte von Glasern und Keramiken. PhD thesis, Martin-LutherUniversitat Halle-Wittenberg, 1978.
83May May, M., Frohlich, F., Grau, P., Grellmann, W.: Anwendung der Methode der registrierenden
Mikroharteprufung fur die Ermittlung von mechanischen Materialkennwerten an Polymerwerkstoffen. Plaste und Kautschuk 30 (1983) 3, 149 153.
03Lu
Lu, H., Wang, B., Ma, J., Huang, G., Viswanathan, H.: Measurement of creep compliance of
solid polymers by nanoindentation. Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 7 (2003) 189207.
04Kum Kumar, M. V. R., Narasimhan, R.: Analysis of spherical indentation of linear viscoelastic materials. Curr. Sci. 87 (2004) 10881095.
05Che Cheng, L., Xia, X., Scriven, L.E., Gerberich, W.W.: Spherical-tip indentation of viscoelastic
material. Mech. Mater. 37 (2005) 213226.
77Fro
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_73
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

06Bae
08Sel
13Gre
Beake, B.: Modelling indentation creep of polymers: a phenomenological approach. J. Phys. D

39 (2006) 44784485.
Seltzer, R., Mai, Y.-W.: Depth sensing indentation of linear viscoelasticplastic solids: A simple
method to determine creep compliance. Eng. Fract. Mech. 75 (2008) 48524862.
2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_73
Instrumented Hardness Values data

T. Koch, S. Seidler
Table 4.32 contains values calculated from instrumented hardness tests, carried out at different load ranges
using different indenter geometries.
Table 4.32 Properties calculated from instrumented hardness tests in the micro (mi) or macro (ma) range;
vl loading speed, max maximum load or indentation depth, tH holding time, V Vickers, Bk
Berkovich, B ball.
HM
HIT
EIT
Ind.
geom.
[-]
Test conditions vl,

max, tH
Ref.
[N mm 2]
Load
range
[-]
[N mm 2]
[N mm 2]
EP
132
3913
ma
0.5 N s 1,
10 N, 0 s
10Arn,
12Lac
PA 6
78
1900
ma
12Sch
60
1580
ma
0.375 N s 1,
7.5 N, 20 s
5 N s 1,
100 N, 20 s
PA 66
122
143
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
unpbl
PA 12
101
121
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30s
08Koc
PB
60
1130
mi
PB + GF 10 wt.-%
55
1060
mi
PB + GF 20 wt.-%
61
1250
mi
PB + GF 30 wt.-%
67
1390
mi
PB + GF 40 wt.-%
77
1670
mi
PB + GF 50 wt.-%
96
2250
mi
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s
1 N, 20 s
PC
138
170
mi
Bk
151
3190
ma
121
3030
ma
Material
11Sch
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
0.375 N s 1,
7.5 N, 20 s
5 N s 1, 100 N,
20 s
08Koc
12Sch
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_74

HM
HIT
EIT
Ind.
geom.
[-]
Test conditions vl,

max, tH
Ref.
[N mm 2]
Load
range
[-]
[N mm 2]
[N mm 2]
PEEK
247
327
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1 s,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
PE-HD
55
1840
mi
11Sch
57
56
mi
Bk
60
2040
mi
67
2310
mi
76
2770
mi
82
2900
mi
95
3410
mi
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
PE-LD
26
28
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
11Koc
PE-UHMW
42 45
952
1039
mi
Bk
250 nm s 1,
5 mm, 30 s
10Arc
PET
193
249
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
PMMA
219
249
mi
Bk
08Koc
PMMA
175 188
4722
ma
PMMA + SiO2
5 wt.-%
PMMA + SiO2
10 wt.-%
199 207
5510
ma
198
5530
ma
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
0.5 N s 1,
10 N, 20 s
0.5 N s 1,
10 N, 20 s
0.5 N s 1,
10 N, 20 s
POM
175
4722
ma
B, R2.5
POM, Copolymer
200
270
mi
Bk
PP
129
149
mi
Bk
84
1890
mi
86
84
91
ma
mi
B, R2.5
Bk
Material
PE-HD + GF
10 wt.-%
PP-HD + GF
20 wt.-%
PP-HD + GF
30 wt.-%
PP-HD + GF
40 wt.-%
PP-HD + GF
50 wt.-%
PP + EPR
20 wt.-%
11Koc
11Sch
10Arn,
12Lac
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
50 mN s 1,
1 N, 20 s
08Koc
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
11Sch
10Shi
08Koc
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_74
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

HM
HIT
EIT
[N mm 2]
[N mm 2]
PP + EPR 20 wt.-%
PP + EPR 30 wt.-%
Ind.
geom.
[-]
Test conditions vl,

max, tH
[N mm 2]
Load
range
[-]
72
1444
mi
Bk
46
1034
mi
Bk
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
PP + EPR 50 wt.-%
19
456
mi
Bk
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
93
98
128
2240
2310
-
mi
mi
ma
V
V
B, R2.5
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
2800
3450
4450
mi
ma
mi
mi
V
B, R2.5
V
V
50 mN/s, 1 N, 20 s
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
115
139
131
154
PS
138
211
mi
Bk
100 nm/s,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
PTFE
42
47
mi
Bk
100 nm/s,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
PVDF
147
183
mi
Bk
100 nm/s,
2 mm, 30 s
08Koc
Material
100 nm s 1,
2 mm, 30 s
50 mN/s, 1 N, 20 s
50 mN/s, 1 N, 20 s
Ref.
05Koc,
12Koc
05Koc
12Koc,
11Sch
10Shi
11Sch
10Shi
11Sch
50 mN/s, 1 N, 20 s
50 mN/s, 1 N, 20 s

05Koc Koch, T.: Morphologhie und Mikroharte von Polypropylen-Werkstoffen. Mensch & Buch, Berlin, 2005.
08Koc Koch, T., Seidler, S.: Correlations between indentation hardness and yield stress in thermoplastic
polymers. Strain 45 (2009) 2633.
10Arc Archodoulaki, V.-M., Koch, T., Rodriguez, A., Seidler, S.: Influence of different sterilization procedures on the morphological parameters and mechanical properties of ultra-high-molecularweight polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 120 (2011) 18751884.
10Arn Arndt, S.: Temperaturabhangige Ermittlung von Harte und Bruchzahigkeit sproder Kunststoffe.
Student research project, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 2010.
11Sch Schoig, M.: Schadigungsmechanismen in faserverstarkten Kunststoffen. Qusistatische und
dynamische Untersuchungen. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Witten-berg,Vieweg
12Koc Koch, T., Seidler, S.: Applications of instrumented indentation testing for the characterization of
polypropylene materials. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 226 (2012) 2, 385393.
12Lac Lach, R., Schone, J., Bierogel, C., Grellmann, W.: Instrumented macroindentation techniques for
polymers and composites Mechanical properties, fracture toughness and time dependent
behaviour as a function of the temperature. Macromol. Symp. 315 (2012) 125131.
12Sch Schone, J., Bierogel, C., Grellmann, W.: Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, unpublished results, 2012.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_74
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermoplastics - Introduction

5.1 Thermoplastics
Compared to other groups of polymer materials such as thermosets and high performance composites
(chapter 5.2) the toughness for thermoplastics has been relatively rarely determined using the stress-determined parameter KIc (fracture toughness, see Table 5.1) and the energy-determined parameters GIc or JIc
(critical energy release rate or J value, see Table 5.2) at quasi-static loading conditions (loading speed
1000 mm/min, i.e. 0.017 m/s). KIc, GIc and JIc are a measure of the resistance against unstable crack
initiation based on approaches of linear-elastic (KIc and GIc) or elasticplastic fracture mechanics (JIc)
(for more information see chapter 2, text books dealing with fracture mechanics of polymers (such as
84Wil, 87Kau, 01Gre and 13Gre) and related standards). In the most cases experimental data under
quasi-static loading were determined using universal testing machines equipped with a temperature chamber and use of compact tension (CT)- or single-edge-notched bend (SENB)-specimen (Figure 5.1). Some
times also single-edge-notched tension (SENT)- specimen can be used for these investigations [13Gre]. To
ensure geometry independent fracture mechanics values the thickness B of CT specimen should be greater
than 10 mm and for three-point bend specimen B should be 4 mm in minimum. Data also in the literature
available to characterise the resistance against stable crack initiation of thermoplastics by application of
the crack resistance (R) curve or the essential work of fracture approach (EWF) are not included because
of the very different definition of the crack initiation point of R curves in literature both from the physical
and engineering point of view (R curve approach) or the non-conservative assessment of fracture
mechanics parameters at predominantly plane-stress conditions (EWF approach), respectively. Most of
the related measurements were limited to room temperature (i.e. ~20 25 C); also in cases where no temperatures are available in the literature it can be assumed that the fracture experiments were executed at
room temperature.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_75
Fig. 5.1 Geometries of quasi-static fracture mechanics test specimen a) SENB and b) CT [13Gre].

ASTM D 5045-99e1
(2007)
ASTM D 6068-10
(2010)
BS 7991
(2001)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(1995)
ISO 13586
(2000)
ISO 13586 AMD 1
(2003)
ISO 17281
(2002)
ASTM D 5528-01e3
(2007)
ASTM E 1922-04e1
(2010)
Standard test methods for plane-strain fracture toughness and strain energy release
rate of plastic materials
Determination of the mode I adhesive fracture energy, GIc, of structural adhesives
using the double cantilever beam (DCB) and tapered double cantilever beam
(TDCB) specimens
Determination of fracture toughness (GIc & KIc) of plastics at loading rates greater
than 1 m/s (1 30 m/s)
Protocol for interlaminar fracture testing of composites (mode I DCB ISO 15
024 and mode II ELS ESIS TC4)
Plastics Determination of fracture toughness (GIc and KIc); Linear elastic fracture
mechanics (LEFM) approach Amendment 1: Guidelines for the testing of
injection-moulded plastics containing discontinuous reinforcing fibres
loading rates (1 m/s)
Standard test method for Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional
fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_75
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

ISO 15024
(2001)
JIS K 7086
(1993)

plastics

84Wil
87Kau
01Gre
13Gre
Kausch, H.-H.: Polymer fracture. Second edition, Polymers Property and application Series,
Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (eds.): Polymer testing. Carl Hanser, Munich, 2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_75
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermoplastics - Data

Quasi-Static Loading
Table 5.1 Fracture toughness KIc of thermoplastics at quasi-static loading (RT room temperature: ~20
25 C).
Material
PA6
neat
blends
filled and reinforced

blends
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
different spherulite size

different conditioning:
- dry
- 0.65 2.1 wt.-% water
(stored for 2 days)
- 0.75 1.2 wt.-% water
(stored for 2 weeks)
different crystallinity
(33.2 41.7 %)
20
20
50
1000
153 196
86Sch
80Rus
PPO:
- PPO (30 wt.-%)
- PPO-g-MA/PPO
(15/15 wt.-%)
- PPO-g-MA (30 wt.-%)
30 phr PP:
- unmodified
- 5 phr SEBS-g-MA
- 5 phr PP-g-MA
10 30 wt.-% GF:
- PA6/PPO (70/30)
- PA/PPO-g-MA/PPO
(70/15/15)
- PA6/PPO-g-MA
(70/30)
PA6/PP (70/30) + 4 phr
nanoclay (different or
ganophiliced):
- unmodified
- 5 phr SEBS-g-MA
- 5 phr PP-g-MA
56.9
55.7 60.3
61.8 82.5
0
20
20
-
10
10
1000
80
136 153
121 145
33.6 66.2
80Rus
09Li
98.4
118
137
1 500
08Kus,
10Kus
98.0 111
98.0 104
111 123
80
09Li
83.2 114
124 145
142 153
1 500
08Kus,
10Kus
25.3 70.0
44.3 101.0
34.8 94.9
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
PA66
neat
160 20
-
85.6 121
126
128 146
77Mai
95Aka
95aAka
different specimen
orientation
PA66
short-fibre
reinforced
33 vol.-% GF, different

fibre-to-notch
orientation:
- 0
- 45
- 90
RT
93Has
0.5 50
5.0
0.5 50
188 194
245
298 328
50 wt.-% GF:
- not specified
- different specimen and
fibre orientation
221
259 297
95Aka
95aAka
PBI
(polybenzimidazole)
neat
25 250
10.0 111
92Gro
PBT
neat
23
1.3 530
115 132
78Cas
PC
neat
120 23
2.0 5.0
79.6 126
6.0
96.0
69.6
69.6
75Par,
68Key
90Cay
81Par
20
180 23
-
10
0.1
5.0
10
38.3
65.0
35.3 383
- unannealed
- annealed
PE-HD
neat
composites
PMMA
neat
different grades
10 30 vol.-% kaolin,
different coupling:
- low
- good
-
96Sav
81Hor
81Cha
96Sav
41.7 47.7
51.2 113
80 80
180 80
0.05 500
0.13 130
22.0 111
28.3 107
RT
-
10
0.08
1.28
1.0
28.4
32.2 33.7
34.2 1)
34.5
34.8
75Atk
74Mar,
68Key,
63Ber,
72Joh
12Fis
06Zho
93Cho
98Cho
08Kle
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PMMA
neat
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
20
0.05 500
43.1 66.0
23
39.5
73Mar,
74Mar,
68Wil
06Lac,
07Lac,
12Lac
23
RT
RT
-
400
130
84 1000
10
0.025
6.0 600
45 51
45.9
50.3 56.5
55.1
60.6
1)
07Lac
91Kim
94Beg
10Var
98Tso
99Tod
composites
nanocomposites
different processing:
- extruded
- cast
different molecular
weight
- as received
- annealed
rubber particle filled
0.5 12 wt.-%
BAMMA coreshell
rubber particles
butyl acrylate-co-styrene
coreshell rubber
particles:
- 20 wt.-% (extruded)
- 40 wt.-% (pressed)
5 30 wt.-% PMMA
ionomer
MMABAMMA
triblock copolymers,
different molecular
weight
1 vol.-% CF
5 20 wt.-% nano-SiO2
10
20.4 47.1
12Fis
other
1 vol.-% MWCNT
1 vol.-% carbon
nanofibres
1.3 4.2 wt.-%
nanoclay, different types
PMMA ionomer
0.025
71.8
98Tso
POM
neat
RT
6.0 720
105 115
94Beg
blends
copolymers
RT
6.0 600
RT
1.0
RT
1.0
1.28
6.0 600
35.7 40.4
37.2 48.8
41.5 62.3
44.9 64.8 1)
33.2 47.8 1)
114
57.6 83.6
06Lac
88Rit
08Kle
98Cho
99Tod
0.025
82.3 92.2
71.8 79.9
68.8 78.6
RT
6.0 600
77.9 94.8
06Lac
RT
23
10
-
66.1
29.5 66.6 1)
RT
RT
10
10
29.2
30.6
10Var
06Lac,
07Lac,
12Lac
10Var
10Var
98Tso
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
PP
neat
1.0
1.0
52.3
60.3
63.2
180
10
-
50
-
66.6
74.6
82.4 97.3
12Shi
04Zeb
08Kan,
10Ram
09Oni
98Vel
77Mai
10
6.0 600
101
101 103
05Zha
00Gen
20
80 30
23
5.0
0.1
0.5 450
5.0
-
102
110
142 332
148 161
52.3 1)
02Fu
81Hor
86Nez
80Fer
12Shi
82San
RT
RT
6.0 600
6.0 600
2.0
1.0
86.0 101
20.2 25.7
91.0 108
158 161
13Pet
04Czi
23
6.0 600
1.0
20
87.7 92.8
216
74.9 79.4
00Gen
06Zeb
13Wu
160
40
RT
5.0
123 145
80Fer
PP
neat
blends
copolymers
composites
different spherulite size:

- 50 mm
- 450 mm
different sample position
different processing
orientation
EPR:
- 15 wt.-%
- 20 wt.-%
10 wt.-% PEO, different
annealing temperatures
8.2 9.3 % ethylene
20 40 wt.-% flax fibres,
directions and humidity:
- parallel, dry
- parallel, wet
- perpendicular, dry
- perpendicular, wet
GF:
- 8 25 vol.-% different
processing direction:
- transversal
- longitudinal
- 10 40 wt.-%
8 25 vol.-% CF,
direction:
- transversal
1.0
04Czi
310
240
145
136
-
1)
436
376
158
149
5.0
50
5.0
Ref.
02Fu,
02aFu
117 122
92.6 114
83.8 136
09Oni
02Fu,
02aFu
125 128
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
- longitudinal
25 vol.-% GF + CF (each
5 20 vol.-%), different
processing direction:
- transversal
- longitudinal
50 wt.-% glass
microspheres (3 wt.-%
MAPP), different silane
coupling agents
10 30 wt.-% CaCO3
PP
hybrid
nanocomposites
PS
neat
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
5.0
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
101 114
02aFu
20
1.0
125 129
102 105
69.6 75.9
1.0
22.0 50.8
20 vol.-% Al(OH)3,
different particle size
20 wt.-% filler (5 15
wt.-% EPR, 5 15 wt.-%
CaCO3)
50 wt.-% glass
microspheres +5 wt.-%
PET (3 wt.-% MAPP),
coupling agents:
- no coupling agents
- different silane
coupling agents
nanoclay:
- 1 5 %, different
sample position
- 0.5 5 wt.-%
70.2 76.8
04Zeb,
06Zeb
98Vel
1.0
67.6 142
06Zeb
20
1.0
07Are
07Are
53.6
53.6 72.7
RT
2.0
86.8 114
13Pet
1.0
87.0 174
0.1 1 wt.-% graphene

oxide, different
modification:
- unmodified
- silane treated
1.5 5 wt.-% Al2O3
08Kan,
10Ram
12Shi
10
58.9 71.6 1)
85.2 113 1)
94.4 99.8
atactic
20 23
0.1 660
33.9 74.9
23
-
200
130
74 90
53.9
20
23
23
23
0.1
~ 0.11
-
142
76.0
17.4
syndiotactic:
- a-modification
- b-modification
2.8
3.8
1)
1)
05Zha
74Mar,
73Mar,
68Wil
07Lac
91Kim,
91aKim
81Hor
07Lac
09Lac
07Lac
1)
1)
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
nanocomposites
- 0.5 2 wt.-% g-Al2O3

nanorods
- 1 wt.-% AlOOH
nanorods
23
~ 0.11
16.9 19.6
09Lac
PS-HI
23
60 90
45.9
83Yap
PVC
neat
195
90Cay
3 8 wt.-% comonomer
130
41.6 52.0
91Kim
6.3 68 wt.-% acrylonitrile
130
53.9 79.0
91Kim,
91aKim
2 25 wt.-%
comonomer
130
27.5 33.3
91Kim
SAA
2)
SAN
SMA
1)
2)
2)
21.5
indentation fracture mechanics

SAA styreneacrylic acid copolymer; SMA styrenemaleic anhydride copolymer
Table 5.2 Energy-determined fracture toughness parameters GIc or JIc (*) of thermoplastics at quasistatic loading.
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm 1]
Ref.
PA66
neat
short-fibre
reinforced
33 vol.-% GF
40 0
RT
0.5 50
2.10 2.28
6.57 7.02
74Mar
93Has
PA610
neat
40 0
2.80 2.98
74Mar
PE-HD
neat
196
296
0.0018 2.1
0.0066 1.7
3.50 8-69
2.15
94Har
PE-LD
neat
40 0
0.35 0.53
74Mar
PC
neat
0
20
196
296
0.0018 2.1
0.0066 1.7
6.13
1.05
4.66 10.59
1.29
74Mar
78Fra
94Har
different processing:
40 0
-
0.5 600
0.35
74Mar
99Tod,
99aTod
PMMA
neat
blends
- extruded
- cast
8 wt.-% butadiene rubber
0.5
0.42 0.64
0.59 0.64
4.63
99aTod
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
butyl acrylate-co-styrene
coreshell rubber partcles:
- 20 wt.-% (extruded)
- 40 wt.-% (pressed)
0.5 600
POM
copolymers
40 0
2.80 3.50
PP
neat
40 0
26
1.0
50
0.57 *
1.23 3.85
2.40
2.50
2.90 *
RT
RT
RT
26
1.0
29 720
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
50
5.42 1)
6.62 *
8.1 35.0 *
16.0
42.1 *
50.5 *
19.2 *
2.08 7.00 *
26
50
3.49 10.0 *
23
20
37.5 47.6
RT
1.0
Material
blends
composites
hybrid
nanocomposites
with MAPP
50 wt.-% EPDM
40 47.5 wt.-% EPDM,
5 20 wt.-% ionomer, different
ionomers
10 wt.-% PEO, different
annealing temperatures
CaCO3:
- 5 40 wt.-%
- without MAPP
- with MAPP
- 5 15 wt.-%
- uncoated particles
- coated particles
20 vol.-% Al(OH)3, different
particle size
50 wt.-% glass microspheres (3
wt.-% MAPP), different silane
coupling agents
50 wt.-% glass microspheres +5
wt.-% PET (3 wt.-% MAPP),
coupling agents:
- no coupling agents
- different silane coupling
agents
5 wt.-% Al2O3:
- without MAPP
- with MAPP
Fracture
toughness
[N mm 1]
Ref.
99Tod,
99aTod
4.11 4.59
4.19 4.83
74Mar
74Mar
98Vel
08Kan
94Ha,
96Ha
12Shi
04Fas
85Gre
10Ram
13Per
12Per
13Per
94Ha,
96Ha
94Ha,
96Ha
13Wu
13Per
11.2 42.1 *
4.1 18.2 *
1.0
10Afs
0.32 0.57 *
0.50 0.60 *
1.82 2.07
20
1.0
1.40 1.80
20
1.0
98Vel
07Are
07Are
0.90
0.90 1.50
RT
1.0
13Per
29 *
18 *
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Material
nanocomposites
wood filled
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
5 wt.-% SiO2:
- without MAPP
- with MAPP
5 15 wt.-% CaCO3 (coated
particles)
nanoclay:
- 5 wt.-%
- without MAPP
- with MAPP
- 0.5 5 wt.-%
- 1 5 wt.-%
0.1 1 wt.-% graphene oxide,
different modification:
- unmodified
- silane treated
10 30 wt.-% wood flour:
- without MAPP
- with MAPP
RT
1.0
1.0
RT
1.0
1.0
-
Fracture
toughness
[N mm 1]
Ref.
13Per
11.0 *
14.1 *
0.60 1.05 *
10Afs
13Per
26.9 *
4.9 *
2.92 8.11
24.3 48.3
08Kan
10Ram
12Shi
5.85 8.66 1)
10.4 11.2 1)
RT
1.0
12Per
8.1 21.3 *
9.8 24.3 *
PS
neat
0
196
296
0.0018 2.1
0.0066 1.7
0.70
1.78 5.62
0.12
74Mar
94Har
PVC
rigid PVC
40
2.45
74Mar
1)
indentation fracture mechanics

63Ber
68Key
68Wil
72Joh
73Mar
74Mar
75Atk
75Par
77Mai
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Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

78Cas
78Fra
80Fer
80Rus
81Cha
81Hor
81Par
82San
83Yap
84Wil
85Gre
86Sch
86Nez
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88Rit
90Cay
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91aKim
92Gro
93Cho
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Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
10
95Aka
95aAka
96Ha
96Sav
98Cho
98Tso
98Vel
99Tod
99aTod
00Gen
01Gre
02Fu
02aFu
04Czi
04Fas
04Zeb
05Zha
06Lac
06Lal

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as used for load bearing components. Macromol. Symp. 108 (1996) 183202.
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fracture behavior of rubber toughened PMMA. JSME Int. J. 42 (1999) 4956.
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toughened PMMA. JSME Int. J. 42 (1999) 585591.
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fracture resistance of isotactic polypropylene and impact modified isotactic polypropylene.
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microstructure on the fracture toughness of SGF and SCF reinforced polypropylene composites.
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hybrid short glass fiber and short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Mater.
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Czigany, T.: An acoustic emission study of flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. J.
Compos. Mater. 38 (2004) 769778.
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mechanisms. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 42 (2004) 10751089.
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Lach, R., Kim, G. M., Michler, G. H., Grellmann, W., Albrecht, K.: Indentation fracture
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Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

06Zeb
06Zho
07Are
07Lac
08Kan
08Kle
08Kus
09Lac
09Li
09Oni
10Afs
10Kus
10Ram
10Var
12Fis
12Lac
12Per
12Shi
13Gre
11
Zebarjad, S. M., Sajjadi, S. A., Tahani, M.: Modification of fracture toughness of isotactic polypropylene with a combination of EPR and CaCO3 particles. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 175
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Landolt-Bornstein
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
12
13Per
13Pet
13Wu

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Test. 32 (2013) 123132.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_76
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact Loading of Thermoplastics - Introduction


The following Tables show a summary of fracture mechanical data of basic polymers estimated at impact
loading at the instrumented Charpy Impact test (ICIT).
The instrumented Charpy Impact test can be carried out using the MPK-ICIT procedure: Testing of
plasticsInstrumented Charpy impact test; Procedure for determining the crack resistance behaviour
using the instrumented impact test (see standards).
The arrangement of the ICIT is shown in Figure 5.2. With the instrumented pendulum hammer and a
pendulum velocity of 1.0 or 1.5 m s1 loaddeflection curves were recorded.
Fig. 5.2 Fracture mechanics testing equipment for the instrumented Charpy impact test.
The dissipated energy i.e. both AG and AR and also (AG +AR), the load Fgy and deflection fgy at the transition from elastic to elasticplastic material behaviour, the maximum load Fmax and the deflection at the
maximum load fmax are the typical measures of the ICIT.
With the geometrical details of the specimens, including the initial crack length a, the physical crack
length augmented to account for crack tip plastic deformation (the fracture mirror length) aBS, the dynamic
yield stress sy and the dynamic flexural modulus Ed, the fracture mechanics parameters KId, JId and dId can
be calculated [01Gre].
For the impact toughness evaluation of polymers the following values are preferred:
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_77
Dynamic stress intensity factor KId [ASTM E 399]:
K Id
with
F max s
f a=W :
BW 3=2
h
i1
0
2
3 a 1=2 @1:99 a=W 1 a=W 2:5 3:93a=W 2:7 a=W A
f
W
2 W
1 2a=W 1 a=W 3=2
a
and
f
a
W
2:9 a=W 1=2 4:6 a=W 3=2 21:8 a=W 5=2

37:6 a=W 7=2 38:7 a=W 9=2 :
(5:1)
(5:2)
(5:3)
J value JId
Evaluation method of Sumpter and Turner J
J ST
Id el
ST
[76Sum]:
Apl
Ael
W aeff
pl
:
B W a
B W a W a
(5:4)
where
el

2F gy s2 W a 2
f a=W 1 n2 :
f gy E d BW 3
(5:5)
and
pl 2
1 a=W 0:892 4:476 a=W

1:125 0:892 a=W 2:238a=W 2
Evaluation method according to Merkle and Corten J

J MC
Id G1
MC
(5:6)
[74Mer]:
2
D1 AG D2 AK D1 D2 Ael :
B W a
(5:7)

K 2Id
1 n2 f or plane strain state:
E
(5:8)
1g
:
1 g2
(5:9)
where
G1
D1
D2
g 1 2g g2
1 g2 2
1:456 W a
:
s
AK F max f max AG :
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_77
(5:10)
(5:11)
(5:12)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Critical crack-tip-opening displacement dId [87Gre, 86Hof]:

1
4f
dId W a max
n
s
(5:13)
1
4f
dIdk W a k :
n
s
(5:14)
f k f max f B :
(5:15)
and
where
An essential importance has the verification of the geometry independence of the fracture mechanics
values determined. Experimental results regarding the influence of specimen thickness B on fracture
mechanics values for polymers in summary are described in [13Gre]. The geometry independence can
be checked for the LEFM concept using Eq. 5.16, for the J-integral concept by means of Eq. 5.17 and
in case of CTOD concept Eq. 5.18 can be used. Values b, e and j are proportionality constants and are
available for many plastics and composites as graphics in [13Gre]. Knowledge of these general relations
enable to estimate required specimen thicknesses.
2
K Id
KId : B, a, W a b
(5:16)
sy
J Id
sy
(5:17)
dId : B, a, W a xdId
(5:18)
JId : B, a, W a e
Available results show that proportionality constants b, e and x are material-dependent. They also indicate
that specimen dimensions required for acquiring fracture mechanics values under impact loading are maintained for B = 4 mm and a/W 0.2 in the LEFM concept, the MC and ST J-integral estimation methods
and in the CTOD concept, if the notch part of critical crack-tip-opening displacement is used.
MPK-ICIT
ISO 179-2
ISO 13802
ASTM E 399
MPK-ICIT Testing of plasticsInstrumented Charpy impact test; Procedure for

(2012) determining the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented impact test
(ICIT), http://www2.iw.uni-halle.de/ww/mpk/mpk1_engl.pdf
Plastics Determination of Charpy impact properties Part 2: Instrumented impact
(1997) test (including technical corrigendum 1: 1998-11; AMD1 Amendment 1:
Precision data: 2011)
Plastics Verification of pendulum impact-testing machines Charpy, Izod and
(1999) tensile impact testing (including technical corrigendum 1: 2000)
Standard test method for linear-elastic fracture toughness KIc of metallic materials

74Mer
76Sum
Merkle, J. G., Corten, H. T.: J-integral analysis for the compact specimen, considering axial force
as well as bending effects. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 96 (1974) 4, 286292.
Sumpter, J. D. G., Turner, C. E.: Cracks and fracture. ASTM STP 601 (1976) 318.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_77
4
86Hof
87Gre
13Gre

Hoffmann, H., Grellmann, W., Zilvar, V.: Instrumented impact studies of some thermoplastic
composites. 28th Microsymposium on Macromolecules Polymer Composites, Praque, July
1985, Polymer Composites, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York, 233242.
Grellmann, W., Jungbluth, M.: Anwendung des COD-Konzeptes zur Bestimmung geometrieunabhangiger bruchmechanischer Kennwerte beim instrumentierten Kerbschlagbiegeversuch.
Institut fur Mechanik, Berlin und Chemnitz, Fracture Mechanics, Micromechanics and Coupled
Fields (FMC)-Series 37 (1987) 186192.
2013.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_77
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact Loading of Thermoplastics - Data

Table 5.3 Fracture mechanical values of basic po Charpy impact test.

T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
ABS
23
7.8 13.4
192 270
unpbl
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6
PA 6 + CF 30 wt.-%
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
(cond.)
PA 6 + GF 30 wt.-%
(wet)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 5 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 5 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 10 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 20 wt.-%
PA 6 + impact
modifier 25 wt.-%
PA 6 + 5 wt.-%
organic
montmorillonite
30
0
15
23
30
23
70 80
20 80
23
59.0
61.1
78.9
78.9
39.0 73.4
260 151
297
1.3
1.8
3.4
4.2
7.3
1.4 6.0
2.5 22.0
5.3 22.8
19.0
85
82
120
169
241
104 206
100 380
186
13Mon
23
294
20.7
205
23
220
23.4
270
23
23
140
-
10.3
4.8
150
-
2.2 15.0
13.5
30 30
2.2 17.0
70 10
2.5 17.5
3.5 18.5
23
5.2
06Kel
PA 66
22
253
11.9
142
05Nas
PB-1
PB-1 + GF 10 wt.-%
PB-1 + GF 20 wt.-%
23
23
23
71.8 98
89.1
112
7.5 9.0
7.4
8.4
225 262
214
185
04Gre
10Sch
13Gre
Material
30 50
23
70
30
Ref.
3
mm]
13Gre, 13Mon
13Gre
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
PB-1 + GF 30 wt.-%
PB-1 + GF 40 wt.-%
PB-1 + GF 50 wt.-%
23
23
23
132 327
151
169
8.4 11.9
8.1
6.8
152 156
124
111
PC
20
145
13
180
98Lac
PE
PE + SiO2
PE + hard paper
40 10
23
23
6.8 8.2
0.3 2.7
1.5 1.9
166 225
-
98Lac
13Gre
PE-HD
PE-HD +
20 wt.-%
PE-HD +
20 wt.-%
PE-HD +
10 wt.-%
PE-HD +
20 wt.-%
PE-HD +
30 wt.-%
PE-HD +
40 wt.-%
PE-HD +
50 wt.-%
20
40 20
44 70
60 68
1.4 3.9
2.2 2.8
83 132
112 156
13Gre
Cotton
Cotton
20
68
2.8
156
GF
23
89.6
3.9
105
GF
23
106 127
3.7 9.2
80 182
GF
23
125
5.5
101
GF
23
141
5.9
91
GF
23
158
6.0
91
PEEK
23
5.0 5.5
120 123
unpbl
PMMA
20
80
1.5
2.5
98Lac
POM
21
23
114 2.7
1.8 2.6
5.2 0.2
71 104
127 2
unpbl
PP
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
PP +
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
20
20
20
20
20
90
90
90
90
90
23
61.8 170
119
169 170
194 234
230
233
-
1.7 7.8
4.8
10.0
7.2 10.9
11.7
6.0 22.3
9.1 14.8
7.4 13.8
5.6
4.6 8.4
7.9
5.8 11.8
6.5 9.3
19.6
11.5 16.2
17.8
11.0 26.2
13.9 21.7
3.5 6.5
96
138
151
142
176
96
129
109
97
92
122
89
83
335
261
305
241
229
-
08Lang
10Sch
13Gre
Material
GF 10 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 26 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 50 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 26 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
GF 15 wt.-%
GF 20 wt.-%
GF 26 wt.-%
GF 30 wt.-%
GF 40 wt.-%
CaCO3
Ref.
3
mm]
10Sch, 13Gre
159
190
217
192
150
unpbl
140
135
115
unpbl
372
323
274
13Gre
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
PP + CaCO3 42 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 42 wt.-%
PP + T 22 wt.-%
PP + T 22 wt.-%
PP + T 27 wt.-%
PP + T 27 wt.-%
PP + MD 40 wt.-%
PP + MD 40 wt.-%
PP heterophasic
copolymer + T 23
wt.-% (coarse/
middle/fine
grained)
PP heterophasic
copolymer + T 33
wt.-% (coarse/
middle/fine
grained)
PP heterophasic
copolymer + T 43
wt.-% (coarse/
middle/fine
grained)
20
23
20
23
20
23
20
23
23
133/127/115
1.5 2.4
2.2 2.6
1.7 2.8
3.5 7.6
1.4
3.0
2.5
1.7
5.3/6.5/6.6
44 55
77 80
50 88
125 168
52
108
54
82
139/152/154
23
139/130/122
4.8/5.3/5.8
120/124/126
23
142/125/111
3.3/4.2/4.8
100/100/113
PS
20
6.5
1.5 2.0
0 87
98Lac, unpbl
PSU
PSU
PSU
40
23
90
113
206
164
5.9
25.1
18.4
165
336
335
unpbl
PVC
PVC
PVC + chalk
PVC + chalk
PVC + SiO2
23
150 23
23
150 60
23
96 114
-
1.5 5.4
2.0 4.5
1.2 2.8
100 130
35 72
28 105
-
13Gre, unpbl
PVC-P
23
0.84 0.92
69 74
unpbl
Material
Ref.
3
mm]
unpbl
12Sch
Table 5.4 Fracture mechanical values of different polypropylene materials determined at the
instrumented Charpy impact test at impact velocity of 1.5 m s 1 and testing temperature of 23 C in
dependence on type and amount of coupling agent (ca) 00Osz, 08Lan.
Material
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
Type of ca
Type A
1)
ca
[wt.-%]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
73
107
116
118
2.0
4.3
5.0
5.1
79
117
128
130
mm]
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Material
Type of ca
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
Type B1)
PP copo + GF 10 wt.-%
Type A1)
PP copo + GF 10 wt.-%
Type B1)
1)
ca
[wt.-%]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0.8
1.0
1.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
116
114
115
72
99
115
119
118
118
91
127
134
138
139
140
138
91
127
134
138
139
140
5.1
5.0
4.8
2.1
3.7
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.8
10.5
12.4
12.6
13.3
13.3
13.2
5.8
10.5
12.4
12.6
13.3
13.3
130
130
128
81
111
128
131
135
142
162
206
229
231
238
236
239
162
206
229
231
238
236
mm]
type A: PP-homopolymerisate-g-MA; type B: PP-copolymerisate-g-MA
dependence on amount of nucleation agent (na) 03Sch, 03Lan.
Material
PP
PP + GF 10 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
Var.
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
73
69
68
67
114
132
112
122
176
181
181
174
208
214
210
208
2.9
3.1
2.1
2.1
4.8
6.3
4.1
6.2
9.2
10.2
9.1
8.7
10.4
11.7
10.5
10.2
98
72
77
77
132
136
138
136
164
158
157
156
159
155
151
154
mm]
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
Var.
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
218
223
231
220
10.3
10.5
11.1
9.2
140
137
137
139
mm]
dependence on exposuring time tE in laundry lye at 95 C.
Material
PP
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + M 10 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-% + M 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 10 wt.-% + M 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 20 wt.-% + T 20 wt.-%
PP copo
(heterophasic)
PP copo + GF 30 wt.-% + M 10 wt.-%

(heterophasic)
PP copo + GF 20 wt.-% + M 20 wt.-%

(heterophasic)
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
100
200
500
0
100
200
500
0
100
200
500
0
100
200
500
0
100
200
500
0
69.2
67.0
65.7
51.4
190
184
163
123
128
125
112
85.6
79.5
81.6
72.1
58.2
144
145
130
105
57.1
3.0
2.6
2.7
1.9
9.9
8.0
6.1
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.6
2.2
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.3
5.2
5.2
4.7
3.3
2.6
119
112
122
110
130
128
116
106
100
97
91
86
78
77
73
73
105
105
99
94
128
100
200
500
0
57.0
50.1
44.6
190
2.7
2.1
2.1
11
139
125
128
160
100
200
500
0
186
166
131
144
11
9.1
6.9
7.1
160
148
144
134
100
200
500
135
126
96.9
6.7
6.1
3.5
134
128
121
Ref.
3
mm]
09Tis
09Tis
09Tis
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Material
PP copo + GF 10 wt.-% + M 30 wt.-%
(heterophasic)
PP copo + GF 20 wt.-% + T 20 wt.-%

(heterophasic)
PP
(along/across of injection direction)
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 10 wt.-% + M 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 15 wt.-%
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
102
3.8
107
100
200
500
0
94.4
84.7
68.4
148
3.7
2.8
2.2
7.0
109
105
104
129
100
144
7.5
136
200
500
0
131
107
45.6/41.7
6.3
5.5
1.2/1.2
127
124
72/86
50
100
200
500
0
40.9/42.5
49.8/47.6
48.5/55.4
54.4/58.0
124/88.5
1.2/1.2
1.8/1.5
1.4/1.8
1.7/2.2
5.1/2.8
74/72
91/100
81/84
100/107
99/102
50
100
200
500
0
102/81.6
104/80.6
108/84.0
101/75.5
152/102
3.8/2.9
3.8/2.8
3.8/2.9
3.7/2.5
5.9/3.5
105/98
115/106
95/86
106/98
108/96
50
100
200
500
0
135/82.9
136/91.0
124/82.1
121/72.8
187/102
4.9/2.4
5.5/2.9
3.8/2.8
4.1/2.3
7.1/3.1
108/98
109/106
95/89
93/90
116/102
50
100
200
500
0
145/101
152/88.3
137/87.5
138/88.0
85.7/89.4
4.6/3.3
5.3/2.5
3.9/2.3
3.8/2.6
2.6/2.9
103/94
103/100
98/88
93/88
74/72
50
100
200
500
0
100
200
400
600
1000
2000
78.2/67.2
72.3/63.4
78.9/69.1
75.6/72.7
-
2.1/1.7
2.1/2.1
2.4/1.9
1.8/2.4
10.0
8.3
7.4
7.0
6.6
5.8
6.0
72/74
78/77
74/74
73/75
151
130
130
130
130
120
120
Ref.
3
mm]
10Jae
unpbl
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PP + GF 20 wt.-%
PP + GF 26 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na A
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na B
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na C
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
100
200
400
600
1000
1400
1600
0
100
200
400
600
1000
0
100
200
400
600
850
1000
1400
1600
2000
0
100
200
400
600
1000
2000
0
100
200
400
600
1000
2000
0
100
200
400
600
1000
2000
0
100
200
400
286
219
210
200
188
176
164
254
223
216
201
193
183
167
259
226
218
212
202
188
173
258
223
211
204
7.9 10.1
6.0 6.5
5.5 6.1
5.0 8.1
3.8 8.8
3.7 9.6
3.4 4.8
4.7 7.7
11.7
8.5
8.9
8.5
7.2
7.1
9.1 15.8
7.0 15.0
6.4 13.2
5.7 12.5
5.5 12.9
5.2
4.4 13.0
5.9 8.8
4.2 9.7
4.4 12.4
14.5
10.5
9.6
8.2
6.8
6.8
6.9
14.1
9.6
8.7
7.1
6.2
6.4
7.0
14.9
11.2
9.3
9.7
7.7
7.1
6.0
12.6
9.8
8.6
8.8
150 175
132 137
127 135
125 167
113 169
109 173
108 111
124 152
176
156
159
148
144
144
139 171
113 172
108 173
105 159
93 165
115
99 163
108 111
107 154
84 153
163
124
121
114
109
103
112
132
120
115
108
107
103
104
145
122
120
115
115
113
107
138
125
118
109
Ref.
3
mm]
unpbl
02Kar
02Lan
02Kar
02Lan
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Material
PP + GF 40 wt.-%
PP + GF 50 wt.-%
PP + CaCO3 42 wt.-%
PP + T 22 wt.-%
PP + T 27 wt.-%
PP + MD 40 wt.-%
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
600
1000
2000
0
100
200
400
600
1000
1400
1600
2000
0
400
600
1000
1600
0
100
200
400
600
1000
2000
0
100
200
400
600
850
1000
1400
1600
2000
0
850
1400
0
1000
1600
189
175
164
-
6.9
6.5
6.7
12.1
9.7
8.3
7.4
6.4
6.5
8.5
8.7
4.9
13.8
11.7
11.0
11.6
10.0
2.2
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.8
2.3
2.0
3.5
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.6
6.4
5.6
7.2
5.3
9.3
3.0
3.0
3.6
1.7
1.9
1.9
106
102
110
132
112
106
112
95
95
142
132
88
150
138
132
134
132
77
88
91
97
107
80
90
125
183
184
184
186
176
189
186
160
108
124
127
82
89
91
14.8
11.5
1.4
12.0
11.3
10.5
10.4
8.5
2.6
3.7
7.6
11.0
10.7
10.2
11.6
8.1
12.0
8.0
7.2
Ref.
3
mm]
192
143
132
153
149
152
unpbl
150
109
80
109
168
211
206
213
239
199
244
197
214
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
dependence on exposuring time tE in water with different pH values at 80 C 04Tun.
Material
pH value
PP
PP + na
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na
PP
PP + na
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
72
67
67
69
64
67
69
70
67
65
63
65
60
54
214
194
198
192
183
182
173
212
201
196
206
201
196
176
72
62
66
68
69
63
64
70
63
64
60
64
59
58
213
191
189
183
3.6
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.8
3.1
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.7
11.1
10.8
10.2
10.4
9.3
9.0
7.4
11.4
8.8
8.5
10.3
8.8
8.6
7.2
3.6
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.3
3.1
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.3
1.9
1.6
11.1
10.3
9.6
8.7
105
105
102
102
102
101
105
94
80
81
78
80
84
98
144
145
167
170
157
148
135
135
124
112
127
116
120
129
105
103
102
103
95
102
115
94
80
81
78
81
83
95
144
152
156
150
mm]
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
10
Material
pH value
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na
PP
PP + na
PP + GF 30 wt.-%
PP + GF 30 wt.-% + na
tE
[h]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
0
6
12
24
48
96
240
182
167
167
212
210
207
212
201
195
172
72
73
67
64
66
69
63
70
63
71
72
65
61
56
214
188
186
183
178
170
162
212
199
201
205
201
198
168
8.8
7.9
6.3
11.4
10.0
10.4
11.3
9.7
9.1
6.4
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.3
3.1
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.1
1.5
11.1
8.9
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.1
5.7
11.3
9.7
9.4
10.0
9.8
9.7
5.9
145
145
136
135
125
127
125
125
119
133
105
102
108
105
96
99
120
94
81
85
88
82
81
98
144
155
156
153
144
137
131
135
124
124
127
122
115
134
mm]
Table 5.8 Fracture mechanical values of different PP materials determined at the instrumented Charpy
impact test at impact velocity of 1.0 m s 1 in dependence of the test temperature 11Hel.
Material
PP (MW = 250 kg mol 1)
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
30
23
80
2.7
1.8
3.5
86
78
99
mm]
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PP (MW = 1069 kg mol 1)
11
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
30
23
80
30
23
80
30
23
80
2.6
2.1
2.5
3.0
2.5
6.7
2.3
5.2
6.2
96
115
157
96
136
223
90
162
259
mm]
Table 5.9 Fracture mechanical values of ternary iPP/EPR/PE blends 2) determined at the instru-mented
Charpy impact test at impact velocity of 1.5 m s 1 in dependence of the test temperature 3) 03Scho.
Material
M/0/0
M/2/0
M/5/0
M/10/0
B/0/0
B/2/0
B/5/0
B/10/0
M/0/20
M/2/20
M/5/20
M/10/20
2)
T
[ C]
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
80
40
23
40
23
40
23
40
23
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
83.3
67.0
38.2
90.1
68.6
34.5
86.1
91.2
34.7
84.7
88.0
39.6
85.5
65.5
40.6
92.7
71.9
40.6
82.2
86.8
40.9
83.3
92.9
42.1
95.9
107
115
107
104
112
112
113
JId
[N mm 1]
1.4
2.3
2.3
1.6
1.9
2.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
1.3
2.4
3.5
1.6
2.6
3.1
1.6
1.8
4.3
1.3
3.0
4.1
1.3
3.1
4.0
3.3
10.4
4.0
10.3
3.2
10.2
3.5
10.5
dId
[10
71
87
206
63
75
193
65
98
191
58
93
183
80
106
253
66
77
243
62
104
232
58
102
219
118
255
107
238
105
231
96
211
mm]
X / Y /Z; X: iPP in wt.-%, Y: EPR in wt.-%, Z: PE in wt.-%; 3): M: Mw monomodal; B: Mw bimodal
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
12
Table 5.10 Fracture mechanical values of different PE materials determined at the instrumented Charpy
impact test in dependence of the testing temperature 4) 12Lan.
Material
PE A
PE B
PE C
4)
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
90
80
70
60
40
20
23
40
90
80
70
30
0
23
40
90
80
70
60
20
23
104
98.1
97.0
99.6
94.7
136
95.1
78.5
121
136
158
142
126
106
89
114
118
135
142
164
124
4.2
3.7
6.0
6.7
10.0
10.0
8.7
8.6
4.2
5.4
10.0
11.0
10.0
8.6
8.6
3.8
4.0
4.9
8.4
11.0
10.0
110
120
130
140
280
210
250
290
120
140
170
190
200
220
260
110
110
130
150
200
270
mm]
A: Lp 4261 A; B: HS 5531 B; C: HS CRP 100
Table 5.11 Fracture mechanical values of various polyamide materials determined at the instrumented
Charpy impact test at impact velocity of 1.5 m s 1 and testing temperature of 23 C in dependence on
different physical parameters.
Material
PA 6 / PA 66 +
GF 30 wt.-%
Physical Parameter
Blend composition
PA6/PA66 [wt.-%]
(dry)
PA 6 / PA 66
(50/50) +
GF 30 wt.-%
(dry)
Var.
100/
0
75/
25
50/
50
25/
75
0/
100
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
278
16.1
170
05Nas
269
14.0
160
06Lan
263
13.3
152
262
12.8
147
253
11.9
142
225
259
209
215
9.0
13.8
8.2
8.5
125
154
117
117
Ref.
3
mm]
Type of colorant:
carbon black
nigrosin
spinell
ferric oxide
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PA +
Nanoparticles
Physical Parameter
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
Ref.
3
mm]
Amount of nano-
5.1
08Wet
particles [wt.-%]
2.5
5.0
7.5
2
5.9
1.9
2.0
85.9 111
4.4 9.6
156 249
13Mon
4
6
8
0
85.6 129
64.0 127
57.0 125
73.4
3.8 14.8
2.0 13.1
1.4 10.8
6.0
136 313
101 270
88 244
206
2
4
6
8
10
15
107
97.2
62.7
61.3
61.4
68.7
8.7
6.3
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.5
259
200
97
84
83
62
PA +
Nanoparticles
(size of primary
particle 8 mm)
Amount of nano-
PA +
Nanoparticles
(size of primary
particle 8 mm)
Amount of nano-
PA 6 / PA 66 +
GF
30 wt.-%
Amount of carbon
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
PA6 / PA66 +
GF
30 wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
PA 6 / PA 66 +
GF
30 wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
Var.
13
particles [wt.-%]
particles [wt.-%]
07Kro
black PA 16 batch [wt.%]

0
0
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
1.2
1.2
265
237
215
230
230
229
226
229
14.8
21.9
9.7
19.0
11.1
19.0
10.8
18.9
158
246
127
218
137
220
132
220
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
1.2
1.2
239
223
237
227
244
223
12.2
18.6
11.9
18.0
13.1
18.5
139
219
140
214
147
216
Amount of carbon black

PE 16 batch [wt.-%]
Amount of carbon black

PA 47 batch [wt.-%]
07Kro
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
185
213
196
214
7.6
16.9
8.1
16.1
114
215
113
203
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
14
Material
(dry)
(cond.)
PA 6 + GF 40
wt.-% +
2 wt.-% carbon
black
batch
(red =
148 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 + GF 40
wt.-% +
2 wt.-% carbon
black
batch
(red =
188 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 + GF 40
wt.-% +
2 wt.-% carbon
black
batch
(red =
258 g 1 cm3)
Physical Parameter
Var.
1.2
1.2
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
179
213
7.0
15.0
105
196
Ref.
3
mm]
Amount of
09Sta
elastomeric
component [wt.-%]
0
265
14.8
152
5.0
7.5
10
280
275
265
19.5
21.0
22.0
180
195
200
262
15.0
154
5.0
7.5
10
280
277
260
21.0
23.0
22.0
187
197
198
290
18.0
160
5.0
10
288
267
23.0
24.0
190
205
Amount of
elastomeric
component [wt.-%]
Amount of
elastomeric
component [wt.-%]
Table 5.12 Fracture mechanical values of polyamide nanofilled materials measured at instrumented
Charpy impact test at impact velocity of 1.5 m s 1 and various test temperatures 13Mon.
Material
PA 6 + 2 wt.-%
Nanoparticles
(size of primary
particle 8 mm)
PA 6 + 6 wt.-%
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
30
0
23
40
45
50
55
30
69.8
65.6
72.3
46.9
1.6 1.7
1.7 1.8
3.6 3.7
10.0 15.7
18.4
13.2
14.0
0.7 1.6
71 78
73 77
139
305 394
444
378
393
8 48
70.2
67.7
75.5
72.9
mm]
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Nanoparticles
(size of primary
particle 8 mm)
15
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
15
23
30
40
45
56.6 72.3
94.0
57.3 98.5
81.0
-
1.1 2.0
3.8
1.7 6.8
11.9
6.4
10.6
54 81
113
94 186
275
208
281
mm]
Table 5.13 Fracture mechanical values of polyamides determined in the instrumented Charpy impact test
with a velocity of 1.5 m s 1 and different temperatures 10Kro, 11Kro, 13Kro, 13Krol.
Material
State
PA 6
(red = 145 g
cm3)
PA 6
(red = 165 g
cm3)
PA 6
(red = 182 g
cm3)
PA 6
(red = 145 g
cm3)
PA 6
(red = 165 g
cm3)
PA 6
(red = 182 g
cm3)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(cond.)
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
23
30
40
50
60
70
80
23
30
40
50
60
70
80
23
30
40
50
60
70
80
40
20
5
10
23
40
20
5
10
23
40
20
5
10
23
56.3
59.4
56.8
66.0
57.2
X (74.2)
X (83.2)
63.9
66.5
63.0
64.5
63.9
X (78.3)
X (112)
62.4
61.1
61.4
66.6
75.6
X (91.0)
X (58.2)
67.6
67.8
69.3
68.4
X (92.5)
70.0
66.9
67.9
69.6
X (112)
73.0
73.1
76.9
65.1
X (86.4)
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.3
2.1
4.2
5.0
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.7
4.7
5.0
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.3
3.4
5.4
5.9
1.4
1.4
1.6
2.2
5.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
2.4
5.4
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.0
6.8
75
78
78
97
105
180
229
84
86
88
99
122
197
254
76
76
83
98
137
213
259
63
64
67
86
199
64
66
66
86
205
68
71
79
87
214
mm]
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
16
Material
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 142 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 149 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 191 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 / E5 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 142 g 1 cm3)
State
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
40
40
60
70
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
40
40
60
70
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
40
40
60
70
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
213
222
227
217
234
234
254
251
282
259
279
X (221)
249
X (227)
215
206
224
213
234
214
253
234
271
253
273
X (224)
245
X (221)
223
210
233
222
238
231
264
268
286
251
276
X (205)
237
X (213)
219
225
238
228
258
242
292
6.4
6.0
7.5
6.2
8.2
7.5
9.8
9.4
14.2
17.6
16.6
21.8
20.2
21.2
6.7
5.2
7.4
5.9
8.4
6.3
10.2
8.0
13.0
16.3
15.5
18.0
19.4
19.8
7.6
5.6
8.4
6.7
9.4
7.8
11.9
11.3
16.1
18.4
18.0
23.4
20.4
20.8
7.2
6.5
9.0
7.8
10.9
8.9
16.4
105
94
109
98
114
109
122
121
142
187
164
250
212
238
102
90
108
93
116
102
127
118
141
177
161
242
206
231
108
90
115
99
119
108
136
132
161
197
176
257
225
254
107
95
120
103
134
120
161
mm]
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PA 6 / E5 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 154 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 / E5 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 186 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 / E10 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 142 g 1 cm3)
PA 6 / E10 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 154 g 1 cm3)
State
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
17
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
0
23
23
30
40
50
60
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
30
40
50
60
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
40
50
60
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
30
40
50
60
60
282
295
254
X (237)
281
268
X (246)
229
223
230
220
261
259
287
271
291
240
X (227)
283
259
X (240)
235
235
267
255
282
275
292
280
290
X (241)
272
X (255)
X (233)
226
220
266
255
287
262
293
279
273
X (241)
270
X (251)
X (235)
236
224
14.9
19.6
21.7
23.8
20.5
22.9
25.7
8.1
6.5
8.3
6.8
11.8
10.4
16.3
14.1
19.3
19.5
21.0
20.8
22.0
24.9
8.4
7.2
11.4
9.2
13.8
13.1
17.4
15.7
19.0
21.8
21.0
23.5
26.2
8.2
6.7
11.9
9.8
15.4
13.7
19.4
17.1
19.8
25.5
20.8
20.6
22.1
9.0
7.1
157
182
218
239
197
218
252
115
97
114
100
139
123
162
147
179
204
233
199
214
242
110
100
132
115
154
140
170
160
184
226
203
225
258
114
98
143
123
172
151
185
175
193
248
203
211
235
115
107
mm]
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
18
Material
State
PA 6 / E10 + GF 40 wt.-%
(red = 180 g 1 cm3)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(dry)
(dry)
T
[ C]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
30
40
50
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
23
23
30
40
50
261
236
270
267
268
271
276
X (222)
260
X (251)
X (235)
240
253
264
258
272
274
277
274
271
X (223)
X (262)
X (253)
X (219)
11.7
8.7
14.5
13.5
16.8
16.9
20.3
20.2
19.0
21.0
22.6
9.4
9.1
12.5
11.3
15.8
15.0
18.7
17.6
20.7
23.1
21.1
22.1
21.0
138
119
163
156
174
175
193
232
195
211
239
116
112
149
131
171
159
185
181
202
247
206
228
236
mm]
X: KIQ (geometry dependent)

Table 5.14 Fracture mechanical values of different laser sintered polyamide 12 materials determined in
the instrumented Charpy impact test at different impact velocities vH at 23 C [06Mon].
Conditions of
Laser Sintering
vH
[m s 1]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
PA 12
100 % original
PA 12
25 % original +
50 % overflow +
25 % recycled
PA 12
100 % recycled
PA 12 + GB 50 wt.-%
50 % original +
50 % recycled
0.51
1.00
1.47
1.89
0.51
1.00
1.47
1.89
1.00
1.47
1.89
0.76
1.00
1.24
1.47
1.89
80.1
70.3
74.9
74.0
84.4
76.7
78.8
72.9
67.3
63.2
76.6
105
102
113
112
106
3.6
2.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.5
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.2
3.2
3.7
3.6
4.1
4.0
3.1
159
145
129
126
170
149
138
132
219
208
164
128
120
116
147
104
Material
mm]
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
PA 12
19
Conditions of
Laser Sintering
vH
[m s 1]
KId
[MPa mm1/2]
JId
[N mm 1]
dId
[10
25 % original +
50 % overflow +
25 % recycled;
80 % laser power
25 % original +
50 % overflow +
25 % recycled;
90 % laser power
25 % original +
50 % overflow +
25 % recycled;
110 % laser power
25 % original +
50 % overflow +
25 % recycled;
120 % laser power
1.00
1.47
1.89
86.3
78.3
73.5
5.3
4.4
3.9
186
174
168
1.00
1.47
1.89
73.7
70.2
67.0
8.8
7.9
7.3
181
182
157
1.00
1.47
1.89
90.3
84.5
91.3
5.4
4.7
5.5
191
183
172
1.00
1.47
1.89
96.2
94.7
94.7
5.1
4.9
4.9
188
181
172
mm]

98Lac
00Osz
02Kar
02Lan
03Lan
03Scho
03Sch
04Gre
04Tun
Lach, R.: Korrelationen zwischen bruchmechanischen Werkstoffkenngroen und molekularen

Relaxationsprozessen amorpher Polymere. VDI-Fortschr.-Ber. VDI-Reihe 18 Nr. 223, VDIVerlag, Dusseldorf (1998).
Oszlanyi, T.: Charakterisierung des Deformations- und Bruchverhaltens von Polypropylen/
Glasfaser (PP/GF)-Verbunden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Faser-Matrix-Haftungsverhaltnisse. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2000.
Kardelky, S.: Einfluss der Nukleierungsmittelart auf die Deformations- und Bruchmechanismen
von medial beanspruchten PP/GF-Verbunden. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg,
Masterthesis, 2002.
Langer, B., Grellmann, W.: Bruchmechanische Werkstoffoptimierung von Polypropylen-Glasfaser-Verbunden fur industrielle Anwendungen. In: Degischer, H. P. (Hrsg.): Verbundwerkstoffe, 14. Symposium Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde, Wien 2.4. Juli 2003,
Tagungsband S. 452457.
Grellmann, W., Langer, B., Bierogel, C.: Moglichkeiten der Polymerdiagnostik zur Produktcharakterisierung. In: Buchholz, O. W. und Geisler, S. (Hrsg.): Herausforderung durch den industriellen Fortschritt Tagungsband Werkstoffprufung 2003, Verlag Stahl-eisen GmbH
Dusseldorf, ISBN 3-514-00703-9, S. 351357.
Schoig, M.: Struktur und Eigenschaftscharakterisierung von ternaren iPP/EPR/PE-Blends.
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2003.
Schroder, D.: Kombinierte Wirkung des Faservolumen- und Nukleierungsmittelgehaltes auf das
mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau von PP/GF-Verbunden. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2003.
Grellmann, W., Langer, B., Bierogel, C., Schoig, M., Mecklenburg, T.: Bruchmechanische
Zahigkeitsbewertung nukleierter glasfaserverstarkter Polyolefinwerkstoffe. Werkstoffprufung
2004, Verlag Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft mbH Frankfurt, Tagungsband Werkstoffprufung 2004, Neu-Ulm, 25.26.11.2004, ISBN 3-88355-337-9, S. 321326.
Tung, H. X.: Analysis of mechanical damaging behaviour of PP materials induced by environmental and thermal loading. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2004.
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20
05Nas
06Lan
06Kel
06Mon
07Kro
08Wet
08Lan
08Lang
09Tis
09Sta
10Jae
10Kro
10Sch
11Hel
11Kro
12Lan
12Sch
13Gre

Nase, M.: Deformations- und Bruchverhalten von glasfaserverstarkten PA6/PA66-Blends. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2005.
Langer, B., Nase, M., Grellmann, W., Schumacher, S.: PA6/PA66-Blends Zahigkeitsoptimierung unter Berucksichtigung der Zusammensetzung und des Einflusses von Farbstoffen. Innovationsforum Kunststoffverarbeitung neue Anwendungsgebiete innovative Produkte und
Technologien, Schkopau, 25.01.26.01.2006 Tagungsband, CD Sektion 1/03, S. 17.
Kelnar, I., Scudla, J., Kotek, J., Kretzschmar, B., Leuteritz, A.: J-integral evaluation of PA6
nanocomposite with improved toughness. Polymer Testing 25 (2006) 697700.
Monami, A.: Einfluss von Materialzusammensetzung und Herstellungsbedingungen auf das
Eigenschaftsprofil lasergesinterter Polyamid 12-Werkstoffe. Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleWittenberg, Masterthesis, 2006.
Kroll, M.: Rugefarbte PA6/PA66-GF-Verbunde Untersuchungen zum Einsatzverhalten bei
Variation der Rutypen und -gehalte unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des Konditionierungszustandes. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2007.
Wetzel, B., Estatiev, O., Walter, R.: Tribologische und mechanische Eigenschaften von Polyamid-6/Montmorillonit Nanocomposites. Projektbericht, Universitat Kaiserslautern, (2008).
Langer, B., Bierogel, C., Grellmann, W.: Eigenschaften von Polypropylen gezielt bewerten/Targeted assesment of polypropylene properties. Kunststoffe 5 (2008) S. 8794 und Kunststoffe
International 5 (2008) pp. 5863.
Langer, B., Lach, R., Grellmann, W.: Bruchmechanische Kennwertermittlung fur Kunststoffe
Beispiele aus der Diagnostik und Schadensfallanalyse. In: Frenz, H., Grellmann, W. (Hrsg):
Herausforderung neuer Werkstoffe an die Forschung und Werkstoffprufung, 26. Vortrags- und
Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprufung 2008, 04. + 05.12.2008, Berlin Tagungsband S. 289294
ISSN 1861-8154 ISBN 978-3-00-026399-6.
Tischer, M.: Polypropylene-Hybrid-Verbunde Einfluss von Art und Mengenverhaltnis der Einzelkomponenten auf das mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau infolge medialer und thermischer
Beanspruchung. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2009.
Staub, N.: Hochgefullte schlagzahmodifizierte PA6-GF-Verbunde. Martin-Luther-Univer-sitat
Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2009.
Jager, S.: Einfluss der Faserorientierung auf das mechanische Kennwertniveau medial und thermisch beanspruchter Polypropylene-Glasfaser-Verbunde. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2010.
Kroll, M., Langer, B., Schumacher, S., Grellmann, W.: The influence of carbon black patches on
the fracture behavior glass fiber reinforced PA6/PA66 blends. Journal Applied Polymer Science
116 (2010) 610618.
dynamischer Untersuchungen. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Witten-berg,
Vieweg und Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2011.
Held, S.: Zahigkeitseigenschaften von Polypropylenwerkstoffen in Abhangigkeit vom Molekulargewicht. Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Masterthesis, 2011.
Kroll, M., Langer, B., Heckmann, M., Grellmann, W.: Charakterisierung des Eigenschaftsniveaus von auf schnelllaufenden Doppelschneckenextrudern hergestellten qualitatsoptimierten
Polyamid-Compounds mit modernen Methoden der Kunststoffdiagnostik. In: 13. Tagung Problemseminar Deformation und Bruchverhalten von Kunstoffen, 29.06.01.07.2011, Merseburg.
Tagungsband (CD-ROM), 15, ISBN 978-3-86829-400-2.
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Bewertung des Verhaltens von PE-Rohrwerkstoffen beim langsamen Risswachstum. Materials
Testing 54 (2012) 9, 578583.
Schone, J., Kotter, I., Grellmann, W.: Properties of polypropylene talc compounds with different
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13Kro
13Krol
13Mon
21
Kroll, M.: Hybride PA 6-Werkstoffe Methoden der bruchmechanischen Zahigkeitscharakterisierung und Eigenschaftsprofil in Abhangigkeit von den Verarbeitungsbedingungen und der
Werkstoffzusammensetzung. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Witten-berg, 2013.
Kroll, M., Langer, B., Schumacher, S., Grellmann, W.: Toughness optimization of elastomer
modified glass fiber reinforced PA6 materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127 (2013) 5766.
Monami, A.: Struktur, Exfolierungszustand und Eigenschaften von PA 6/ OMMT-Ver-bundwerkstoffen. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2013.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_78
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Introduction
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance

Composites - Introduction

The fracture toughness of thermosets and high performance composites has been very often determined for
neat and modified epoxy resins as well as high performance polymers using the stress-determined parameter KIc (fracture toughness, see Table 5.15) and the energy-determined parameters GIc or JIc (critical
energy release rate or J value, see Table 5.16) at quasi-static loading conditions (loading speed: ~0.01
1000 mm min-1) but only rarely at impact loading conditions (loading speed: ~0.5 4.0 m s-1) (see
Tables 5.18. and 5.19). Furthermore, some data are available characterising the resistance against
stable crack initiation (Ji or we) of high performance polymers by application of the crack resistance curve
approach (critical J value Ji) or the essential work of fracture (EWF) approach (specific essential work of
fracture we) ( Table 5.17). However, most of the related measurements were limited to room temperature
(i.e. ~20 25 C); also in cases where no temperatures are available in the literature it can be assumed that
the fracture experiments were executed at room temperature. Disregarding that thermosets and high performance composites are often used as engineering materials for low and/or high-temperature applications,
data of the toughness spanning a broad range of temperature (~ 196 250 C) are only little available.
Few types of composites such as laminates and polymer concretes in which the non-polymer component predominates the polymeric one are not included in the following collections of data. This is partly
also due to that interfacial fracture mechanics approaches being often used to analyse the crack propagation performance of such composites adequately are not subject of this chapter.
Standards Chapter 5.2
ASTM D 5045-99e1
(2007)
ASTM D 6068-10
(2010)
BS 7991
(2001)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(2000)
ESIS TC 4
(1995)
ISO 13586
(2000)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Standard test methods for plane-strain fracture toughness and strain energy
release rate of plastic materials
Determination of the mode I adhesive fracture energy, GIc, of structural
adhesives using the double cantilever beam (DCB) and tapered double
cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens
Determination of fracture toughness (GIc & KIc) of plastics at loading rates
greater than 1 m/s (1 30 m/s)
Protocol for interlaminar fracture testing of composites (mode I DCB ISO 15
024 and mode II ELS ESIS TC4)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_79
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Introduction
ISO 13586 AMD 1

(2003)
ISO 17281
(2002)
MPK-ICIT
(2012)
ASTM D 5528-01e3
(2007)
ASTM E 1922-04e1
(2010)
ISO 15024
(2001)
JIS K 7086
(1993)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_79
Plastics Determination of fracture toughness (GIc and KIc); Linear elastic

fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach Amendment 1: Guidelines for the
testing of injection-moulded plastics containing discontinuous reinforcing
fibres
loading rates (1 m s-1)
Testing of Plastics Instrumented Charpy impact test; Procedure for
determining the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented impact test;
Part I: Determination of characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for
resistance against unstable crack propagation; Part II: Determination of
characteristic fracture mechanics parameters for resistance against stable crack
propagation
Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of
plastics
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Data I

Composites - Data I

Table 5.15 Fracture toughness KIc of thermosets and high performance polymers at quasi-static loading
(RT room temperature: ~20 25C).
Material
Aryl dicyanate
resin
neat
blends
BMI resin neat
polymer
modified
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
94Woo
- max 25 wt.-% PSU

- 20 wt.-% PEI
- 10 wt-% PEI +
10 wt.-%
PSU
25.3
34.9 56.3
34.8
47.4
RT
0.5 10.0
12.6 43.0
different crosslink
density
- max. 25 phr
(9.7 wt.-%)
PPEK
- different PEKK types
(i.e. PPDE, PPIDE and
PPTDE) with different
molecular weight,
max.20 wt.-% PEKK
max. 20 wt.-% PPO
low molar mass linear
polyester
22
-
0.051
5.3
15.0 25.0
09Han, 98Iij,
01Iij, 06Qui,
99Gop,
01bIij, 98aIij,
97aIij,
02Luo, 01Jin,
99Xu,
99Wei,
98Gop,
98aGop,
96aIij
02Chi
92Don
RT
10.0
33.0 52.0
09Han
1.0
26.0 38.0
98Iij, 01Iij
0.5
-
33.2 44.3
29.1
99Wei
99Xu
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Material
Cyanate ester
resin
neat
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
different aromatic
polyesters (max. 25 wt.
%), different molecular
weight (4.9 29.4 kg
mol1):
- PEPT
- PEPB
- PEPN
- PPP
- PBP
- PDPP
- PBPT
- PEP
- PEPI
hyperbranched
polyesters:
- 9 wt.-% (Mn = 1.75
14 kg mol1)
- 10 wt.-% (differently
hydroxy-terminated)
max. 5 wt.-% PMS
PI:
- max. 16 wt.-% (allylterminated, hyperbranched)
- max. 30 wt.-% (Mn =
0.86 5.85 kg mol1)
- PI oligomer (max.
30 wt.-%)
PEI:
- max. 15 phr PEI
- max. 20 phr PEI
max. 30 wt.-% PEG
(molecular weight:
2 5 kg mol1)
1.0
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
16.4
26.2
31.3
33.5
34.5
30.4
25.6
22.1
27.0
01bIij
36.7
36.7
34.8
35.7
37.0
35.4
35.7
41.6
33.1
98aIij
97aIij
23.7 31.6
99Gop
23.7 31.6
99Xu
1.0
28.1 42.1
96aIij
RT
1.0
17.0 18.0
06Qui
0.051
12.6 25.3
98Gop
20.1 33.2
98aGop
RT
0.5
02Luo
01Jin
02Chi
06Mon,
97Hwa,
00aIij, 03Iij,
06aIij,
01Har, 01cIij,
99Iij, 01Ham
05aWoo,
04Woo
99Nai
22
31.0 38.3
112 120
7.3 14.1
23 2
0.05 1.6
19.0 24.0
120
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
polymer
modified
10 wt.-% PSU
max. 30 phr PSU:
- PSU, unmodified
- PSU, cyanated
max. 25 wt.-% PEP
(Mw = 13.6 26.7 kg
mol1)
20 wt.-% PEP
copolyester (Mw = 4.8
8.7 kg mol1)
max. 10 wt.-% NphenylmaleimideN(p-hydroxy)
phenylmaleimide
styrene terpolymer
N-phenylmaleimide
styrene copolymer:
- max. 25 wt.-%
- max. 12 wt.-% (Mw =
85 189 kg mol1)
N-phenylmaleimide
N-(p-hydroxy)
phenylmaleimide
styrene terpolymer
(max.
10 wt.-%) + Nphenylmaleimide
styrene copolymer
(max. 5 wt.-%)
PI, different
composition and type:
- max. 17.5 wt.-%
random-type PI (Mw =
16.5 63.4 kg mol1)
- max. 15 wt.-% multi
block-type PI (Mw =
26.5 62.4 kg mol1)
max. 20 wt.-% PEI
(semi-penetrating
polymer networks),
differently precured:
- 140 C
- 160 C
- 180 C
23 2
-
1.6
1.0
34.0
06Mon
97Hwa
1.0
26.0 40.0
24.0 54.0
26.9 47.1
1.0
32.9 35.1
00aIIj
1.0
21.8 32.3
01cIij
1.0
9.5 48.1
42.1 50.9
01cIij
99Iij
24.7 47.4
01cIij
1.0
1.0
00aIIj
03Iij
21.5 31.9
24.3 28.1
01Har
29.9 68.3
30.1 71.6
34.8 97.6
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Material
particle
modified
hybrid systems
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
max. 25 wt.-%
phenolphthalein-based
PAES oligomer
(hydroxylfunctionalised),
polymer networks,
differently cured
max. 20 wt.-%
polyarylates (different
composition and type,
Mw = 2.7 42.6 kg
mol1)
BMI:
- blends (max. 35 wt.% BMI)
- blends (max. 40 wt.% BMI)
- sequential
interpenetrating
polymer networks
(30 wt.-% BMI,
different crosslinker
fraction)
max. 5 wt.-% nanoclay
2 wt.-% nanoclay
max. 60 wt.-% fused
spherical silica (mean
particle size: 6 m),
coupling agents:
1.27
25.3 46.6
97Sri
1.0
24.7 45.5
03aIij
0.5
16.1 23.1
01Ham
111 168
99Nai
85.4 130
99Nai
23 2
-
0.05
1.6
0.05
29.1 40.8
29.0
05aWoo
06Mon
- unmodified
- alkoxysilane
- titanate
- epoxy silane
10 wt.-% PSU +2 wt.% nanoclay
max. 60 wt.-% fused
modified matrix:
- max. 15 wt.-% ETBN
- max. 15 wt.-% CTBN
- max. 15 wt.-% PEI
- max. 10 wt.-% PES
23 2
1.6
0.05
29.3
25.3
26.2
29.3
28.0
49.6
49.6
49.6
47.4
05Woo,
04Woo
04Woo
06Mon
05Woo
52.5
43.3
55.0
46.2
72.7
52.8
75.2
48.1
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
Epoxy resin
neat
1.0
2.6 3.4
20 25
0.05 152
11.0 46.0
RT
0.05 5.0
51.0 73.0
24
0.1 10.0
82.0 114
RT
0.5 500
0.51 508
0.1 1000
14.0 23.0
23.0 30.0
27.0 30.0
different types:
- ductile epoxy
- brittle epoxy
-
25
24 1
0.01 1000
1.0 500
86.0 128
07San,
02bPar
05Rag,
08Ada,
1) more
references at
the end of
Table 5.15.
10Bak,
07Bak,
11Abu,
10Tsa,
05Gan,
11Aya,
11aAya,
95Jan,
06aZha,
08Gon,
02aPar,
11Bak, 12Jaj
10Fer, 08Zho,
08aZho,
04Par,
08Yao, 08Ha,
99Ash, 01Par,
99Jan, 05Par
00Xia
09aLiu
05Lee,
09aLiu
05Kan
89Hol
Epoxy resin
neat
90 80
1.0
34.0 47.0
18.0 34.0
17.0 41.0
86Kin,
03Gam,
08Zha
10.0
196
150 25
23.0
23.0 54.0
10.0
50 23
50
70
99Jan
08Kim
07Den,
06Den
23.0 28.0
39.0
126
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
0.12
130 23
90
-
different crosslink
density
differently cured
different fraction of
curing agent
different amine/epoxy
ratio and curing
temperature
postcured
different hardener
Epoxy resin
neat
different epoxies
differently cured
different catalytic
initiators
blended with different
hyperbranched epoxies
(max. 20 wt.-%) of
different molecular
weight
(1.25 15.5 kg mol-1)
hyperbranched epoxies
differently synthesized
and of different
composition
blends of two epoxy
monomers
different epoxy/
cyanate network
different anhydride/
epoxy group ratio
different aging times
(water, 70 C)
- non-aged
- 1 week aged
- 1 month aged
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
08Kwo
31.0 42.0
57.0
87Rag,
88Rag
80 50
160
RT
0.51
0.508 2.54
16.0
20.0
16.0 56.0
RT
RT
1.0
1.7
2.0
10.0
16.0 25.0
28.4 32.6
56.0 63.0
7.0 23.0
91Lev,
09Liu,
99Sue,
00aLee
11Gri, 10Hsi
07Lar
03Par
97Shi
RT
12.7
21.0 56.0
02Rob
23
RT
23
1.0
10.0
1.0
1.0
47.1
8.0 38.0
7.9 36.0
20.0 41.0
92Hou
10Ngo
96Pea
97Hou
1.0
55.0 63.0
02Par
5.0
64.8 101
06aZha,
06cZha
72.7 102
12Che
RT
0.12
34.0 51.0
08Har
1.3
26.0 31.0
11Li
11.0 16.0
99Oya
11Ale
25.0
16.0
25.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
rubber modified
rubber particles
- particles size:
0.2 0.5 mm,
particles distance:
0.15 0.8 mm
- particle size:
20 mm, 10 % rubber
- particle size:
0.2 200 mm
different rubber:
- 5 wt.-% rubber
- 10 wt.-% rubber
- 15 wt.-% rubber
max. 40 wt.-% rubber
Epoxy resin
rubber modified
different crosslink
density of the matrix
- 10 vol.-% rubber
- with PEPPEO
amphiphilic block
copolymer
with PEPPEO
amphiphilic block
copolymer (5 wt.-%)
core-shell rubber
particles:- particle
size:0.16 1.2 mm,
max. 30 phr rubber
- particle size: 0.12 mm,
5 wt.-% rubber,
differrent crosslink
- SBM, particle size:
0.3 mm
- particle size:
0.3 0.9 mm
- particle size:
0.1 0.105 mm,
max. 10 % rubber
- 2 wt.-% rubber
- PBA core/PMMA
shell
(50 phr)
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
1.0
33.0 69.0
00Bag, 96Bag
0.51
31.0
91Sue
152
35.0 92.0
91Pea
89Tru
20 22
0.5 1.0
44.0
65.0
79.0
26.0
88.0
88.0
90.0
135
RT
-
0.51
32.0 132
62.0 96.0
91Lev
09Liu
0.51 508
28.0 86.0
09aLiu,
10Liu
0.5 1.0
33.0 91.0
96Kim,
09Mar
0.51
40.0 83.0
99Sue
15
0
15
25
40
-
15.2 1524
76.2 1524
15.2 1524
7.6 7620
76.2 762
10.0
50.0
53.0
58.0
62.0
78.0
40.0
93Car
0.05 0.51
29.0 38.0
04Sue, 91Sue
25
-
1.0
26.0
169
03Gam
99Ash
62.0
69.0
76.0
85.0
81.0
64.0
99He,
96aKim
99Bec
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Material
Epoxy resin
rubber modified
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
- styrenebutadiene or
PB core/PMMA shell
(max. 15 wt.-%), particle size: ~0.1 mm
- siloxane core/PMMA
shell (max. 15 wt.-%),
particle size: ~0.3 mm
CTBN:
- max. 30 phr
21
1.0
< 46.0
11Gia
21
1.0
< 41.0
RT
0.5 1.0
36.0 71.0
- 10 phr
- max. 20 phr
RT
5.0
10.0 15.0
36.0
21.0 79.0
- 5 phr
- max. 15 wt.-%
- max. 30 %
- max. 20.9 vol.-%
RT
-
152
0.1 1000
0.5 500
-
66.0
30.0 57.0
18.0 47.0
46.0 79.0
- max. 20 phr
- 15 phr
- max. 20 phr (different
hardener)
different SBM triblock
copolymers (10 phr)
symmetric MBM
triblock copolymer
(10 phr)
NR-LE
recycled rubber:
- 6 wt.-%
- max. 25 vol.-%,
differently treated
- 10 phr
recycled rubber +
CTBN:
- recycled rubber:
4 wt.-%),
CTBN: 2 wt.-%
- 10 phr rubber,
recycled
rubber and CTBN:
both
max. 7.5 phr,
CTBN (max. 27 phr) +
BN (max. 21 phr),
19 vol.-% rubber
196
90 50
-
10.0
1.0
1.0
47.0 70.0
46.0 111
16.4 53.8
93Zha, 91Zen,
92Low
97Bag
04aLiu,
99Jan, 97Boy,
01Kim,
02aKim
93Pea
05Lee,
00Xia
10Lia,
10aHsi
99Jan
86Kin
96Pea
1.0
32.0 85.0
07Hyd
1.0
63.0 66.0
07Hyd
2.0
82.0
11Abu
RT
10.0 15.0
10.0
26.0 37.0
33.0 49.0
97Boy
02Sip
5.0
99.0
97Bag
10.0 15.0
60.0 86.0
97Boy
5.0
45.0 104
97Bag
1.0
28.0 31.0
91Zen
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
polymer
modified
Specification
acrylic rubber:
- 10 %, particle size:
0.4 mm
- 22.7 phr
HTPB (max. 20 wt.-%)
SBS triblock
copolymer,
epoxidized (30 wt.-%)
silicon rubber (max. 35
wt.-%), different
rubber types
ETBN (max. 20 wt.-%,
mean particle size:
0.26 0.55 mm,
interparticle distance:
0.20 0.81 mm)
rubber nanoparticles:
- size: 55 nm, max.
10 wt.-%, matrix
differently cured
- size: 2 3 nm, max.
15 wt.-%
rubbery epoxy particles
(size: 1 3 mm, max.20
phr)
5 phr PB (hydroxyl
terminated)
crosslinked with
divinylbenzene (5 40
phr)
max. 30 wt.-%
urethane elastomer
(different types)
PPO (max. 20 phr)
PEEK oligomer,
hydroxyl terminated:
- 5 phr
- max. 15 phr
- max. 15 phr, different
molecular weight
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
0.51
34.0
91Sue
RT
-
1.0
1.0
10.0
119
54.0 63.0
37.0 40.0
99Ash
08Tho
10Oca
1.0
25.0 38.0
98Bit
26.0 31.0
91Ver
0.5
36.0 69.0
10Le
5.0
32.0 48.0
08aMa
10.0
22.0 60.0
99Jan
RT
2.0
51.9 82.2
05Saa
1.0
19.4 32.1
94Oht
RT
1.0 152
36.0 57.0
04Fro, 93Pea
10.0
67.0 69.0
71.0 83.0
70.0 102
09Asi, 07Asi,
11Asi
05aFra
05Fra,
06aFra
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
10
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Epoxy resin
polymer
modified
perfluoroether
oligomer, hydroxyl
terminated:
- interpenetrating networks (max. 14.3
wt.-% oligomer)
- particlematrix
structure (max. 10
wt.-% oligomer)
PENT oligomers,
hydroxyl terminated
(max. 15 phr PENT
with different
molecular weight)
PMS (max. 12 wt.-%)
and/or PMSH
(max. 13 wt.-%), total
modifier: 15 wt.-%,
different epoxy resins
PMS (molecular
weight Mw: 36 734
kg mol1, max. 20
wt.-%)
PC (max. 7.5 wt.-%)
low-molecular weight
(Mn) imide, Mn (kg
mol1):
- 0.72 (5 wt.-%)
- 0.858 (max. 25
wt.-%)
- 1.02 (5 wt.-%)
- 1.2 (max. 15 wt.-%)
- 1.3 (max. 25 wt.-%)
polydimethylsiloxane:
- 10 phr (different
molecular weight,
particle size and
interparticle distance)
- max 15 phr
(hydroxyl- terminated)
PPOPEO copolymer
(max. 10 phr)
AEPDMS,
copolymerized with
epoxy
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
03Rag
13.0 30.0
19.0 31.0
66.0 108
07Sax
1.0
25.0 58.0
95Iij, 97Iij
1.0
25.3 49.6
92aIij, 93aIiJ
RT
-
5.0
-
70.0 101
11Bak
98Wu
21.0
20.0 28.0
18.0
16.0 35.0
12.0 20.0
-
1.0
20.0 27.0
97Lee
73.0 92.7
23.0 44.0
03Kum,
01Kum
02Che
29.0 35.0
96Koh
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Epoxy resin
polymer modified
11
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
aliphatic-polyesterbased hyperbranched
polymer (max. 20
wt.-%),
epoxy-terminated
in-situ polymerised
polymers (max. 30
wt.-%), different
monomers
systems:
- N-phenylmaleimide/
benzyl methacrylate
styrene
benzyl methacrylate/
styrene (max. molar
ratio of styrene: 6)
polyesters, hydroxylterminated:
- slightly branched,
max. 20 phr
- branched, max. 30
phr
hyperbranched
polyester:
- max. 20 wt.-%,
hydroxyl-terminated
- different types (7
wt.-%),
Mn = 1.75 14 kg mol1
- max. 28 wt.-%,
Mn =14 kg mol1
polyester (max. 10.
wt.-%)
different aromatic
polyesters (25 wt.-%),
different
molecular weight:
(2.6 25.0 kg mol1):
- PEP
1.3
38.0 39.0
04Var
0.5
- PBP
- PHB
- PBI
- PHI
01Mim
20.0 37.0
24.0 54.0
69.0 79.0
RT
5.0
14.0 76.0
99Har
RT
5.0 10.0
14.0 32.0
99Har,
10aZha
RT
5.0
51.4 62.8
04Xu
13.3 25.3
99Wu
23.4 28.8
-
1.0
29.0 41.0
08aJin
23.0 49.7
91Iij, 97Iij,
02Iij, 95aIij
91Iij
91Iij
91Iij
91Iij
34.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
60.0
35.0
41.0
59.0
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
12
Material
Epoxy resin
polymer
modified
Specification
- PEPT
- PEPI
- PEPN
different aromatic
polyesters (max 25 wt.% PBT + related
copolyesters),
different molecular
weight Mw = 4.2 30.5
kg mol1)
aromatic polyesters
(max.15 wt.-%),
synthesized with:
aromatic polyesters
(max.
- adipic acid
- subenic acid
- sebacis acid
- dodecanedioic acid
copoly (ester amide)
(max. 10 phr), liquid
crystalline
PUR (max. 40 phr):
- unmodified
- with chain extender
and second
crosslinking
agent
PUR (max. 40 wt.-%)
PUR (max. 60 wt.-%),
hygrothermal
decomposed (different
types of epoxy resin
and PUR)
max. 5 wt.-% polyurea
(different types)
PESCTBNPES
triblock copolymer
(max. 40 wt.-%)
PMMA (max. 20
wt.-%)
PMMAPnBA
PMMA (max. 20
wt.-%), different
molecular weight
(60 149 kg mol1) of
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
1.0
24.0
30.3
31.8
23.0
02Iij, 95aIij
95aIij
95aIij
96Iij
1.0
1.0
RT
1.0 5.0
44.6
48.7
38.3
48.0
00Shi
28.1
26.3
28.9
24.7
21.4
30.4
32.3
35.1
32.3
23.3
00Shi
12Sin
21.5 40.0
34.0 92.0
44.0 73.0
98Har, 97Iij
10Bak, 07Bak
98Har
RT
1.0
1.0
74.0 114
19.3 52.5
04aPar
00Kar
0.5
35.8 54.6
09Dai
12.5
28.0 70.0
01Kim
1.0
17.0 56.0
23
10.0
48.0 7.09
08aKim,
[02Sch]
11Kis
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Epoxy resin
polymer
modified
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
different poly (1,4cyclo-hexylenedimethylene

phthalate with
different molecular
weight (Mw =
4.1 12.9 kg mol1):
- commercial
(max. 25 wt.-%)
- trans (max. 20 wt.-%)
- cis-rich (20 wt.-%)
PESCTBNPES
triblock copolymer
(max. 40 wt.-%)
PMMA (max. 20
wt.-%)
PMMAPnBA
PMMA (max. 20 wt.%), different molecular
weight (Mw =
60 149 kg mol1) of
different poly (1,4cyclo-hexylenedimethylene
phthalate with
different molecular
weight (Mw =
4.1 12.9 kg mol1):
- commercial
(max. 25 wt.-%)
- trans (max. 20 wt.-%)
- cis-rich (20 wt.-%)
different acrylic
crosslinked
microparticles
(max. 22.1 wt.-%)
PH-alt-PDMS
(max. 20 wt.-%)
SEBSpoly(ecaprolactone)
copolymer, sulfonated
(10 wt.-%)
N-phenylmaleimide-Ncyclohexylmaleimide
styrene terpolymers
(max. 10 wt.-%,
molecular weight Mw =
12.2 40.2 kg mol1)
1.0
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
13
Ref.
00aIIj
27.0 42.0
12.5
36.0 42.0
36.0
28.0 70.0
1.0
17.0 56.0
23
10.0
48.0 7.09
1.0
01Kim
08aKim,
[02Sch]
11Kis
00aIIj
27.0 42.0
RT
10.0
36.0 42.0
36.0
21.0 56.0
1.3
82.0 102
08Gon
38.0 44.0
12Wu
1.0
29.0 53.0
93Iij
03Val
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
14
Material
Epoxy resin
polymer
modified
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
different epoxies:
- PAES + styrene
(max. 20 wt.-%)
- PAES + styrene +
benzoyl peroxide
initiator
(max. 20 wt.-%)
PSU-blockpolydimethylsiloxane
multiblock copolymer
(max. 20 wt.-%)
PEO:
- max. 5 wt.-%
- max. 30 wt.-%
(differently cured resins)
PMMA/PEO blend
(max. 20 wt.-%
PMMA, max. 5 wt.-%
PEO)
g-APS:
- copolymer:
max. 8 % siloxane
- blend:
max. 5 % siloxane
PA12 (20 wt.-%)
PAESCTBNPAES
triblock copolymer
(max. 40 wt.-%)
PVAC (max. 15 wt.-%)
SAN (max. 25 wt.-%)
12.5
POM (max. 10 wt.-%)

POM + PUR (each
max.15 wt.-%)
POM + polyesters
(each max. 15 wt.-%),
polyesters (Mw = 8.0
15.1 kg mol-1):
- PEP
- PEPI
- PEPT
- PBP
syndiotactic PS (max.
12 wt.-%), different
processing of resin
max. 30 wt.-% PI
oligomer
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
01Yoo
23.0 38.0
23.0 52.0
1.3
67.0 87.0
11Hu
1.7
34.0 36.0
33.5 50.6
[02Sch]
07Lar
10.0 38.0
[02Sch]
1.0
99Lu
28.0 36.0
16.0 22.0
12.5
27.0
29.0 73.0
11Whi
02aKim
78.0
1.7 78.0
38.0 44.0
8.0 51.0
1.0
1.0
25.0 25.9
25.9 34.8
96Zhe
04Jim,
[96aZhe]
97bIij
97bIij
1.0
97bIij
21
1.0
29.4 42.7
34.5
28.9
32.9
25.0 44.9
20.2 35.4
05Joh
98aGop
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
15
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
hybrid modified
PPO (10 phr) + SBS

(2.5 phr)
PPO (10 phr) + CTBN
(5 phr)
PES/CTBN blend
(max. 40 wt.-%)
PAES/CTNB blend
(max. 40 wt.-%)
microvoids: 0.4 40
mm, particles distance:
3 46 mm
particle size: 4.5 300
mm, max. 46 vol.-%
filler
152
60.0
93Pea
152
66.0
12.5
28.0 52.0
01Kim
12.7
29.0 59.0
02aKim
1.0
28.0 73.0
00Bag,
96Bag
20
0.05 5.0
25.0 66.0
83Mol,
84Spa,
02Ada,
03Ara
43.0 77.0
08Ada,
10Ada,
08Kwo
08Kwo
microvoid
modified
SiO2 filled
22 2
particle size: 240 nm
max. 31 vol.-% filler

particle size: 1.56 mm

particle size mixture:
240 nm/1.56 mm,
30 vol.-% filler
Epoxy resin
SiO2 filled
sub-micron sized
particles, max.
15 wt.-% filler
angular/irregular
shaped
- mean particle size:
2 47 mm,
55 64 wt.-% filler
- particle (amorphous
or
crystalline) size:
33 mm, 45 vol.-% filler
0.12
130 25
90
25
0.12
91.0
44.0 59.0
130 90
0.12
40.0 59.0
08Ada,
10Ada,
08Kwo
53.0 83.0
44.0 76.0
08Ada, 10Ada
0.12
130 45
23
90
-
90.0 97.0
23.0 27.0
08Kwo
07Kwo,
05Kwo,
10Ada,
08Kwo
08Kwo
07Bug
44.0 91.0
92Nak
0.05
64.0 97.0
03Yam
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
16
Material
SiO2 nanoparticle
filled
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
globular shaped
(amorphous), particle
size:
spherical, particle size:
35 mm, max. 10 vol.-%
filler
particle size: 10 15
nm, max. 10 wt.-%
filler
nm, max. 5 vol.-%
filler
nm, max. 10 wt.-%
filler
particle size: 5 35
nm, max. 20 wt.-%
filler
particle size: 20 nm,
0.05
85.0
0.254
76.8 93.3
12Jaj
RT
26.0 38.0
05Rag
0.5
21.0 28.0
11Zha
1.3
50.0 61.0
08Che
21
1.0
33.0 45.0
07Joh
20
1.0
20.0 58.0
11aHsi,
07Bla, 10Lia,
10aHsi
47.0 74.0
09Lia
0.254
94.6 165
12Jaj
max. 20.2 wt.-% filler

max. 17.4 vol.-% filler
20 nm, max. 10 vol.-%
filler
max. 8 wt.-% filler

max. 20 wt.-% filler,
differently cured epoxy
max. 40 wt.-% filler
- brittle epoxy
- ductile epoxy
particle size: below 50
nm, 40 wt.-% filler
10.0
Ref.
07Den,
06Den
50 0
23
50
70
-
26.0 30.0
34.0 45.0
59.0 80.0
120 124
22.0 56.0
23 80
0.1 1.0
15.0 53.0
0.05
10Hsi
06Zha,
08Ma, 08Zha
10Tsa
28.0 42.0
58.0 63.0
-
1.0
52.0
06Ros
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
17
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
Epoxy resin
SiO2 nanoparticle
filled

max. 7 wt.-% filler
fumed SiO2,
max. 0.5 vol.-%,
differently surface
modified particles
incl. small
agglomerates
(20 100 nm),
particle size:
- 0.5 mm
(max. 30 vol.-% filler)
- 5 mm
45.0 86.0
10Lia, 09Lia
24
0.1
75.0 105
08Yao
10.0
25.0 42.0
08Bat, 06Wic
1.0
30.0 49.0
08Med
0.2
ZrO2
nanoparticle
filled
Al2O3 particle
filled
Al2O3 nano
particle
filled
a-ZrP
nanoplatelets
filled
CaCO3
nanoparticle
filled
aluminium
particle filled
hollow glass
microsphere
filled
different particle
shape,
max. 5 wt.-% filler
2 vol.-% filler,
different
level of exfoliation
nm (small
agglomerates),
max. 8 wt.-% filler
2 vol.-% filler (treated
or untreated)
- particle size: 50 nm
- particle size: 3.5 mm
mean size: 33 mm,
26.3 vol.-% filler:
- dry
- immersed in water up
to 67 days
04Mar
32.0 48.0
53.0 63.0
0.1 1.0
28.0 57.0
RT
1.0
21.0 30.0
RT
0.051
20.0 24.0
19.0 22.0
0.5
07Boo,
04Sue,
07aBoo
08Jin
06Zun,
04Zun
31.0 37.0
33.0 41.0
34.0 72.0
08aZha,
04Mar
06aWan
10Lim
10Fer
08Cap
0.05 500
1.0
42.0 48.0
41.0 50.0
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
18
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
glass bead
max. 40 phr filler
0.5 5.0
29.0 84.0
filled
particle diameter:
2.0 4.8 mm,
different coupling
agent
particle diameter:
3.3 24.4 mm,
max. 30 vol.-% filler,
mean particle
diameter: 27.4 m, max.
40 vol.-% filler
different particles
types (10 vol.-%, mean
size: 24.4 27.9 mm),
different crosslink
different epoxy resins,
differently treated
particles,
max. 30 vol.-% filler,
mean particle size:
- 3.8 mm
- 42 mm
different epoxy resins,
differently treated
particles,
max. 40 phr filler
(size: 14 nm)
25
5.0
41.0 93.0
93Zha,
10Bak
05Xu
2.54
34.0 80.0
00Lee
1.0
7.2 22.5
07San
2.54
34.0 80.0
00aLee
2.54
Epoxy resin
glass bead
filled
GF filled
kaolin filled
TiO2 filled
TiO2
nanoparticle
filled
cellulose fibre
reinforced
hemp fibre
reinforced
03Kaw
2.54
38.0 67.0
49.0 80.0
68.0 94.0
RT
RT
5.0
0.1
57.7 91.0
19.0 51.0
30.0 54.0
07Bak, 01Fel
86Kin
10Car
52 wt.-% filler
120 121
max. 46 wt.-% filler:

- dry
- wet
65 wt.-% filler:
- untreated fibres
- treated fibres
differently
processed
1.0
12Ala,
12aAla
12bAla
65.0 105
48.7 80.0
-
10.0
11Isl
59.3
101 144
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
19
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
hybrid systems
filler or rubber
(each max. 10 %)
max. 60 % filler
hollow glass
microspheres (max. 43
vol.-%) + GF (max. 1.2
vol.-%)
hollow glass
microspheres (10 vol.%) + CF
(max. 0.9 vol.-%)
core-shell rubber
particles + nanoclay
- 15 phr rubber/max.
5 phr clay
- 2 wt.-% rubber/max.
5.4 wt.-% clay
core-shell rubber
particles (max. 8
wt.-%) +
silsesquioxane
glass beads + CTBN
(both max. 15 vol.-%)
CF (max. 10 wt.-%) +
NR-LE
cellulose fibres (52 wt.%) + mineral filler:
- max. 5 wt.-%
nanoclay
- max. 5 wt.-%
halloysite
nanotubes
core-shell rubber
particles (3.5 vol.-%,
particle size:
~0.105 mm) + a-ZrP
nanoplatelets
(2 vol.-%)
PPO (max. 10 wt.-%) +
nanoclay (max. 5
wt.-%)
MWCNT (max. 0.5
wt.-%) + nanoclay
(max. 5 wt.-%)
nanoclay
(max. 2 wt.-%) + PC
(max. 7.5 wt.-%)
46.0 68.0
98Dib
22.0 75.0
39.0 80.0
98Sch
10Fer
49.0 52.0
1.0
40.0 58.0
09Mar
20 25
-
1.0
26.0 96.0
24.0 30.0
03Gam
04Cho
0.5
43.0 69.0
93Zha
2.0
85.0 87.0
11Abu
120 123
12Ala
Epoxy resin
hybrid systems
0.051
123 130
52.0
12aAla
04Sue
RT
1.0
36.0 38.0
04Fro
10.0
63.0 70.0
11aAya
RT
5.0
60.0 114
11Bak
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
20
Material
Epoxy resin
hybrid systems
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
epoxidized SBS
triblock copolymer (30
wt.-%) + Al2O3
nanoparticles (mean
size: 39 nm, max. 3
wt.-%)
CTBN (15 phr) + hard
filler:
- glassy-metal ribbons
(max. 15 phr, different
shape and orientation)
- ZrO2 powder
(max. 50 phr)
- short Al2O3 fibers
(max. 30 phr)
CTBN (max. 22.6
vol.-%) + SiO2
nanoparticles (max.
16.8 vol.-%),
nanoparticle size:
- 20 nm
- 80 nm
CTBN (20 phr) +
nanoclay (max. 6 phr)
carbon nanofibres
(0.25 vol.-%) + SiO2
nano-particles
(max. 3 vol.-%)
CF (10 vol.-%) +
carbon nanofibres
(max. 0.75 vol.-%)
CF (10 vol.-%) + SiO2
nanoparticles
(max. 3 vol.-%)
SiO2 nanoparticles
(max. 6 wt.-%, size:20
nm) + MWCNT(max.
0.18 wt.-%)
PEEK oligomer,
hydroxyl terminated
(5 phr) +
nanoclay (max. 8 phr)
PA12 (20 wt.-% +
MWCNT (1 wt.-%)
PUR (max. 20 phr) +
kaolin (max. 30 phr)
10.0
36.0 40.0
10Oca
RT
1.0
92Low
71.0 134
73.0 90.0
83.0 120
-
10.0
41.0 108
47.0 102
29.0 40.0
10Lia, 10aHsi
10Lia
04aLiu
0.5
23.0 27.0
10Zha
0.5
38.0 61.0
0.5
42.0 58.0
20
1.0
24.0 33.0
11aHsi
42.0 61.0
09Asi, 07Asi,
11Asi
35.0
11Whi
5.0
70.0 99.0
07Bak
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
21
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
clay filled

different clay types,
max. 30 wt.-%
1.0
20.0 28.0
42.0 79.0
02Kor
06Kin
23 25
0.2 10.0
18.0 87.0
max. 3 wt.-% filler

max. 3 wt.-% filler
max. 6 % filler,
different nanoclay
types, max. 15 wt.-%
max. 7 wt.-% filler
(differently treated)
different hardener and
pre-mixing
different types of
silsesquioxanes
RT
20 25
150
-
5.0
10.0
-
70.0
28.0
39.0
35.0
05Wan,
09Mar,
09Har,
11Tan, 08Ha,
08Kim.
02Kor,
04Fro,
11aAya,
05Gan,
04Liu,
06Wan,
09Kha,
10Kha,
06Bru,
10Swa,
04aLiu,
07Asi, 11Asi,
11Wan,
12Ala
11Bak
03Gam
08Kim
06aZun
RT
1.0 15.0
18.0 51.0
37.0 59.0
06Qi, 04Miy,
06Kin
09Kay, 03Wan
RT
10.0
37.0 69.0
10Ngo
1.0
16.0 57.0
04Cho
- unmodified
- differently treated
max. 5 wt.-% filler
max. 1 wt.-% filler
max. 1 wt.-% filler
25
-
10.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
10.0
0.5
-
40.0
36.0
32.6
85.0
29.0
39.0
22.0
41.0
08Den
11Tan
12aAla
11Abu
10Zha, 11Zha
11Bor
10Zha
11Raf
nanoclay filled
silses-quioxane
modified
halloysite
nanotube filled
CF filled
carbon
nanofibre filled
fullerene filled
103
48.0
42.0
40.0
43.0
52.0
42.1
86.0
44.0
42.0
24.0
50.0
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
22
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
MWCNT filled
different MWCNT
types, max. 0.5 wt.-%
filler
max. 3 wt.-% filler
10.0
15.0 22.0
10Sum
RT
1.0
17.0 31.0
max. 1 wt.-% filler
10.0
59.0 65.0
121 150
1 wt.-% filler
max. 3 wt.-% filler
4.8
10.0
196
41.0 48.0
11Whi,
08Yu, 11Hol,
11Hsi
11Aya,
11aAya
08Zho,
08aZho
05Gan
11Mar
08Kim
SWCNT filled
carbon black
filled
150
25
33.0 41.0
25.0 29.0
0.1 5.0
7.0 62.0
different amine/epoxy
ratio and curing
temperature
different blends
RT
12.7
22.0 59.0
05Har,
[97aSue]
02Rob
40 25
0.508 5.08
35.0 71.0
97Sue
Epoxy +
Epoxy, liquid
crystalline
max. 50 % liquid
crystalline epoxy
RT
1.0
49.0 73.0
02Pun
Epoxy/BMI
blend
max. 15 phr BMI
31.0 35.7
25.0 37.7
BMI (max. 15 phr) +

polydimethylsiloxane
(max. 15 phr),
hydroxyl-terminated
37.9 68.6
02Din
03Kum,
01Kum
03Kum,
01Kum
Epoxy/ PAEK
blend
PAEK (i.e. PPDE) with

different molecular
weight, max. 10 wt.-%
20.0 28.0
91aIij
Epoxy/ PAES
blend
max. 20 wt.-% PAES
12.5
16.0 33.0
01Yoo
max. 40 wt.-% PAES

max. 40 wt.-% PAES
(differently
functionalisized,
different molecular
weight: 4.3 69.2 kg
mol1
12.5
1.0
25.0 49.0
22.0 32.0
02aKim
92Iij
Epoxy, liquid
crystalline
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
23
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
Epoxy/PAI
blend
max. 30 phr PAI
1.0
14.0 138
02aPar
Epoxy/ PEEK
blend
max. 15 phr PEEK
77.0 97.0
07Fra,
06bFra
Epoxy/PEI
blend
max. 30 wt.-% PEI
23 2
0.5
21.0 80.0
92Mur
max. 19 wt.-% PEI

different blend
morphology:
- particulate
(10 wt.-% PEI)
- inverted (20 wt.-%
PEI)
- bicountinuos
(20 wt.-% PEI)
- spherical particles:
3 4 mm (30 phr PEI)
- spherical particles:
8 10 m (max. 30 phr
PEI)
- non-spherical
particles:
0.5 1 mm (30 phr PEI)
- co-countinuos
(max. 20 phr PEI)
max. 20 % PEI,
different
epoxies differently
cured
max. 15 wt.-% PEI
RT
-
1.0
25.4 60.3
94Mar, 93Dil
10.0
20.0 22.0
97Gir
5 wt.-% PEI,
differently aminated
5 wt.-% PEI,
hydrolysed (different
hydrolysis time)
max. 20 wt.-% PEI,
different trimellitimide
units
(10 30 mol-%) and
molecular weight
(Mw =
5.7 24.8 kg mol1)
max. 40 wt.-% PEI:
- cured
- postcured
28.0
31.0 35.0
1.3
44.9
93Cho
21.5 50.6
31.9
24.0 32.3
23
1.0
29.0 47.0
97Hou
RT
1.0 10.0
29.0 42.0
RT
10.0
38.0 42.0
97aShi,
95Jan
97aShi
1.0
33.0 52.0
95Jan
1.0
21.0 36.0
01aIij
23
1.0
95Hou
23.1 56.3
38.6 67.7
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
24
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
Epoxy/ PEK-C
blend
different epoxy/
cyanate network, max.
10 wt.-% PEK-C
max. 10 wt.-% PEK-C
max. 12 wt.-% PEK-C
1.3
28.0 40.0
11Li
1.3
78.0
25.0 35.0
35.0 36.0
01Son
98Zho
Epoxy/ PENT
blend
max. 15 phr (PENT)
64.0 85.0
06Sax
Epoxy/ PEPO
blend
max. 14 wt.-% PEPO
12.5
18.0 20.0
01Yoo
diamine/diepoxide
stoichiometric ratio:
0.6 1.2
different molecular
weight, 15 phr PES
PES, sulfonated
(max. 15 wt.-%)
5 phr PES
max. 15 phr PES
max. 39.1 wt.-% PES
(unmodified, amine
terminated,
epoxidized)
max. 20 phr PES,
different aging times
(water, 70 C)
- non-aged
- 1 week aged
- 1 month aged
max. 30 wt.-% PES,
animophenyl
functional reactive
max. 20 wt.-% PES,
different curing
temperatures
10 wt.-% PES,
molecular weight Mw
(kg mol1):
- 16.3 27.6
- 39.0
different PES (15 phr)
24.0 65.0
98And
22.0 26.0
89Fu
27.0 28.0
07Jin
23
10.0
0.5
1.0
51.0
24.0 65.0
12.0 86.0
09aAsi
06Fra, 11Wan
95Mac
Epoxy/PES
blend
neat
11Ale
12.7
41.0
19.0
22.0
24.0
0.5
34.0 49.0
RT
1.0
80 50
100
160
44.0
28.0
25.0
57.0
94Yoo
00Mim
12Gri
19.0 20.0
28.0
106 113
05Par
87Rag, 88Rag
17.0 19.0
18.0 20.0
23.0 26.0
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
25
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
0.5
18.0 33.0
94Kin
12.5
23.0 36.0
01Kim
nanoclay filled
PES copolymer (max.

114 phr), reactively
terminated, max. 40 wt.-%
PES
PES (5 phr) + nanoclay
processing)
PES (5 wt.-%) +
nanoclay (max. 3
wt.-%)
10.0
42.0 61.0
09aAsi
0.5
30.0 36.0
11Wan
Epoxy/
PESEK blend
max. 15 phr PESEK
58.0 61.0
06Fra
Epoxy/PI
blend
max. 8 wt.-% PI,

hyperbranched
max. 15 phr PI
(different types:
- amine-terminated
- anhydride-terminated
- phenyl-terminated
51.0 56.0
06Jin
different epoxy
phenolic ratio
max. 10 wt.-%
nanoclay, different
epoxyphenolic ratio
10.0
19.0 29.0
10.0
27.0 34.0
max. 30 phr polyester:
Epoxy
phenolic resin
Epoxy/
polyester
blend
- unmodified
- BMI modified
(max. 15 phr)
max. 40 wt.-%
polyester
Epoxy/PSU
blend
different molecular
weight, max. 30 phr
PSU
max. 20 wt.-% 4,4diaminodepenylsulfone
different anhydride/
epoxy group ratio,
max. 15 wt.-% PSU
10 wt.-% PSU,
differently postcured
96Hay
19.0 40.0
25.0 33.0
19.0 33.0
07Aua
02Din
79.4 137
73.0 129
-
3.1 4.0
02bPar
21.0 44.0
89Fu
12.7
27.0 38.0
94Yoo
16.0 46.0
99Oya
10.0
25.0 35.0
99aOya
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
26
Material
PEEK
neat
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
max. 10 wt.-% PSU,

different blend
morphology
15 wt.-% PSU,
different curing
temperatures
max. 20 wt.-% PSU
34.0 38.0
99Min
26.0 1.0
93Min
0.5 78.0
25.3 54.0
5 wt.-% PSU,
differently cured:
- nanofibruos PSU
membranes toughened
- blended with PSU
different phosphorusmodified PSU/PSU
ratio (together
20 wt.-%)
max. 15 wt.-% PSU,
differently modified
max. 25 wt.-% amino
PSU, different cure site
PSU, different
molecular weight:
max. 15 wt.-% PSU,
hydroxyl-terminated
15 wt.-% PSU,
amine-terminated
2.0
97Hua,
00Mar,
91Hed,
[96Pak]
09Li
RT
10.0
3.0 4.0
21.0 41.0
07Per
1.0
25.0 36.0
97Tan
20.6 72.1
93Pak
0.5
0.5
60 2.4105
108
69.0 241
as-received
60 120
180
60 105
115 120
180
RT
RT
RT
RT
-
0.1 100
1.0
1000
1000
1000
1.0
1000
1.0
1000
0.5 10.0
156 227
49.1
36.0 51.8
184 187
74.3
180
28.6
217
71.5
272 297
60 120
0.1 100
160 216
annealed
quenched
short CF filled
max. 30 vol.-%,
30 wt.-%
4.0 6.0
91Hed
19.0 41.1
25.3
91Mis
96Gen
86Kar
92Mas,
91Mis
86Kar
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
as-received
180
60 140
160 180
RT
RT
RT
RT
-
1.0
1000
1000
1.0
1000
1.0
1000
0.5
69.6
37.6 61.7
79.6 91.2
158
36.9
205
63.2
161 180
10.0
annealed
quenched
27
Ref.
86Kar
short GF filled
max. 30 wt.-%,
91Mis
PEEK/PSU
blend
compatibilized with
segmented PEEKPSU
block copolymer, testing direction:
- parallel or
- perpendicular to
processing direction
RT
PEI
different specimen
thickness
25 130
60 2.4105
10.0
87.0 119
111 163
96Gen
04Kim
PEI/PEEK
blend
20 60 wt.-% PEEK
150
121 142
96Gen
PEK-C
12 70
5.0
74.0 84.0
12 70
5.0
29.0 49.0
RT
0.2 5.0
49.0 55.0
95aHan,
95cHan
95bHan,
96Han
95bHan,
96Han,
95cHan
08Hof
90.0 131
126 167
PES-C
neat
reinforced with
max. 40 vol.-% CF
35.0
42.0 56.0
93aLin
PFPE acrylate
and
methacrylate
resin
37.9 56.9
03Tur
PI
23 3
1.0 25.4
35.0 37.0
neat
thermally aged
different PI types, films
16 45 mm thick
23
20 177
20 177
-
0.51
1.85
127
53.0 188
56.0 203
52.2 135
96Abu,
11Nai
96Kle
98Sac
90Hin
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
28
Material
blends
nanocomposites
Polyester resin
neat
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
PI (thermoplastic/
thermoset and semiinterpenetrating
networks)
PI/polyphosphazene
blend (different types
of polyphosphazene,
max. 40 wt.-%)
filled with:
- max. 10 vol.-% C
(size: 10 nm)
- max. 10 vol.-% bSiC
(size: 25 30 nm)
- max. 10 vol.-% bSiC
(size: 130 nm)
- max. 10 vol.-% SiOx
(x = 1.2 1.6,
size: 10 nm)
- max. 10 vol.-% SiO2
(size: 80 nm)
- max. 5 vol.-%
g-Al2O3
(size: 11 nm)
- max. 5 vol.-%
g-Al2O3
(size: 40 80 nm)
6.0 60.0
92Jan
25.4
8.0 45.0
96Abu
23 3
1.0
11Nai
41.0 45.0
41.0 44.0
45.0 63.0
40.0 43.0
40.0 43.0
40.0 45.0
41.0 44.0
25 2
RT
6.0
1.0 10.0
4.0 12.0
10.8 38.9
different types
differently cured
in-situ polymerised
RT
-
2.0
10.0
1.3
-
60.1
20.9 43.6
18.7 20.0
46.8
02Can
12Ahm,
10Won,
10aWon,
08Hua,
08Ser,
06Nun,
05aXu.
04Zha,
02Sin,
03Evo,
00Par, 98Par,
96Cho,
94Kim,
13Cha,
94Mar
11Ahm
07aPer
95Ull
13Cha
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
29
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
rubber modified
20 wt.-% PB
PDMS
max. 10 wt.-% core
shell particles
max. 10 wt.-% core
shell particles,
different types
3 % liquid NR
max. 4 phr ETBN
max. 6 phr VTBN
VTBN + ETBN
(each 1 phr)
max. 12 phr HTE
VTBN (max. 4 phr) +
HTE (max. 6 phr)
3 phr EHA
10 phr liquid PUR
rubber (Mw =1.92
9.80 kg mol1, mean
particle size:
0.11 2.9 mm):
- hydroxyl-terminated
- isocyanateterminated
10 wt.-% HTBN
max. 20 wt.-% ITPB
(different blend
processing)
max. 50 %
PAES oligomers
(different endgroups,
different molecular
weight, max.
20 wt.-%)
5 wt.-% all-acrylic
block copolymers,
different types
polyarylate (max. 15
phr)
max. 18 wt.-% BMI
polyester/vinyl ester:
- 15 % vinyl ester
- 10 phr vinyl ester/
CTBN
25 2
6.0
02Can
RT
5.0
7.0 17.0
14.0
40.0 53.8
1.0
39.2 50.9
08Hua
2.0
1.3
66.8
26.9 30.4
22.8 25.9
21.2
11Ahm
95Ull
plasticizer
polymer
modified
12Ahm
95Ull
22.5 29.7
25.2 27.2
24.7
-
94Kim
21.5 24.3
20.6 28.8
-
1.0
1.0
15.1
18.9 31.5
94Mar
94Mar
25 2
6.0
17.4 25.3
9.0 18.0
00Par, 98Par
02Can
RT
10.0
14.9 16.4
08Ser
1.28
13.6 20.5
96Cho
1.0
1.3
13.9 14.2
94Mar
95Ull
26.6
28.1
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
30
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
cenosphere
filled

(hollow spheres, mean
diameter: 197 mm),
matrix material:
- polyester
- polyester, plasticized
5 wt.-% filler (average
particle size: 4 mm)
average particle
diameter:
- 1 mm (max. 5 vol.-%
filler)
- 3.5 mm (max. 4.4
vol.-%
filler)
- 20 mm (max. 4.4
vol.-%
filler)
- 35 mm (max. 2 vol.-%
filler)
max. 60 vol.-% wood
flakes:
- fine
- coarse
max. 20 vol.-% wood
flour
max. 5 wt.-% filler
max. 7 wt.-% filler
2 phr filler, different
matrix:
- conventional
- in-situ polymerised
(particle size: 15 nm):
- without treatment
- with silane treatment
(particle size: 100 nm):
(average
particle
diameter: 36 nm)
SiO2 filled
CaCO3 filled
Al2O3 filled
wood filled
nanoclay filled
Al2O3
nanoparticle
filled
TiO2
nanoparticle
filled
2.28
5.0
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
00Par
24.4 36.9
33.8 50.6
33.0 62.4
20.6
10Won
05aXu
15.4 20.5
04Zha
24.2 30.6
02Sin
21.3 24.7
02Sin
17.2 18.1
04Zha
10Won
RT
1.0
RT
-
5.0
2.28
-
28.5 54.1
40.1 79.3
27.5 38.9
31.0 37.4
20.7 22.8
06Nun
12Ahm
05aXu
13Cha
43.0
51.5 59.1
-
5.0
04Zha
15.9 19.9
24.6 37.1
23.9 29.7
02Sin
17.4 26.9
03Evo
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
31
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
kenaf fibre
reinforced
bamboo fibre
reinforced
2.0
25.2 41.0
11Ahm
fibre length/filler
fraction:
- 4 mm/max. 50 vol.-%
- 7 mm/max. 50 vol.-%
- 10 mm/max.
60 vol.-%
coreshell rubber
particles (max. 10 wt.%) + nanoclay (max.
5 wt.-%)
kenaf fibres (max. 25
wt.-%) + liquid NR
(3 %):
- untreated fibres
- treated fibres
CaCO3 (5 wt.-%) +
nanoclay (3 wt.-%)
wood flour + sisal
fibres (together max.
32 vol.-%)
RT
1.5
hybrid systems
Polyester
dimetacrylate
resin
different curing agents

(different fraction) and
curing conditions
PPS
neat
PPS neat
reinforced
PPS (linear), melt

viscosity (Pa s) at
1200 s1:
- 49
- 113
- 193
- 442
PPS (heat-treated),
melt viscosity (Pa s) at
1200 s1:
- 173
- 150
- 217
PPS (branched), melt
viscosity (Pa s) at
1200 s1:
- 350
CF (max. 40 vol.-%)
10aWon
34.4 46.7
39.1 52.4
35.1 54.7
RT
5.0
34.5 69.2
12Ahm
11Ahm
2.0
2.28
29.0 43.7
38.3 58.7
24.7
05aXu
RT
1.0
50.0 116
06Nun
1.0
14.6 32.5
01Sta
36.0
93aLin
98Nis
98Nis
22.0 33.0
53.0 71.0
112 117
125 136
19.0
45.0
71.0
90.0
38.0
54.0
83.0
104
58.0 101
93aLin
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
32
Material
Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Polyisocyanate
polyisocyanatewater
glass:
- neat
- hybrids with max.
45 wt.-% epoxy (different polyisocyanate
water glass types)
- hybrids with max.
75 wt.-% vinyl ester
RT
1.0
PSU
Vinyl ester
resin
neat
rubber modified
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
26.3 34.3
30.1 37.9
10Cas, 07Kar
10Cas
19.4 37.5
07Kar
0.5
23.7 94.9
91Hed,
93Pak,
94Woo
RT
RT
0.1 10.0
11.4
17.2 44.9
RT
1.0
57.2 76.5
RT
RT
22 25
RT
-
1.0
10.0
1.0
0.51
2.0
1.3
115
19.9
34.2
27.5
48.0
37.6
00Wan
95Ull, 04Gry,
01Aua,
99Dre,
12Alh,
11aGri,
07Sub,
04Rob,
95Pea,
95Pha, 07Kar
13Alh,
13aAlh,
11bGri
12aGri
07Sch
06Kar
99Zia
99Dre
95Ull
RT
10.0
19.9 63.9
00Li
RT
RT
1.0
-
34.3 36.9
20.0 67.3
07Gri
01Sha
RT
10.0
01Aua
1.3
15.3 56.0
34.7 57.2
30.0
27.2
30.7 50.6
RT
2.0
end capped
end capped, differently
cured
different composition
and network density
content
max. 20 wt.-% CTBN
max. 30 wt.-% VTBN
4 phr ETBN
4 phr VTBN
max. 8 phr HTE
(differently cured vinyl
ester)
max. 6 phr rubber:
27.2
34.8
60.4
47.8
95Ull
99Dre
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
polymer
modified
Specification
- VTBN (different
types)
- ETBN
max. 10 phr rubber
(matrix: end capped
vinyl ester):
- VTBN (different
types)
- ETBN
max. 8 wt.-% ETBN
max. 8 wt.-% VTBN
max. 15 phr ETBN
7.5 phr CTBN
CTNB (max. 7.5 phr) +
ETBN (max. 8 phr),
different curing
temperature
CTBN (7.5 phr) +
methacrylated VTBN
(max. 7 phr)
5 wt.-% low-molecular
weight PB
5 wt.-% HTBN
5 wt.-% VTBN
7 wt.-% CTBN
CTBN (7 wt.-%) +
VTBN
(5 wt.-%)
5 wt.-% bis
(4-isocyanatophenyl)
methane-terminated
polypropylene glycol
max. 10 wt.-% endcapped low-molecular
weight PB
CTBN (7 wt.-%) +
end-capped lowmolecular weight PB
(5 wt.-%)
5 wt.-% coreshell
rubber
vinyl ester/PMMA
(max. 20 wt.-%),
differently cured
different vinyl ester,
modified by functional
star-shaped polymers
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
33
Ref.
37.8 50.8
45.5 53.4
RT
2.0
99Dre
51.2 63.8
RT
1.27
1.0
58.8
44.3
36.0
23.7
31.6
42.1
71.9
45.5
45.9
39.2
04Rob
95Pea
79.7
47.8 56.9
0.1 5.0
32.3 37.9
34.5
34.2
36.4
49.6
95Pha
48.1
43.0
42.4
54.1
22.8 41.1
45.5 78.1
55.3 81.9
5.0
43.1
07Sub
RT
10.0
25.0 43.0
07Sch
1.0
13.8 36.3
06Kar
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
34
Material
Specification
(10 wt.-%) and/or

polyisocyanate
vinyl ester/polyester
(weight ratio: 3:1):
- without filler
- with max. 0.3 wt.-%
CNT
(different types, with/
without surface modification)
vinyl ester/vinyl ester
(end capped):
- max. 20 % vinyl ester
(end capped)
- 10 phr vinyl ester
(end
capped)/CTBN
vinyl ester/poly
(arylene ether phenyl
phosphine oxide/
sulfone) copolymer
(max. 20 wt.-%,
different types)
oil modified
cellulose fibre
reinforced
nanoclay filled
halloysite
nanotube filled
hybrid systems
soybean oil (acrylated,

epoxidized):
- max. 15 wt.-%
- max. 75 wt.-%
5 wt.-% linseed oil
(acrylated, epoxidized)
40 wt.-% filler
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
1.3
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
09Sey
16.0
15.1 23.5
1.3
95Ull
28.8 30.4
34.2
RT
RT
1.0
14.9 25.3
00Wan
120 133
11.4 23.1
128
12aGri
11aGri
12aGri
139
13aAlh
1.0

- non-reactive
intercalant
- co-reactive
intercalant
5 wt.-% filler
max. 5 wt.-% filler
RT
1.0
RT
5.0
1.0
33.4
67.0 83.5
07Sub
13Alh
nanoclay (3 wt.-%) +
coreshell rubber
(2 wt.-%)
5.0
30.3
07Sub
11bGri
75.8 96.6
80.4 102
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Specification
Vinyl ester/
epoxy
interpenetrating
networks:
- different types
- different types +
different maximum
curing temperature
Vinyl ester/
polysilicate
hybrid resins
Vinyl ester
urethane resin
neat
rubber modified
polymer
modified
oil modified
max. 75 wt.-%
polysilicate,
max. 20 wt.-% CTBN

or VTBN
max. 10 wt.-% core
shell rubber particles,
non-reactive or epoxy
functionalised
max. 20 wt.-%
hyperbranched
polyester, epoxy or
vinyl functionalised
5 wt.-% soybean oil
35
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
RT
RT
1.0
1.0
21.2 42.4
37.6 85.5
04Gry
03Kar, 04Kar
RT
1.0
32.1 42.4
07Gri
RT
1.0
16.8
108
17.4 28.4
02Gry
12aGri
02Gry
16.8 18.0
02Gry
14.9 26.2
02Gry
132 141
12aGri
1) Ref. to Epoxy resin neat: 05Rag, 08Ada, 08Med, 08Jin, 83Mol, 84Spa, 07Joh, 99He, 07Bug, 06Zha,
06Ros, 91Pea, 05Wan, 96Kim, 10Sum, 09Mar, 11Bor, 06Zun, 09Har, 01Yoo, 96aKim, 99Lu, 93
Zha, 08Ma, 07Boo, 05Kwo, 92Nak, 06aZun, 05Xu, 11Tan, 11Whi, 07Hyd, 99Bec, 89Fu, 04Sue,
08Bat, 97Boy, 00Lee, 08Yu, 75Sel, 04Zun, 02Ara, 02Ada, 03Ara, 92Mur, 91Sue, 11Raf, 02Kor,
08Che, 04Fro, 08Jin, 11Hol, 08aZha, 06Wic, 10Tsa, 98Wu, 06Qi, 09Kay, 91Zen, 96Zhe, 08Tho,
10Ada, 04Liu, 07aBoo, 06aWan, 97Lee, 10Lim, 10Oca, 92Low, 98Bit, 03Wan, 06Wan, 09Kha,
10Kha, 91Ver, 10Le, 02Sip, 08aMa, 02Che, 10Car, 08Den, 92Car, 09Lia, 93Pea, 04Var, 04Cho,
10Liu, 11Mar, 01Mim, 99Har, 98Har, 01Kim, 11Gia, 91Iij, 03Val, 97Bag, 11Kis, 08aJin, 04aLiu,
89Tru, 06Fra, 06Sax, 07Asi, 05Fra, 01Son, 91aIij, 05aFra, 04Jim, 98Zho, 11Asi, 09aAsi, 06aFra,
10aZha, 07Sax, 12Wu, 06Jin, 96Hay, 97aShi, 94Yoo, 99aOya, 07Fra, 08aKim, 03Rag, 02aKim,
02Pun, 99Min, 00Mim, 97Hua, [96aZhe], 97Iij, 11Hu, [02Sch], 11Wan, 00Mar, 06bFra, 97Gir, 01aIij,
00aIIj, 92Iij, 99Jan, 02Can, 12Gri, 97Tan, 96Iij, 02Iij, 93Iij, 95Mac, 94Kin 10Zha, 11Zha, 96Koh,
11Hsi, 04Miy, 03Kaw, 11aHsi, 92Shu, 07Bla, 06Bru, 06Kin, 10aHsi, 10Swa, 09Asi, 08Kwo, 93Cho,
91Hed, 92Hou, 92aIij, 95aIij], 93aIiJ, 12Ala, 12aAla, 12Sin, 05Saa, 04Xu, 02Din, 01Fel, 00Kar,
00Shi, 99Wu, 97bIij, 12bAla, 09Dai, 05Joh, 04aPar, 94Mar, 94Oht, 03Kum, 01Kum, 98aGop, 93Dil
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
36

66Mos
75Bas
75Sel
76Chr
82Cha
83Hin
83Mol
84Spa
86Kar
86Kin
86Yee
87Rag
88Rag
88Sch
89Fu
89Hol
89Pea
89Tru
90Hin
91Che
91Hed
91Hou
91Iij
Mostovoy, S., Ripling, E. J.: Fracture toughness of an epoxy system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 10
(1966) 13511371.
Bascom, W. D., Cottington, R. L., Jones, R. L., Peyser, P.: The fracture of epoxy- and elastomer-modified epoxy polymers in bulk and as adhesives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 19 (1975)
24252562.
Selby, K., Miller, L. E.: Fracture toughness and mechanical behaviour of an epoxy resin. J.
Mater. Sci. 10 (1975) 1224.
Christensen, A., Shortall, J. B.: The fracture toughness and fracture morphology of polyester
resins. J. Mater. Sci. 11 (1976) 11131124.
Chang, T. D., Brittain, J. O.: Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part D: Fracture toughness of an
epoxy resin: A study of the effect of crosslinking and sub-Tg aging. Polym. Eng. Sci. 22 (1982)
12281326.
Hinkley, J. A., Campbell, F. J.: Fracture toughness of irradiated polyethersulphone. J. Mater.
Sci. Lett. 2 (1983) 267271.
Moloney, A. C., Kausch, H.-H., Stieger, H. R.: The fracture of particulate-filled epoxide resins:
Part 1. J. Mater. Sci. 18 (1983) 208216.
Spanoudakis, J., Young, R. J.: Crack propagation in a glass particle-filled epoxy resin: Part 1.
Effect of particle volume fraction and size. J. Mater. Sci. 19 (1984) 473486.
Karger-Kocsis, J., Friedrich, K.: Temperature and strain-rate effects on the fracture toughness
of poly (ether ether ketone) and its short glass-fibre reinforced composite. Polymer 27 (1986)
17531760.
Kinloch, A. J., Gilbert, D. G., Shaw, S. J.: A mechanism for ductile crack growth in epoxy. J.
Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 10511056.
Yee, A. F., Pearson, R. A.: Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies: Part 1.
Mechanical studies. J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 24622474.
Raghava, R. S.: Role of matrix-particle interface adhesion on fracture toughness of dual phase
epoxypolyethersulfone blend. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 25 (1987) 10171031.
Raghava, R. S.: Development and characterization of thermosettingthermoplastic polymer
blends for applications in damage-tolerant composites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.
26 (1988) 6581.
Schroeder, J. A.: Fracture toughness and molecular structure of unfilled epoxy adhesives. J.
Mater. Sci. 23 (1988) 30733082.
Fu, Z.-L, Sun, Y.-H.: Epoxy resin toughened by thermoplastics. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 7 (1989)
367378.
Hollmann, K., Hahn, H. T.: Plane-strain fracture toughness of epoxies at different loading rates.
Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (1989) 523530.
Pearson, R. A., Yee, A. F.: Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies. Part 3: The
effect of cross-link density. J. Mater. Sci. 24 (1989) 25712580.
Truong, V.-T.: Relation between the micromechanics of the crack tip and the fracture toughness
of crosslinked epoxy. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 8 (1989) 442444.
Hinkley, J. A., Mings, S. L.: Fracture toughness of polyimide films. Polymer 31 (1990) 7577.
Chen, T. K., Jan, Y. H.: Effect of rubber/matrix interfacial modifications on the properties of a
rubber-toughened epoxy resin. Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 577585.
Hedrick, J. L., Yilgor, I., Jurek, M., Hedrick. J. C., Wilkes, G. L., McGrath, J. E.: Chemical
modification of matrix resin networks with engineering thermoplastics: 1. Synthesis, morphology, physical behaviour and toughening mechanisms of poly (arylene ether sulfone) modified
epoxy networks. Polymer 32 (1991) 20202032.
Hourston, D. J., Lane, J. M., MacBeath, N. A.: Toughening of epoxy resins with thermoplastics.
II. Tetrafunctional epoxy resin-polyetherimide blends. Polym. Intern. 26 (1991) 1721.
Iijima, T., Tomoi, M., Tochimoto, T., Kakiuchi, H.: Toughening of epoxy resins by modification with aromatic polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 463474.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

91aIij
91Lev
91Mis
91Pea
91Sue
91Ver
91Zen
92Car
92Don
92Hou
92Iij
92aIij
92Jan
92Low
92Mas
92Mur
92Nak
92Shu
93Car
93Cho
93Dil
93Iij
93aIiJ
37
Iijima, T., Tochimoto, T., Tomoi, M.: Modification of epoxy resins with poly (aryl ether
ketone)s. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 16851692.
Levita, G., De Petris, S., Marchetti, A., Lazzeri, A.: Crosslink density and fracture toughness of
epoxy resins. J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 23482352.
Mishra, A. K., Schultz, J. M.: Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization during injection molding of short fiber composites of poly (ether ether ketone). Polym. Compos. 72 (1991) 169178.
Pearson, R. A., Yee, A. F.: Influence of particle size and particle size distribution on toughening
mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies. J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 38283844.
Sue, H.-J.: Study of rubber-modified brittle epoxy systems. Part II: Toughening mechanisms
under model fracture. Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 275288.
Verchere, D., Pascault, J. P., Sautereau, H., Moschiar, S. M., Riccardi, C. C., Williams, R. J. J.:
Rubber-modified epoxies. IV. Influence of morphology on mechanical properties. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 293304.
Zeng, Y.-B., Zhang, M.-Z., Penc, W.-Z., Yu, Q.: Microstructure, mechanical properties, and
fracture behavior of liquid rubber toughened thermosets. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42 (1991)
19051910.
Carfagna, C., Nicolais, L., Amendola, E., Carfagna Jr., C., Filippov, A. G.: Toughening epoxy
resins by liquid crystalline polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 44 (1992) 14651471.
Donnellan, T. M., Roylance, D.: Relationships in A bismaleimide resin system. Part II: Thermomechanical properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. 32 (1992) 415420.
Hourston, D. J., Lane, J. M.: The toughening of epoxy resins with thermoplastics: 1. Trifunctional epoxy resinpolyetherimide blends. Polymer 33 (1992) 13791383.
Iijima, T., Hiraoka, H., Tomoi, M.: Preparation of epoxy-terminated poly (aryl ether sulfone)s
and their use as modifiers for epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 45 (1992) 709721.
Iijima, T., Arai, N., Takematsu, K.-I., Fukuda, W., Tomoi, A.: Toughening of epoxy resins by
N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers. Eur. Polym. J. 12 (1992) 15391545.
Jang, B. Z., Pater, R. H., Soucek, M. D., Hinkley, J. A.: Plastic deformation mechanisms in
polyimide resins and their semi-interpenetrating networks. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B Polym. Phys.
30 (1992) 643654.
Low, I. M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Mai Y. W.: On hybrid toughened DGEBA epoxy resins.
Polym. Intern. 27 (1992) 131137.
Mason, J. J., Brown, S. A., Moet, A.: An evaluation of the use of infrared heating for contouring
30 % short carbon-fibre-reinforced PEEK. J. Mater. Sci. Medicine 3 (1992) 8894.
Murakami, A., Saunders, D., Ooishi, K., Yoshiki, T., Saitoo, M., Watanabe, O., Takezawa M.:
Fracture behaviour of thermoplastic modified epoxy resins. J. Adhesion 39 (1992) 227242.
Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Okubo, M., Matsumoto, T.: Effect of particle size on mechanical properties of epoxy resin filled with angular-shaped silica. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 44 (1992)
151158.
Shu, W.-Y., Lin, K.-F.: The effects of additives on curing properties, resin contents, and
mechanical properties of graphite/epoxy composites. Polym. Compos 13 (1992) 213222.
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of tetrafunctional epoxy resins with poly (ester imide). Polymer 34 (1993) 48324836.
di Liello, V., Martuscelli, E., Musto, P., Ragosta, G., Scarinzi, G.: Toughening of highly crosslinked thermosetting resins by blending with thermoplastic polyether imide. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 213 (1993) 93111.
Iijima, T., Sato, K., Fukuda, W., Tomoi, M.: Toughening of epoxy resins by N-phenyl-maleimide-N-cyclohexylmaleimidestyrene terpolymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48 (1993) 18591868.
Iiiima, T., Miura, S., Fukuda, W., Tomoi, M.: Effect of cross-link density on modification of
epoxy resins by N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers. Eur. Polym. J. 29 (1993) 11031113.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
38
93Lin
93aLin
93Min
93aMin
93Nak
93Pak
93Pea
93Vak
93Zha
94Han
94Hsi
94Kim
94Kin
94Mar
94Oht
94Yoo
94Wan
94Woo
95Chi
95Han
95aHan
95bHan
95cHan

Lin, K.-F., Shu, W.-Y., Wey, T.-L.: Organotransition-metal complexes as additives for epoxy
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thermoplastic modified epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 50 (1993) 15111518.
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filled with irregular-shaped silica particles. Polym. Eng. Sci. 33 (1993) 279284.
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28 (1993) 44424450.
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poly(ether ketone). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53 (1994) 1922.
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Ahmadi, M., Moghbeli, M. R., Shokrieh, M. M.: Unsaturated polyester-based hybrid nanocomposite: fracture behavior and tensile properties. J. Polym. Res. 19 (2012) Article No. 9971.
Chen, S. F., Zhang, D. H., Jiang, S. B., Jia, D. M.: Preparation of hyperbranched epoxy resin
containing nitrogen heterocycle and its toughened and reinforced composites. J. Appl. Polym.
Sci. 123 (2012) 32613269.
Grishchuk, S., Gryshchuk, O., Weber, M., Karger-Kocsis, J.: Structure and toughness of polyethersulfone (PESU)-modified anhydride-cured tetrafunctional epoxy resin: Effect of PESU
molecular mass. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 123 (2012) 11931200.
Grishchuk, S., Karger-Kocsis, J.: Modification of vinyl ester and vinyl esterurethane resinbased bulk molding compounds (BMC) with acrylated epoxidized soybean and linseed oils.
J. Mater. Sci. 47 (2012) 33913399.
Jajam, K. C., Tippur, H. V.: Quasi-static and dynamic fracture behavior of particulate polymer
composites: A study of nano- vs. micro-size filler and loading-rate effects. Compos. Part B
Eng. 43 (2012) 34673481.
Sinh, L. H., Son, B. T., Trung, N. N., Lim, D.-G., Shin, S. H., Bae, J.-Y.: Improvements in thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of epoxy resin by chemical modification with a novel
amino-terminated liquid-crystalline copoly (ester amide). Reactive Functional Polym. 72
(2012) 542548.
Wu, S.-Y., Guo, Q.-P., Peng, S.-H., Hameed, N., Kraska, M., Stuhn, Mai, Y.-W.: Toughening
epoxy thermosets with block ionomer complexes: A nanostructuremechanical property correlation. Macromolecules 45 (2012) 38293840.
Alhuthali, A., Low, I. M.: Water absorption, mechanical, and thermal properties of halloysite
nanotube reinforced vinyl-ester nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 48 (2013) 42604273.
Alhuthali, A. M., Low, I. M.: Influence of halloysite nanotubes on physical and mechanical
properties of cellulose fibres reinforced vinyl ester composites. J. Reinforced Plast. Compos.
32 (2013) 233247.
Chaeichian, S., Wood-Adams, P. M., Hoa, S. V.: In situ polymerization of polyester-based
hybrid systems for the preparation of clay nanocomposites. Polymer 54 (2013) 15121523.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_80
Quasi-static loading Energy determined Parameters - data

Table 5.16 Energy-determined parameters GIc or JIc (*) of thermosets and high performance polymers at
quasi-static loading.
Material
Aryl dicyanate
resin
neat
blends
BMI
Specification
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
- 20 wt.-% PSU
- 20 wt.-% PEI
- 10 wt-% PEI + 10 wt.-%
PSU
neat
BMI/PPO blend
(max. 20 wt.-% PPO)
BMI/PEI blend:
- max. 15 phr PEI
- max. 20 phr PEI
BMI/cyanate ester blend
(max. 9 % cyanate ester)
Cyanate ester
resin
neat
94Woo
RT
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
RT
0.5
0.01
0.08
0.21
0.16
0.35 0.45
01Ham
09Gan
02Luo, 01Jin
99Wei
99Wei
02Luo
01Jin
09Gan
01Har
01Ham
06Mon,
05aWoo
99Kim, 09Gan,
02Kim, 98Kim
03Kin
0.22 0.34
0.28 0.67
0.11 0.14
23 2
0.5
0.05 1.6
0.09
0.11
0.15 0.17
0.19 0.21
10 wt.-% PSU
different resin types:
- max. 30 wt.-% PES
- max. 30 wt.-% polyester
copolymer (TPE)
Ref.
0.16
0.6
0.35
0.65
different resin types
polymer
modified
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
0.1
55
21
150
23 2
1.6
0.09 0.18
0.08 0.18
0.09 0.10
0.35
0.1
55
21
150
55
21
150
06Mon
03Kin
0.23 0.50
0.19 0.74
0.18 0.77
0 0.60
0 1.97
0 1.74
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
2
Material
particle
modified
hybrid systems
Epoxy resin
neat

Specification
PEI (semi-penetrating
polymer networks):
- 25 wt.-% PEI
- max. 25 wt.-% PEI,
differently cured:
- 140 C
- 160 C
- 180 C
max. 35 wt.-% BMI
max. 5 wt.-% nanoclay
2 wt.-% nanoclay
max. 60 wt.-% fused
coupling agents:
- unmodified
- alkoxysilane
- titanate
- epoxy silane
10 wt.-% PSU + 2 wt.-%
nanoclay
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
1
1
0.25 2.0
0.27 2.0
02Kim, 98Kim
99Kim
0.18
0.24
0.31
0.05
0.23
0.24
1.05
1.24
2.22
0.13
0.41
01Har
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.24
23 2
-
0.5
0.05
1.6
0.05
23 2
1.6
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.21
0.24
20 25
3
0.1 152
0.04 0.39
21 25
2
0.5 78.0
0.46 0.64
RT
-
0.1 1000
0.5
0.1 5.0
3.7
0.17 0.22
0.90*
0.82
0.85*
1.3
25
75
100
125
150
175
different crosslink density

(0.285 3.637 kg mol1)
01Ham
05aWoo
06Mon
04Woo
06Mon
05Rag, 07Joh,
2) more
references at the
end of Table
5.16.
06Kim, 08Tho,
09Lia, 98Zho,
02Can, 93Lin
05Par
05Lee
03Har
05Har
06Han
0.5
1.32
2.34
2.67
0.95
0.43
-
87Rag, 88Rag
80
50
160
-
0.05 0.07
1
0.13
0.09 0.19
08Maf
RT
0.05
0.31 0.86
88Sch
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
Specification
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
70
135
0.5 127
0.10 0.33
89Pea, 93Vak
2.54
-
0.20 0.58
0.07 0.50
00aLee
96Lu
23
-
1
1
1
0.5
0.06 0.19
0.07 0.33
0.66
0.02 1.5
96bKim
11Gri, 10Hsi
92Hou
82Cha
RT
23
0.5
10
1
1
0.03
0.12
0.02
0.19
82Cha
10Ngo
96Pea
97Hou
1.3
0.21 0.28
11Li
0.03 0.07
99Oya
0.20 0.33
07Bug
[C]
molecular weight
Mw = 0.26 4.3 kg mol1
(0.122 1.886 kg mol1)
differently cured
postcured
postcuring time:
0.33 27 h
aging time: 0.33 17 h
different hardener
SiO2 filled
SiO2
nanoparticle
filled
different epoxies
differently cured
different epoxy/cyanate
network
different anhydride/epoxy
group ratio
sub-micron sized particles.
spherical particles
(30 m), 80 wt.-% filler
particle size: 10 15 nm,

differently cured epoxy
particle size: below 50 nm,
40 wt.-% filler
fumed SiO2
0.04
0.56
0.21
0.54
1.3
06Han
25
100
125
150
230
RT
0.91
0.35
0.31
0.02 0.04
-
0.19 0.31
05Rag
0.5
0.12 0.22
11Zha
1.3
0.64 1.02
08Che
21
0.29 0.46
07Joh
20
0.12 0.21
11aHsi, 10aHsi
0.80 1.59
10Lia, 09Lia
0.11 0.70
10Hsi
23 80
0.1 1.0
0.06 0.66
0.6
06Zha, 08Ma,
08Zha
06Ros
0.73 2.15
10Lia, 09Lia
1.3
06Han
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
4
Material

Specification
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
25
75
100
125
150
175
-
0.5
0.65
1.17
1.75
1.97
1.11
0.37
0.21 0.26
93Zha
2.54
0.38 1.09
00Lee
0.22 0.85
07San
2.54
0.35 1.93
00aLee
0.21 0.47
08Med
0.1
0.26 0.29
08aZha
20
25 3
0.5 1.3
0.80 5.10
99He, 75Bas
127
0.60 4.90
86Yee
0.51
0.3
91Sue
152
0.41 2.73
91Pea
21
0.5
0.44 3.93
03Zha, 06Kim,
93Zha
- max. 20 phr
0.5
03Har
- differently molecularmodified (10 wt.-%,

particle size: 2 m)
- max 20 phr (different
hardener)
- max. 15 phr
- 20 phr
- max. 15 wt.-%
- 15 phr, different epoxy
- 20.9 vol.-%
25
1.10
1.95*
1.40 3.60
0.06 1.20
96Pea
25
RT
-
1
10
0.1 1000
-
1.40 2.06
0.38
0.23 1.07
0.11 1.72
3.25
92Low, 91Che
04aLiu
05Lee
89Fu
10Lia
[C]
glass bead
filled
ZrO2
nanoparticle
filled
Al2O3
nanoparticle
filled
rubber
toughened

particle diameter:
3.3 24.4 m,
mean particle diameter:
27.4 m, max. 40 vol.-%
filler
different particles types (10
vol.-%, mean size:
24.4 27.9 m),
of the matrix
particle size: 12 nm incl.
small agglomerates
(20 100 nm),
rubber particles
- particle size: 110 m
- particle size: 20 m,
10 % rubber
- particle size:
0.2 200 m
CTBN:
- max. 30 phr
Ref.
91Che
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
polymer
modified
Specification
- 9 wt.-%
core-shell rubber particles:
- particle size:
0.3 0.9 m
- particle size:
0.1 m, 10 % rubber
- PBA core/PMMA shell
(particle size:
0.137 0.139 m,
different rubber type),
different crosslink
- butadienestyrene core/
acrylic/styrene shell
(particle size:
0.1 0.2 m), different
crosslink density of the
matrix
- styrenebutadiene or
PB core/PMMA shell
(max. 15 wt.-%),
particle size: ~0.1 m
- siloxane core/PMMA
shell (max. 15 wt.-%),
particle size: ~ 0.3 m
acrylic rubber (10 %),
particle size: 0.4 m
expandable hollow
microspheres (max. 20 phr)
expandable hollow
microspheres + CTBN
(both max. 15 phr)
HTPB (max. 20 wt.-%)
silicon rubber
(max. 35 %),
different rubber types
ETBN (max. 20 wt.-%,
mean particle size: 0.26
0.55 m, interparticle
distance: 0.20 0.81 m)
rubber nanoparticles:
- size: 55 nm,
max. 10 wt.-%,
matrix differently cured
- size: 2 3 nm,
max. 15 wt.-%
PEG (max. 30 phr)
SEBSpoly(caprolactone) copolymer,
sulfonated (10 wt.-%)
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
0.67
10aHsi
10
0.50 1.40
99Bec
0.51
0.5
91Sue
0.23 0.56
08Maf
0.22 3.96
96Lu
21
0.10 0.84
11Gia
21
0.18 0.64
0.51
0.42
91Sue
21
0.5
1.61 4.29
06Kim
21
0.5
3.88 4.65
RT
-
1
1
1.40 2.50
0.23 0.50
08Tho
98Bit
0.27 0.59
91Ver
0.5
0.35 0.67
10Le
0.30 0.84
08aMa
0.50 6.80
0.54 0.71
03Zha
12Wu
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
6
Material

Specification
perfluoroether oligomer,
hydroxyl terminated:
- interpenetrating networks (max. 14.3 wt.-%
oligomer)
- particlematrix structure (max. 10 wt.-%
oligomer)
20 wt.-% PA12
max. 15 phr PA66
SAN (max. 25 wt.-%)
PMMAPnBAPMMA
copolymer
(max. 20 wt.-%),
different molecular weight
(60 149 kg mol-1)
max. 20 wt.-% PC
aromatic polyesters (max.
15 wt.-%), synthesized
with:
- adipic acid
- subenic acid
- sebacis acid
- dodecanedioic acid
max. 15 phr PBT
PUR (max. 60 wt.-%),
hygrothermal decomposed
(different types of epoxy
resin and PUR)
max. 15 phr PUR:
- unspecified
- hydroxyl-terminated
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
max. 5 wt.-% polyurea

(different types)
polyurethaneimide
oligomer (max. 15 phr),
anhydride terminated
(different epoxy resins)
syndiotactic PS (max.
12 wt.-%), different
processing of resin
Ref.
03Rag
0.06 0.37
0.12 0.31
23
1
1.7
10
0.25
0.17 0.31
0.02 0.37
1.17 2.53
11Whi
01Wan
04Jim
11Kis
1
1
0.16 0.51
94Mar
00Shi
RT
1
1
0.25
0.25
0.34
0.30
0.18
0.27
0.31
0.34
0.44
0.35
0.40
3.15
0.39 0.87
0.27 1.03
- amine-terminated
PUR + thermoplastics
(both max. 15 phr):
- PBT
- PA66
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
0.19 0.66
0.33 0.48
-
01Wan
00Kar
01Wan
01Wan, 95Wan,
95aWan
01Wan, 95Wan,
95aWan
01Wan, 95Wan
01Wan
0.5
0.40 0.90
0.40 0.87
0.40 0.95
0.28 0.90
94Wan
21
0.25 0.80
05Joh
09Dai
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
hybrid
systems
Specification
glass beads + CTBN

(both max. 15 vol.-%)
spherical SiO2 particles
(30 m, 80 wt.-%) + fumed
SiO2 nanoparticles (max. 5
wt.-%)
CTBN (15 phr) + hard
filler:
- glassy-metal ribbons
shape and orientation)
- ZrO2 powder (max.
50 phr)
- short Al2O3 fibers
(max. 30 phr)
CTBN (max. 22.6 vol.-%)
+ SiO2 nanoparticles
(max. 16.8 vol.-%),
nanoparticle size:
- 20 nm
- 80 nm
CTBN (20 phr) + nanoclay
(max. 6 phr)
carbon nanofibres
(0.25 vol.-%) + SiO2 nanoparticles (max. 3 vol.-%)
CF (10 vol.-%) + carbon
nanofibres
(max. 0.75 vol.-%)
CF (10 vol.-%) + SiO2
nanoparticles
(max. 3 vol.-%)
SiO2 nanoparticles
(max. 6 wt.-%,
size: 20 nm) + MWCNT
(max. 0.18 wt.-%)
PA12 (20 wt.-%) +
MWCNT (1 wt.-%)
cellulose
particle filled
filler aspect ratio: 6,
of the matrix
filler aspect ratio:
2 14, 10 wt.-% filler
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
0.5
0.62 1.67
93Zha
1.3
25
100
125
150
230
RT
06Han
1.23
1.11
0.66
0.10
2.27
1.38
0.77
0.24
1
1.91 5.40
1.86 2.93
2.23 3.82
10
2.10
0.72
2.06
0.40
5.73
0.97
5.74
0.70
10Lia
10aHsi
10Lia
04aLiu
0.5
0.16 0.21
10Zha
0.5
0.30 0.65
0.5
0.38 0.57
11Zha
20
0.18 0.20
11aHsi
0.44
11Whi
96bKim
0.11 0.53
0.35 0.48
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
8
Material

Specification
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
CF filled
carbon
nanofibre filled
clay
filled nanoclay filled

max. 1 wt.-% filler
25
-
0.5
10
0.5
0.23 0.42
0.55 0.61
0.16 0.21
10Zha, 11Zha
11Bor
10Zha

23
1.0 10.0
0.08 0.15
0.07 0.63
0.2
fullerene filled
MWCNT filled
halloysite
nanotube filled
6 wt.-% filler:
- untreated
- silane-treated
different nanoclay types,
different hardener and
premixing
max. 1 wt.-% filler
1 wt.-% filler
02Kor
05Wan, 02Kor,
06Wan, 06Bru,
04Liu
10Ha
Epoxy, liquid
crystalline
RT
15
0.85
1.56
0.06 0.24
RT
10
0.56 1.31
10Ngo
RT
-
1
10
0.50 0.66
0.19
0.16 0.22
0.46 0.52
11Raf
11Whi
11Hsi
08Den
- neat
0.5
0.51
0.1 5.0
03Har
97aSue
05Har
- rubber modified,
max. 20 phr CTBN
- magnetic field oriented:
x direction
0.5 5.0
1.10*
0.35 0.58
4.05
6.29*
1.21 7.46
03Har
0.1 5.0
4.71
4.95*
7.56
7.90*
z direction
- domain diameter (m):
0 (isotropic)
5 (nematic/smectic)
70 (smectic)
120 (smectic)
- concentration of
mesogenic groups:
55.2 73.5 %
- different blends
04Miy
0.5
RT
0.5
0.508 5.08
40
25
09aHar
0.69*
2.08*
4.32*
6.19*
5.06 7.02*
09aHar
06aHar
0.33 1.08
97Sue
Epoxy +
Epoxy, liquid
crystalline
max. 50 % liquid
crystalline epoxy
RT
0.44 0.80
02Pun
Epoxy/PEI
blend
max. 30 wt.-% PEI

max. 19 wt.-% PEI
different blend
morphology:
- particulate
(10 wt.-% PEI)
23 2
RT
-
0.5
1
10
0.72 1.54
0.20 1.10
92Mur
94Mar, 93Dil
97Gir
0.13 0.15
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
Specification
T
[C]
- inverted (20 wt.-% PEI)

- bicountinuos
(20 wt.-% PEI)
max. 40 wt.-% PEI:
- cured
- postcured
max. 20 % PEI, different
epoxies differently cured
Epoxy/ PEK-C
blend
Epoxy/PES
blend
Epoxy/PI
blend
Epoxy/PSU
blends
different epoxy/cyanate
network, max. 10 wt.-%
PEK-C
max. 10 wt.-% PEK-C
max. 12 wt.-% PEK-C
diamine/diepoxide
stoichiometric ratio:
0.6 1.2
10 wt.-% PES, molecular
weight Mw (kg mol1):
- 16.3 27.6
- 39.0
max. 39.1 wt.-% PES
(unmodified, amine
terminated, epoxidized)
PES copolymer (max. 114
phr), reactively terminated
different PES (15 phr)
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
9
Ref.
0.22
0.26 0.36
23
92Hou
23
0.19 1.13
0.43 1.35
0.43 1.11
1.3
0.24 0.43
11Li
1.3
78
0.13 0.25
0.49 0.52
01Son
98Zho
0.13 1.28
98And
RT
97Hou
12Gri
23
0.18 0.19
0.4
0.14 1.40
0.5
0.07 0.49
94Kin
80
50
100
160
4.69 4.90
0.06 0.11
05Par
87Rag
max. 15 phr PI, different

types:
- amine-terminated
- phenyl-terminated
max. 30 phr PSU, different

molecular weight,
max. 15 wt.-% PSU,
different anhydride/epoxy
group ratio,
max. 10 wt.-% PSU,
different blend
morphology
15 wt.-% PSU, different
curing temperatures
max. 25 wt.-% PSU
max. 20 wt.-% PSU,
0.10 0.56
89Fu
0.06 0.52
99Oya
0.47 0.59
99Min
0.200.01
93Min
78
1
0.32 0.92
97Hua, 00Mar
93aMin
95Mac
0.13 0.18
0.22 0.33
96Hay
0.10 0.45
0.17 0.30
0.09 0.29
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
10
Material

Specification
T
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
molecular weight Mn
(kg mol1):
- 6.4
- 10
PAS
PEEK
neat
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
0.12 0.22
0.22 0.42
5.5
95Chi
50
100
-
0.5
1.5
0.61*
7.6 23.9*
91Mis
07Rae
0.5
1.12
1.13*
91Mis
0.92
0.93*
91Mis
short carbon
fibre
reinforced
short glass fibre
reinforced
max. 30 wt.-%, different

processing
max. 30 wt.-%, different
processing
0.5
PEEK/PSU
blend
compatibilized with
segmented PEEKPSU
block copolymer, testing
direction:
- parallel or
- perpendicular to
processing direction
RT
10
sample thickness:
25
130
10
3.1 7.0
04Kim
PEI
08Hof
2.2 5.5
5.7 8.9
6 22 mm
PEK-C
RT
0.2 5.0
1.04 1.75
95bHan
PES
non-irradiated
electron beam irradiated
5
0.5
2.8
2.64
0.47 2.68
95Chi
83Hin
0.34
0.29 0.45
93aLin
PES-C
neat
reinforced with
max. 40 vol.-% CF
PFPE acrylate
and
methacrylate
resin
1.0 3.0
03Tur
PI
different PI types,
films 16 45 m thick
PI/polyphosphazene blend
(different types of
polyphosphazene,
max. 40 wt.-%)
25.4
1.85
0.06
0.92 2.80
96Abu
90Hin
0.01 0.14
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
Specification
11
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
25 2
RT
RT
25 2
6
1
10
1.28
1
10
0.2 0.5
6
0.10
0.58
0.04
0.23
02Can
08Hua
08Ser
99Del
96Cho
94Mar
07aPer
76Chr
02Can
0.01
2.58
0.06
0.33
0.045
0.09
0.12
0.02
0.02
0.02
3.01
5.58
08Hua
1
1
0.12
0.22 0.55
94Mar
94Mar
25 2
1
6
0.13 0.20
0.04 0.13
94Mar
02Can
RT
10
0.10 0.11
08Ser
0.04 0.40
99Del
1.28
0.05 0.11
96Cho
polyisocyanatewater
glass:
- neat
- hybrids with max.
45 wt.-% epoxy (different polyisocyanatewater
glass types)
- hybrids with max.
75 wt.-% vinyl ester
RT
1
0.89 1.03
0.48 0.71
10Cas, 07Kar
10Cas
0.21 0.93
07Kar
neat
reinforced with
max. 40 vol.-% CF
neat
0.23
0.76 1.71
93aLin
100
175
0.06 60.0
1.8 4.4*
03Ada
Polyester resin
neat
-
rubber
modified
polymer
modified
Polyisocyanate
PPS
different types
different curing conditions
- 20 wt.-% PB
- PDMS
- max. 10 wt.-% core
shell rubber particles,
different types
10 wt.-% HTBN
max. 20 wt.-% ITPB
(different blend
processing)
max. 15 wt.-% ATBN
- PAES oligomers (different endgroups, different molecular
weight, max. 20 wt.-%)
- 5 wt.-% all-acrylic
block copolymers,
different types
- liquid polymer (max.
20 wt.-% polyoxypropylenetriamine)
- polyarylate (max.
20 phr)
0.06
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
12
Material
PSU
Vinyl ester
resin
neat
rubber
modified

Specification
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
3.1
95Chi
different types
different composition:
- commercial
- monodisperse
- bimodal
max. 8 wt.-% ETBN
max. 8 wt.-% VTBN
max. 15 phr ETBN
7.5 phr CTBN
CTNB (max. 7.5 phr) +
ETBN (max. 8 phr),
different curing
temperature
CTBN (7.5 phr) +
methacrylated VTBN
(max. 7 phr)
5 wt.-% low-molecular
weight PB
5 wt.-% HTBN
5 wt.-% VTBN
7 wt.-% CTBN
CTBN (7 wt.-%) + VTBN
(5 wt.-%)
5 wt.-% bis (4isocyanatophenyl)
methane-terminated
polypropylene glycol
max. 10 wt.-% end-capped
low-molecular weight PB
CTBN (7 wt.-%) + endcapped low-molecular
weight PB (5 wt.-%)
RT
RT
RT
RT
RT
RT
22
1
1
1
1
1.27
1
0.1 5.0
1
1.27
0.58
1.96
0.2
0.91
0.08
0.11
0.16 0.20
0.49 0.53
04Gry
12aGri
11aGri
11bGri
04Rob
95Pea, 07Kar
95Pha
06Kar
08Las, 05Las
RT
RT
1
1.27
0.12
0.09
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.33
0.13
0.33
1.33
0.25
0.28
0.40
0.58
0.78
0.50
0.91
0.34
2.31
07Gri
04Rob
95Pea
0.77 1.16
-
0.1 5.0
0.56
95Pha
0.48 0.85
0.45
0.43
1.23
0.16
1.05 2.93
3.75
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

Material
polymer
modified
Specification
different vinyl ester,

modified by functional
star-shaped polymers (10
wt.-%) and/or
polyisocyanate
vinyl ester/polyester blends
(weight ratio: 3:1):
- without filler
- with max. 0.3 wt.-%
CNT (different types,
with/without surface
modification)
oil modified
nanoclay filled
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
[C]
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
0.10 0.73
06Kar
1.3
1
1.98 2.34
0.22 0.68
2.39
RT
interpenetrating networks:
- different types
- different types + different maximum curing
temperature
RT
Vinyl ester/
polysilicate
hybrid resins
max. 75 wt.-% polysilicate,

RT
RT
rubber
modified
polymer
modified
max. 20 wt.-% CTBN or

VTBN
10 wt.-% ETBN
CTBN + VTBN or ETBN
(each 5 wt.-%)
max. 10 wt.-% coreshell
rubber particles, nonreactive or epoxy
functionalised
max. 20 wt.-%
hyperbranched polyester,
epoxy or vinyl
functionalised
12aGri
11aGri
12aGri
11bGri
0.99 1.38
1.05 1.80
Vinyl ester/
epoxy
Vinyl ester
urethane resin
neat
09Sey
0.106
0.10 0.20
RT
soybean oil (acrylated,
epoxidized):
- max. 15 wt.-%
- max. 75 wt.-%
5 wt.-% linseed oil
- non-reactive intercalant
- co-reactive intercalant
13
1
0.26 7.31
0.67 7.33
04Gry
03Kar, 04Kar
0.91 1.53
07Gri
0.13
2
0.20 0.95
02Gry
12aGri
02Gry
0.43
0.39 0.42
02aGry
02aGry
0.16 0.18
02Gry
0.12 0.45
02Gry
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
14
Material
Specification
T
[C]
hybrid
modified
oil modified
polymeric isocyanate +
10 wt.-% hyperbranched
polyester, epoxy or vinyl
functionalised
CTBN + VTBN or ETBN
(each 5 wt.-%) + polymeric
isocyanate
polymeric isocyanate +
10 wt.-% CTBN or VTBN
or ETBN
CTBN + hyperbranched
polyester (epoxy or vinyl
functionalised), each
5 wt.-%
CTBN (5 wt.-%) +
hyperbranched polyester
(epoxy or vinyl
functionalised)
(5 wt.-%) + polymeric
isocyanate
5 wt.-% soybean oil (acrylated, epoxidized)
Loading
speed
[mm min1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm1]
Ref.
0.15 0.23
02aGry
0.41 0.45
02aGry
0.25 0.45
02aGry
0.29 0.33
02aGry
0.28 0.36
02aGry
2.49 3.13
12aGri
2) Ref. to Epoxy resin neat: 08Med, 99He, 07Bug, 06Zha, 06Ros, 75Bas, 86Yee, 91Pea, 05Wan, 11Bor,
93Zha, 08Ma, 11Whi, 99Bec, 89Fu, 00Lee, 66Mos, 92Mur, 91Sue, 11Raf, 02Kor, 08Che, 08aZha,
03Zha, 92Low, 98Bit, 06Wan, 91Ver, 10Le, 82Cha, 08aMa, 10Zha, 11Zha, 11Hsi, 04Miy, 11aHsi,
92Shu, 06Bru, 10aHsi, 08Den, 11Gia, 11Kis, 04Liu, 01Son, 04Jim, 12Wu, 96Hay, 03Rag, 02Pun,
99Min, 97Hua, 00Mar, 97Gir, 93aMin, 12Gri, 94Hsi, 95Mac, 94Kin, 92Hou, 07San, 00Kar, 00Shi,
94Wan, 09Dai, 05Joh, 01Wan, 95Wan, 95aWan, 94Mar, 93Dil

66Mos
75Bas
75Sel
76Chr
82Cha
83Hin
83Mol
84Spa
Mostovoy, S., Ripling, E. J.: Fracture toughness of an epoxy system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 10
(1966) 13511371.
Bascom, W. D., Cottington, R. L., Jones, R. L., Peyser, P.: The fracture of epoxy- and elastomer-modified epoxy polymers in bulk and as adhesives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 19 (1975)
24252562.
Selby, K., Miller, L. E.: Fracture toughness and mechanical behaviour of an epoxy resin. J.
Mater. Sci. 10 (1975) 1224.
Christensen, A., Shortall, J. B.: The fracture toughness and fracture morphology of polyester
resins. J. Mater. Sci. 11 (1976) 11131124.
Chang, T. D., Brittain, J. O.: Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part D: Fracture toughness of an
epoxy resin: A study of the effect of crosslinking and sub-Tg aging. Polym. Eng. Sci. 22 (1982)
12281326.
Hinkley, J. A., Campbell, F. J.: Fracture toughness of irradiated polyethersulphone. J. Mater.
Sci. Lett. 2 (1983) 267271.
Moloney, A. C., Kausch, H.-H., Stieger, H. R.: The fracture of particulate-filled epoxide resins:
Part 1. J. Mater. Sci. 18 (1983) 208216.
Spanoudakis, J., Young, R. J.: Crack propagation in a glass particle-filled epoxy resin: Part 1.
Effect of particle volume fraction and size. J. Mater. Sci. 19 (1984) 473486.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

86Kar
86Kin
86Yee
87Rag
88Rag
88Sch
89Fu
89Hol
89Pea
89Tru
90Hin
91Che
91Hed
91Hou
91Iij
91aIij
91Lev
91Mis
91Pea
91Sue
91Ver
91Zen
92Car
15
Karger-Kocsis, J., Friedrich, K.: Temperature and strain-rate effects on the fracture toughness
of poly (ether ether ketone) and its short glass-fibre reinforced composite. Polymer 27 (1986)
17531760.
Kinloch, A. J., Gilbert, D. G., Shaw, S. J.: A mechanism for ductile crack growth in epoxy. J.
Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 10511056.
Yee, A. F., Pearson, R. A.: Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies: Part 1.
Mechanical studies. J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 24622474.
Raghava, R. S.: Role of matrix-particle interface adhesion on fracture toughness of dual phase
epoxypolyethersulfone blend. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 25 (1987) 10171031.
Raghava, R. S.: Development and characterization of thermosettingthermoplastic polymer
blends for applications in damage-tolerant composites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys.
26 (1988) 6581.
Schroeder, J. A.: Fracture toughness and molecular structure of unfilled epoxy adhesives. J.
Mater. Sci. 23 (1988) 30733082.
Fu, Z.-L, Sun, Y.-H.: Epoxy resin toughened by thermoplastics. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 7 (1989)
367378.
Hollmann, K., Hahn, H. T.: Plane-strain fracture toughness of epoxies at different loading rates.
Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (1989) 523530.
Pearson, R. A., Yee, A. F.: Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies. Part 3: The
effect of cross-link density. J. Mater. Sci. 24 (1989) 25712580.
Truong, V.-T.: Relation between the micromechanics of the crack tip and the fracture toughness
of crosslinked epoxy. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 8 (1989) 442444.
Hinkley, J. A., Mings, S. L.: Fracture toughness of polyimide films. Polymer 31 (1990) 7577.
Chen, T. K., Jan, Y. H.: Effect of rubber/matrix interfacial modifications on the properties of a
rubber-toughened epoxy resin. Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 577585.
Hedrick, J. L., Yilgor, I., Jurek, M., Hedrick. J. C., Wilkes, G. L., McGrath, J. E.: Chemical
modification of matrix resin networks with engineering thermoplastics: 1. Synthesis, morphology, physical behaviour and toughening mechanisms of poly (arylene ether sulfone) modified
epoxy networks. Polymer 32 (1991) 20202032.
Iijima, T., Tomoi, M., Tochimoto, T., Kakiuchi, H.: Toughening of epoxy resins by modification with aromatic polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 463474.
Iijima, T., Tochimoto, T., Tomoi, M.: Modification of epoxy resins with poly (aryl ether
ketone)s. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 16851692.
Levita, G., De Petris, S., Marchetti, A., Lazzeri, A.: Crosslink density and fracture toughness of
epoxy resins. J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 23482352.
Mishra, A. K., Schultz, J. M.: Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization during injection molding of short fiber composites of poly (ether ether ketone). Polym. Compos. 72 (1991) 169178.
Pearson, R. A., Yee, A. F.: Influence of particle size and particle size distribution on toughening
mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies. J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 38283844.
Sue, H.-J.: Study of rubber-modified brittle epoxy systems. Part II: Toughening mechanisms
under model fracture. Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 275288.
Verchere, D., Pascault, J. P., Sautereau, H., Moschiar, S. M., Riccardi, C. C., Williams, R. J. J.:
Rubber-modified epoxies. IV. Influence of morphology on mechanical properties.J. Appl.
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Zeng, Y.-B., Zhang, M.-Z., Penc, W.-Z., Yu, Q.: Microstructure, mechanical properties, and
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19051910.
Carfagna, C., Nicolais, L., Amendola, E., Carfagna Jr., C., Filippov, A. G.: Toughening epoxy
resins by liquid crystalline polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 44 (1992) 14651471.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
16
92Don
92Hou
92Iij
92aIij
92Jan
92Low
92Mas
92Mur
92Nak
92Shu
93Car
93Cho
93Dil
93Iij
93aIiJ
93Lin
93aLin
93Min
93aMin
93Nak
93Pak
93Pea
93Vak

Donnellan, T. M., Roylance, D.: Relationships in A bismaleimide resin system. Part II: Thermomechanical properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. 32 (1992) 415420.
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Iijima, T., Hiraoka, H., Tomoi, M.: Preparation of epoxy-terminated poly (aryl ether sulfone)s
and their use as modifiers for epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 45 (1992) 709721.
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N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers. Eur. Polym. J. 12 (1992) 15391545.
Jang, B. Z., Pater, R. H., Soucek, M. D., Hinkley, J. A.: Plastic deformation mechanisms in
polyimide resins and their semi-interpenetrating networks. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B Polym. Phys.
30 (1992) 643654.
Low, I. M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Mai Y. W.: On hybrid toughened DGEBA epoxy resins.
Polym. Intern. 27 (1992) 131137.
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30 % short carbon-fibre-reinforced PEEK. J. Mater. Sci. Medicine 3 (1992) 8894.
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Fracture behaviour of thermoplastic modified epoxy resins. J. Adhesion 39 (1992) 227242.
Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Okubo, M., Matsumoto, T.: Effect of particle size on mechanical properties of epoxy resin filled with angular-shaped silica. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 44 (1992)
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mechanical properties of graphite/epoxy composites. Polym. Compos 13 (1992) 213222.
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epoxy resins by N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers. Eur. Polym. J. 29 (1993) 11031113.
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28 (1993) 44424450.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

93Zha
94Han
94Hsi
94Kim
94Kin
94Mar
94Oht
94Yoo
94Wan
94Woo
95Chi
95Han
95aHan
95bHan
95cHan
95dHan
95Iij
95aIij
95Jan
95Mac
95Pea
95Pha
17
Zhang, K., Berglund, A.: Deformation and fracture of glass bead/CTBN-rubber/epoxy composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 33 (1993) 100107.
Polym. Sci. 52 (1994) 11371151.
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Sci. 29 (1994) 37813790.
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Chiu, H.-T., Hwung, D.-S.: The relationship between structure and deformation behavior of sulfone polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 35 (1995) 499505.
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Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_81
18
95Ull
95Wan
95aWan
96Abu
96Bag
96Cho
96Gen
96Han
96Hay
96Iij
96aIij
96Kim
96aKim
96bKim
96Kle
96Koh
96Lu
96Pea
96Zhe
97Bag
97Boy
97Gir
97Hou

Ullett, J. S., Chartoff, R. P.: Toughening of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins with
liquid rubbers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 35 (1995) 10861097.
Wang, H.-H., Chen, J.-C.: Toughening of epoxy resin by reacting with functional terminatedpolyurethanes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 57 (1995) 671677.
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from bisanilines. High Perform. Polym. 8 (1996) 3556.
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J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 61 (1996) 163175.
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of bismaleimide resin by N-phenylmaleimidestyrene copolymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60
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Sci. 36 (1996) 126134.
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09aLiu
09Kay
09Kha
09Mar
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10Ada
10Bak
10Car
10Cas
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10Hsi
10aHsi
10Le
10Lia
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11bGri
11Hsi
11aHsi
11Hol
11Hu
11Isl
11Kis
11Li
11Mar
11Nai
11Raf
11Tan
11Wan
11Whi
11Zha
12Ala
12aAla
12bAla
12Alh
33
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12Ahm
12Che
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Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Data III

Composites - Data III
Table 5.17 Resistance against stable crack initiation of high performance polymers at quasi-static loading
(+ critical J value Ji, ++ specific essential work of fracture we, # fracture toughness Ki).
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[mm min 1]
Crack
initiation
resistance
[N mm 1]
Ref.
Epoxy/
PUR
max. 25 phr PUR
0.5
2.08 2.59+
94Hsi
PEEK
sample thickness:
0.05 0.5 mm, in/cross to
the processing direction
23 140
150
20
5.0
1.5
1.0
31.6 37.9++
39.7+
20.6 46.8++
04Ark, 03Has
07Rae
06bZha
PEI
neat
SiO2 nanoparticle filled
(max. 5 wt.-%)
0.2
07Wan
33.8++
35.9 37.6++
PEK-C
100 190
5.0
2.17 3.75+
95Han, 95aHan,
95bHan, 94Han,
95cHan
PI
neat
20 250
2.0
21.1 24.3++
neat (sample thickness:

25.4 129 mm)
SiO2 particle filled
(max. 15 wt.-%)
22 23
0.508 1.0
20 250
2.0
53.0 112
MPa mm1/2 #
24.6 37.7++
05aRag, 06Mus,
04Mus
96Cho, 96Kle
05aRag, 06Mus,
04Mus

94Han
94Hsi
95Han
Polym. Sci. 52 (1994) 11371151.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_82
Quasi-Static Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Data III
95aHan
95bHan Han, Y.-C., Yang, Y.-M., Li, B.-Y., Feng, Z.-L.: Mechanical properties of phenolphthalein
polyether ketone: Yield stress, Youngs modulus, and fracture toughness. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
56 (1995) 979984.
95cHan Han, Y.-C., Yang, Y.-M., Li, B.-Y., Feng, Z.-L.: Temperature and strain-rate dependence of
96Cho
96Kle
Klemann, B. M., DeVilbiss, T.: The fracture toughness of thin polymeric films. Polym. Eng. Sci.
36 (1996) 126134.
03Has
04Ark
04Mus Musto, P., Ragosta, G., Scarinzi, G., Mascia, L.: Toughness enhancement of polyimides by in
05aRag Ragosta, G., Musto, P., Abbate, M., Russo, P., Scarinzi, G.: Fracture behaviour and deformation
06Mus Musto, P., Ragosta, G., Scarinzi, G., Mascia, L.: Structure-properties correlation in polyimide/
06bZha Zhao, H.-X., Li, R. K. Y.: Fracture behaviour of poly (ether ether ketone) films with different
07Rae
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_82
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Impact Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites - Data
Impact Loading of Thermosets and High Performance Composites Data


Table 5.18 Fracture toughness KId of thermosets and high performance polymers at impact loading.
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
BMI
neat
max. 18.7 wt.-% PEI
RT
RT
1.0
1.0
15.1
18.4 21.5
93Dil
RT
1.0
15.8
1.1
26.0 44.0
differently cured:
- cured
- postcured
irregular shaped (amorphous or
crystalline) particle size: 33 mm,
45 vol.-% filler
globular shaped (amorphous),
particle size:
35 mm, max. 10 vol.-% filler
55 64 wt.-% filler,
irregular shaped (amorphous)
size:
- 2 mm
- 5 mm
- 13 mm
- 15 mm
- 33 mm
- 47 mm
- unsorted
20 nm, max. 10 vol.-% filler
23
1.0
94Mar,
93Dil
93Nak,
04Mar,
12Jaj
91Hou
Epoxy resin
neat
SiO2 filled
SiO2
nanoparticle
filled
0.5
19.0
20.0
97.0 129
0.5
85.0
48.7 67.4
1.1
03Yam
12Jaj
93Nak
52.0
61.0
61.0
63.0
66.0
65.0
59.0
45.9
63.0
67.0
73.0
70.0
73.0
64.0
58.5
12Jaj
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_83
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
Al2O3
particle
filled
particle size:
- 0.5 mm (max.
20 vol.-% filler)
- 5 mm
Al2O3
nanoparticle
filled
Fracture
toughness
[MPa mm1/2]
Ref.
04Mar
22.0 41.0
31.0 48.0
25.0 35.0
22.4 54.0
Epoxy/PEI
max. 19 wt.-% PEI
RT
1.0
blend
max. 30 wt.-% PEI:

- cured
- postcured
23
1.0
PEEK
110
4.0
69.0 241
96Gen
PEI
110
4.0
87.0 119
96Gen
PEK-C
15 240
3.8
1.0 19.0
95dHan
PI
neat
nanoclay
filled

30 wt.-% filler
47.0
54.0
08Lin
Polyester
resin
neat
1.0
1.0
1.0
23.5
12.6
14.1
17.3 26.8
03Evo
94Mar
24.7 30.0
rubber
modified
TiO2
nanoparticle
filled
10 wt.-% HTBN
max. 20 wt.-% ITPB (different
blend processing)
max. 5 vol.-% filler (average
particle diameter:
36 nm)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_83
94Mar,
93Dil
91Hou
24.0 31.0
26.0 30.0
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Table 5.19 Fracture toughness GId of thermosets and high performance polymers at impact loading.
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm 1]
Ref.
BMI
neat
max. 18.7 wt.-% PEI
RT
RT
1.0
1.0
0.07
0.08 0.20
93Dil
RT
1.1
1.0
0.24
0.06
0.80
23
1.0
93Nak
94Mar,
93Dil
12Ala,
12aAla
91Hou
Epoxy resin
neat
polymer
modified
BMI
SiO2 filled
differently cured:
- cured
- postcured
max. 20. wt.-% PC
neat
max. 18.7 wt.-% PEI
55 64 wt.-% filler,
irregular shaped
(amorphous) size
- 2 mm
- 5 mm
- 13 mm
- 15 mm
- 33 mm
- 47 mm
- unsorted
nanoparticle
filled
cellulose fibre
reinforced
1.0
RT
RT
-
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.07
0.08 0.20
94Mar
93Dil
93Nak
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.41
-
- max. 5 wt.-% nanoclay

- max. 5 wt.-%
halloysite nanotubes
52 wt.-% fibres+mineral
fillers:
- without mineral filler
0.26
0.22
0.09 0.30
0.44
0.44
0.51
0.49
0.50
0.48
1.1 1.2
1.0 1.3
12Ala
12aAla
2.9
12Ala,
12aAla
12Ala
12aAla
- max. 5 wt.-% nanoclay

- max. 5 wt.-%
3.0 4.3
3.2 3.7
Epoxy/PEI
max. 19 wt.-% PEI
RT
1.0
blend
max. 30 wt.-% PEI:

- cured
- postcured
23
1.0
0.13 0.80
94Mar,
93Dil
91Hou
0.38 0.56
0.37 0.43
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_83
Material
Specification
T
[ C]
Loading
speed
[m s 1]
Fracture
toughness
[N mm 1]
Ref.
PEK-C
15 240
3.8
1.66 13.85
95aHan,
95dHan
10 wt.-% HTBN max.

20 wt.-% ITPB (different
blend processing)
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.09
0.10
0.20 0.45
94Mar
neat
RT
1.0
1.52
max. 5 wt.-% halloysite

nanotubes
cellulose fibre reinforced
(40 wt.-% filler):
- without halloysite
nanotubes
- max. 5 wt.-%
RT
1.0
2.93 4.14
13Alh,
13aAlh
12Alh
13Alh
1.0
Polyester resin
neat
rubber
modified
Vinyl ester
resin
13aAlh
42.3
29.3 36.5

91Hou
93Dil
di Liello, V., Martuscelli, E., Musto, P., Ragosta, G., Scarinzi, G.: Toughening of highly crosslinked thermosetting resins by blending with thermoplastic polyether imide. Angew. Makromol.
Chem. 213 (1993) 93111.
93Nak
94Mar
95aHan Han, Y.-C., Yang, Y.-M., Li, B.-Y., Wang, X.-H., Feng, Z.-L.: Fracture toughness of phenolphthalein polyether ketone. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 57 (1995) 655661.
95dHan Han, Y.-C., Li, B.-Y., Yang, Y.-M., Feng, Z.-L., Wang, X.-H.: Temperature effect on impact
Makromol. Chem. 225 (1995) 6372.
96Gen
(1996) 111118.
03Evo
03Yam Yamamoto, I., Higashihara, T., Kobayashi, T.: Effect of silica-particle characteristics on impact/
usual fatigue properties and evaluation of mechanical characteristics of silica-particle epoxy
resins. JSME Intern. J. 46 (2003) 145153.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_83
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

04Mar
08Lin
12Ala
12aAla
12Alh
12Jaj
13Alh
13aAlh
(2012) 2762277.
Alamri, H., Low, I. M.: Microstructural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of recycled cellulose fiber-halloysite-epoxy hybrid nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 33 (2012) 589600.
Eng. 43 (2012) 34673481.
32 (2013) 233247.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_83
Quasi-static loading of elastomers introduction

By using fracture mechanics tests under quasi-static loading, crack resistance curves also for elastomeric
materials can recorded. As a fast and economic method, the fracture mechanics test in combination with
the single-specimen method (SSM) has been established during the last decade [03Rei, 04Rei, 06Rei,
08Rei, 09Rei]. The principle of this test is shown in Fig. 5.3. By using only one specimen with suitable
dimensions, during a monotonically increasing loading up to the point of complete tearing, the loadextension diagram (Fl diagram) is recorded and at the same time the crack opening lR is determined at different
points. J as one possible loading parameter of a crack resistance curve can be calculated according to the
following equation 5.19:
J
with
A
B
W
a
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
A
BW a
(5:19)
energy consumed until reaching a certain load level of the loadextension diagram
specimen thickness
specimen width
initial notch size
geometrical function
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_84
Fig. 5.3 Principle of recording a crack resistance curve with a single specimen [03Rei, 04Rei].
Beside the SSM, a further method for the characterization of the stable crack initiation and propagation
behaviour is the application of multiple-specimen method (MSM). For recording of one crack resistance
curve, a number of comparable single-edge-notched tension specimens (SENT) of the same size are used
[12Wik]. Each is loaded up to a different load level leading to different sizes of the crack growth Da. The
specimens are cut after the test and so the size of the stable crack growth Da can be measured by using a
microscope. J values are calculated basing on the Fl data according to Eq. 5.19. Finally, JlR and JDa
data pairs, respectively, are plotted and a mathematical curve fitting is done. In this way, one gets a functional connection between crack toughness and crack opening/stable crack propagation size, which is
called crack resistance curve. For a quantitative comparison of materials, physical and technical crack
initiation values respectively (Ji and J0.05) and the slopes of the R-curves at a certain crack opening or
crack growth can be obtained. Latter is denoted as crack propagation value TJ*.
For such fracture mechanics tests, SENT specimens can be used. The thickness of the specimens
should be in a range >6 mm to get geometry-independent fracture mechanics parameters [05Rei]. The test
speed can be varied. However, a small deformation speed up to 50 mm min1 could be proven to be suitable for reproducible results.
03Rei
04Rei
05Rei
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W., Lach, R., Heinrich, G.: Toughness optimization of SBR elastomers
Use of fracture mechanics methods for characterization. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288 (2003)
181189.
Reincke, K., Heinrich, G., Grellmann, W.: Investigation of mechanical and fracture mechanical
properties of elastomers filled with precipitated silica and nanofiller based upon layered silicates.
Rubb. Chem. Technol. 77/4 (2004) 662677.
Reincke, K.: Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen von ungefullten und gefullten Elastomerwerkstoffen. Mensch & Buch Verlag Berlin, 2005.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_84
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

06Rei
08Rei
09Rei
12Wik
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G.: Engineering fracture mechanics for crack toughness
characterisation of elastomers. In: Gdoutos, E. E. (ed.): Fracture of nano and engineering materials and structures. Proceedings of the European Conference of Fracture (ECF 16), Alexandroupolis, Greece, July 3 7, (2006) 763764 and Full Paper CD: C2.4, 16.
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G.: Fracture mechanical investigations of filler-reinforced
elastomers. In: Boukamel, A., Laiarinandrasana, L., Meo, S., Verron, E. (eds.): Constitutive models for rubber V, Taylor & Francis Group London, (2008) 221227.
Grellmann, W., Bierogel, C., Reincke, K. (eds.): Wiki Lexikon Kunststoffprufung und Diagnostik, 2012, http://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de (assessed at 05/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_84
Quasi-static loading of elastomers data

Table 5.20 Crack initiation and crack propagation values of elastomers determined by using the SSM.
Material
Crack
Initiation
Value
Ji
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
TJ*
[N mm 2]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
0.15
3.2
1.1
4.8
1.8
6.0
1.6
9.0
2.2
1.0
4.7
3.6
4.1
7.9
5.2
6.1
LSR
0.11 0.57
HNBR
EPDM
EPDM + 30 phr CB
N550
EPDM + 45 phr CB
N550
EPDM + 60 phr CB
N550
EPDM
EPDM + 20 phr CB
N234
EPDM + 40 phr CB
N234
EPDM + 60 phr CB
N234
HNBR + 10 phr
Silica
HNBR + 30 phr
Silica
HNBR
HNBR + 10 phr
MWCNT
HNBR + 30 phr
MWCNT
Remarks
Ref.
a/W = 0.4;
TJ* at Ji
12Agn
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
13Gre
0.19 0.54
68
10
0.3
2.0
a/W = 0.4;
TJ* at Ji
12Agn
0.3
2.0
1.3
8.8
0.3
2.0
a/W = 0.4;
TJ* at Ji
12Agn
0.65
4.9
2.1
8.1
08Rei2
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Material
Crack
Initiation
Value
Ji
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
TJ*
[N mm 2]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
0.1
17.6
34.2
14.7
43
15.2
28.7
NR
NR + 5 phr LS1
NR + 10 phr LS1
NR + 15 phr LS1
NR + 60 phr LS1
NR + 70 phr LS1
26.6
18.5
18.0
15.2
12.6
12.3
NR
NR + 5 phr LS1
NR + 10 phr LS1
NR + 15 phr LS1
NR + 60 phr LS1
NR + 70 phr LS1
5.9
5.0
4.7
2.9
1.7
3.2
NR
NR + 5 phr LS1
NR + 10 phr LS1
NR + 15 phr LS1
NR + 60 phr LS1
NR + 70 phr LS1
Remarks
Ref.
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
13Gre
1.5
10
a/W = 0.2
04Rei
11.7
1.4
0.28
0.18
0.28
0.29
10
a/W = 0.2
04Rei
10
7.8
4.6
4.3
2.8
3.3
7.1
1.5
0.8
0.36
0.34
0.56
10
10
a/W = 0.2
04Rei
NR
2.0
a/W = 0.5;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
10Ram
NR + 6.5 phr LS1

NR + 14 phr LS1
NR + 30 phr LS1
LS = Dellite 67G
2.1
1.6
2.0
2.36
4.44
6.38
NR
1.8
10
a/W =0.2
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
10Ram
NR + 6.5 phr LS1

NR + 30 phr LS1
LS = Dellite 67G
1.6
3.0
NR
NR + 20 phr CB
N234
NR + 40 phr CB
N234
NR + 60 phr CB
N234
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Crack
Initiation
Value
Ji
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
TJ*
[N mm 2]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
NR
NR + 5 phr silica
NR + 10 phr silica
NR + 15 phr silica
NR + 60 phr silica
NR + 70 phr silica
(Silica ULTRASIL
VN3)
5.9
5.6
4.8
6.7
8.1
6.2
11.7
1.24
5.1
1.75
28.6
28.8
SBR
1.8
1.1
2.4
4.3
6.3
10.4
5.1
8.0
SBR
(SBR type E-SBR
SBR 1500)
1.8 4.4
SBR
SBR + 20 phr CB
N234
SBR + 40 phr CB
N234
SBR + 60 phr CB
N234
SBR + 15 phr CB
N330
SBR + 30 phr CB
N330
SBR + 40 phr CB
N330
SBR + 50 phr CB
N330
(SBR type E-SBR
SBR 1500)
SBR
SBR + 20
N339
SBR + 40
N339
SBR + 60
N339
SBR + 60
N115
Remarks
Ref.
10
a/W = 0.2
04Rei
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
13Gre
0.85 3.4
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
07Ow
0.9
0.26
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lRmax
05Rei
2.6
0.89
6.0
0.74
6.5
2.22
8.4
2.08
3.71.9
2.0
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
08Rei
4.40.6
4.7
7.10.5
15.4
9.02.2
11.6
16.9
16.0
phr CB
13Gre
07Ow
phr CB
phr CB
phr CB
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Material
Crack
Initiation
Value
Ji
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
TJ*
[N mm 2]
5.7
4.0
SBR + 20 phr silica
4.4
3.3
SBR + 40 phr silica

SBR + 60 phr silica
(SBR type S-SBR
VSL 5025; Silica
ULTRASIL
GR7000)
13.5
11.3
8.5
5.6
SBR/EPDM
1.3
0.4
SBR/EPDM + 60 phr
CB N234
2.9
2.9
1.6
0.8
5.0
28.0
SBR + 60 phr CB
N550
(SBR type S-SBR
VSL 5025)
SBR/NR
SBR/NR + 60 phr CB
N234
1
Test Conditions
Remarks
Ref.
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
13Gre
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at lR =
0.5 mm
13Gre
10
13Gre
LS=layered silicate of montmorillonite type
Table 5.21 Crack initiation and crack propagation values of elastomers determined by using the MSM.
Crack
Initiation
Value
Jx
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
T J*
[N mm 2]
EPDM
EPDM + 60 phr CB
J0.05
4.3
1.5
N550
32.7
13.9
EPDM
0.75
EPDM + 20 phr CB
N234
EPDM +40 phr CB
1.7
Material
Test Conditions
Remarks
Ref.
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at Da =
0.5 mm
07Ow
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at Da =
0.1 mm
13Gre
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Crack
Initiation
Value
Jx
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
T J*
[N mm 2]
N234
EPDM + 60 phr CB
N234
20.0
8.0
NR
2.0
17.6
48.3
14.7
144
15.2
139
SBR
(SBR type E-SBR
SBR 1500)
J0.2
3.3 9.8
SBR
Test Conditions
Remarks
Ref.
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at Da =
0.1 mm
13Gre
1.1 5.7
1.5
50
a/W = 0.5
03Rei
J0.2
9.1
1.5
1.5*
50
a/W = 0.2 ;
TJ* at Damax
03Rei
26
4.9
27.3
8.6
46.5
72
135
40
SBR
0.8
10
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at Da =
0.1 mm
13Gre
NR + 20 phr CB
N234
NR + 40 phr CB
2.7
11.2
NR + 20 phr CB
N234
NR + 40 phr CB
N234
NR + 60 phr CB
N234
SBR + 15 phr CB
N330
SBR + 30 phr CB
N330
SBR + 40 phr CB
N330
SBR + 50 phr CB
N330
(SBR type E-SBR
SBR 1500)
N234
NR + 60 phr CB
N234
7.4
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Material
SBR
SBR + 60 phr CB
N550
1
Crack
Initiation
Value
Jx
[N mm 1]
Crack
Propagation
Value
T J*
[N mm 2]
J0.05
5.4
1.8
31.8
31.1
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test Speed
[mm min 1]
10
Remarks
Ref.
a/W = 0.2;
TJ* at Da =
0.5 mm
07Ow
LS: layered silicate of montmorillonite type

03Rei
04Rei
05Rei
07Ow
08Rei
08Rei2
10Ram
12Agn
13Gre
181189.
Reincke, K., Heinrich, G., Grellmann, W.: Investigation of mechanical and fracture mechanical
properties of elastomers filled with precipitated silica and nanofiller based upon layered silicates.
Rubb. Chem. Technol. 77/4 (2004) 662677.
Owald, K.: Untersuchungen zum Rissinitiierungs- und Rissausbreitungsverhalten von fullstoffverstarkten Elastomerwerkstoffen. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg,
2007.
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G.: Fracture mechanical investigations of filler-reinforced
elastomers. In: Boukamel, A., Laiarinandrasana, L., Meo, S., Verron, E. (eds.): Constitutive
models for rubber V, Taylor & Francis Group London, (2008) 221227.
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W.: Characterization of fracture behaviour of elastomers. In: Kaliske,
M., Heinrich, G., Verron, E. (eds.): EUROMECH Colloquium 502 Reinforced Elastomers: Fracture Mechanics, Statistical Physics and Numerical Simulations. Institut fur Statik und Dynamik
der Tragwerke, TU Dresden, (2008) 6770.
Ramorino, G., Agnelli, S., e Santis, R., Ricco`, T.: Investigation of fracture resistance of natural
rubber/clay nanocomposites by J-testing. Eng. Fract. Mech. 77 (2010) 15271536.
Agnelli, S., Ramorino, G., Passera, S., Karger-Kocsis, J., Ricco, T.: Fracture resistance of rubbers with MWCNT, Organoclay, silica, and carbon black fillers as assessed by the J-integral:
Effects of rubber type and filler concentration. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 6 (2012) 581587.
Grellmann, W., Reincke, K.: Technical material diagnostics Fracture mechanics of filled elastomer blends. In: Grellmann, W., Heinrich, Kaliske, M., G., Kluppel, M., Schneider, K., Vilgis,
T. (eds.): Fracture mechanics and statistical mechanics of reinforced elastomeric blends. Lecture
Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, Vol. 70, Springer, Berlin, 2013, 227268.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_85
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Quasi-static loading of elastomers application

The following Figures 5.45.7 contain further results of quasi-static fracture mechanics tests with elastomers with the aim of characterizing the materials resistance against stable crack initiation and propagation. Because of the known geometry dependence of the fracture mechanics parameters due to the
different stress states with varying thickness, investigations were done to quantify the thickness influence.
In Fig. 5.4, for silica-reinforced NR vulcanizates the physical crack initiation value Ji is given for three
different specimen thicknesses. Especially with small filler content, where the deformability of the NR
elastomer is high, a strong influence of the thickness can be observed. The high Ji values may due to
the strain-induced crystallization appearing within NR materials. Also in Fig. 5.5, a strong influence of
the filler content on the height of the crack initiation resistance can be derived. However, for SBR materials, the thickness influence is not as distinct as for the NR materials (Fig. 5.4). From the results, a geometry
independence of the Ji values with a specimen thickness of 6 mm or more was concluded.
Fig. 5.4 Crack initiation value Ji of silicareinforced NR vulcanizates for different

specimen thicknesses.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_86
Fig. 5.5 Crack initiation value Ji of CB-reinforced SBR

vulcanizates for different filler contents depending on the
specimen thickness (CB type N330).
Not only the specimen thickness is of importance, but also the ratio of the initial notch size a and the
specimen width W. In Figure 5.6, crack resistance curves from quasi-static fracture mechanics tests (SSM)
are shown. The materials were SBR vulcanizates without (a, c) and with carbon black N330 (b, d). The
mixtures of the non-reinforced materials contained different amounts of sulphur so that a different crosslink density could be obtained. For both, the unfilled and the CB filled vulcanizates, the comparison of the
crack resistance curves indicates an influence of the a/W ratio. The analysis of the data [05Rei] led to the
conclusion that 0.2 is a suitable a/W ratio for such experimental investigations.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_86
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Fig. 5.6 Crack resistance curves of unfilled (a, c) and carbon-black filled (b, d) SBR vulcanizates for various amounts
of sulphur (a, c) and carbon black N330 (b, d).
Finally, the following Fig. 5.7 shows crack propagation values TJ* of solution styrenebutadiene rubber
(S-SBR) vulcanizates with different contents of silica, determined at different sizes of crack opening lR.
These values are a measure of the materials resistance against stable crack propagation. It is clear that
the point at which the crack propagation value is calculated influences strongly the result. The open symbol indicates a not valid TJ* value. Here, the test must be stopped because of a crack deviation and crack
splitting. However, these are signs of very high crack resistance. For this reason, and also because of the
more reliable results, it is suggested to calculate TJ* at small values of lR. From Fig. 5.7 it can also be seen
that the filler content has a large influence on the crack propagation resistance.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_86
Fig. 5.7 Crack propagation values TJ* of S-SBR vulcanizates with different contents of silica, determined at different
sizes of crack opening lR.

05Rei
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_86
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact Loading of elastomers introduction


Instrumented notched tensile-impact testing (ITIT) allows the fracture mechanics toughness characterization of elastomers and thermoplastic films on the basis of recorded loadextension (Fl) diagrams. For the
tests, special pendulum devices with instrumented tensile-impact equipment are used. Such tests are also
possible with variation of the test temperature [10Rei]. According to an own standard [12MPK, 12Wik],
double-edge-notched tension specimens (DENT) with the dimension length L = 64 mm, width W =
10 mm, thickness B = 2 mm, and an initial notch depth a = 2 mm are used, whose notches where made
with a metal blade, so that a small notch tip radius is obtained. Usually, for each series, the Fl diagrams
of 10 specimens are to be recorded and analysed regarding maximum load Fmax extension at maximum
load lmax, energy uptake up to maximum load Amax, and crack propagation energy Ap. As a result, the fracture resistance Jd describing the materials resistance against crack propagation can be determined according to Eq. (5.20):
Jd
with
Amax
B W a
(5:20)
Amax energy up to the maximum load of the loadextension diagram

B specimen thickness
W specimen width
a initial notch size
geometry function according to [05And]:
0:06 5:99
a
W
7:42
a 2
W
3:29
a 3
W
The method of instrumented notched tensile-impact testing is preferably used for elastomeric materials
which cannot be tested under other impact-like loading conditions. However, also for thermoplastics, especially thermoplastic films, also the characterization of the fracture behaviour under impact loading can be
necessary. Therefore, the following Tables show a summary of available data of fracture mecha-nics tests
under impact-like loading conditions for thermoplastics and elastomers.
12MPK
(2012)
MPK-ITIT Testing of plastics Instrumented tensile-impact test. Procedure for determining

the crack resistance behaviour using the instrumented notched tensile-impact test (ITIT), http://
www2.iw.uni-halle.de/ww/mpk/mpk3_engl.pdf
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_87

12Wik
Grellmann, W., Bierogel, C., Reincke, K. (eds.): Wiki Lexikon Kunststoffprufung und Diagnostik, 2012, http://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de (assessed at 05/2013).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_87
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact Loading of elastomers data

Table 5.22 Crack resistance Jd of plastic films and rigid thermoplastic materials.
Material
Fracture
Resistance
Jd [N mm-1]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness [mm]
Test Speed
[m s-1]
Test
Temperature [ C]
PE
PE
4.5 32
6.0 38
4.0
1.0
23
30
unpbl
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
70.0
59.0
35.5
33.6
33.0
23.6
30.7
12.2
0.20
0.17
0.40
0.50
0.80
1.0
23
unpbl
1.0
23
1.0
23
PP + 20 % PET
Fibres
PP + 20 % PET
Fibres
7.1
5.6
5.5
3.4
2.01
3.12
5.21
2.22
Ref.
PTFE
9.3 1.7
0.27
1.5
23
unpbl
PVC (soft)
263 12
0.80
2.9
23
unpbl
1
2
specimens taken from the direction parallel to the processing direction

specimens taken from the direction perpendicular to the processing direction
Table 5.23 Crack resistance Jd of elastomers.

Material
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 23 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 80 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 30 C
[N mm-1]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test
Speed
[m s-1]
BR + CB
282 311
290 305
2.5
3.7
09Rei
EPDM + 60 phr N550
90 112
248 3.6
3.7
09Rei
EPDM
EPDM + 20 phr CB N234
26.1 2.9
38.3 3.9
82.1 8.5
109 13.4
10.0 1.9
18.1 2.8
46.1 7.2
55.1 9.4
84.7 23
136 10
169 22
156 20
12
3.7
unpbl
Ref.
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_88
Material
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 23 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 80 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 30 C
[N mm-1]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test
Speed
[m s-1]
EPDM + CaCO3
156 26
3.7
unpbl
EPDM + Silica
169 17.4
3.7
unpbl
IR +2 phr LS
IR +7 phr LS1
IR +22 phr LS1
45.0 8.6
34.5 3.2
52.6 5.5
3.7
unpbl
LSR
57.0 81
26.3 32
3.7
2.7
02Rod
08Rei
SBR
SBR +20 phr CB N234
SBR +40 phr CB N234
SBR +60 phr CB N234
115
169
211
190
17.3 2.6
43.7 3.8
75.3 8.8
94.4 8.4
166 14.3
207 31.8
179 14.6
-
12
3.7
11Rei
13Gre
SBR
SBR +15 phr CB N330
SBR +30 phr CB N330
SBR +40 phr CB N330
SBR +50 phr CB N330
(SBR type E-SBR SBR
1500)
73.5 12.8
106 1.5
149 8.7
184 32
155 24
2.9
05Rei
SBR
SBR +20 phr CB N339
SBR +40 phr CB N339
SBR +60 phr CB N339
SBR +60 phr CB N115
SBR +60 phr CB N550
(SBR type S-SBR VSL
5025)
103
142
183
165
189
189
8.4
7.9
11
11
12
11
3.7
09Rei2
SBR +20 phr silica

SBR +40 phr silica
SBR +60 phr silica
(SBR type S-SBR VSL
5025; Silica ULTRASIL
GR7000)
143 19
201 10
173 5.6
3.7
09Rei2
NR
NR +20 phr CB N234
NR +40 phr CB N234
NR +60 phr CB N234
30.5 5.4
58.3 8.4
118 19
118 16
14.2 4.9
27.5 4.7
63.5 7.5
51.1 6.5
57.0 14.5
102 21.0
166 11.4
141 9.0
12
3.7
11Rei
13Gre
NR +20 phr CB
NR +38 phr CB
NR +52 phr CB
235 28
523 40
410 66
3.7
09Bey
9.0
7.7
8.6
7.3
Ref.
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_88
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 23 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 80 C
[N mm-1]
Fracture
Resistance
Jd
T = 30 C
[N mm-1]
Test Conditions
Specimen
Thickness
[mm]
Test
Speed
[m s-1]
NR
NR +5 phr silica
NR +10 phr silica
NR +15 phr silica
NR +60 phr silica
NR +70 phr silica
42.1 1
90.3 38
135 50
216 59
406 30
413 63
3.7
05Rei
NR
NR +5 phr LS1
NR +10 phr LS1
NR +15 phr LS1
NR +60 phr LS1
NR +70 phr LS1
42.1 1.0
63.0 7.5
59.0 8.2
67.0 6.0
129 11
160 11
3.7
05Rei
NR +20 phr silica

NR +40 phr silica
NR +60 phr silica
76.0 10.3
206 31
368 29
3.7
10Sov
NR +30 phr CB
NR +30 phr CB +5 phr LS1
79.0 3.8
107 6.8
3.7
12Roo
TPE
173 242
3.7
09Rei3
Ref.
LS: layered silicate of montmorillonite type

02Rod
05Rei
09Bey
09Rei
09Rei2
09Rei3
10Sov
Rodel, N.: Charakterisierung des Einflusses verschiedener Vernetzerstrukturen auf die Reaktivitat und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Flussigsilikonkautschuk. Masterthesis, MartinLuther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 2002.
Reincke, K.: Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen von ungefullten und gefullten Elastomerwerkstoffen. Mensch & Buch Verlag, Berlin, 2005.
Beyer, J.: Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Temperatur und Geschwindigkeit auf das mechanische Eigenschaftsniveau von Elastomerwerkstoffen. Masterthesis, Martin-Luther-Universitat
Reincke, K., Lach, R., Grellmann, W.: Influence of viscoelastic material behavior on fracture
properties of elastomers. 12th International Conference on Fracture, Ottawa, Canada, July 12
17, 2009, Proceedings, T 37.016, 18.
Reincke, K., Kluppel, M., Grellmann, W.: Investigation of fracture mechanical properties of filler-reinforced styrenebutadiene elastomers. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst. 62 (2009) 246251.
Reincke, K., Friedel, J., Grellmann, W.: Influence of mineral oils on the mechanical properties of
elastomers. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst. 62 (2009) 506514.
Sover, A.: Untersuchungen zum Durchstoverhalten von Elastomerwerkstoffen bei hohen
Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten. Papierflieger Verlag GmbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 2010.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_88
4
11Rei
12Roo
13Gre

Reincke, K., Grellmann, W.: Mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of rubber com-positions with reinforcing components. In: Galimberti, M. (ed.): Rubber-clay nanocom-posites:
Science, technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons, First Edition, 2011, 305342, ISBN
178-0-470-56210-9.
Rooj, S., Das, A., Stockelhuber, K., Stocek, R., Reincke, K., Grellmann, W, Heinrich, G.: A
novel approach towards highly exfoliated natural rubber-clay composites: Preparation and characterization. International Rubber Expo, 182nd Technical Meeting & Educational Symposium,
Cincinnati, OH, October 711, 2012, Paper No. 82, 120.
Grellmann, W., Reincke, K.; Technical material diagnostics Fracture mechanics of filled elastomer blends. In: Kluppel, M., Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G., Schneider, K., Kaliske, M. Vilgis,
T. (eds.): Fracture mechanics and statistical mechanics of reinforced elastomeric blends. Lecture
Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, Vol. 70, Springer, Berlin, 2013, 227268.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_88
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Impact Loading of elastomers application

The following Tables show a summary of available data of coefficient of linear thermal expansion for different thermoplastics, elastomers and resins. Additional, the coefficient of thermal expansion of different
materials measured at different temperatures is given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.1 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a of thermoplastic materials.
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
ABS
ABS / PA 6
ABS / PC
20 50
40 100
20 50
85 100
100
70 85
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
12Cam
05Mar
ASA
ASA / PC
20 50
20 50
95
70 90
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
CA
CP
CAB
20 50
20 50
20 50
100 120
110 150
100 150
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
COC
20 50
60 70
ISO 11359
05Mar
Carboxylated ethylene copolymers,

metal salts (ionomers)
Na
Zn
ASTM D 696
99Mar
EAA
20 50
~200
ISO 11359
05Mar
EC
20 50
100
ISO 11359
05Mar
EIM
20 50
100 150
ISO 11359
05Mar
EVA
20 50
~250
ISO 11359
05Mar
ETFE
20 50
70 100
ISO 11359
05Mar
ECTFE
20 50
70 80
ISO 11359
05Mar
FEP
20 50
80 120
ISO 11359
05Mar
LCP (standard type)
23 80
Flow: -3
Transverse:
Flow: -3
Transverse:
Flow: 17
Transverse:
Flow: 6
Transverse:
DIN 53752
95Car
LCP (high modulus type)

LCP+mineral 30 wt.-% (standard type)
LCP+mineral fibers 30 wt.-% (standard
type)
59
57
23 80
23 80
23 80
66
DIN 53752
40
DIN 53752
57
DIN 53752
77
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
LCP+GF 30 wt.-% (standard type)
23 80
Flow: -1
Transverse:
Flow: 10
Transverse:
Flow: 2
Transverse:
Flow: 2
Transverse:
Flow: 3
Transverse:
LCP+GF 50 wt.-% (standard type)

LCP+GF 30 wt.-% (high modulus
type)
LCP+CF 30 wt.-% (high modulus type)
23 80
23 80
23 80
Method
Ref.
DIN 53752
47
DIN 53752
48
DIN 53752
45
DIN 53752
95Car
38
LCP+GF 30 wt.-% (high temperature

type)
23 80
MABS
40 100
95
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 46
PA 46+GF 30 wt.-%
40 100
40 100
48
Parallel: 25
Normal: 60
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 6
20 50
23 55
40 20
20 60
40 20
20 60
40 60
40 0
0 60
40 60
40 60
40 60
40 60
70 100
70 110
74
91
65
100
40
43
26
21 22
27 29
19
21
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
unpbl
PA 66
20 50
23 55
70 100
60 100
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
PA 666
PA 666+GF 30 wt.-%
40 100
40 100
70
Parallel: 26
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 6 10
20 50
80 100
ISO 11359
05Mar
PA 6 12
40 100
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 6 12+GF 30 wt.-%
40 100
PA 6 12-I
40 100
Parallel: 110
Normal: 120
Parallel: 17
Normal: 113
Parallel: 170
Normal: 110
PA 6I/6 T
40 100
Parallel: 70
Normal: 80
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 6 T/66+GF 35 wt.-%
40 100
Parallel: 21
Normal: 65
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 6 (dry)
PA 6 (cond.)
PA 6+GF 15 wt.-% (dry)
PA 6+GF 15 wt.-% (cond.)
PA
PA
PA
PA
6+GF
6+GF
6+GF
6+GF
30
30
40
40
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
wt.-%
(dry)
(cond.)
(dry)
(cond.)
DIN 53752
60
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
PA 6 T/XT+GF 35 wt.- %
40 100
Parallel: 20
Normal: 60
ISO 11359
12Cam
PA 11
20 50
23 55
130
90 130
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
PA 12
PA 12 (unmodified)
20 50
23 55
23 80
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
DIN 53752
05Mar
10Hel
99Mar
PA 12 (plasticized)
23 80
PA 12+GF 30 wt.-%
23 80
100 120
120 150
Flow: 150
Transverse: 110
Flow: 180
Transverse: 150
Flow: 60
Transverse: -
PA (amorphous)
23 55
60 80
ISO 11359
10Hel
PA MXD6
PA MXD6+M 20 wt.-%
PA MXD6+GF 30 wt.-%
(flame retardant)
PA MXD6+GF 40 wt.-%
(elastomer modified)
0 100
0 100
51
21
11
ASTM D 696
DIN 53752
DIN 53752
99Mar
95Car
0 100
18
DIN 53752
PAI
20 50
30 35
ISO 11359
05Mar
PB-1
20 50
130
ISO 11359
05Mar
PBT
PBT
PBT+GF 20 wt.-%
20 50
23 55
40 100
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
12Cam
PBT (high viscosity)

PBT-I
PBT (flame retardant type)
PBT / ASA
PBT / ASA+GF 10 wt.-%
PBT / ASA+GF 30 wt.-%
PBT / PET+GF 20 wt.-%
20 50
20 50
20 50
20 50
40 100
40 100
40 100
DIN 53752
DIN 53752
DIN 53752
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
95Car
PBT / PC-I
PBT / PC+GF 20 wt.-%
40 100
40 100
PBT / PS
20 50
80 100
55 70
Parallel: 40
Normal: 80
80
100
25
100
Parallel: 55
Parallel: 30
Parallel: 40
Normal: 70
Parallel: 90
Parallel: 40
Normal: 70
60
PC
PC
PC+GF 20 wt.-%
20 50
23 55
40 100
PC / PET
PC / PBT
20 50
20 50
65 70
20 60
Parallel: 30
Normal: 65
90 100
80 90
DIN 53752
DIN 53752
05Mar
12Cam
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
12Cam
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
PCT+GF 20 wt.-%
40 100
Parallel: 30
Normal: 80
ISO 11359
12Cam
PCTFE
20 50
60 70
ISO 11359
05Mar
PEI
PEI
PEI+GF 10 wt.-%
PEI+GF 20 wt.-%
PEI+GF 30 wt.-%
20 50
18 150
18 150
18 150
18 150
55 60
62
32
20
14
ISO 11359
ASTM D 648
05Mar
08Els
ASTM D 648
ASTM D 648
PE-HD
20 50
140 180
ISO 11359
05Mar
PE-LD
20 50
230 250
ISO 11359
05Mar
PE-LLD
20 50
180 200
ISO 11359
05Mar
PE-MD
20 50
180 230
ISO 11359
05Mar
PE-UHMW
20 50
150 200
ISO 11359
05Mar
PE-X
23 80
140
DIN 52328
95Car
PEEK
PEEK
PEEK+GF 30 wt.-%
PEEK+CF 30 wt.-%
PEEK / PTFE+CF+graphite 20 wt.-%
20 50
40 100
40 100
40 100
40 100
47
60
Parallel: 30
Parallel: 10
20
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
05Mar
12Cam
PEN
44
99Mar
PET (easy flowing type)

PET
PET (amorphous)
PET (middle flowing type)
PET+GF 30 wt.-% (injection
moulding)
PET+GF 45 wt.-% (injection
moulding)
PET+GF 35 wt.-%
20 50
23 55
23 55
20 50
20 50
80
62 68
75 78
80
30
DIN 53752
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
DIN 53752
DIN 53752
95Car
10Hel
20 50
15
DIN 53752
40 100
ISO 11359
PET+GF 50 wt.-%
40 100
PET / PS
20 50
Parallel: 25
Normal: 40
Parallel: 20
Normal: 35
70
ISO 11359
05Mar
PES
PES
PES / PTFE+CF+graphite 30 wt.-%
20 50
40 100
50 55
55
11
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
99Mar
12Cam
PI
20 50
50 60
ISO 11359
05Mar
PIB
20 50
80 120
ISO 11359
05Mar
11359
11359
11359
11359
11359
12Cam
ISO 11359
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
PMMA
PMMA
PMMA-I
20 50
40 20
20 60
40 100
70 80
47
73
78
ISO 11359
05Mar
Unpbl
PMP
20 50
120
ISO 11359
05Mar
PMDA-ODA
14 38
20
ASTM D 696
99Mar
POM-H
POM-C
POM-C+GF 10 wt.-%
20 50
20 50
40 100
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
POM-C+GF 30 wt.-%
40 100
POM-C+PUR (POM-HI)
40 100
110 120
100 110
Parallel: 80
Normal: 90
Parallel: 40
Normal: 80
130
PP
PP/EPDM
20 50
40 0
0 60
30 0
0 30
30 57
20 50
120 150
52
100
65
105
140
150 180
PPE
PPE / SB
PPE / PA66
PPE / PS
PPE-I
PPE+GF 20 wt.-%
20 50
20 50
20 50
20 50
40 100
40 100
PPS (standard types for extrusion and

injection moulding)
PPS+GF 40 wt.-% (injection
moulding)
PPS+GF and minerals 60 wt.-%
(injection moulding)
PPS+GF 45 wt.-% (extrusion)
PPS / LCP
12Cam
12Cam
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
unpbl
ASTM D 696
99Mar
ISO 11359
05Mar
80 90
60 75
80 110
60
Parallel: 80
Parallel: 40
Normal: 50
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
11359
11359
11359
11359
11359
11359
05Mar
23 80
55
DIN 53752
95Car
23 80
17
DIN 53752
23 80
18
DIN 53752
23 80
40 100
11
Parallel: 8
Normal: 31
DIN 53752
ISO 11359
PS
PS
PS-I
sPS+GF 20 wt.-% S
20 50
40 100
40 100
40 100
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
sPS+GF 30 wt.-%
40 100
60 80
90
70
Parallel: 25
Normal: 49
Parallel: 30
Normal: 54
PP isotactic
11359
11359
11359
11359
12Cam
12Cam
05Mar
12Cam
12Cam
ISO 11359
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
PPSU
40 100
55
ISO 11359
12Cam
PSU
PSU (standard types for injection
moulding)
PSU (easy-flowing types for injection
moulding)
PSU+GF 30 wt.-% (easy-flowing types
for injection moulding)
PSU / ABS
20 50
23 80
55 60
55
ISO 11359
DIN 53752
05Mar
95Car
23 80
55
DIN 53752
95Car
23 80
20
DIN 53752
20 50
65
ISO 11359
05Mar
PTFE
PTFE
20 50
190 25
100 25
0 25
23 60
25 100
25 200
25 300
110 180
86
112
200
120
124
151
218
ISO 11359
ASTM D 696
05Mar
99Mar
PVK
20 50
12
ISO 11359
05Mar
PVC-U
40 60
68 80
ISO 11359
05Mar,
unpbl
PVC-P1 (75/25)
PVC-P2 (60/40)
PVC / VC / A
PVC / PE-C
PVC / ASA
20
20
20
20
20
180 220
230 250
70 75
80
75 100
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
PVAC
0
20
40
60
80
100
280
280
713
717
720
723
99Mar
SB
20 50
80 100
ISO 11359
05Mar
SAN
20 50
70 80
ISO 11359
05Mar
Thermoplastic Elastomers
TPA (PEBA)
TPC
40 100
40 100
160-200
185
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
12Cam
TPU (polyether based)

TPU (polyester based)
TPU
40 100
40 100
20 50
100
100
15
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
12Cam
PUR elastomers
PUR elastomers
PUR elastomers
23 55
20 50
280
130 200
10 20
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
99Mar
10Hel
05Mar
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
50
50
50
50
50
11359
11359
11359
11359
11359
05Mar
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Table 3.2 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a of thermoset materials.

Material
EP
EP moulding
EP resins
EP moulding
EP moulding
EP moulding
compounds filled
compounds mineral filled
compounds MF short fibers
compounds MF long fibers
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
20 50
23 55
11
20
70
20
20
15
35
35
90
30
25
20
ISO 11359
DIN 53752
05Mar
96Hel
VDE 0304*
88Bec
20 100
MF, alpha cellulose

MF
MF (filled)
MP (filled)
20 50
23 55
23 55
4
50 60
30 42
20 30
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
99Mar
05Mar
10Hel
PF
PF moulding compounds
PF filled
20 50
23 55
30 50
30 45
18 42
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
99Mar
10Hel
UF, alpha cellulose

UF
20 50
24
50 60
ISO 11359
99Mar
05Mar
UP
UP moulding compounds filled
UP resins
20 50
23 55
23 55
20 40
20 35
100 300
ISO 11359
ISO 11359
05Mar
10Hel
SI
SI moulded parts
20 50
60 0
0 60
60 150
150 200
20
17
24
25
26
ISO 11359
ASTM D 696
05Mar
88Bec
50
18
31
39
35
* VDE 0304 T1 withdrawn

Table 3.3 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a of elastomers.
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
EPDM
1 atm, no crystallinity
(1/V)(dV/dT)p
700
99Mar
670 and 150

750
99Mar
89Bra
550
99Mar
89Bra
cis- 1,4-PB, unspecific microstructure

PB, Butyl lithium polymer (43 %
1,4-cis-: 50 % 1,4-trans 7 % 1,2-)
IIR
IIR volume b = (1/V)(@V/@T)
unvulcanized
pure-gum vulcanizate
vulcanizate cont. 33 wt.- % carbon
black, vol. fraction 0.2
1 atm, 27 C (1/V)
(dV/dT)p
-
750
560
460
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Material
T
[ C]
a
[10-6 K-1]
Method
Ref.
NR
NR volume b = (1/V)(@V/@T)
unvulcanized
vulcanizate cont. 33 wt.-% carbon
660
99Mar
89Bra
CR
unvulcanized
89Bra
SBR volume b=(1/V)(@V/@T)

unvulcanized
vulcanizate cont. 33 wt.-% carbon
89Bra
670
660
530
600
610 720
660
650 700
530
Table 3.4 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion of different materials measured at different
temperatures [05Mar].
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a [10-6 K-1] versus temperature [ C]
200
150
100
50
0
20
50
100
150
200
250
PE-HD
45
68
95
124
169
330
690
PP
58
69
76
191
194
143
226
294
PS
39
51
61
67
71
100
176
180
174
PTFE
34
45
70
95
116
119
131
167
222
305
PMMA
30
37
45
57
69
75
120
184
POM-H
90
95
100
165
410
230
PA6
50
66
80
91
401
151
140
346
PUR
99
127
160
260
200
UP
30
41
49
58
73
84
107
150
EP
18
28
38
49
61
62
63
75
130
Material
Standards Chapter 3.1 - Data

ASTM D 696
(2008)
DIN 53752
(1980)
DIN 52328
(1985)
Standard test method for coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics between
30 C and 30 C with a vitreous silica dilatometer
Testing of plastics Determination of linear thermal expansion (Intended cancellation
without replacement to 2013-12)
Testing of glass Determination of mean linear thermal expansion coefficient (withdrawn; replaced by DIN ISO 7991:1998)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3

ISO 11359
(1999)
VDE 0304-8
(2011)
Plastics Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) Part 2: Determination of coefficient of

linear thermal expansion and glass transition temperature
Electrical insulating materials Thermal endurance properties Part 8: Instructions for
calculating thermal endurance characteristics using simplified procedures

88Bec
89Bra
95Car
99Mar
05Mar
08Els
10Hel
12Cam
Becker, G., Braun, D. (eds.): Kunststoffhandbuch Duroplaste. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
Vienna, 1988.
Brandrup, J., Immergut, E.H. (eds.): Polymer handbook. Third edition. Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1989.
Carlowitz, B.: Kunststoff-Tabellen. 4. Auflage. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1995.
Mark, V. J. (ed.): Polymer data handbook. Oxford University Press, Inc., 1999, (online version).
Martienseen, W., Warlimont, H. (eds.): Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials
data. Springer, Berlin, 2005.
Hellerich, W., Harsch, H., Baur, E.: Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe: Eigenschaften, Pruf-ungen,
(rech. 05/2013).
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_89
Cyclic Loading of Elastomers introduction

The aim of fracture mechanics tests under cyclic loading is to obtain a crack propagation curve, which is
the functional connection between crack velocity da/dN and a fracture mechanics parameter like stress
intensity factor K, the J integral, or tearing energy T, which is usually used for elastomers [94Blu,05And].
The crack propagation speed corresponds to the change of the crack length Da in dependence on the number of cycles N. Generally, crack propagation curves have three different ranges (see Fig. 5.12). Below the
threshold value in range I no crack propagation occurs. In the mean range II, the crack propagation process
is stable, and the connection between crack propagation (growth) rate da/dN and fracture mechanics parameter in a double-logarithmic plot is mathematically described by a linear function, the ParisErdogan
equation (5.21). The beginning of range III is characterized by a change of the slope of the crack propagation curve due to the acceleration of the crack propagation speed up to the observation of unstable crack
propagation. At this point, the critical value of the fracture mechanics parameter can be determined. In
Range I and III, a large influence of the microstructure, the mean stress, and the environment is given.
da
CDK, DJ , DT , DGm
dN
(5:21)
with
a crack length
N number of cycles
m, C material-specific parameters
K stress intensity factor
J J-integral
T tearing energy
G energy release rate
Fig. 5.12 Double-logarithmic and schematic representation of the

crack propagation rate da/dN as a function of the fracture mechanics
parameter DT (crack propagation curve) according to 94Blu, 75Cla;
with T0 as threshold value and Tc as critical tearing energy.
When using a single-edge-notched specimen (SENT specimen), the tearing energy T is calculated
according to the following Eq. 5.22:
T 2 k W el aeff
(5:22)
where k ppl and l ll0

with
l extension
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_90

l0 initial gauge length
Wel elastic energy density
aeff effective crack length
The fatigue behaviour of vulcanizates can be investigated with servo-hydraulic testing machines for
example like the Tear and Fatigue Analyzer (TFA) from Coesfeld GmbH, Dortmund (Germany). Many
efforts have been made to investigate the quantitative influences of experimental details of such measurements like specimen type or amplitude of the deformation, pre-strain, kind of cyclic loading, and so on.
However, experimental problems still remain regarding the production of reproducible test results, as discussed, for example, by Stocek [09Sto] and Ziegler [08Zie].
Often, no quantitative parameters such as C and m or a critical T value from such crack propagation
curves are documented. In this case, fatigue crack propagation curves are compared only qualitatively
as it can be seen in [13Sta] or [09Mar]. For example, the comparison of the crack propagation curves allow
for the ranking of the fatigue crack resistance of different materials or the assessment of the test parameter
influence. E.g. in [09Mar], it can be seen that is very important to regard the relaxation conditions during a
cycle. For strain-crystallizing materials, the crack growth behaviour is strongly influenced by the existence
of a continuous positive stress/strain.
As quantitative measures of the fatigue fracture behaviour, one can determine and compare the material-specific parameters C and m and/or fracture mechanics parameters like T0, Tc, Tmax or T at a certain
crack growth rate. E.g. the larger the slope m of the linear area in range II, the faster the crack propagation
or the higher T at a comparable crack growth rate the larger is the fatigue crack resistance.
ISO 27727
(2008)
Rubber, vulcanized Measurement of fatigue crack growth rate

Clamroth, R., Eisele, U.: Untersuchungen zur Weiterreifestigkeit und Bestandigkeit gegen
Ribildung. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 28 (1975) 433440.
94Blu Blumenauer, H.: Werkstoffprufung, 6. Auflage, Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1994.
05And Anderson, T. L.: Fracture mechanics. Fundamentals and application, CRC Press Boca Raton Ann
Arbor London Tokyo, 2005.
08Zie Ziegler, C., Baaser, H., Hausler, O.: Fatigue and crack growth behavior of rubber products. In:
Boukamel, A., Laiarinandrasana, L, Meo, S., Verron, E. (eds.): Constitutive Models for Rubber
V, Taylor & Francis Group London, 2008, 197202.
09Mar Mars, W. V.: Computed dependence of rubbers fatigue behavior on strain crystallization. Rubber Chem. Technol. 82 (2009) 5161.
09Sto Stocek, R., Heinrich, G., Gehde, M.: The influence of the test properties on dynamic crack propagation in filled rubbers by simultaneous tensile- and pure-shear-mode testing. In: Heinrich, G.
Kaliske, M., Lion, A., Reese, S. (eds.): Constitutive models for rubber VI. CRC Press, 2009,
345352.
13Sta Stadlbauer, F., Koch, T., Planitzer, F., Fidi, W., Archodoulaki, V.-M.: Setup for evaluation of
fatigue crack growth in rubber: Pure shear sample geometries tested in tension-compression
mode. Polym. Test. 32 (2013) 10451051.
75Cla
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_90
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Cyclic Loading of Elastomers data

The following Tables 5.24. and 5.25. contain results of fracture mechanics tests under cyclic loading in
form of the material-specific parameters C and m from the ParisErdogan equation (Table 5.24) and fracture mechanics parameters (Table 5.25) [09Klu, 09Kl2].
Table 5.24 Material-specific parameter m of elastomeric materials determined on the basis crack propagation curves from cyclic fracture mechanics experiments.
m
Material
EPDM
EPDM + 20
EPDM + 40
EPDM + 60
EPDM + 60
phr
phr
phr
phr
CB
CB
CB
CB
N234
N234
N234
N550

EPDM + 105 phr CB
N550
EPDM + 105 phr CB
N550+5
phr
aramid
fibres (P)
EPDM + 105 phr CB
N550+5 phr aramid fibres
(PD)
Conditions
3.10
2.60
2.20
2.50
2.70
2.59
2.66
2.58
2.59
2.57
2.57
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
3.05
Experimental Details
Ref.
f
[Hz]
T
[ C]
23
parameter T; SENT; pulsed

excitation; pulse length 50 ms;
pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
23
parameter T; SENT (T) and pure

shear (P) specimens; sinusoidal
loading; pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Sto
parameter T; pure shear specimen;

sigmoidal waveform; orientation of
fibres parallel (P) and perpendicular
(PD) to crack direction
13Hin
3.15
2.46
EPDM
EPDM + 60 phr N550
2.63
3.68
10

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
09Kl2
HNBR + 30 phr CB N110
2.30
23
parameter G; pure shear specimen
03Kim
NR
(double networked)
1.94 4.06
23
parameter G; pure shear specimen;

smin = 0
98Kaa
HNBR + 60 phr CB N110
2.17
23
03Kim
(continued)
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
Material
NR
NR + 60 phr CB N234
3.96
4.12
NR
3.29
3.22
3.32
3.38
3.67
3.68
4.08
NR + 20 phr CB N234
NR + 40 phr CB N234
NR + 60 phr CB N234
Conditions
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
(P)
Ref.
f
[Hz]
T
[ C]
23

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
23

13Sto
NR + 50 phr CB N351
2.08
2.26
2.13
2.17
1
10
1
10
40
40
100
100
06Kaa
NR + 30 phr CB N330
NR + 30 phr CB N330
+ 5 phr layered silicate
NR + 30 phr CB N330
+ 5 phr expanded layered
silicate
NR + 50 phr CB N330
1.09
1.15
10
23
parameter T; pure shear specimen

(double notched); pre-load 1 N
13Roo
1.22
NR
NR + 45 phr CB N330
NR + 45 phr CB N754
1.77
1.94
1.68
23
parameter T; SENT; sinusoidal

waveform; smin = 0;
pre-load 1 N
11Liu
NR + 21 phr CB N754
NR + 41 phr CB N754
NR + 41 phr CB N330
1.08
0.94
23

waveform; smin = 0;
pre-load 1 N
11Liu
1.57
0.85
NR/BR+CB
1.23
10
23

waveform
R-ratio = 0.1
04Sch
SBR
3.35 3.99
10

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
09Kl2
SBR
SBR + 60 phr CB N234
3.51
2.89
23

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
SBR
SBR + 20
SBR + 40
SBR + 60
SBR + 60
phr
phr
phr
phr
CB
CB
CB
CB
N234
N234
N234
N550

Conditions
3.50
3.00
2.00
2.80
1.90
3.07
3.02
2.89
2.92
2.84
2.88
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
(P)
(T)
Ref.
f
[Hz]
T
[ C]
23

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
23

13Sto
3.78
4.21
3.97
3.84
1
10
1
10
40
40
100
100
06Kaa
SBR
3.99
2.11
parameter T; SENT; sigmoidal

waveform;
pre-stress 0.1 MPa
09Klu
SBR
SBR + 20
SBR + 40
SBR + 60
SBR + 60
SBR + 60
3.54
2.80
2.02
3.06
3.71
3.11
10

pre-load 1 N
09Kl2
09Rei
SBR
SBR + 20 phr silica
SBR + 40 phr silica
SBR + 60 phr silica
3.54
1.79
1.06
1.68
10

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
09Kl2
09Rei
SBR/EPDM
SBR/EPDM + 60 phr CB
N234
2.39
2.24
23

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
SBR/NR
SBR/NR + 60 phr CB
N234
4.38
4.20
23

pre-stress 0.1 MPa
13Lor
phr
phr
phr
phr
phr
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
N339
N339
N339
N115
N550
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
Table 5.25 Fracture mechanics parameters of elastomeric materials determined on the basis crack
propagation curves from cyclic fracture mechanics experiments.
Material
BR + 50 phr CB
N330
EPDM
NR + 50 phr CB
N330
NR + 15 phr layered
silicate
NR + 60 phr layered
silicate
Fracture Mechanics
Parameter
T at da/dN = 104 mm
[kJ m2]
2.1 (sinusoidal)
1.3 (pulse)
T at da/dN = 104 mm
[N mm1]
0.85
1.75
1.15
1.25
0.75
0.60
T at da/dN = 104 mm
[kJ m2]
(6.3) (sinusoidal)
4.0 (pulse)
Tc [N mm1]
2.250.1
Test Conditions
Remarks
Ref.
f
[Hz]
T
[ C]
10
SENT; sinusoidal
waveform/pulsed
excitation (1/10 Hz)
10And
0.25
2
5
10
20
50
pure shear specimen;

sinusoidal waveform
06Maj
10
SENT; sinusoidal
waveform/pulsed
excitation (1/10 Hz)
10And
30/4
60
SENT; pulsed excitation
03Rei
30/4
60
03Rei
2.990.5
NR + 60 phr silica
NR + 70 phr silica
Tc [N mm1]
1.890.11
2.670.58
NR/BR+CB
Tc [N mm1]
34.8
10
23
SENT;
waveform
R-ratio = 0.1
sinusoidal
04Sch
T at da/dN = 104 mm
[N mm1]
0.70
0.85
0.75
0.85
0.60
0.40
0.25
2
5
10
20
50
pure shear specimen;

sinusoidal waveform
06Maj
SBR
(continued)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Material
Fracture Mechanics
Parameter
SBR
SBR
SBR + 15 phr CB
N330
SBR + 30 phr CB
N330
SBR + 50 phr CB
N330
SBR + 50 phr CB
N330
Tc [N mm1]
0.61 0.960
0.940.025
2.680.035
Test Conditions
Remarks
Ref.
f
[Hz]
T
[ C]
30/4
05Rei
10
SENT; sinusoidal waveform or pulsed excitation

(1/10 Hz)
10And
3.120.130
2.620.050
T at da/dN = 104 mm
[kJ m2]
1.75 (sinusoidal)
2.0 (pulse)

98Kaa
03Kim
03Rei
04Sch
05Rei
06Kaa
06Maj
09Klu
09Kl2
09Rei
10And
11Liu
Kaang, S., Nah, C.: Fatigue crack growth of double-networked natural rubber. Polymer 39 (1998)
22092214.
Kim, W., Kim, M., Chang, Y.-W., Shin, J.-E., Bae, J.-W.: Fatigue crack growth behavior of NR
and HNBR based vulcanizates with potential application to track pad for heavy weight vehicles.
Macromol. Res. 11 (2003) 7379.
181189.
Schubel, P. M., Gdoutos, E. E., Daniel, I. M.: Fatigue characterization of tire rubber. Theor.
Appl. Fract. Mech. 42 (2004) 149154.
Reincke, K.: Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen von ungefullten und gefullten Elastomerwerkstoffen. Mensch & Buch Verlag, Berlin, 2005.
Kaang, S., Jim, Y. W., Huh, Y., Lee, W.-J., Im, W. B.: A test method to measure fatigue crack
growth rate of rubbery materials. Polym. Test. 25 (2006) 347352.
Major, Z., Feichter, C., Steinberger, R., Lang, R. W.: The test frequency dependence of the
fatigue behaviour of elastomers. Engineering fracture mechanics for crack toughness characterisation of elastomers. In: Proceedings European Conference of Fracture (ECF 16), Alexandroupolis, Greece, July 37, 2006, Paper 831, 18.
Kluppel, M.: Evaluation of viscoelastic master curves of filled elastomers and applications to
fracture mechanics. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 (2009) 035104 (10 pages).
Kluppel, M.: The role of filler networking in fatigue crack propagation of elastomers under highseverity conditions. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294 (2009) 130140.
Andreini, G., Straffi, P., Cotugno, S., Gallone G.: Comparison of sine versus pulse waveform
effects on fatigue crack growth behaviour of NR, SBR, and BR compounds. Rubber Chem.
Technol. 83 (2010) 391403.
Liu, Y., Li, L., Wang, Q., Zhang, X.: Fracture properties of natural rubber filled with hybrid
carbon black/nanoclay. J. Polym. Res. 18 (2011) 859867.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
6
13Lor
13Hin
13Roo
13Sto

Lorenz, H., Steinhauser, D., Kluppel, M.: Morphology and micro-mechanics of filled elastomer
blends: Impact on dynamic crack propagation. In: Grellmann, W., Heinrich, G., Kaliske, M.,
Kluppel, M., Schneider, K., Vilgis, T. (eds.): Fracture mechanics and statistical mechanics of
reinforced elastomeric blends. Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, Vol.
70, Springer, Berlin, 2013, 81128.
Hintze, C.: Influence of processing induced morphology on mechanical properties of short aramid fibre filled elastomer composites. PhD Thesis, Technische Universitat Dresden, TUD press
Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-944331-13-3.
Rooj, S., Das, A., Stockelhuber, K., Stocek, R., Reincke, K., Grellmann, W, Heinrich, G.: A
novel approach towards highly exfoliated natural rubber-clay composites: Preparation and characterization. ACS-Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, Akron, Ohio (USA), April 22 24,
2013, 119.
Stocek, R., Heinrich, G., Gehde, M., Kipscholl, R.: Analysis of dynamic crack propagation in
elastomers by simultaneous tensile- and pure-shear-mode testing. In: Grellmann, W., Heinrich,
G., Kaliske, M., Kluppel, M., Schneider, K., Vilgis, T. (eds.): Fracture mechanics and statistical
mechanics of reinforced elastomeric blends. Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational
Mechanics, Vol. 70, Springer, Berlin, 2013, 269301.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_91
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
Cyclic Loading of Elastomers - application
Cyclic Loading of Elastomers - application

As an example, the graphic representation in Figure 5.13. shows crack growth curves of natural rubber
compounds reinforced with layered silicate and silica. It can be seen that the crack propagation behaviour
is different in dependence on the filler type and on the content of the layered silicate, too. The slope of the
crack propagation curve is decreased by adding 60 phr in comparison to 15 phr layered silicate and to 60
phr silica. This means, the crack growth speed is reduced.
Fig. 5.13 TFA results of NR/layered

silicate compounds and an NR/silica
vulcanizate [11Rei].

11Rei
Reincke, K., Grellmann, W.: Mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of rubber compositions with reinforcing components. In: Galimberti, M. (ed.): Rubber-clay nano-composites:
Science, technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons, First Edition, 2011, 305342, ISBN
978-0-470-56210-9.
Landolt-Bornstein
New Series VIII/6A3
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_92

K.-F Arndt, M. D. Lechner Eds. Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts-Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers

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Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts

Group VIII: Condensed Matter

Lechner, Manfred Dieter

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List of Frequently Used Symbols

List of Frequently Used Symbols

initial crack length (i.e. machined notch plus razor-sharpened tip),

physical crack length augmented to account for crack tip plastic

effective crack length

Charpy impact strength of unnotched specimen according to ISO

notched tensile-impact toughness

Charpy impact strength of notched specimen according to ISO 179

average interparticle distance

energy consumed until reaching a certain load level of the

initial cross-section area of specimen

total deformation energy of test specimen, computed from the area

complementary deformation energy, used in the J-integral

crack propagation energy

nominal impact energy of pendulum hammer

energy up to the maximum load of the loadextension diagram of

List of Frequently Used Symbols

specimen width according to ISO 179

remaining width at the notch base of the test specimen according

material specific parameter of elastomeric materials

coefficient of thermal expansion

constants of the power law for describing JR-curves

average particle diameter

Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity)

compression creep modulus

creep modulus in compression

compression-creep modulus after 1 hour

compression-creep modulus after 100 hours

compression-creep modulus after 1000 hours

dynamic flexural modulus

flexural modulus according to ISO 178

flexural-creep modulus according to ISO 899-2

flexural-creep modulus after 1 hour

flexural-creep modulus after 100 hours

flexural-creep modulus after 1000 hours

nominal tensile-creep modulus according to ISO 899-1

creep modulus in tension according ISO 899-1

creep modulus in tension after 1 hour

List of Frequently Used Symbols

creep modulus in tension after 1000 hours

tensile-impact strength (notched specimen) according to ISO 8256

modulus of elasticity in tension according to ISO 527

tensile-impact strength according to ISO 8256

energy at 50 % failure according to ISO 6603-1

corrected impact energy according to ISO 179-1

energy up to maximum load

puncture energy according to ISO 6603-2

crack propagation energy

flexural part of deflection of unnotched specimen

deflection at the transition from elastic to elasticplastic material

maximum deflection fmax excluding the component fB

deflection at maximum load Fmax

load at break in tension, flexion or compression

tensile load at time-creep strength

flexural load at time-creep strength

load at conventional deflection

characteristic load value corresponding to the transition from

puncture load (force) according to ISO 6603-2