High Rise Building Transportation

BUILDING TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
BFC 32603: MECHANICAL &
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

System for conveying people in buildings
The mechanical transportation of people and
goods is an energy-using service that needs
the designers attention at the earliest stage of
building design.
System includes:
Elevators (lifts)
Escalators and
Walkalators (moving walk)
BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal
Emedya Murniwaty Bt Samsudin
emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Elevator (Lifts)
is a vertical transport equipment that
efficiently moves people or goods
between floors (levels, decks) of a
building, vessel or other structure
Two basic types:
Hydraulic-lifting platform is pushed
upward/downward by plunges
Traction-Electric lifts

emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Passenger lifts are provided for buildings of
over three (3) storey, or less if wheelchair
movement is needed.
Minimum standard is one lift for each four
storey, with a maximum walking distance of
45m between workstation and lift lobby.
Prestige requirement require higher standards
(depends on the rent earning potential)
emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Peak demand for lift service is

assessed from the building size,
shape, height and population.
25% of the population require
transportation during a 5 min peak
period.
Congestion at peak travel times is
minimized by arranging the lifts
lobbies in a cul-de-sac of (2 lift doors
on either side of a walkway, rather
than in a line of four doors along one
wall).
Construction specifications of lifts are
given in BS 5655: 1989 and BS Code of
Practice 407:1972
Car speed for various travel distance
(see table 1)
Table 1: Design lift car speed

Floors
Car speed
(m/s)
4
9
15
Over 15
0.75
2
3
5-7

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Grouping of Lift in Cul-De-Sac

Arrangements

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Example of Elevator
Layout
Elevator layout has great

influences on building's
functionality.
The elevator must be installed
in such a way that it is easy to
use without affecting the
performances.

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Elevator Car Types

Standard elevator car/cabin can be classified according to the number of
entrances and their locations as follows:
1. Normal Cabin
2. Open Through Cabin
3. Diagonal Cabin
Standard Car Size
To prevent overloading of the car by

persons, the available area of the car shall
be limited and related to the
nominal/rated load of the elevator.
The number of passengers shall be
obtained from the formula:
Number of passengers = rated load /75

Where 75 represent the average weight of
a person in Kg.
The value obtained for the number of

passengers shall be rounded to the nearest
whole number.

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Car Dimension
The following definitions for the car

dimenstion are very important:
Car Width (CW): The horizontal dimensions
between the inner surfaces of the car walls
measured parallel to the front entrance and
at 1m above the car floor.
Car Height (CH): The inside vertical distance
between the entrance threshold and the
constructional roof of the car. Light fittings
and false ceilings are accommodated within
this dimension.
Car Depth (CD): The horizontal dimensions
between the inner surfaces of the car walls
measured at right angles to the car width
and at 1m above the car floor.
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Zoning the Elevator
Office buildings of more than 20 stories

are zoned in order to decrease
transportation time and improve the
rental rates.
Zoning refers to dividing elevator service
into several zones, and assign group of
elevators for each zone.
Unlike office buildings, a single elevator
group is recommended for hotels 40
stories or less to give priority to the firsttime users and conveniences.
Using a single group elevators, make less
hassle for the passengers to select an
elevator based on their destination floor,
and is also more flexible than zoning.
emedya@uthm.edu.my
World Trade Centre Building-Floor and Elevator

Arrangement
Local
elevators
ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic

Lifting platform is pushed upward/downward by plunges
(ram)
Liquid (oil/high pressure water) is forced into or withdrawn
to create movement.
A pump is used to control the liquid.
Suitable for moderate car speed and fairly short travel (e.g.
hospital)
Speed range between 0.12m/s and 1m/s with maximum
height 21m.
Machine room are usually located at the lowest level.
Types: Direct acting (holed)
Suspended (hole less)
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Hydraulic
Elevator
Hydraulic elevators are

supported by a piston at
the bottom of the elevator
that pushes the elevator
up.
They are used for low-rise
applications of 2-8 stories
and travel at a maximum
speed of 200 feet per
minute.
The machine room for
hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level
adjacent to the elevator
shaft.
emedya@uthm.edu.my

Direct Acting or Holed Type
single cylinder that bored into the

ground with the cylinder having a
depth that reaches the height of the
plunger.
They have a sheave that extends below
the floor of the elevator pit, which
accepts the retracting piston as the
elevator descends.
Some configurations have a
telescoping piston that collapses and
requires a shallower hole below the
pit.
Max travel distance is approximately
60 feet.
Direct Acting

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Suspended or Hole less Type
They have a piston on either side of the cab.
It can be divided to 3 different types as follows:
a- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators:
In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at
the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole
below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping
pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel
distance.
b- Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators:
It has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel
distance.
c- Roped Hydraulic Elevators:
They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move
the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Suspended type

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Hydraulic Power Unit
Hydraulic Power Unit
The power unit shall be generously rated and shall operate with minimum
noise and vibration.
The unit shall be mounted on vibration insulators above the machine
room floor.
A silencer unit shall be fitted in the hydraulic system to minimize the
transmission of pulsations from the pump to the car and the elimination
of airborne noise.
The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Tank.
Motor/Pump.
Valve.
Actuator.
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Method of Operation
Method of Operation
1- For Direct Acting Type
The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is
opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid
reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into
the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator
car.
When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric
motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into
the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward
through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car
stays where it is.
To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated
electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator). When the solenoid opens the valve, the
fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the
car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The
car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve
again.
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Method of Operation
2- For Indirect Acting (Suspended) Hydraulic System Type
Water or any hydraulic fluid at a high pressure is admitted into the fixed
cylinder of the jigger. This high pressure hydraulic fluid pushes the sliding
ram to move towards left side as shown in the figure. When the sliding
ram moves towards the left side, the distance between the fixed and
movable pulleys increases and thus the cage is lifted up.
When the water or the hydraulic fluid under high pressure inside the
cylinder is released, then the distance between the two pulleys decreases
and thus the cage comes down. Thus the suspended-type hydraulic lifts
are more popular than direct type lifts.

emedya@uthm.edu.my

Advantages
Eliminating rooftop structure ( power pack at low level)
Small machine room & can be located at some distance
from the shaft
Load imposed on the shaft is far more less ----offering
structural cost economies
No brake or gear necessary
No pulleys of driving sheave
No counterweight and a larger lift car can sometime be used
for a given well size
Extremely accurate floor levelling can be achieved
Acceleration and travel is very smooth
Simplification of shafts structural design
emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

Principle
components- lifting platform, lifting machinery,

counterweight cables.
Geared
location of gear between motor &
drive sheave
small motor provide gear
reduction ratio (efficient &
comfort)
employed for medium speed &
medium height application
used in buildings with greater
height & greater lifting capacity
Gearless
ascend (upward movement)
heights for gearless are limited by
technology feasibility & cost
limitation
the net ascent distance will be
limited by factors of mechanical
performance capabilities
some commercially available
gearless elevators can move up at
rates more than the speed
suggested in the table 2

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Basic
Components
The standard elevators will
include the following basic
components:
1. Car.
2. Hoist way.
3. Machine/drive system.
4. Control system.
5. Safety system.

emedya@uthm.edu.my

Table 2: Electric Lift Specifications
HEIGHT OF ACENT
Ft(m)
NUMBER OF STOPS
SPEED Ft/min
(m/s)
LIFTING CAPACITY
Lbs (kg)
Geared
To 300 (90)
30
300-500
(1.5-2.5)
2000-4000
(900-1800)
Gearless
To 500-750+
(150-230+)
30-80
500-1200+
(2.5-6.0+)
2000-4000
(900-1800)

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Gearless Mechine
It used in high rise applications whereby the drive motor and drive sheave are
connected in line on a common shaft, without any mechanical speed reduction unit
located between the drive motor and drive sheave.
Generally, Gearless machines are used for high speed lifts between 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s
and they can be also used for lower speeds for special applications.
Their sizes and shapes vary with load, speed and manufacture but the underlying
principles and components are the same.
Gearless Components
Geared Machine
It used in low and mid rise
applications.
This design utilizes a
mechanical speed reduction
gear set to reduce the rpm of
the drive motor (input speed) to
suit the required speed of the
drive sheave and elevator
(output speed).
Generally, geared machines are
used for speeds between 0.1
m/s and 2.5 m/s and are
suitable for loads from 5 Kg up
to 50,000 Kg and above.
Their sizes and shapes vary with
load, speed and manufacture
but the underlying principles
and components are the same.
Geared Machine Components
Types of geared machine drive

according to location of installation
A- The drive machine
located directly
over top its
hoistway or shaft
is commonly
referred to as
Overhead
traction

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B- The drive machine
located at a basement is
commonly referred to as
basement traction

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C- The drive machine located
at the side of the hoistway
is commonly referred to as
an offset traction as in
the below image
Note: Basement and offset applications

require additional deflector sheaves to
properly lead suspension ropes off the drive
sheave and to the car top or counterweight.
Types of Electrical Traction Drive Systems

The electrical traction drive can be grouped into several categories based on
the motor type and its control as follows:
A- Geared traction control, which includes:
Single speed AC motor.
Two speed AC motor.
Variable voltage AC motor (VVAC).
Variable voltage, variable frequency AC motor (VVVFAC).
Variable voltage DC motor(VVDC).
B- Gearless traction drives, which include:
Variable voltage DC motor (VVDC).
Variable voltage, variable frequency AC motor(VVVFAC).
emedya@uthm.edu.my

Principles of Operation
Single wrap traction
-geared machines or
-gearless (lower speed)
Roping Arrangements
Double-wrap traction
-the use of diversion puller
increases the risk of rope
slip
-Double-wrap pulley
reduces the frictional area
of rope with the diving
sheave
-used on high speed and
heavily loaded elevators.
Size depends on the size & speed of car, type of door

Pit must permits over travel & water tight with proper drainage
Buffer sits to the base (spring /oil) to reduce impact
Allowing air to escape below & above moving car to prevent air
pressure building + smoke vent with unobstructed openings
No other services should accommodate shaft
Constructed of reinforced concrete / brickwork ---sufficient
strength to carry load & superimposed loads
Fire resistant ---< one hour

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Lift Doors
Two sets of doors are required at lift
entrances;
1. Car doors fitted to the lift car
2. Landing doors fitted to the lift shaft
enclosure
(open metalwork enclosures are no
longer allowed)
Landing doors must be made of solid
incombustible materials ---reduce fire
risk & ensure safety of passengers
Landing doors must have no means by
which an authorized person can open
them from a landing
Door may be of the following type
1. two-leaf side opening
2. Two leaf centre opening
3. Single-leaf side opening
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Location Considerations
Location of building entrances ---should be located in the central

area, or if not, should be centralized
Grouping ---better group than spread, reduces installation cost
Staircase location ---demand of lift reduced if passengers pass stairs
first before lift
Departmental stores ---easily seen & accessible to encourage visits to
upper floors
Hospitals ---bed lifts required near operating theatres
Lobbies ---desirable & large enough to allow traffic visible from
entrance hall

emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Number of Lifts
The number & size of lifts must be related to
following:
1. Population of the building
2. Type of building occupancy
3. The starting & finishing times of
population
4. Number of floor and heights
5. Position of building in relation to public
transport services.
Population
When clear figure is unobtainable
Estimation
1.Net floor area
2. Population density per sq meter.
Example: General office building
population density of one person
per 10m of net floor volume
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Round Trip Time
The time in sec taken by a single lift to travel from the ground
floor to the top floor, including stops, and return to the
ground floor.
Flow rate
A percentage of the total population requiring lift service
during a 5 min peak period
Survey (10% -25%) will require lifts during 5 min peak
demand hour
If no info available ---assume 12% for speculative buildings &
17% for unified buildings
emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Interval (s)
Expressed in seconds & represents the round trip of one car dived by the
number of cars in a common group system
Provides a criterion for measuring the quality of service
Average waiting time; theory half, practice

emedya@uthm.edu.my
ELEVATORS (LIFTS)
Example (checking the lift performance)
A 15 storey office block has a net floor area above ground level of
8000m. Assuming 17% of the total population using the lift during
5 min peak time, starting times ad a population density of one
person per 10m of net floor area, calculate the flow rate and from
tables, find lift speed, number and capacity of lift.
Check the quality of service form the table.

emedya@uthm.edu.my
(1) Determine the Flow rate
Flow rate allowing 17% of population from total building occupants

8000m2/10m2 17/100 =136 persons during 5 min peak demand period
From Table 1: The nearest handling capacity is 137 persons for 24 passenger car using
4 cars with speed of 2.50m/s.
(2) Determine the Travel distance and speed
Assuming floor-to-floor height is 3.3m, the lift travel = (15-1) storey x3.3m height
=46.2m travel distance.
From table 2, the nearest travel for offices is 45m which requires speed of 2.5m/s.
(speed ok!) (Ground floor is not included)
Table 1
Table 2
137
(3) Determine the number capacity of lift, Waiting time and minimum number of lift.
From table 1, for 24-passenger cars may be installed having a handling capacity
of 137 and interval of 41s
Table 3
Table 4
Result for Quality of service

Refer table 1 (green box) interval=41s
From table 3
- interval 41s ---satisfactory for
offices
- calculate the waiting time :
(3/4 x interval= 31s)
From table 4
15 storeys/ 4 lift = 3.75 storey/lift~
near to 4 nos required
---satifactory
Commercial
Dumbwaiter
ESCALATOR
Staircases that could move

upward or downward operate
continuously during hours of
occupancy
Mostly deployed in pairs installed
to a building to support the lift
services
For example; basement to ground
floor where traffic is light; to
avoid the need for lift to serve
low demand

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ESCALATOR
An escalator is a moving staircase a conveyor transport device for

carrying people between floors of a building.
Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and
move at approximately 12 feet (0.300.61 m) per second.
The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor
level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m).
Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move
on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
Direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be
controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be
controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top
(the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a
passenger is on the escalator).
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ESCALATOR
1. Bottom; step
return idler
sprockets, step
chain safety
switches & curves
sections of the
rack
2. Centre; carries
all straight track
sections which
connect the
upper & lower
curved sections
3. Top; driving
motor, driving
sprockets,
electrical
controller and
emergency breaks
bottom
top
centre
ESCALATOR-basic component
The Escalator consists of the following

components:
Landing Platforms.
Truss.
Tracks.
Steps.
Handrail.
Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).
Drive system.
Auto-Lubrication System.
Braking system.
Safety devices.
Electrical & Control Systems.
Landing Control Station
A control station at both upper and lower landings is provided which includes a key-actuated directional starting safety
switch and a key actuated stop switch.
The control station is located in the newel end skirt deck at the ends of the balustrades.
A Code compliant emergency stop station is provided at each end of the escalator. The emergency stop is located in
accordance with governing Code requirements and is covered by a transparent cover and alarm.
Starting of the escalator in normal continuous operation mode shall only be possible using a dedicated key switch at
upper and lower ends. (Some units have key switches at one end only.)
ESCALATOR
Escalator vs Elevators
Travel between floors occur
much rapidly in lifts
traveling vertically in medium /
high-rise building are more
practical in elevators
Elevator assemblies occupy
less space
Enable movement by
wheelchair-bound, stretcher (in
case of an emergency)
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Advantages
The benefits of escalators are many:

They have the capacity to move large numbers of people.
They can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a
staircase.
They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic).
They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits
They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
They can help in controlling the traffic flow of people For example, an
escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an
entrance, and may reduce security concerns.

emedya@uthm.edu.my
ESCALATOR
Capacity
Step width between 600mm ~ 1.2m
Carrying capacity depends on speed & width of thread
Ex ; 1m will allow 2 people to stand side by side,1.2m for air terminals &
railway stations to allow passenger to pass easily when carrying
luggage,2m for departmental store with heavy traffic
ESCALATOR
Location
Easily seen area to maximize
usage
Example; in departmental
stores, escalators are located to
be possible to see over a wide
area of the floors so as to
encourage sales
Arrangement
Many arrangements may be
used depending upon the
standard of service required
and cost
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Multiple parallel
Crisscross layout
Parallel Layout

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Spiral Escalator
Dimension for Escalator

ANSI A17.1 sets the following
limitations on escalator steps (Fig.
16.8):
i) Minimum depth of tread in
direction of travel :15 34
ii) Maximum rise between treads :8
12
iii) Width of tread : 24- 40
iv) Maximum distance between
handrail centerlines: width
between balustrades plus 6 in
with not more than 3 in on either
side of the escalator (see Fig.
16.8b)
ANSI : American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving Walks
ESCALATOR
Guidelines for design:
1.Estimating how many escalators may be needed.
2. Placement locations for escalators.
3. Placement format for escalators
4. Sizing issues for placing escalators

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WALKALATORS/MOVING WALKWAY
A moving walkway
sometimes called Travelator,
Horizontal Escalator
is a slow moving conveyor
mechanism that transports
people, across a horizontal
or inclined plane, over a
short to medium distance.
Moving walkways can be
used by standing or walking
on them. They are often
installed in pairs, one for
each direction.

emedya@uthm.edu.my
WALKALATORS/MOVING WALKWAY
Moving walkways, usually found in airports, are designed to move people

over long distances, usually between different terminals. Moving
walkways are similar to an escalator.
The only difference is that the steps lay flat, like a conveyor belt.
Passengers are able to move from gate to gate or from one baggage area
to the next.
Moving walkways, like elevators and escalators, offer a smooth and
convenient ride for people while providing outstanding energy efficiency
for commercial building operators.
BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal &

Elektrikal
Types of Moving Walkway

Moving walkway can be classified by:
I. According To Inclination Angle
II. According To the Flat Moving Surface
III. According To the Speed

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Inclination Angle
a- Zero degrees inclination Horizontal Moving Walkways.
b- Up to 15 degrees inclination Inclined Moving Walkways.

An inclined moving walkway is used in airports and supermarkets to move people to
another floor with the convenience of an elevator (namely, that people can take along
their suitcase trolley or shopping cart, or baby carriage) and the capacity of an
escalator.
emedya@uthm.edu.my
Flat Moving Surface

Moving Belt Moving Walkway
These are generally built with mesh metal belts or
rubber walking surfaces over metal rollers.
The walking surface may have a solid feel or a
"bouncy" feel.
Pallet Type Moving walkways

A continuous series of flat metal plates
mesh together to form a walkway. Most
have a metal surface, though some models
have a rubber surface for extra traction.
Speed
Moving walkways have two basic styles according to the flat moving surface:
a- Slow- speed Standard type
The speed of these walkways is determined by the need for safety upon entry and
exit, which generally limits it to approximately half normal walking speed, or 30
40m/min. The slow speed of the walkway causes impatience, and passengers
often walk on the walkway itself or on the adjacent floor rather use the slower
walkway.
b- High-speed walkways
Required additional safety procedure (holding to the side rail and shopping
cart/baby carriage/suitcase is not allowed)
allowing for a large number of passengers, (up to 10,000 per hour), whereas the
transportation zone was narrower and fast moving.
Widely used in airports, tunnels
emedya@uthm.edu.my
High Speed Walkway
On entering, there is a 10 m acceleration zone where the "ground" is a series of metal rollers. Riders
stand still with both feet on these rollers and use one hand to hold the handrail and let it pull them so
that they glide over the rollers. The idea is to accelerate the riders so that they will be traveling fast
enough to step onto the moving walkway belt. Riders who try to walk on these rollers are at significant
risk of falling over.
At the exit, the same technique is used to decelerate the riders. Users step on to a series of rollers which
decelerate them slowly, rather than the abrupt halt which would otherwise take place.
Walkway Components
End of Chapter 4
Thank You

High Rise Building Transportation

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BUILDING TRANSPORTATION

BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Peak demand for lift service is

Table 1: Design lift car speed

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Grouping of Lift in Cul-De-Sac

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Elevator layout has great

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Elevator Car Types

Standard Car Size

To prevent overloading of the car by

Number of passengers = rated load /75

The value obtained for the number of

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

The following definitions for the car

Zoning the Elevator

Office buildings of more than 20 stories

World Trade Centre Building-Floor and Elevator

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic

Hydraulic elevators are

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic

single cylinder that bored into the

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Hydraulic Power Unit

Hydraulic Power Unit

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Hydraulic

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

components- lifting platform, lifting machinery,

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Geared Machine Components

Types of geared machine drive

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Types of geared machine drive

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Types of geared machine drive

Note: Basement and offset applications

Types of Electrical Traction Drive Systems

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

Size depends on the size & speed of car, type of door

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

ELEVATORS (LIFTS) _Electric

Location of building entrances ---should be located in the central

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

Check the quality of service form the table.

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

(1) Determine the Flow rate

Flow rate allowing 17% of population from total building occupants

Result for Quality of service

Staircases that could move

BFC 32603 Sistem Mekanikal & Elektrikal

An escalator is a moving staircase a conveyor transport device for

The Escalator consists of the following

Landing Control Station

The benefits of escalators are many: