ResearchonPrecisionInstrumentandMachineryVolume3,2014www.seipub.

org/rpim

DescriptionandMeasurementoftheProgress
EcoSustainability
RinaldoC.Michelini1,FrancescoCrenna2,RobertoP.Razzoli*3
DIME,UniversityofGenova,ViaOperaPia15/a,16145,Genova,ITALY
michelini@dimec.unige.it;2crenna@dimec.unige.it;*3razzoli@dimec.unige.it

Received17April2014;Accepted17June2014;Published3July2014
2014ScienceandEngineeringPublishingCompany

Abstract
paths: monism, the two merge; dualism, the two
have
independent sort. With monism, the quoted
Theresearchgoalisthetechnicalassessmentofthelifecycle
singularities coalesce; the mind is setup stage of the
ecology quality, LEQ, of the tangibles delivery, using TYPUS
brain; the information cannot separate from the
metrics and KILT description. Lifecycle starts when the
matter/energy: it is immanent. With dualism, the
supply chain idea is conceived and lasts until complete
disposalisdone,aftermanufacture,exploitationandrecycle.
transcendent reading (opposed to the immanent one)
The environment protection requires involvement of
distinguishes the spirit layer from the material one;
sustainablecompanies,which,sincethebeginning,operateby
yet:ourexperimentsextendonlywithinthelatter;no
ecodesign with the tied requirements specifications. The
empirical evidence of an upper one can build. The
LEQ has to follow: the many material flows, characterising
monism, however, denies our trust in the mens
themainlifecycleprocess;thenestedsideflows,duringthe
autonomy: the information immanence has the
design,manufacturing,assembly,service,maintenance,etc.;
aftereffecttoenjoyaprioridesign,i.e.,ithasmandatory
then: the disassembly, recycle, disposal, etc. phases, adding
force,withpreviouslyassignedallocation.
thetiedtestinganddiagnosticsstipulations.Inthepaper,the
LEQ metrics is examined, on the measurement of the linked
ecoprotectionfunctions.

If we privilege the autonomous construal of a

mankindprogress,theoutlinedremarksareconfusing.
They,both,areabsolutedepictions,perhaps,leadingto
the strong anthropic principle, should we have the
faith in the preestablished human mission, under
heavenlymandateornaturaldeterminism.Lackingthis
faith, the engineers approach prefers relative
portrayals, preserving the autonomy of the life and
intelligence singularities and ascertaining the mens
civilisation as the purposive brainpowers result,
which builds on a posteriori checked figures. The
relative pictures explore the relational virtues of
intelligence, i.e., the fact that men are the only
animals developing the interpersonal artefacts of
culture and ethics. The oddness of foundation
intangibles is manifest, when we look over exacting
human inventions: grammar/syntax for the idioms;
metrics/standardsforthetrade.

Keywords
EcoSustainability; LEQ Metrics; Ecology Globalisation;
SustainableCorporation;ProductLifecycleManagement

Introduction
Themankindprogressisawkwardissue,occurredon
theearth,becauseofoddities,whichbringinthetwin
life and intelligence singularities: the former leads
to animated stuffs, with agentive wherewithal, based
oninformationdrivenselfreplication;thelatterstarts
relational abilities, up to rationality, into the human
animal subset. The agentive processes support local
reordering,usingareamatter/energybyselfcontained
programming. The rational procedures select
improvingaims,makingthemeneffectivetowardsthe
pickedgoals.Wemayassertthatthetwinsingularities
occurred on the earth; we do not have clearcut
elucidation of both; yet, the description of past facts
seems authorising our trust in the mankind progress.
The existing narratives entail the interplay of
matter/energy vs. information, mainly, along two

The relational intelligence is interpersonal

wherewithal, supporting (Michelini, 2008; Michelini,
2009;Michelini,2010;MicheliniandRazzoli,2012):

operation dualism, extricating mind worlds,

withvalueaddedprovision;

www.seipub.org/rpimResearchonPrecisionInstrumentandMachineryVolume3,2014

contingency logics, carrying out choices on a

posterioriassessmenttests;

decision keeping abilities, endowed

autonomouslymanagedfreewill;

processing capabilities, implementing the

designedandplannedactivities.

resourceprovisionandonbiospheredefenceisfactual
request, directly involving to balance the tangible
quantities, under the human direct appreciation. The
diversity of the two approaches relies in the stepwise
enabling of the latter, due to the weirdness of its
relational sort; as previously pointed out, now, the
autonomous decisionmaking gift goes together with,
(MicheliniandRazzoli,2013):

of

The relative pictures presume the firm belief that

mankind enjoys the weak anthropic principle,
(Michelini and Razzoli, 2013), by which the mens
mission is just a posteriori contingent issue. The
approach gets rid of absolute truths, by replacing the
resort to perfect natural laws via the falsification
principle, or the via the creative ceaselessly new
knowledge. To close the clues, the reliance on
anthropic options can resort to different postulations,
forexample,(Belottietal.,2002;Michelini,2012):

the heavenly mandate, giving

entrustmenttothemenknack;

the automatic (or deterministic) deployment of

thehumanproficiency;

the unforeseen happenstance, allotting factual

worthtocoincidences;

the last outlined mind functions, backed by

decisionkeepingfreedom.

suited
sets
of
shared
aptitudes,
conventionallydescribedasintelligence;

actual decision abilities, entrusted through

freewillchoicewherewithal.

Theskillssumup,sayingthatmenareaccountablefor
their fortune or misfortune. The progress is wholly
ascribabletohowtheyinteractbetweenthemandwith
thesurrounds.

especial

TheFundamentalConstituents
Tobemeasured,thelifequalityimprovementrequires
ameasurementscaleconsideringorder,incrementsor
ratios with increasing information content, apposite
measurement procedures and accepted standards.
Men are the only animals inventing the trade
supported by money. The system is enacted by
issuers, allotting officialdom backing, namely: the
invention entails political formats. The human wealth
that follows is conventional effect, which involves
potentially tradable items:an explicit worth or price
existsonlyforthoseputonthemarket.TheFig.1lists
thereferenceassets.Thecontingencylogicjustifiesthat,
up today, the market law could suffice expressing
values,simply,onaposterioriassessments.

The first two are steered by upper either inner

information: we are totally unqualified. The third
cannot be trusted, as a causal link is not perceived.
Only the fourth one allows figuring out the mankind
progress as a sustainable issue, once a posteriori
outcomesarefoundtoconfirmourexpectations.
Sustainable Growth: Bottom-Up View

thenaturalcapitalisthestockofpotentialwealth
presentintangibleresources,piledupasearth
resources,andorobtainedbylawfully
processing/reprocessingtheearthprovisions;
thehumancapitalisthestockofpotentialwealth
presentintotheengagedlabourforceswithtied
workerscapabilitiesandwherewithal,andwithinthe
collectiveorderssetupswithlinkedpoliticalformats;
thefinancialcapitalisthestockofthecumulatedwealth
inmoneyandanyotherofficial(ordefactoused)
paymentmeans,withmanagementofstructured
productsandassetbasedenhancers;
thetechnicalcapitalisthestockofthecumulatedassets
inusefulknowhowandothertechnologicaltools(with
inclusionofrobotlifeandintelligenceprocesses,among
theroutinetransformations).

Onourearth,thecivilisationdistinguishesbecauseof
lifequality figures. The value added is obtained by
matter/energy provisions and transformation and by
interpersonal organisation and ruling. The two paths
aresynergic:thelattercharacterisesbyseriesofsocial
breakthroughs, adapting the political setups and the
civic outfits; the former conventionally refers to
technology revolutions, say, up today, the agrarian
and industrial ones. The breakthroughs are centred on
intangibles, with fallouts on the enabled collective
orders. The revolutions entail the processing of
tangibles: they, thus, deals with the surrounds and
related entropy decay. The absolute logics trust causal
links, rooted in upper/inner information; so, the faith
inthestronganthropicprinciplemightsupportgrowth
continuance. The contingency logic is not less critical,
since the dependence of the progress on natural

FIG.1THEREFERENCEITEMS,SUPPLYINGVALUEADDED

Thefourcapitalassetssetapart,because:thefirsttwo
engage tangibles; the other two affect mind results,
with endorsed or under registered assessments. The

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ecology, recently, obliged to update our views on the

natural resource provision: on the earth, their
availability is finite; their transformation ends in
wastes and pollutants. The market law loses its
factualplainness,beingrequiredtoaddsuitedapriori
biases.

equivalence on the planned output Q has to be

weighed up vs. the depletion/contamination falloffs
andreclamation/restoringburden.Thedemandshave
technology import, and they very little affect the
political cohesion sceneries, if worldwide eco
uniformityiswellkept.Theyhelpsupplyingtechnical
arrangements.Thefiguredouthintsoutlineoperation
constraints, once the ecosustainability needs to be
tackled, after coherent changeovers of the extant
political collective orders, (Michelini and Razzoli,
2004a; Michelini and Razzoli, 2004b). This focused
description/measurementprocedureallowsspecifying
the technical assessment of the lifecycle ecology
quality, LEQ,ofthesupplychains,whichismaingoal
ofthepresentstudy,todiscernthevalueaddedbuilt
uponitsactualsustainabilityfigures.

TheBottomUpDescription
With the industrial revolution, the value added
improvements obtain essential contribution by
manufactureprocesses,transformingrawmaterialsinto
marketable products, using artificial energy. The growth
paceis mancontrolled, beinglinked to manufactured
quantities Q, depending on the chosen and enabled
plans. In the descriptions, the faulty twopolar, I
investment, Llabour, mode, needs to switch into the
fourpolar, Kknowhow, Iinvestment, Llabour, T
tangibles, mode, Fig. 2, resorting to instant and
incrementalfigures.

Salvage Prospects: Top-Down Conflicts

The descriptions with mixedmode concern have
dubious coherence, merging the topdown and
bottomup methods in the measurement procedures.
The absolute logics have gauged weight, trusting in
upper/inner information, to justify collective orders,
termedbyheavenlygraceorraceevenpurity.The
contingency logic is current reference, to support
constitutional sovereignty. The blending of the two
yields conflicts, Fig. 3, especially, when contrasting
globalisation trends occur, (Crenna et al., 1998a;
MicheliniandRazzoli,2010).

Q=oIL;
Q*=oKILT

Q =oILIILL;Q*=oKILTKKIILLTT
FIG.2THEASSETDRIVENMODES,DESCRIBINGTHE
PRODUCTIONFLOW

The I and L sameness in the shopfloor throughput

planning is expanded to include the K and T assets,
andtobuildtheKILTmodel.TheinstantoutputQof
thecontributedassetsisequallyaffectedbyeachofthe
normal inputs (the norms depend on the business
project, and are included in each asset, when
converted in money). The increment model Q says
that any imbalance penalises the choices by explicit
weights. The tetralinear (say, bilinear) dependence is
approximation, which assumes the noncorrelation of
the assets. The increment model shows that the
nominal output decreases in proportion to each
imbalance.TheKILTmodeltellsthattheexclusionof
one input makes the output faulty: the flow cannot
balancewithout,e.g.,thetangiblesT.Theextracharge
ofaninputaffectstheoutput:itisoffsetbythelower
cost of another one (e.g., we can look at the partial
balanceofTbyK),(Crennaetal.,2001).

naturalcapital:ecologyabsoluteassessmentvs.
marketprovisioningagendas;
humancapital:innerauthenticityvs.
plebiscitary(demagogical)dependability;
financialcapital:officialmoneyissuevs.
financialtreatmentsandspeculation;
technicalcapital:patentsandconcessionsvs.
creativeknowledgedeployments.

FIG.3MISMATCHESINTOPDOWN/BOTTOMUPSCHEDULES

The ecology globalisation tells that our earth is a

global village: there is no chance to castle in safe
resorts: trash and contamination are common falloff,
without frontiers, even if we fragment our world in
supposed autonomous countries. The relative pictures
do not apply, because the earths salvage has to be
shared. So, if the extant political and economic
structuresareintrinsicsetups,verylittlecanbedone.
Theintroductoryremarkssuggestthattheprogressis
contingency ending of intelligence processes; the
collectiveordersare,similarly,contingentinstitutes,to
bemodified/replaced,whetherneededorhelpful.

The relative pictures (contingency logic) profit by

metrics founded on the comparative ratios of the
marketlaw.Theevaluationstandardsaretheunlike
national moneys. The equalisation methods resort to
the bias of the splitsovereignty nationstates. The
bottomup measurement schemes avail of mixed
mode concern. The KILT model is conceived as
technicalsupport,onlyrequiringthattheK,I,LandT

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TheUltimateEcoDefenceGoal

information globalisation, supporting extended/virtual

enterprises, which combine tasks and services, to
enhance the supply chain proficiency by product
lifecyclemanagement, PLM,serviceengineering, SE,and/or
reverselogistics, RL,gettingproductprocessenvironment
enterprise, 2P2E, integration, whether required or
helpful, (Michelini and Razzoli, 2004b; Michelini,
2012).

The ecoprotection is mandatory requirement at the

earths extension. Of course, the growth shall not last
forever, but we need to plan suited recycle/recovery
plans,toremovelitterandtorenovatesuppliesupto
suited targets, agreed at worldwide rank. The switch
fromtangiblestointangibleshelpscuttingbrood.The
collective order value added links with political
(nationstate), business (corporation) and alliance
(amity) options; the related amounts are mainly
immaterial; governments and enterprises assure
compulsory force to the bureaucracy or agreement
ecodefence. At this point, the ecosafeguard metrics,
Fig.4,equivalently,mightfollowofficialdomissue,or
have worldwide contractual cogency. The first way
shall be completed by interstate protocols; thesecond
onehastorefertodistributedbigsocietybylawsand
related settlement councils, (Acaccia et al., 2007;
MicheliniandRazzoli,2010).

The sustainable corporation option belongs to the

sketched course. From merely technical standpoints,
the coherent ecodesign evolves using lifecycle
inventory with suited product lifecycle assessment,
PLA. The procedure entails combined tools, currently
described by changeful knowledge frames,
progressively modified, when the ecoconsciousness
increases, still, basically resorting to standardised
computeraids,dependingonspecialisedtasks,Fig.5.

tangiblesyieldperunitservice,TYPUS:theappraisal

embedsthefulltangiblesupplychain,from
procurementtorecovery,sothateachdelivered
productserviceentailsassociatedfigures,assembling
resourcedepletionandallthefalloffsrequiring
remediation.

FIG.5THESUSTAINABLECORPORATIONTECHNICAL
FRAMES

FIG.4THEECOSAFEGUARDMETRICS

The interstate treaties are established habit, to settle

thedoingshavingsharedconcern.The TYPUSmetrics,
in particular, classifies in the ecology metrology
domains, which enjoy sure priorities. Yet, the
application of the standards is object of political
interpretations,and,certainly,eachsinglenationstate
willnotomittheirchanges,toshowattentiontowards
their citizens, under sovereign privileges. The second
way, presently, is out of acknowledged practices: it
replaces the governmental ruling, by the economic
controlling; it needs to invent the adequate businesss
organisation,
assuring
mandatory
citizens
accomplishment, out of the older sovereignty
schemata.Afewcuesfollow.

The technical procedure starts by the streamlined

lifecycle assessment, SLA, using an appraisal, capable
of interfacing the product lifecycle assessment, PLA,
requirementswiththewholePLM,SEandRLdatabases.
It ends with the conformance certification, done by
thirdparty, which needs to be accredited (by
recognised technical agencies) and notified (to the
involved governmental authorities). The course is
reasonable. The enterprises qualify their knowhow:
from the former CAD and CAM design setups, to the
upgradedSLACALIPLM/SE/RLoperationcompetences.
Several tricky questions, for sure, remain unsolved.
We can point out that, among possible planning, the
followingonesdeserveattention:

TheSustainableCorporationChoice
Theeconomiccontrol,inthehistory,developswhenthe
governance officialdom becomes lousy. In Europe, at
the end of the Middle Age, lacking Empire/Church
authority, the citystate epoch started, utilising
interstate venture companies for the growth
promotion. Currently, we experiment the financial
globalisation of the hypermarket, with turnover of
somemultinationcorporationslargerthantheoneof
marginal countries. Now, the situation also avails of

competingproductservicechoice,bystreamlined
lifecycleassessment,SLA,tools;
productservicedelivery,trimmedbycomputeraided
lifecycleinventory,CALI,aids;
lifelongmonitoring,diagnosesandevaluations,doneby
PLM,SEandRLdatabases;
settingofaccredited/notifiedcertification,ANC,bodies,
forsupplychainlawfulness.

the allocation of the ecoduties in charge to

accreditedsustainablecorporations;

the organisation of the ecocontrol by front

endbigsocietydistributedsceneries.

The civic control exerted by big society settings

privileges the structured collective orders, interfaced
to ecoaccredited trade companies, making
redundant a nationstate role in the management of
the legal arrangements. It is radical changeover with

ResearchonPrecisionInstrumentandMachineryVolume3,2014www.seipub.org/rpim

ratios, apposite methods and accepted standards,

(Crenna et al., 1998b), in view of the exactness of the
ecologyframe,thestrictnessofthe(KILT)model,and
the accuracy of the (TYPUS) metrics. The choice is not
obvious, as, until today, the actually engaged capital
assetsentaildiversereading,notatallequivalent.The
sketchedmeasurementmodehasfurtherfallouts.

respecttotheethicalstatenotions.Theswitchassumes
thatarationalcitizendoesnotneedcogentauthorityto
behave lawfully. The notion can have sound
foundations; the whole humanity shares the same
inborn values, and the categorical imperatives,
derived by the man reasoning and affecting the
interactiveconduct,aresharedtargets.Insuchviews,
theinnaterelationalworth(statedbyfusionconstrual),
becomestechnicalmatter,donebyskilledsustainable
corporations, third sector entrusted into the
involved big societies and trade companies
jurisdiction.

Thedetailedaccountofthefourcapitalassetsprovides
the data for the a posteriori open regulation of the
depletion and the pollution trends, suffered by
biosphere. The reclamation/restoring practice is
compulsory obligation of the organised society eco
consistency. The communication globalisation allows
focusing on the robot age reliefs (aiming at the
fractional offsetting of T by K), empowering the
technology, economy, civic and ecology stages of the
productive processes, described by the KILT model.
The prospect is here mentioned, as further cue, to
foster the factual effectiveness of the discussed
measurementscheme.

Conclusions
The globalisation scenarios give advices (and
warnings) for these constituent connections, turning
political, to economic relational value added paths.
Indeed:

the ecology globalisation states the essential

targetsandmandatorygoals;

the economy globalisation runs the operation

skills,framesandcontrols;

thecommunicationglobalisationhelpsthrough
thetransparentmonitoring.

The present study proposes the decisive technical

assessment of the lifecycle ecology quality, LEQ, of all
thevalueaideddeliveries,usingKILTdescriptionand
TYPUSmetrics.Onfactualengineeringviewpoints,the
environment protection requires involvement of
sustainablecorporations,accordingtotheabovedetailed
specifications. Thereafter, the LEQ has to follow: the
manymaterialflows,characterisingthemainlifecycle
process; the nested side flows, during design,
manufacturing, assembly, service, maintenance, etc.;
then: the disassembly, recycle, disposal, etc. phases,
withthetestinganddiagnosticsstipulations,emerging
LEQ
from
the
here
summarised
description/measurement ways. The studys hints
suggest that the ecology quality needs to be bigger
thanone(includingtheintangiblestimuli):adifferent
figure means that spoil and decay are dominant: the
growthisnotsustainable.

The KILT model is the central description, to explain

the changeover; the TYPUS metrics is the reference, to
build the above outlined switch of the collective
order efficient organisation of the mens progress.
When looking at the capital asset mismatches, Fig. 3,
the remarks have, mainly, involved collective order
setups, with linked political formats. The (European)
tradition stresses the lead of nationstate, over city
state efficiency. In the XX century, after the two
worldwidewars,theclaimrequiresbeingmodifiedto
lookatthecontinentalsize.Withthenewmillennium,
the current globalisation makes even this choice
disputable. In like time, also the dyscrasia in the
financial (e.g., virtual wealth bubbles) and in the
technical (e.g., patents regimes) assets show that the
splitsovereigntyhasmoreshadowsthanvirtues.

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Main expertise is achieved in expert automation and

lifecycledesign,withdevelopmentsinvirtualandextended
entrepreneurships, to deal with the ecosustainability
targets. Recent research areas cover: sustainable growth
cognitive processes intelligent manufacturing, robot
technologies and instrumental robotics, industrial
diagnostics, integrated ecodesign, reverse logistics, and
similartopics,exploringtheconcurrenceofinformationand
materials flows for the effective design, development,
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RobertoP.Razzoli*

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His main research interests covered the areas of integrated

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*CorrespondingAuthor

consistency: outlook on political sceneries. Information

10