BL20A0501

Electricity distribution technology

Introduction
Jarmo Partanen

Introduction to ED
Prof. Jarmo Partanen, D.Sc Jukka Lassila
Topics of lectures
Introduction to Electricity Distribution, 27.10 (12.30 16), 6426
Methods for electrical, economic and reliability calculations, 28.10 (12.15-16), 6426
Strategic planning of electricity distribution network, 3.11 (12.15-14), 6426
Planning of primary substations and medium voltage networks 4.11 (12.15-16), 6311
Structures and planning of distribution substations and low voltage networks, 18.11 (12.3016), 6311
Short circuit and earth fault protection of distribution networks 21.11 (8.15-12), 6311
Operation of distribution systems 24.11 (12.30-16), 6426
Electricity distribution automation, 1.12 (10.15 -14), 6426
Smart Grids, 2.12 (12.30-16), 6311

Lappeenranta University of Technology

Introduction to ED
Local 110 kV networks
Primary substations 110/20 kV (110/10 kV)
Medium voltage networks 20 kV (10 kV)
Distribution substations 20/0,4 kV
Low voltage networks 1.0, 0.4 kV
Industrial networks 20, 10, 6, 3, 0,6, 0,5, 0,4 kV
Electricity distribution network

radially operated
a lot of lines and nodes
low prices of components (compared to transmission level)
a lot of similar design and construction tasks
well analysed cases

principles

huge amount of input data for calculations including uncertainty

Lappeenranta University of Technology

Background
400 V
20 kV

110/20 kV
Primary
substation
(10...30 MVA)

Network structure in rural areas:

20 kV

400 V

Mostly overhead lines (400 V, 20 kV, 110 kV), 3-phase system at all voltage
levels
Feeders, in Finland:
Total 350 000 km of distribution lines:
400 V low voltage (62 %) and 20 kV medium voltage (38 %) lines
MV (20 kV): 30-50 km/feeder
LV (400 V): 116 m/customer
Lappeenranta University of Technology

Medium voltage networks (20 kV)

1) City company

2) Rural area company

- 16 000 customers
- 112 km 20 kV
- Peak power 45 MW
- Cabling rate 72 %

- 11 000 customers
- 430 km of 20 kV network
- Peak power 50 MW
- Cabling rate 12 %
MARTINKYL

110/20 kV

20/0.4 kV distribution substation (300

1000 kVA)
110/20
kV
MASSBY

110/20 kV

20/0.4 kV distribution
substation (30200 kVA)

KALLBCK

20 kV underground cable
450 000

Finnish distribution companies

110/20 kV

LANDBO

Number of customers

400 000
350 000
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000

1)

2)
10 miles

100 000

20 kV overhead line

50 000
0

(total number 91)

Lappeenranta University of Technology

110/20 kV

Electricity Distribution in Rural Area

20/0.4 kV

110/20 kV primary substation

20/0.4 kV
distribution
substation

20 kV

Road
500 m = 0.3
miles

Avg. 3050 km/feeder

(2030 miles/feeder)
5080 % inside forests
Lappeenranta University of Technology

20 kV overhead line
7

Medium voltage networks (20 kV)

110/20 kV

Control room automation (SCADA, GIS,

automatic fault location and separation)

Substation automation (110/20 kV)

Manual 20 kV disconnector
Remotecontrolled 20 kV
disconnector

NEED FOR..

20 kV feeder (65 km)

2 miles
- several branch lines
- some rings yet radially operated
Pole-mounted switchgear
(reclosers)

Lappeenranta University of Technology

Low voltage networks (400 V, 3-phase)

110/20 kV

MARTINKYL

= 20/0.4 kV
distribution
substation

20 kV

20 kV
400 V

400 V

MASSBY
KALLBCK

LANDBO

20 kV
400 V
20 kV medium voltage network

400 V

Lappeenranta University of Technology

1 mile (1.6 km)

9

Electricity Distribution in Rural Area

20/0.4 kV distribution
substation (30200 kVA)

400 V ABC
line

400 V

(3-phase system)

AMR

400 V
Road

150 feet

20 kV
400 V underground cable
Lappeenranta University of (3~)
Technology

10

Ownership of distribution companies

Elenia
Fortum
E.ON

85 companies
10 biggest, customers:
Fortum Shknjakelu Oy
Helsingin Energia
Vattenfall Siirto Oy
Espoon Shk Oyj
Tampereen Shklaitos
Uudenmaan Shkverkko Oy
Savon Voima Oyj
Jrvi-Suomen Energia Oy
Vantaan Energia Oy
Pohjois-Karjalan Shk Oy

Lappeenranta University of Technology

403374
318 695
183 464
119 560
117 976
109 447
99 562
88 213
84 760
80 177

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Introduction to ED - 110/20 kV primary

subsstation
110 kV components (circuit-breaker, voltage transformer (VT), current transformer
(CT) )
Main transformers, 1-3 units, Sn = 1040 MVA, voltage regulation
20 kv busbar

1-busbar system
1-busbar system
2-busbar system
double-busbar system

20 kv feeder shells

circuit breaker
disconnectors
CT; load current, protection, zero current coils
protection relays; short circuit, earth fault, recloser,
voltage measurement cell
busbar voltage measurement
earth fault protection, neutral voltage, open delta connection

Auxiliary supply DC-system, batteries

Lappeenranta University of Technology

12

Introduction busbar systems

K1
K2

PM1
25 MVA
Teknikum
2 MW

Nybacka
1 MW

Myllynummi
2.0 MW

Koff
4.5 MW

Sorsakorpi
1.5 MW

Nissil
2.5 MW

Alikerava II

PM2
16 MVA

Alikerava I
Varayhteys
uudelle
asemalle
SA1_10

Varayhteys
uudelle
asemalle
SA1_8

Omakytt Koff
SA1_22
SA1_20

Kilta
SA1_18

Jspilnpiha
SA1_16

SA1_21

SA1_19

SA1_17

SA1_15

SA1_13

SA1_11

SA1_9

SA1_7

SA1_5

SA1_3

Sytt
uudelta
asemalta
II

Peltomenkatu

Keskusta

Sompio

Kannisto

Sampola

Savio

Ifi/Stowe

Voimala

SA1_14

Lapila
SA1_12

Lappeenranta University of Technology

SA1_4

Sytt
uudelta
asemalta I
SA1_2

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Introduction to ED medium voltage

networks
3-phase system, 20 kV, 10 kV
open loops, radially operated
disconnectors in open points between feeders,
partly remotely controlled
backup routes

neutral isolated or system earthed via

arc-suppression coil (centralized or distributed)
protection by relays and circuit-breakers
typical transmission capacity some megawatts and 2030 km
(in Lapland areas even 100 km)

Lappeenranta University of Technology

14

Introduction to ED medium voltage

networks
Overhead lines
ACSR conductors 25201 mm2
price 1625 k/km

Covered over head lines (PAS-lines)

thin isolation not full touch safety

more narrow line route, double and triple lines
lower fault rate
2030 % more expensive than overhead line

High voltage overhead cable SAXKA used when special

environment requirements
Underground cables
full isolation, plastics
cross-sections 120240 mm2
price 4060 k/km based on digging environment

Lappeenranta University of Technology

15

Introduction to ED distribution
substations
Disconnector between 20 kv line and transformer
Substation + transformer
pole mounted substations in overhead networks
bad mounted or building substations in cable networks

Low voltage substation

simple fuse-box in pole mounted substations
real swicthboard in pad-mounted substations

Body of transformer is grounded (connected to earth, protection

against touch voltages)

Lappeenranta University of Technology

16

Introduction to ED
low voltage networks
3-phase system, neutral (neutral conductor) earthed
Radial network, rarely backup connections
AMKA-conductors (aerial bundled cable) in rural areas
16120 mm2, 1015 k/km

Plastic underground cables in urban networks

ploughing when possible
35240 mm2, 1035 k/km
swicthing boxes

Protection by fuses; overload, short circuit,

touch voltages
Protective and neutral groundings are connected to each other

Lappeenranta University of Technology

17

North-American distribution system

Primary substation
(HV/MV)
HV/MV transfomer

Neutral conductor

MV branch line

Switchgear/
Circuit breaker

Fuses
MV trunk line, e.g. 11 kV
Sectionaliser, recloser

Distribution substation (MV/LV)

Automated disconnector
Distribution transformer

KJ

MV-lines
Trunk line: 3 phases + neutral
Branch line: 1, 2 or 3 phases + neutral

Lappeenranta University of Technology

LV

LV (127 V)

Sockets in different market areas

a)

b)

a) Europa b) USA ja Japan c) Great Britain

23.10.2014
Lappeenranta University of Technology

c)

MV-lines in Canada, 11 kV

1-phase 11 kV line

23.10.2014
Lappeenranta University of Technology

MV-lines in Canada, 11 kV

Fuse

1-phase
transformer
Neutral
conductor

23.10.2014
Lappeenranta University of Technology

MV-lines in Canada, 11 kV

Fuses

3-phase
transformer

23.10.2014
Lappeenranta University of Technology

Introduction to ED design of lines

Main constraints
voltage drop
long 20 kv and 0.4 kv over head lines

losses
main 20 kv overhead lines

thermal capacity
main 20 kv and 0,4 kv lines in cable networks

short-circuit current
conductors of 20 kv branch lines near to feeding point (110/20 kv primary
substation)

quick operation of fuses (short circuit current vs. fuse size)

long distance 0.4 kv lines having low loads

reliability
medium voltage networks and primary substations

economy
always important
Lappeenranta University of Technology

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