cosmic rays and gamma rays

! general
shock acceleration
an example: supernova remnants
! Galactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
supernova remnants: photons observed?
! extragalactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
gamma ray bursts
active galaxies

strong shocks

cosmic rays

Extragalactic

PDG 2008

deni&ons)
flux ( particles per GeV per cm per s )
2

density ( velocity = total flux )

energy density
emissivity ( particles produced per cm 3s )

dN
= c
dE
4 dN
=
dE

c
dE
4
dN
E =
E
dE

c
dE
dN i 1
Qf (E f ) =
dEi

(initial flux i produces a flux f )

mean free path

1
=
ntar

energyloss distance

Ef
R=

Ei

non*rela&vis&c)shock)
before our frame

-u

before cloud frame

after

cloud frame

after

our frame

1 2
mv
2
1
2
Eic = m(v + u )
2
1
2
c
E f = m( v u )
2
1
2
E f = m( v 2u )
2

Ei =

1
1 2
2
E f Ei 2 m( v 2u ) 2 mv
=
1 2
Ei
mv
2
& u u2 #
4uv + 4u 2
=
4$$ + 2 !!
2
v
%c c "

before our frame

Ei , pi

after

cloud frame

Ei &
)
E = (Ei + c pi ) and p = ' pi + $
c %
(
E cf = Eic and p cf = pic

after

our frame

E f = E cf c p cf = Eic + c pic

before cloud frame

c
i

c
i

) (

with Ei cpi
2

E f Ei (1 + )

with 2 1 + 2 + ...

E f Ei 1 + 2 + 2 2 + ...
E f Ei
Ei

2 +2

acceleration time
too long

strong shocks

u
v1

v2

v 2 >v1
shockspeed u > vsound
definition:
v2 upstream
v1 downstream

2 < 1
E
v 2 -v1

E
v2

mass conservation in shock frame :

v

1
1v1 = 2 v2 1 = 2 =
v2 1 4

solar wind termination shock

only head-on
collisions
mass conservation :
1v1 = 2 v 2
v1 2 1

=
=
v 2 1 4

shock spectrum E = k energy gain/encounter

dN
1
~ 2
dE E

E
N
= P k probabilty to cross shock
N
k
#
&
N
E
= % (
divide
$P' E
N
N

# &
N
N = %$ P ('
N0

k E

E
E integrate
E0

N
E
log
= log
N0
E0
# E
N = N 0 %%
$ E0

&
dN
(( and
~E
dE
'

# &k
1% (
$P'

~ E 2

)and)the)answer)is)E*2)
u
ln =
c

Ef
Ei

and

= 1+

u
ln P =
c

E
)v
= 1 + 2 ' rel
E
( c

roundtrip

u
&

cos

1
+
$
c
%

angular integration #1

u
cr
cr vup
4 = 1 u
P = 1 Pesc = 1
= 1
c
c
c
cr
cr
4
4

shock restframe

angular integration #2

angular integral #1
vrel
E
3

=2
cos where v is the relative velocity u
E
c
4
average is over particle distributi on N ( ) = N cos

v
E
= 2 rel
E
c

cos N ( )d d cos = 2 v
c
N ( )d d cos

2
cos
d cos

rel 0

cos d cos
0

4 vrel u
=
3 c
c

angular integral #2
flux F swept up from isotropic flux cr
F=

v >0

f (v )v d v =

inf

1
4
3
v = f (v )v dv =
n
n
combine
nv nc
F=

4
4

f (v )v 3dv

inf

f (v )v 3dv

maximum)energy)
dE
c
E
u
= f cross E =
E =
E
dt
cross
tcross
rgyro
from ut cross cross rgyro

or

acceleration requires that the mean free path for

magnetic scattering is larger than the gyroradius

maximum)energy,)ctd)
1

dE
u
u
&u# & E #
E
= $ ! E u$
! = ZeB u
dt
rgyro % c " % ZeB "
c

Emax

u
= ZeB(ut )
c

the)real)problem:)accelera&on)&me)
)accelera&on)ends)when)the)shock)is)diluted)to)a)
density)similar)that)of)the)interstellar)medium)

4
3
(ut ) ism M sr
3
Emax = efficiency Z e B(ut ) Z 2.4 10 5 GeV

)for)a)remnant)of)10)solar)masses)and)shock)speed)u)of)(0.01*0.1))c)

cosmic rays
falls short of the knee
by a factor of 10

Extragalactic

PDG 2008

cosmic rays and gamma rays

! general
shock acceleration
an example: supernova remnants
! Galactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
supernova remnants: photons observed?
! extragalactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
gamma ray bursts
active galaxies

total flux = velocity x density

dN
4 dE ( E
) = c E
dE
energy density is the key !
1 TeV = 1.6 erg

410 photons
of 2.7 K
or 10-12 erg/cm3

/!
/!
/!
/!
galactic /!
cosmic rays/!
10-41 erg/cm3
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
!
GeV -rays

Visible

CMB

Radio

flux !

energy (eV)
galactic
cosmic rays
10-12 erg/cm3
extragalactic
cosmic rays
3x10-19 erg/cm3

cassiopeia A supernova remnant in X-rays

gravitational energy
released is transformed into
acceleration
!
E-2 spectrum

acceleration when
particles cross
high B-fields

Cosmic Rays & SNRs

galactic

observed energy
density of galactic CR:
~ 10-12 erg/cm3
supernova remnants:
1050 ergs every 30 years
~10-12 erg/cm3
for steady state of CR
with lifetime 106 years

SNRs provide the environment and energy

to explain the galactic cosmic rays!

Steady state cosmic ray flux in the Galaxy

cr = 10

12

erg cm or 10

26

3 1

erg cm s

for

particles with an average confinement

6

time in the galaxy of 310 years

41

this requires accelerators delivering 10 ergs

67

in a volume of 10 cm

W = 1050 erg every 30 years is 10 41 ergs 1

1 solar mass (1053 erg) x 0.01 (lost to s) x 0.1 efficiency

Galactic
cosmic rays:
PeVatrons ?

Galactic

produce 100 TeV

gamma rays

extragalactic

origin of galactic cosmic rays

free propagation

CR

confined
to accelerator

clouds
near accelerator

VHE gamma rays from secondary interactions:

p: o production and decay
e: Inverse Compton scattering and bremsstrahlung
trace beam density x target density

neutrinos
from
supernova
remnants :
molecular
clouds in starforming regions
where supernova explode:
beam dumps!

galactic plane in 10 TeV gamma rays :

supernova remnants in star forming regions

Standard Deviations

Southern
Hemisphere
Sky

90

65
30

210

milagro

MGRO J1908+06: the first Pevatron?

emissivity (units: per cm3 per second) in photons

produced by cosmic rays interacting with a
target density n per cm3 per second

E
Q = pp n cncr
Ep

derivation (1) d = 1kpc; n = 1 cm ; W = 10 50 erg

calcula&on)of)emissivity)

emission of particles f produced by particles i

on target density n with a cross section
Ef
!1$ !
dN i $ ! 1 $
& # &; x =
Q f ( E f ) = ci ( Ei )# & = # dEi
" % #" Eth
dEi &% " %
Ei
dN f dN i ( Ei +
dN f
dN i ( Ei +
=
= x dEi
* - and dE f
* dE f dEi ) x ,
dE f
dEi ) x ,
dN i ( Ei +
Q f ( E f ) = cxn dEi
* - = cxnncr
dEi ) x ,

W
L = V Q =
Q
cr
dN

1
E
=
L
2
dE 4 d
3
50
d
=
1
kpc;
n = 1 cm ; W = 10 erg
derivation (2)

flux of galactic cosmic rays

50

a SNR at d = 1 kpc transferring W = 10 erg to cosmic

rays interacting with interstellar gas (or molecular clouds)
with density n > 1 cm-3 produces a gamma-ray flux of

dN
dE

(> 1 TeV ) =

W
n
d 2
10 cm s
(
)
50
3
10 erg 1cm 1kpc
11

2 1

should be observed by present

TeV gamma-ray telescopes

Milagro sources ?
RX J1713.7-3946?

neutral pions

are observed as

# # +

gamma rays

e+ #

are observed as

e+ e-

charged pions
neutrinos

e+

e+

+ = +

e+

e #

 flux accompanying TeV gammas

dN 1 dN

dE 2 dE
dN
number of events = Area Time dE
P
dE
Emax
= 1.5 ln (
) events per km 2 per year per source!
Emin
reject background
E 40 TeV

Cygnus region : Milagro

direct translation
of TeV gamma
rays into TeV
neutrinos:

3 1 per year in IceCube per source

fractional energies of neutrinos and gammas

"1%
$ '
#2&

+ (e + e + )
+

E 1
1
x =
= < xF >=
Ep 4
20
E

1
1
x =
= < xF >=
Ep 2
10

"1%
$ '
#4&

p + p + +
+

dN p ! E $
dN
2
E
= 1 Ep
# &
dE
3
dE p " x %
!
$
dN
dN
1
p E
## &&
E
= 2 Ep
dE
3
dE p " x %
assuming that the proton interacts once

relation between pionic gamma rays and neutrinos robust

dN
dN
E
= 1 E
dE
dE

for p + p

dN 1 dN
E
= E
dE 4 dE

for + p

note N + = 2 N

neutrinos from p + #

p + n +

p +

1
3
2
3

dN p ! E $
dN
1
E
= 1 Ep
# & N = N = N e = N
dE
3
dE p " x %
dN
dN p ! E $
2
## &&
E
= 2 Ep
dE
3
dE p " x %
assuming that the proton interacts once

cygnus region : Milagro

Milagro
translation of
TeV gamma rays
into
TeV neutrinos

3 1 per year in IceCube per source

Probability)
10*1)
)
)
)
)
)

3 #

10*3)

)size)source)
)resolu&on)
)))detector)))

)
)
)
)
)

10*5)

5)

cover)astrophysics)ambigui&es)at)5))in)10)years)
Sources)of)the))
Galac&c)Cosmic))
Rays)

)
)
)
)
)

10*7)

3)

)
)
)
) *1)
10
))
))
))
))
))

10*3)

)
!)Predic&on)
)
W.)Baade)and)F.)Zwicky,)
)
)
Phys.)Rev.)D)46,)76)(1934))
)
)
10*5)
)
!)Gamma)ray)sources)
)
A.)Abdo)et)al.,)Astrophys.J.,) 5) ))
)
658)L33*L36)(2007))
10*7)
)
!)Neutrino)sources)in)IC80)
2)))))))))4)))))))))6))))))))))8)
M.C.)Gonzalez*Garcia,)et)al.,))
Astropart.Phys.31:437*444,2009.)
years)to)discovery)IC80)
)

20,000 atmospheric neutrinos later

you have one guess: starburst galaxies ?

astro*ph/0601695)

cosmic rays and gamma rays

! general
shock acceleration
an example: supernova remnants
! Galactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
supernova remnants: photons observed?
! extragalactic cosmic rays
energetics of the sources
gamma ray bursts
active galaxies

equal energy in cosmic rays and neutrinos

E
+ ( E ) = [ z t H ]!"c p #$
Ep
dN
+ ( E ) = 4 E
dE
p
d
N
p ( E p ) = E p2
10 44 erg Mpc3 yr 1
dE p
2

z t H = evolution of sources Hubble time

dN
E
10 11 TeVcm 2 s1 sr 1
dE
2

equal energy in cosmic rays and neutrinos

actually...
E
+ ( E ) = nint [ z t H ] [ c! cr ]
Ep
nint 1 transparent (to photons) source; equality is the WB bound
nint 1 obscured source
observed flux is well below the WB bound (at 20 ~100 PeV); have
to observe PeV photons

flux of extragalactic
cosmic rays

ankle ! one 1019 eV particle

per km squared per year per sr
19
dN
10
eV
2
E
=
dE (1010 cm 2 )(3 10 7 sec) sr

= 3 10 11 TeV cm 2 sec 1 sr 1

total flux = velocity x density

dN
4 dE ( E
) = c E
dE
4
E =
c

3 10 11
TeV
E dE cm 3

Emax
19 TeV
= log
10
Emin
cm 3

1TeV 1.6 erg

410 photons
of 2.7 K
or 10-12 erg/cm3

/!
/!
/!
/!
galactic /!
cosmic rays/!
10-41 erg/cm3
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
/!
!
GeV -rays

Visible

CMB

Radio

flux !

energy (eV)
galactic
cosmic rays
10-12 erg/cm3
extragalactic
cosmic rays
3x10-19 erg/cm3

Cosmic Rays & GRBs

Extragalactic!

observed energy
density of
extragalactic CR:
~ 10-19 erg / cm3
Gamma-Ray Bursts:
2x1051 ergs x 300/Gpc3
x 1010 yr
~ 10-19 erg / cm3

GRBs provide environment and energy

to explain the extragalactic cosmic rays!

Cosmic Rays & SNRs

galactic

observed energy
density of galactic CR:
~ 10-12 erg/cm3
supernova remnants:
1050 ergs every 30 years
~10-12 erg/cm3
for steady state of CR
with lifetime ~106 years

SNRs provide the environment and energy

to explain the galactic cosmic rays!

300 GRB per Gigaparsec3 per year

for 1010 years (Hubble time)

300
10
19 erg
2 10 erg
10 yr = 3 10
3
3
Gpc yr
cm
52

correct cosmology: same answer

Fermi: photon (electron) energy less than this ?

1Gpc 3 = 2.9 1082 cm3

Hubble time = 1010 years

! energy in extra-galactic cosmic

rays is ~ 3x10-19 erg/cm3

44 erg/s per active galaxy
3x10

2x1051 erg per gamma ray burst

energy in cosmic rays ~ photons

collapse of massive
star produces a

gamma ray
burst
spinning black hole
shocks produced
in the outflow of
the spinning
black hole:
electrons (and
protons ?)

speed of light
size of grb ?
characteristic
time t ?
!1-10 msec
(not duration!)

size of the
accelerator
R < c t
~ 100 km

GRB:) =300 ! 1020eV

acceleration time duration of the burst
rgyro 1 R
1 E

with rgyro =
c
c
eB
11
& E # &10 m #
B > 10T $ 20 ! $
!
%10 eV " % R "

electron synchrotron losses energy gained in acceleration

t syn

11 E

c
c eB

1 1
=
c p ne T

with t syn
2

20

& # &10 eV #
B 10T $
$
!
!
300
E
%
" %
"
combine
2

(m c ) B
=
2 2

in restframe ne

B2 L

= 2
3
6 m p
8
e

& 300 # & E #

R 2 ct 1010 m $
! $10 20 eV !

"
%
" %

3
4

& E # & 0.01s #

130 $ 20 ! $
!
%10 eV " % t "

1
4

fireball frame
at t=0

fireball

observer frame at time t

R
R(t)

1 MeV
10 msec

R = c t = R0 at t = 0

~ 102 - 103
E = E'
R = 2 R'

superluminal motion: boosted accelerators

Eobs = E'
tobs = 1 t'

vt

ct

vt sin
vapp =
ct vt cos

c
c

vapp
= v/c

= (1-2)-1/2

D-1= (1+z) (1 - cos)

strongest effect :
dvapp
v
= 0 or cos = =
d
c
or D =

grb kinematics
expanding shell

1 10 m sec
R 1
tobs
2c 2
Eobs E

v
c

v
cos =
c
1
=
300
v2
1 2
c

R 1
t =
= ( R R cos )
c
c
R
v
R
v2
= (1 )
(1 2 )
c
c
2c
c

pion)(neutrino))produc&on)when)
protons)and)photons)coexist!
p

n+

neutrinos

p0

gamma rays

2 - m2
m

p
_________
E'p >
4E'#

E = 1/4 < xp

> Ep

Ep > 1.4 x 104 TeV

~
_

1/20 Ep

~
_

700 TeV

photon density in the fireball

Lt/
______
U'

___
4R'2R'
n = E' =
E

___
#

R' = 2ct
R' = ct

note: for = 1 (no fireball) the optical depth of

photons in the fireball is !
R
0
__
opt =
= R0nTh ~ 1015 for 1052 erg in R0~10 km
Th

GRB neutrinos from p + ! n + +

dN
1 1 dN CR * ECR '
((
%% f GZK
= nint 1
dE
3 x
dE ) x &
dN
1 dN CR * ECR '
((
%%
nint
dE
x
dE ) x &
1
1
x = x p
for (e e )
4
20
nint 1 for GRB fireball

GRB neutrinos from p + ! n + +

R
R

R'
nint =
= ( c t ) ( n' p )
p
n' =

EGRB / E
V'

V ' = 4 R' R' = 4 ( c t

2

2 2

) (c t )

EGRB = 2 1051 erg

t = 10 2 sec

E = 1 MeV

= 300

numerology)
L = 1051--1052 erg/s
R0 = 100 km (t = 1-10 msec)
E = 1 MeV
= 300
dE/dt = (1-4)x1044 erg Mpc-3yr-1
tH = 1010 years
Pdet = 10-6 E0.8 (in TeV)
p = 10-28 cm2 for p+!n+#
xp ! = f = 0.2

neutrinos!!associated!with!extragalac2c!cosmic!rays!
atmospheric
neutrino flux
IceCube-40
anticipated
AMANDA

IceCube

CR flux

GRB

relation diffuse to source

dN
1
2 & dN #
=
Rhorizon nFRI 4d $
!
dE 4
% dE "CenA

& dN #
& dN #
$
! = 2.8 $
!
% dE "
% dE "CenA
( dN %
= 1.5 10 11 E2 GeV 1cm 2 s 1sr 1
&
#
' dE $ diffuse