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ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI SISTEM

SKELETAL
Urip Rahayu,S.Kp.M.Kep

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Sterile Dressing
Reduction

Splinting

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Main functions of
skeletal system

The skeletal system includes

Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Ligaments
Other connective tissues

Minerals & lipids

Storage

Blood cell production

Support

Protection

Leverage

Bone structure
Sponge bone
Compact bone
Marrow cavity

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Bone structure
Composition

Calcium phosphate
- 2/3 of bone matrix
- Hydroxyapatite
- Mineral reservoir

Collagen fibers
- 1/3 of bone matrix
- Strong to bending, twisting,
sudden impacts
- Framework on which
hydroxyapatite can form

Bone cells
- 2% of bone matrix

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Spongy bone
Hyaline

Epiphysis

Articular cartilage

Red marrow
Diaphysis
Compact bone
Periosteum
Medullary cavity

Endosteum

http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/pictures/longbone1.jpg
http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/chicken.htm

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Cells of bone

1. Osteogenic

Stem cell from mesenchyme

2. Osteoblast

Secretes bone matrix

In living bone, osteoclasts are constantly removing matrix, and

osteoblasts are always adding to it. The balance between the opposing
activities of these cells is important.
osteoclast
Bone

remove

3. Osteocyte

Maintains daily metabolism

4. Osteoclast

Resorb bone

Cell division

Ruffled border

Substances

add

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osteoblast

Anatomical Classification of Bones

Growth factor-Hormones

Bones are classified by their basic shape

Flat bones

Growth, sex and parathyroid hormones directly stimulate oseteoblast

& oseteoclasts.

Calcitriol: promotes calcium and phosphate ion absortion

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin control the calcium ion

concentrations in body fluids and bones.

Sutural bones

Irregular bones
Long bones

Short bones
Sesamoid bones

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Growth factor-Others

Nutrition
Calcium and phosphate salts are main source of bone growth and
maintenance. Some other minerals are also required. (Mg, Fe, etc..)
-Vitamin C : collagen synthesis &stimulates osteoblast differentiation.
-Vitamin A : Stimulate osteoblast activity. (child growth)
-Vitamin K and B12 : Protein synthesis in bone.

Exercise : Mechanical stress generate minute electric fields in mineral

crystals. Osteoblasts are apparently attracted to these electric fields and
begin to produce bone.

Aging : Between ages 30 and 40 bones become thinner and weaker. Over
that period osteoblast activity begins to decline while osteoclast activity
continues at previous levels. (osteopenia)

Clinical Notes: Osteoporosis

Womens estrogen secretion falls rapidly in menopause
(average 52 years)
Estrogen->Osteoblast ac vity-> BMD(Bone Mineral
Density)

Fracture repair

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An Overview of the Skeleton

Bone growth stimulation

There are 206 bones in the adult human body

Promoting bone growth by applying a low electrical current or ultrasound to
the fracture.

Skeletal Divisions

Bone growth stimulation is done when satisfactory healing is not occurring

naturally or when the pace of healing is too slow. (fracture nonunion)
Each method must be used for at least three to six months to be effective.

Axial skeleton (80 bones)

Skull
Thoracic cage and sternum
Vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Upper, lower limbs
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

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Bone Markings (Surface Features)

Bone Markings (Surface Features)

Table 5-1

General elevations & projections:

process
ramus

Processes for attachment:

Spinous
process

trochanter (femur only)

tuberosity
Transverse
tubercle
process
epicondyle
crest
line
spinous process (vertebrae only)
transverse process (vertebrae
only)

Markings for articulations:

head
condyle
facet

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Bone Markings (Surface Features)

Bone Markings (Surface Features)

Depressions:
fossa
sulcus

Spinous
process

Transverse
process

Openings:
foramen (canal)
meatus
fissure
sinus

Joint classification

Synarthrosis

Immovable
Between bones of the skull

Structure of free movable joint

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable
Between adjacent vertebral bodies

Articular Cartilage
Synovial Fluid
Accessory Structures

Cartilages

Fat pads

Ligaments

Tendons

Bursae

Diarthrosis

Freely movable

Elbow, wrist, ankle, shoulder

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Types of synovial joints

Vertebral joints

Types of synovial joints

Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral
ligaments
Vertebral movements
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

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Penyakit pada sendi

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrom

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