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NOTATION
Asi
: area of reinforcement bar i
Xu
B, D
ec
Bi
: width of strip
es
fci
fck
f si
fy
Mux , Muy
INTRODUCTION
The neural network exploits the massively local processing and
distributed representation properties that are believed to exist
in the brain. The main benefit in using a neural network
approach is that the network can be trained to learn the
relationship between input and output parameters. The neural
network architectures can provide improved computational
efficiency relative to existing methods when an algorithmic
description of functional relationships, is either totally
unavailable or is very complex in nature. Such a modelling
strategy has important implication for designing highly nonlinear complex design problem especially that of RCC columns
subjected to biaxial moments. Here, ANN models are
developed for the design of RCC columns subjected to biaxial
moments.
Pu
ti
xci , yci
xsi , ysi
x1
x2
Target
Outputs
Inputs
Error
xn
D
Calculation of data flows forward
Input Layer
Hidden Layer
Output Layer
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IE (I) JournalCV
In the same way Muxci and Muxsi are determined by taking strips
parallel to Y-Y axis. The total axial force and moments are
obtained by summing axial force and moments due to concrete
strips and reinforcements bars as
M ux = M uxci + M uxsi
M uy = M uyci + M uysi
The section is safe if the design ultimate load is within the
ultimate load capacity otherwise it is unsafe. Accordingly, the
assumed section and the reinforcement area are successively
corrected until the strength of the section approaches the
required value.
The column subjected to both axial load and biaxial moments
can be designed by load contour method. IS: 456-20002 permits
the design of such members by the equation:
ux
ux1
L M OP
+M
MN M PQ
uy
0.446 fck
3xu/7
4xu/7
NA
dx u
es
1.0
Pu
, where Puz = 0.45 fck + 0.75 fyPz .
Puz
Pu
= 0.2 to 0.8,the values of n vary linearly
Puz
from 1.0 to 2.0. For values less than 0.2, n is 1.0; for values
Psi = Asi f si
e0 = 0.0035
For values of
uy 1
n is related to
0.87fy
LM M OP
NM Q
Pci = ti Bi f ci
Cross-section
Pu = Pci + Psi
greater than 0.8, n is 2.0. Mux1 and Muy1 are the uniaxial
moment carrying capacity of the column along x-axis and y-axis
respectively.
For the design of long column, Additional Moment Method
suggested in IS: 456-20002 has been used. According to this
method every slender column should be designed for biaxial
eccentricity, which include the P-D moment components, ie,
M x = Pu ( e x + e ax ) = M ux + M ax
M y = Pu ( e y + e ay ) = M uy + M ay
Here, Mx and My denote the total design moments, Mux, Muy
denote the primary factored moments obtained from first order
structural analysis; and Max , May denote the additional moments
with reference to bending about the major and minor axes,
respectively.
CONFIGURATION OF THE NETWORK
A dilemma arises when determining the number of hiddenlayer nodes. A large number of hidden-layer nodes will lead to
129
Input layer
9 Nodes
Leff
B
D
d'/D
Effective length of
column, mm
Circular
+ Section
section range
range
3000-8000
3000-8000
3000-8000
Breadth of column, mm
300-600
200-400
Depth of column, mm
300-600
300-600
800-1200
0.05-0.20
0.05-0.20
0.02-0.08
20-40
20-40
20-40
415
415
415
Axial load, kN
500-4000
500-4000
500-6000
Moment about
X-axis, kNm
25-500
25-500
50-3000
Grade of concrete,
N/mm2
Grade of steel, N/mm2
Moment about
Y-axis, kNm
130
25-500
p/ fck
Mux
Muy
Output layer 1
1 Node
25-500
50-3000
two
hidden
layers
fy
Pu
Parameter
fck
Hidden layer 2
32 Nodes
Table 1
Hidden layer 1
128 Node
Rectangular
Circular
+ Section
1.0E01
1.0E02
1.0E03
1.0E04
1.0E05
1.0E06
1.0E07
1.0E08
1.0E09
0
5000
10 000
IE (I) JournalCV
Table 2
Leff,
mm
Type of
column
Breadth,
mm
Depth,
mm
d'/D
P u,
kN
M ux ,
kNm
M uy ,
kNm
Conventional
3000
Short
300
325
3750
Long
300
3000
Short
6000
p/fck,
ANN
Error,
%
0.05
500
100
80
0.07
0.0710
1.43
325
0.05
500
100
80
0.10
0.1000
0.00
400
400
0.10
600
200
125
0.16
0.1510
5.63
Long
400
400
0.10
600
200
125
0.20
0.2020
1.00
4500
Long
300
575
0.10
250
100
250
0.23
0.2350
2.17
3000
Short
300
575
0.10
250
100
250
0.22
0.2201
0.05
4500
Short
500
500
0.10
1500
300
300
0.16
0.1530
4.38
6000
Long
425
375
0.05
900
300
100
0.25
0.2501
0.04
6000
Short
550
600
0.20
3500
100
450
0.18
0.1850
2.78
7500
Long
550
600
0.20
3500
100
450
0.20
0.2070
3.50
Leff,
mm
Type of
column
Diameter,
mm
d'/D
P u,
kN
M ux ,
kNm
M uy ,
kNm
Conventional
3000
Short
400
4500
Long
4500
p/f ck ,
ANN
Error,
%
0.20
1250
500
50
0.20
0.2050
2.50
350
0.05
2000
200
50
0.24
0.2400
0.00
Short
400
0.05
500
50
350
0.18
0.1820
1.11
5250
Long
400
0.15
1250
50
200
0.19
0.1950
2.63
5250
Short
450
0.05
500
500
200
0.22
0.2050
6.82
6000
Long
350
0.20
500
200
200
0.24
0.2340
2.50
6000
Long
400
0.05
500
200
200
0.21
0.2150
2.38
6000
Long
500
0.10
1250
50
200
0.06
0.0643
7.17
7500
Long
500
0.20
2750
50
500
0.13
0.1340
3.08
5250
Short
500
0.05
2000
200
350
0.11
0.1140
3.64
Leff,
mm
Type of
column
Breadth,
mm
Depth,
mm
d'/D
P u,
kN
M ux ,
kNm
M uy ,
kNm
p/f ck ,
Conventional
ANN
Error,
%
8000
Long
200
800
0.08
1000
300
400
0.14
0.1350
3.57
8000
Long
300
1200
0.02
1500
1500
1500
0.14
0.1500
7.14
6500
Long
300
1200
0.02
2250
1500
1500
0.15
0.1400
6.67
5000
Long
300
1200
0.08
3000
1500
1500
0.16
0.1640
2.50
3000
Short
400
1200
0.02
1500
2000
500
0.06
0.0547
8.83
6500
Long
400
1200
0.02
3000
2000
500
0.07
0.0714
2.00
6000
Long
400
1200
0.08
5500
2000
2500
0.14
0.1402
0.14
3500
Short
400
1200
0.02
5500
2000
2500
0.11
0.1099
0.09
4500
Short
400
1600
0.02
4750
2000
2500
0.04
0.0365
8.65
8000
Long
400
1600
0.08
6000
3000
3000
0.13
0.1254
3.54
131
ANN
Conventional
0.30
p/ fck
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Muy, k Nm
Figure 6 Comparison of conventional and ANN design (rectangular)
and ANN design has also been made and shown in Figure 6
keeping all parameters: Leff = 2500 mm; breadth = 450 mm;
depth = 450 mm; cover ratio = 0.10; fck = 25 N/mm2; fy = 415 N/
mm2; Pu = 2000 kN; Mux = 150 kNm constant and Muy varying
from 25 kNm to 500 kNm.
CONCLUSION
Neural networks have been applied to structural engineering in
recent years. This study is multidisciplinary in nature, which
attempts to use soft computing technique for structural
engineering problems. The paper demonstrates the application
of ANN in the design of concrete short and long column. It has
been observed that the performance of the network with two
hidden layers gives very satisfactory results with quick
convergence. The technique has been applied for the design of
rectangular, circular and + shaped cross section. The results
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IE (I) JournalCV