Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF AIME
k-.
SPE
2544
By
Amiel David* and Sullivan S. Marsden, Jr.,
Members AIME, Stanford U.
@ Copyright 1%9
and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
AmerieanInstitute
of Mining,Metallurgieel,
This paper was prepared for the bbth Annual Fall Meeting.of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., Sept. 28-Ott. 1, 1969. Permission to copy is restricted to an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuous acknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after
publication in the J06RNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY o; ;he SOC~ETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JCURNAL is
usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give
proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.
ABSTRACT
Both experimental and theoretical analyses
were carried out on the theological behavior
of foam. This foam was generated by simultaneously injecting compressed air and an aqueoua solution of a commercial foaming agent into
a snortporous medium. It then f10we6 iiit~a
capillary tube viscometer having four interchangeable glass tubes of different radii. A
mathematical anaiysis was deveioped whereby
both the very pronounced effects of fluid slippage at the tube wall and the foam compressibility were taken into consideration. The
..._...---*
..4----4*
.. .... 4-A...-.?.-A
.-.-+
#.#4=
....
vABLuaALy Wum AALu=pc&&ucL,L
L
J.sII!
-pp=~=i~
quality but not of tube radius.
Bubble size and bubble size distribution
were measured under a microscope and the change
of bubble size with time studied through photomicrographs. Both the mean bubble diameter
and bubble size distribution were functions of
foam quality. The cumulative size distribution
as a function of a quality is represented by a
modified Weibull function.
Although the flowing foam behaved like a
pseudoplastic fluid, the static foam had a
measurable gel strength which increased with
foam quality.
(4)
Ta$
(5)
C&=-VT
dr
(6)
md
o
Sy introducing the foam compressibilitywe obtain
l-k-c-l1-...4...
1
,-a
L&&=
where:
SPE 2544
AUAAUW4.LL6.
./
J
3
Vf = foam volume
(9)
=~$
2cgrL
= pressure
=rc
(3)
c 1
and
~.+
Thus,
3Dx+DTa&T
(11)
= Tav
a
(12)
When
Us=
LUULUZ!
UL
eUGll
UL
LALC
LUUL
--al?---GU~LLAULy
~.ti~e~
SPE 2544
THE RHEOLI iOF FOAM
e size
It
is
possible
that
bubble
size
and
bubbl
when the fluid goes into turbulent flow (14).
distribution were responsible for this phenomeno
as was suggested by Becher for the case of emul~,e d=t= f~r the four capillary tubes and
sions (i5).
the different foam quality ranges have been
4
B.
(13;
(1
SPE 2544
A. David and
c.
6
.
S. Marsden, Jr.
D.
Foam Stability
Gel Strength
--s
AL-
---..7--
---
--1-**-A
4-
J.UL
uuuu.L=a
AL1
fmiii
UJ.
n
09
u.7&
-.
aLG
SC
in thf2
3.
4.
5.
6.
fluidity, Cp-l
)-
quality.
7
7.
8.
function of quality
Subscripts
%
= tube radius
= fluid
NoMENcLAm
= gas phase
c=
compressibility,atm-~
= iiquid phase
D=
= initial
= time
= slip
= fluidity
D?
SPE 2544
. diameter, cm
G(d)
function of diameter
length, cm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
pressure, atm
gas constant
R
r
radius, cm
REFERENCES
volubility, moleslliter
s=
temperature, K
time, seconds
volume, cm3
velocity, cmlsec
(3
e
u
quality, fraction
film thickness, cm
Viscosityy Cp
5.
A. David and [
SPE 2544
6.
7.
ln<O\
L7C)OJ
8.
9.
Penney, W.G., Blackman, M., The Mechanical Properties of Foam and the Flow of
Foam Through Pipes, Ministry of Home
Security (Britain),Note 282 (1943).
10.
14.
fnr
slip
l!~vml+eit
Fo?ln,,lzye
~QQp.$y,M
.. . ,
. . ..y. . . ----. . . . .. . . .
. . .
and Fluidity, J. of Rheology (1931)
~, 210.
15. Becher, P., Emulsions: Theory and Practice, Reinhold Pub. & Co. N.Y. (1965).
AAX,.-.--A
Th,ativ.,
~~. ~e~ds~~, E., Th,a
. ..=
=U.-...-.=u
. ..=..
Vol. 1, London, (1952).
~,
-G
*
C+.t4..-.*=
S. Marsden, Jr.
AIR
FILTER
AIR
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
2
FOAMER
SOLUTION
FOAM
GENERATOR
!!Ji!J
w&-lmTil.*.,.
INDICATOR
------ .. .. . .
I WPOTENTIOWER
vOLTAGE
1A
I-SCHEMATIC
571xIOS23
571X10423
CSVIOER
SHEAR
FIGURE
0.4
2XI0-4
RAT14 y,
SEC-l
FLOW DIAGRAM
FIGURE 2- SHEAR STRESS VERSUS SHEAR
RATE FOR 1.0% O.K. LIQUID, 0.90 <r< 0.96
3.5
I
CU=AD
.,---ATM.
3.0
2.5
b
+
V
8
31
~?
E
:
w
U-
=,.-iL
I
CTDI?CC
-.
..--,
2.0
1.5/0
i.o
0.8
0.6
0,4
/0
n~~
2.0
1
x 10-3
.o-----
Ido
571x1052357
SHEAR
FIGURE 3- SHEAR
RATE FOR 1.0%
RATE,
STRESS
y,
VERSUS
SHEAR
0.81 <r< 0.89
O.K.LIQUID,
10203040606070
SEC-l
r3-
FIGURE
4-
FLOW
0.90
10
-6
, cm
RATE
<r< 0.96
VERSUS
r3,
0.25
I
1
T
E
0.20
QUALITY,
&
u!
0
N
E
u
o.e14r~o.89
o.90.
r.o.96
0.15
Ql-2.
#
AA
/
-*A
0.10
C
u.
w
o
0
0.05
a
i
u
/:
2
o~
o
.
~m
1.5
I .0
0.5
SHEAR
STRESS,
T,
20
ATM
2.5
x 10-3
10203040
x 10
r3
-6
FIGURE
. cm
6-SLIP
COEFFICIENT
0
2.0,
5-
0.4
I
FLOW
RATE
0.81 ~1< 0.89
VERSUS
SHEAR
RATE,
q-irr.
sEc
0.8
I
1.2
16
2.0
r3
x 104
24
1
28
1
3.2
I
.~
o
Lo
2.0
3.0
4.0
FIGURE
FIGURE
VERSUS
8-
CORRECTED
SHEAR
RATE
5.0
6.0
SEC-l
8 104
SHEAR
FOR
STRESS
0.81 <r<
7.0
8..3
VERSUS
0.s9
[ TUBE
DIAMETER
21
23
IXI04
2
SHEAR
,
3
RATE,
+-,
z~
2357
23
571-52345
SHEA;
SEc-
RATE
FIGURE
IO-SHEAR
CORRECTED
2.5
2.0
TuBE
~
1.5
.
iA
\n
y:,
STRESS
S7EC !?
VERSUS
SHEAR
RATE
t
TUBE
OIAMETER
DIAMETER
mm
0
A
+
10
RA:E,
0.8
07
06
0.4
1.0
KA
\+
00
\
kbyo.
0.5
o~
0123456
0123456
7e910
VISCOSITY
FIGURE
\
769
VISCOSITY,
p , CP
VISCOSITY
FiGu RE i2 -SHEAR
p, CP
STRESS
FOR 0.81 r
VERSUS
0.89
V! SCOS!TY
Loo
50
OUALITY,
075
OUALITY,
0. !)0
~,&
} EXPERIMENTAL
CALWLATEO
0.25
I
1)
0-
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.60
BUflELE
FIGURE
13-BUBBLE
a20
OIAMETER,
SIZE
d,
0.40
0.60
0.60
0.10
0.20
mm
FREQUENCY
POLYGONS
FIGURE
07214060001W
0.50
OL
0.70
BUBBLE
DISTRIBUTION
~o
:
a60
FOAM
fi=*o
Q60
d,mm
----1451
30r
0.40
DIAMETER,
14-CUMULATIVE
SIZE
!kYL__l
0.30
BUBBLE
QUALITY,
r,
0.95
100
FRACTIONAL
TIUE, l, UIN
FIGURE
15-BUBBLE
VERSUS
RADIUS
TIME
SQUARED
FIGURE
OF