CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Insight and knowledge for the betterment of our nation and our
country, because we will be able to read English literature, listening to radio
broadcasts abroad, as well as watching movies other science. Thus, in the end
we can master the knowledge-knowledge in all fields.
Languages generally have rules or we often refer to as the grammar of
each, as well as with the English language, a lot of rules to be observed in
use, especially in the field of writingnya. Therefore, the author tries to present
the four rules of the many rules of English, in addition to fulfilling the
coursework also aims hopefully this short article can add to our knowledge of
the English language.
B. Identification Of Problems
In this paper we summarize some of which will be discussed, namely:
1. What is a Conjunction, formula and how for example?
2. How Conjunction sense, what the formula, graduation and example?
3. How many types and Any kind of Conjunction?
C. Aim
From the identification of the above problems, the authors certainly
aimed to clarify or explain these points, according to the knowledge we have,
both from the book and the sources of our teachers. Hopefully everything
benefit us. If there are errors or words written in this paper, the authors
apologize profusely.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Understanding Conjunctions
Conjunctions are connecting words / conjunctions that connect the
parts of speech in a sentence: word by word, phrase by phrase, or clause by
clause that has equivalent or similar position. 1 Words that have similar could
be a relationship between the noun with a noun, adverb to adverb, adjective
by adjective, verb by verb, also phrase to phrase, and clause by clause.
Example:
We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
He finished his homework Neither nor studied for the test.
I went out Because the sun was shining.
Three forms a conjunction (the conjunction forms):
a. Single Word, for example: and, but, Because, Although, or.
b. Compound (usually ends as or that), for example: as long as, in
order that, etc.
c. Correlative, for example: so ... that, both ... and, Neither ... nor, etc.2
Three types of conjunctions, namely: coordinating conjunctions
(simple

conjunctions),

correlative

conjunctions

and

subordinating

conjunctions. Besides the three types, there are adverbs used as conjunctions,
ie conjunctive adverbs.
Understanding the use of conjunctions and the relationship between
the clauses is important to recognize any part in complete sentences. There
are four major uses of conjunctions, namely: to add information (adding
information), show cause and effect (showing cause and effect), indicates the
time sequence (showing time sequence), and differentiating or compare the
information with each other (contrasting one piece of information with
another).
a. Adding information: and, but, or.
b. Showing cause and effect: as, since, Because, if.
c. Showing time sequence: after, since, as, until.
1 Aurner, Robert R. Effective Business English. (New York: South
Western Publishing Company:2009)., Page. 87
2 Ibid., Page. 88

Contrasting one piece of information with another: UNLESS,

Although. Getting to know the pattern of conjunctions are very helpful in
exploring the idea or subject matter relating to the entire text within
sentences and between sentences.
B. Its Use and Kinds
Conjunction or or connector or the conjunction is a word that is used
to connect / combine word with another word, phrase with another phrase, or
clause with another clause. There are 3 types of conjunctions: coordinating
conjunctions, correlative conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
a. Coordinating conjunctions
Conjuctions is used to combine words with other words, combine
the phrase with another phrase, or sentence to another sentence.
Connected by the conjunction of this type must be an element the same
sentence, for example: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase,
sentence + sentence.3
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so. To make it easier to remember try using this acronym: fanboys;
F's for, A's and, N for nor, and so on.
Example:
1. The boy keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark.
(The child was letting the light is on because he was afraid to sleep
in the dark).
2. He has one good dictionary and at least three good English books.
(He has 1 good dictionary and at least three good English books).
3. She is a vegetarian. She will not eat beef, nor will she eat chicken.
(He is a vegetarian. He will not eat beef, he would not eat chicken).
4. She is cute but evil. (She is beautiful but evil).
5. Do you want to go with me or to stay home? (Do you want to come
with me or stay at home?).
6. I did not study, yet I passed the exam. (I did not learn, but I
graduated).
3 Hartanto John S, Koentjoro S dan Seputro Manaf Asmoro. Accurat,
Brief And Clear English Grammar. (Surabaya : Indah Surabaya : 2009).,
Page. 76

7. My dad was very tired, so he went to bed Earlier. (Papa I'm very
tired, so he goes to bed early).4
Note:
Use a comma before the conjunction if conjunction combine the
two sentences. Commas are also used if the conjunctions
combine more than two words or phrases. Example: We studied

math, physics, and chemistry last semester.

For also serves as a preposition. As preposisiton, for followed by

a noun. Example: I am waiting for a cab. (ie taxi cab =)

Yet also serves as an adverb. Example: I have not finished
reading this article yet. See adverb usage yet in the discussion

about the present perfect tense.

So = as if it is followed by an adjective / adverb. See the

discussion of its use in comparisons.

b. Paired conjunctions / correlative conjunctions
Conjunctions also incorporates element-element sentences like
the one above.
The difference is always used in pairs.
both ... and either ... or not only ... but Also Neither ... nor
Example:
1. Both my sister and my brother can play the guitar. My sister and my
brother both can play guitar).
2. He is not only handsome but Also smart. (He was not only handsome
but also smart). Note: if not only put at the beginning of sentences,
inversion of the auxiliary do / be / do, does, did the next subject of
the sentence. So this sentence can also be written: Not only is he
handsome but Also smart.
3. Either the students or the teacher is going to go to the museum
tomorrow. (Both students and teachers will go to the museum
tomorrow).
4. Neither John, Sussie nor I have a good studying habits. (Well John,
Sussie and I do not have good study habits). Perhaps, the study only
if there is a test. Note: With the exception of both ... and, if
corrective conjunctions combine singular and plural subjects, verb
4 Op. Cit., Page., 45

forms (whether singular or plural) is determined by the subject

closest to (immediately followed by) the verb.
Note: Example 3 is going to be used (not are going to) as it directly
followed the teacher (singular subject). Example 4 used have (has
not) because it directly follows the I. Now let us consider the
writing, when the position subjectnya screened:
1) Either the teacher or the students are going to go to the museum
tomorrow. (Both teachers and students will go to the museum
tomorrow).
2) Neither John nor I Sussie has a good studying habits. (Well John,
I and Sussie did not have good study habits).
c. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjuctions are words that can be used to form
adverbial clause (which is generally a clause / subordinate clause) on the
topic sentence (main clause). Amount conjunctions of this type are
numerous and generally are adverbs. Conjunction of this type can be
grouped into five, namely conjunction stating time (time), causality
(cause and effect), meaning the opposite (opposition), destination
(purpose), and modality (conditional).5
a) Used to declare time (time).
Time
after (after) till (up / up) the first time (first time)
before (before) as soon as (immediately after) the second time
(twice) when (when) once (immediately after) the last time (the
last time)
while (temporarily) as long as (all) the next time (time
following)
US (temporarily) so long as (all) by the time since (since)
when ever (every time) until (up / up) every time (every time)
Example:
2) We will play football after we finish doing the homework.
(We're going to play football after we finished doing
homework).

5 Muhibbin Syah, Islamic English, (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya,

2006), h.156

3) Before they got married last month, they had been seeing
each other for almost ten years. (Before they married last
month, they've been going out for almost 10 years
4) When I got home last night, someone was trying to break
into my house. (When I got home last night, someone was
trying to break into my house). Note: Break into = sign is
usually because of bad faith, ie want to steal, ect.)
5) A friend of mine felt asleep on his desk while the teacher
was teaching. (My friend fell asleep at his desk while the
teacher explains).
6) She has turned into a different person since she Became a
famous artist. (She had changed into a different person
since he was a famous artist).
7) I will keep studying hard until the final exam is over next
week. (I will continue to study hard through the final
exam completed next week).
8) We will leave as soon as the rain stops. (We'll go / leave
as soon as the rain stopped).
9) A s long as I live, I will never see your fucking ugly face
again. (During my life, I would never want to see your
face (very ugly) again). Subject 'I' very, very angry ya.
10) When ever I look at her picture, my heart beats fast.
(Every time I view the picture, my heart skipped a beat).
11) The first time we went to Bali, we went to Tanah Lot.
(The first time we went to Bali, we went to Tanah Lot).
12) The next time I play you, I will kick your ass. (The next
time I play (opponents) you, I'll beat you. Note: kick your
ass = kick Get your butt = beat. Very informal.6
b) Used to express causality (cause-effect).
Cause and effect
Because (as) inasmuch as (for) so ... that (so)
since (because) now that (for now) such ... that (so)
as (for)
Example:
6 Raymond Murphy, Grammar in Use, (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1989)hal 158-159

1) He got an accident Because he drove while he was drunk. (He

had an accident because she was driving while intoxicated).
2) I passed that course Easily since the questions were very easy. (I
passed the course was easy because the matter-because very
easy).
3) Now that the term is finished, I am going to rest for a few days
and then take a trip to Bali. (Because the current semester is over,
I will be resting for a few days later excursion to Bali).
4) As she had nothing to do, she asked me to come over to her
house. (Because he was not there to do, he asked me to go to his
house).
5) Inasmuch as the two countries' leaders did not reach an
agreement, the possibility of war between the two countries
remains open. (Because the two heads of state do not reach an
agreement, the possibility of war between the two countries is
still high).
6) The coffee is so hot that I can not drink it. (The coffee was so
hot, therefore, I can not drink it).
7) He has such a nice body that a lot of girls are attracted to him.
(He has a body that is so good, therefore, a lot of girls who are
interested her).
c) To express the opposite meaning (opposition).7
Opposite meaning
Although (although even though (although) while (whereas)
though (although) whereas (while) no matter (not looking)
Example:
1) Although he is not tall, he is a very good volleyball player.
(Although he is not tall, he is a player of volleyball which was
superb).
2) Jenny is rich, whereas Joni is poor. (Jenny richer while the poor
Joni).
3) No matter how hard I tried, the math problems could not be
solved. (Do not look at how hard I tried, math problems can not
be solved / resolved).
7 Slamet Riyanto, English Grammar, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar,
2008), h.195

d) For

the

stated

purpose

(purpose).

Aim
in order to (in order) in order (that) (order) so that (in order)
Example:
1) During the class, we need to be quiet in order to be Able to listen
to what the teacher says.
2) I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study well.
3) I turned off the TV in order (that) my roommate could study well.
4) They keep practicing Reviews their English in order (that)
Reviews their English improves
steadily. (They continue to practice English so that English
continues to increase).
Note: a) in order to be followed by verbs, whereas in order (that)
and so that is followed by the clause (ie S + V). b). So that the
meaning here is different so that to declare causal. Note also the
difference in the pattern.
e) To declare modality (conditional).8
Conditional
if (when) Whether or not

in

case

(that)

(if)

UNLESS (if not) even if (even if) providing (that) = if or only if

only if (only if) in the event (that) Provided (that) = if or only if
Example:
1) If my parents were not home, I would invite my friends to come
over. (if my parents are not at home, I will invite my friends to
come to the house).
2) I will go UNLESS it rains. (I would not go if it's not raining).
Note: UNLESS = if ... not. So, kalimataya can be written as: I
will go if it does not rain.
3) I do not care no more Whether or not you want to study = I do
not care no more Whether you want to study or not. (I do not
care anymore if you want to learn or not).
4) I have Decided to marry her. Even if my parents disagree, I am
going to marry her. (I have decided to marry her. Even if my
parents do not agree, I will (still) married her).
8 Milada Broukal, Grammar Form and Function 3, (New York: McGraw
Hill Companies, 2005). Page., 307

5) I'll be in the library in case you want to find me. Note: in case =
if
6) The general election will go to the second round only if no
candidate gets 50% + 1 votes during the first round. (Elections
will go into the second round only if no candidate who has the
vote of 50% + 1 first time round. Note: If only if placed in the
beginning of the sentence, then the inversion auxiliary / be / do,
does, did) to the next subject the main clause. This sentence can
be written as: Only if no candidate gets 50% + 1 votes the
general election will go to the second round.
C. Conjunction and Causative Have and Get
1. Introduction
Conjunction or conjunctive serves to connect words with a group
of words or groups of words in a sentence. conjunctions can be divided
into two kinds of coordinate conjunctions (conjunctions equivalent) and
subordinate conjunctions conjunctions or terraced. similar conjunctions
(co-ordinate conjunction) such as and, but, or and nor. These types of
conjunctions connecting noun with a noun, a verb with a verb, a group of
words

with

group

of

words,

clauses,

and

so

on. 9

For example:
1) I lost my book and my pens
2) she did not go to Semarang and Surabaya conjunctions such as this
can be combined with other words such as: both .. and, not only ...
but also ..., either ... or ...; meither ... nor ..
In this discussion will be discussed conjunction storey (subordinate
conjunction) because this is very important and need to be controlled
for the students.
- Therefore accordingly = = therefore
example: Gadjah Mada University is a famous university in
-

Indonesia; accordingly Manya students want to study there.

after all = anyway
For example: there are many good schools; after all our school is
the best

9 Imam D. Djauhari, Mastery on English Grammar, (Surabaya: Indah,

2004)., page. 207-208

All the same = However = nevertheless = however semikian

example: the government has given them a new market places; all
the same some of them keep selling Reviews their things at the

dirty place
Consequently = as a result = result example: His father Died five
years ago; consequently, all the responsibilities to raise the

children fell on his mother

Because since for = = = as = because For example: Everyone is
looking for him, for he is the only platform who knows where the

key is.
Hence = for that reason, therefore, from this moment For
example: we were born when his parents worked in Irian, hence

he is nemed irianto
In order that = so that = so example: we must study hard; in order

that we can pass the exam

In case = case For example: you'd better take an umbrella; in case

it rains
In the Meantime = meanwhile = meanwhile For example: go to
the shop and buy me a magazine; in the Meantime, I will take a

bath.
moreover = further more = anyway example: she is beautiful

moreever she is very kind

Namely: that example: ther is only one student who student who

fails the exam items, namely lena.

while = whereas = while example: he like coffee very much while

I do not
on the other hand = on the Contrary = otherwise example: he

lovesusic; on the other hand his father hates very much

UNLESS otherwise = = otherwise example: please study hard,

otherwise you'll fall the exam.

say = put For example: can you lead me money; say five thousend
Rupiahs?

D. Causative Have And Get

10

Causative "have" is the sentence structure by using the "haves" are used
to declare a work done by others to "subject". so "have" this means the order
or rule.
1. Causative Have patterns and Get
Causative have and get active object Here the object carried out in
accordance with the wishes of the subject. As for the construction of a
sentence

as

follows:

have

O1

V1

O2

For example:
I have the mechanic repair my car. (I The mechanic told me m repair the
car) When using the "get" construction of a sentence as follows: S + get
+ O2 + to V1 + O2
For example:
I get the maid to press my dresses. (I told the waiter menyeterikan my
clothes)
2. Causative have and get with passive objects in this arrangement the
subject wants someone to do something against the patient objects.
As for the construction of a sentence as follows: S + have + O + V3
For example: I have my car washed. 9 I told my car washed)
when using the "get" the pattern of the sentence as follows:
S + get + O + V3 example: I get my trosers shortened. (I told briefs My
long are truncated).

11

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Of paper it can be concluded that the Conjunctions are connecting
words / conjunctions that connect the parts of speech in a sentence: word by word,
phrase by phrase, or clause by clause that has equivalent or similar position.
Words that have similar could be a relationship between the noun with a noun,
adverb to adverb, adjective with adjective, verb by verb, also phrase to phrase, and
clause by clause.
Three types of conjunctions, namely: coordinating conjunctions (simple
conjunctions), correlative conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Besides
the three types, there are adverbs used as conjunctions, ie conjunctive adverbs.
Conjunction or or connector or the conjunction is a word that is used to connect /
combine word with another word, phrase with another phrase, or clause with
another clause. There are 3 types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions,
correlative conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions used to combine words with other words,
combine the phrase with another phrase, or sentence to another sentence.
Connected by the conjunction of this type must be an element the same sentence,
for example: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence.
Paired conjunctions / correlative conjunctions also incorporate the elementelement sentences like the one above. The difference is always used in pairs.
Subordinating conjuctions are words that can be used to form adverbial
clause (which is generally a clause / subordinate clause) on the topic sentence
(main clause). Conjunction or conjunctive serves to connect words with a group
of words or groups of words in a sentence. conjunctions can be divided into two
kinds of coordinate conjunctions (conjunctions equivalent) and subordinate
conjunctions conjunctions or terraced.

12

REFERENCES
Aurner, Robert R. Effective Business English. New York: South Western
Publishing Company.
Hartanto John S, Koentjoro S dan Seputro Manaf Asmoro. 2009. Accurat, Brief
And Clear English Grammar. Surabaya : Indah Surabaya
Broukal, Milada. 2005. Grammar Form and Function 3. New York: McGraw Hill
Companies.
Djauhari, Imam. D. 2004. Mastery on English Grammar. Surabaya: Indah.
Murphy, Raymond. 1989. Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Riyanto, Slamet. 2008. English Grammar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Syah, Muhibbin. 2005. Islamic English. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

13