PURE SUBSTANCE

Water and Steam

NORHAYATI IBRAHIM
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
POLITEKNIK SULTAN SALAHUDDIN
ABDUL AZIZ SHAH

Water and Steam

A compound pure substance
consists of hidrogen and oxygen
Easily available and is used in many
equipments
Can exist in many phases

Phase Change of Water

What is Steam?
Steam is a vapor form of water
Physical characteristics
Colorless
Tasteless
odorless

What is Steam Used For?

To transfer heat energy from one
location to another
The transferred heat energy from
steam is used to do work
E.g. Water is heated in a boiler at a
given pressure to produce steam. The
steam transfers the heat energy to a
turbine that is used to produce
electricity

Why We Use Steam?

Efficient heat transfer medium

Easily controlled
Lots of knowledge regarding steam
Have equipment and expertise to
design and install steam system for
many different applications

How We Create Steam

By adding heat energy to water in a boiler
Heat energy is expressed in kJ
Two forms of heat energy required
Sensible heat: the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of water from
0C to boiling point 100C at a given pressure
(temperature increases as the heat is added)
Latent heat: the amount of heat energy
required to transform water at the boiling point
to steam (temperature remains constant at the
boiling temperature)

Phase Change P-T Digram

Illustration of Phase Change Water

T-v Diagram Phase Change at

Constant Pressure

Saturated
liquid

Saturated
steam

Saturation Temperature and

Saturation Pressure
Boiling temperature for water depends on the
pressure. E.g water starts boiling at 100 C only
at 1 atm.
At different pressures, water boils at different
temperatures.
Saturation temperature (Tsat) - the temperature
at which a pure substance changes phase at a
given pressure.
Saturation pressure (Psat) - the pressure at
which a pure substance changes phase at a
given temperature.

T-v Diagram at Different

Pressure

Diagram shows the phases of water at different pressure

T-v Diagram Showing

Saturation Line & Phases

Lines of constant pressure go up (P-Puncak)

T-v Diagram for Water

P-v Diagram Showing

Saturation Line & Phases

Lines of constant temperature go down (T - Turun)

P-v-T Diagram 3
Dimensional

Critical Point
A point where two-phase region does
not exist
Saturated liquid and saturated vapor
states are identical - no separation
between sub-cooled liquid and
superheated vapor
Beyond the critical point, no distinct
phase change process
For water, Pcr~ 221 bar; Tcr~ 374.1C

Triple Point
A point where water exists at the
same time as ice (solid), liquid and
vapor.
Triple point is defined at 0.01C at a
pressure of 0.6113 kPa

P-T Diagram and the Triple

Point

What is the effect of pressure

on water properties?
Increased pressure:
Decreased the amount of latent heat
Increased the amount of sensible heat
Decreased the specific volume
Increased the steam temperature