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YUSUF
COMPRESSIBLE PHYSICS
HANDBOOK(vol.1)
EXCELLENCE
PREFACE
This book has been
written to serve as a
revision aid for jambite
and non jambite(self
revision).since many
student find it difficult to
read voluminous
textbooks,so I tried to
bring out a more
comprehensive textbook
for jambite and the rest.
Compressible physics
handbook consists of
three series of which the
remaining two will be
released soon.The first
volume consists of
mechanics,hydrostatics
and wave,with
compolusory examples
which should be
expected in the UTME
exam.While the volume II
and volume III comprise
of heat and
(electricity,light and
modern physics).
INTRODUCTION
UNITS $DIMENSION
CONTENTS
1:INTRODUCTION-1
2:MOTION-2
3:FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM-3
4:IMPLUSE AND MOMENTUM-4
5:WORK,ENERGY$POWER-5
6:CIRCULAR MOTION-6
7:ELASTICITY-7
8: SIMPLE MACHINE-8
9:SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION--9
10:PRESSURE-10
11:DENSITY-12
12:WAVE-13
VECTORS
Vector is a quantity that has magnitude
and direction,e.g force,acceleration
e.t.c.they are donated by a bold capital
letter(A) or an arrow on top(A).A
quantity that has only magnitude but no
direction Is called a scalar quantity.e.g
speed,velocity,length,e.t.c.
Ax=Acos,
Ay=Asin
3
A= V / T =V-U/t
A=Axi+Ayj
A -=A magnitude
Where I and j are unit vectors in
component x,y respectively.
[A]=Ax2+Ay2
V=u+at-ms-1
=(tanAy/Ax)
H=ut+1/2at2-m
Example:
V2=u2+2as
i.Pressure:force/area
ii.Area:length length
iii.Density:mass/volume
H=distance
iv.volume:lengthxlengthxlength
Deceleration=-ve acceleration.
v.quantity of electricity:currentxtime.
SOLUTION
S=d/t ----ms -1
i.pressure:force/area
5.distance
force=massXacceleration
H=ut+1/2at2
v
acceleration= t = ms-2
-2
force=kgXms =MxLT
-2
-2
-1
Where a= g=10ms-2
-2
=MLT ,so,pressure=ML T .
H=5t2
ii.Area:L1XL1=L2
iii.Density=M/L3=ML-3
A=-g
When it is moving downwards..a=g
iv.Volume:L1XL1XL1
v.Q=IxT=AmpereXsecond
PROJECTILE
=IxT=IT.
MOTION
MOTION ON A STRAIGHT LINE(LINEAR
MOTION).
t-usin /g
Time of flight(T)=2usin/g
Where,T=2t
VAVG=X2-X1/T2-T1
Horizontal distance(Range)
R=u2sin2/g
R=UxT
Vertical distance(height)
H=u2sin2/2g
4
Max. height=u2/2g
SOLUTION
U=25m/s,vv=45m/s,t=10
Example1:
A=v-u/t=45-25/10=2m/s2.
EXERCISE
1:A car experience a displacement of
40km in 20mins.what is its average
velocity in m/s?[ans-33.3m/s].
Solution
2
V =u2+2as
2:UTME 2009 QU 5.
S=2.5, a=-g=-10
3:UTME 2011 QU 7.
02=u2+2x-10x2.5
U=52 ms
-1
Solution:
V2=u2 +2as
V=2x10x150 ;u=0
V=3000ms-1
Example 3:what is the max. range of a
gun which can fire a shell with a speed of
50m/s?
Solution:
U=50m/s,max. range=?
R=5002/10=25.5km
Example 4:An aeroplane lands on a
runway at a speed of 180km/hr and
brought to stop uniformly in 30secs.What
distance does it cover on the runway
before coming to rest?(UTME 1993 QU5).
Solution:
Convert the units
Speed:180km/hr=m/s
Where a=g,
=180x1000/3600=1800/36
F=ma=mg(tension)-newton(N).
Distance=speed x time
Equilibrium of a particle
1800/36 3/1=150m
F1 + F2 + F3=0
F
3
F
2
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
This is where the resultant weight of a
body acts.For a uniform or regular body
such as sphere or a uniform rod,the
centre of gravity is at the geometric
centre of the body.
NB:If we have a cut circle and an uncut
one the centre of gravity lies between
the uncut surface.
F
1
EXERCISE
1;UTME 1984 QU 2
2;UTME 1990 QU 8
3;UTME 1997 QU 11
4;UTME 2003 QU 11
5;UTME 2008 QU 8
6;UTME 2012 QU 4
7;UTME 2008 QU 9
8;UTME 2014 QU 10
9;UTME 2014 QU 11
10;UTME 2015 QU 30
And
Force recall,
F=m x a ..i
Acceleration =v-u/t..ii
MOMENT OF A FORCE
Put equation 2 in 1
F=m(v-u/t)=mv-mu/t
Ft=mv-mu
The product of force and time for which it
acted is called impulse.SI unit Ns,while
the product of mass and velocity of the
body is the momentum.SI unit kgm/s or
Ns.
Moment=Fxd or Fxdsin
For a body to remain in equilibrium:
I,the algebraic sum of all the forces must
be zero , and
Ft=mv-mu
Impulse=change In momentum
0.15v=3,v-=20m/s
EXERCISE
Solution
Ft=m(v-u)
F=180N
M=150kg,t=5s,v=6m/s,F=?
Fx5=150(6-0)
Solution
WORK,ENERGY AND POWER
V=5000m/s,m=0.01kg,t=1sec,F=?
F=m(v-u)/t
F=0.01x5000/1=50N.
WORK
Solution
W=FxD
Mi=5kg,Mii=5g=0.05kg,Vi=?,Vii=100m/s
W=FxDcos
Impules=forcexTime =100x0.03=3Ns
Change in momentum=mv=0.15v
P=W/t=Fxd/t
SOLUTION:
V=u + at
Recall,
V=26.67m/s
F=mg, h=d
Ek=1/2mv2
Power=mgh/t
=18x(26.67)/2
Recall also,
=6400J
h/t=velocity
P=FxV,F=P/V
Also,power=FxVcos
ENERGY
Solution
Energy is the capacity of a body to do
work.the energy acquired by a body by
virtue of its position is called potential
energy.while that gained by motion is
known as kinetic energy.
K.E=P.E
Energy=W=mgh
Therefore,v=2gr
Ep=mgh=potential energy
V=2x10x8=160
1/2MV2=Mgh
When the masses cancel,
V2=2gr
v=40m/s
%=K.E/P.E x 100%
EXERCISE
1.UME 1990 QU 10
2.UME 1987 QU 9
3.UME 1990 QU 9
W=1/2MV22 -1/2MV12
4.UME 1992 QU 6
SOLUTION
Workdone=Fxd
8.UME 2014 QU 12
=mgXd
=(m1 + m2)g x d
CIRCULAR MOTION
=(1.5 +10)x10x8
=920J
EXAMPLE2:A block of 18kg is pushed
along a horizontal frictionless surface by
a horizontal force of 80N.the block starts
from rest,compute the K.E after 6secs?
Solution
F=mxa
A=80/18
After t=6secs
8
Ac=v2/r
From newtons second law of
motion,which states that F=ma,here we
are particular with the centripetal force
which gives rise to the acceleration,This
force is,
Solution
Fc=mac
M=5x10-6kg,ac=8x10*5m/s*2,F=?
Fc=5x10-6 x8x10*5=4.00N
Fc=mac
Fc=mv2/r
Solution
V=4m/s, r=5m,F=?
W=v/r=4/5=0.8rad/s
F=w/2pie=0.8/2x22/7=0.31Hz or 0.31/s
EXAMPLE4:A body of mass 500g moves
with a speed of 4m/s in a circular path of
radius 5m.The centripetal force on the
body is?
Angular speed()=angular
displacement/time
SOLUTION:
=/t
F=mv2/r =0.5x16/5=1.6N.
=2 ft
EXERCISE
tangential speed(v)=wr
1.UME 1984 QU 26
w=v/rrad/s
2."
1999 QU 8
Fc=mrw2,Newton(N)
3."
2002 QU 12
5.UME 2011 QU 6
ac=rw2
4.UME 2008 QU 5
6.UME 2013 QU 6
7.UME 2012 QU 10
8.UME 2008 QU 6
9.UME 2007 QU 36
10.UME 2000 QU 7
ELASTICITY
HOOKES LAW
Solution
W=v/r,v=5m/s,r=20m
W=5/20=0.25rad/s
9
E1=5cm,e2=7cm,f1=60N,F2=?
K=F/e i.e F1/EI=F2/e2
Mathematically,
60/5=f2/7
Fe
F2 =84N
F=ke,f=force,k=elastic constant or
force
constant,e=extension
C:maximum load
Solution
A:Elastic limit
B:yield point
A=6x105m2,F=3,00N,L=50cm,x=0.2mm=0.2x1
0-3cm
Young modulus=Stress/Strain=F/A/e/L
=F/A,N/m2
Strain is the ratio of extension to the
original length of the material.
=3,000/6.0x10-5/0.2x10-3/5x10*2
Tensile strain=extension/original
length=e/L
=5x10*7/4x10-4
=1.25x10*11N/m2
Young modulus
E=/
Solution
e1=20cm,e2=24cm,e2-e1=0.004
E=young modulus
F=50N
E=,N/m
W=1/2Fe=1/2x50x0.04
=1J
Workdone
EXERCISE
W=1/2Fe or 1/2Ke2
10
Distance moved by
load
Efficiency ()=L/E/R/r,V.R=R/r
=dE/dL
R=radius
Bicycle make use of this principle.
INCLINDE PLANE
M.A=V.R
GEARS
V.R=Ws/Wl=nL/Ns
Effiencienc()=workdone on
load/workdone by effort
=LXdL/E x dE=L/E/dE/dL
PULLEY SYSTEM
M.A=1.5
EXAMPLE2:A machine whose efficiency is
75% is used to lift a load of
1000N.calculate the effort put into the
machine if it has a V.R of 4?
T=2m/k,T=period,m=mass,k=spring
constant.
F=1/T,frequency
Solution
T=2e/g,e=elongation by mass
V.R=4,L=1000N,=75%,E=?
T=2L/g
75%=M.A/4 X 100%
F=1/2g/L
E=33.3N
TL=T1/L1=T2/L2
F1/L,F1L1=F2L2
EXAMPLE1:Suppose you wish to construct
a simple pedulum of period 1.0secs.if
9.80m/s^2.)what is the length of the
pedulum b)what will be the new period if
this length is doubled?( =22/7 )
SOLUTION
VR=1/Sin30=2.0
Solution
A,L=gxT^2/4^2 =0.248m
M.A=V.R=20,effort=load/M.A
B,L=2x0.248=0.496m
=20(10)/2=100N.
T=2l/g=1.414sec
EXERCISE
1:UME 2014 QU 15
2:UME 2010 QU 10
Solution
3:UME 2008 QU 8
F1/L,
4:UME 2007 QU 46
5:UME 2004 QU 11
6:UME 2006 QU 35
7: UME 2012 QU 14
8:UME 2013 QU 12
9:UME 2014 QU 15
SOLUTION:
10:UME 2007 QU 29
T=2/=44/7/4.4
=1.43sec.
EXERCISE
1:UME 1995 QU 2
a=-w2x
8:UME 1979 QU 7
12
HYDROSTATICS
Hydrostatics depends on the height and
cross sectional area;
i.pressure
ii.density
PRESSURE
Pressure can be defined as the force per
unit area of a substance.The force acts
perpendicularly.
Solution
L=4m,B=3m,H=3m
P=F/A=mg/A=(dxv)g/A
P=1000x10x2=2x10^4N/m^2
Thus,
P1h1=p2h2
Solution
Pt=Patm dgh
P=F/A=dgh
F=(dgh)Xa
=2.4x10^5N
PF,P1/A
P1/h P=dgh d,density,h=height
MEASURING DEVICE
1:MANOMETER:for gas pressure
2:ANERIOD BAROMETER:it is used to
measure pressure at a certain height.
3:FORTIN BAROMETER:atmospheric
pressure
Solution
4:SIMPLE MECURY
BAROMETER:adhension>cohension.
P=F/A=hxgxdxA
F=0.5x10x200x1.03
5:SPHYGMOMENOMETER:it is used to
measure blood pressure.
F=1030N
EXAMPLE4:What is the length of the
liquid column in a barometer tube that
would support an atmospheric pressure
of 10200N/m^2.if the density of the
liquid is 2600kg/m^3(g=10m/s^2).
Solution
P=dgh
h=3.92m
TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
EXERCISE
1:UME 1992 QU 11
2:UME 1993 QU 10
13
3;UME 1995 QU 16
D=M/V=M/area x h
4:UME 1997 QU 18
=1=40/2x h
5:UME 1998 QU 15
=20cm
9:UME 2010 QU 12
Solution
Density=mass/volume
2=m-10/m-15
M=20g
2:UME 1995 QU 10
7:UME 2006 QU 25
8:UME 2008 QU 17
EXERCISE
1:UME 1994 QU 2,8,19
3;UME 2010 QU 13
Relative density(R.d)=density of
substance/density of water.
4:UME 1997 QU 16
5:UME 1998 QU 16
6:UME 1999 QU 13
7:UME 2001 QU 9
U+
T=W,U=upthrust,W=weight,T=normal
reaction force.
8:UME 2002 QU 10
9:UME 2003 QU 9,12
10:UME 2012 QU 16,18
SURFACE TENSION
This is the force acting tangentially per
unit length at the surface.
WAVE
Wave is a disturbance that travels
outward of its source,with energy with it.
S=F/l,N/m
*contact angle of mercury and glass is
140.
TYPES
TYPES
1:ME
CHAN
ICAL
Solution
D=m/v=2/500x10^-6
=4x10^3Kg/m^3
EXAMPLE2:A piece of wood of mass 40g
and uniform cross sectional area of 2cm3
floats upright in water .The length of the
wood immersed is?
Solution
14
PROPE
RTIES
Requir
es a
materi
al
mediu
m for
propa
gation
.
2:LON
GITU
DINAL
3:ELE
CTRO
MAGN
ECTIC
4:TRA
NSVE
RSE
5:PRO
GRES
SIVE
They
travel
parall
el to
the
directi
on of
oscilla
tion of
the
particl
es in
the
mediu
m.e.g
sound
wave.
Requir
es no
materi
al
mediu
m for
its
propa
gation
.
They
travel
perpe
ndicul
ar to
the
directi
on of
oscilla
tion of
the
particl
e in
the
mediu
m.e.g
light
wave
Their
directi
on of
motio
n is
not
restric
ted.
6:STA Their
TIONA directi
RY
on is
restric
ted.Th
us,cha
nging
it
directi
on.
TRANSVERSE WAVE
It consists of the max. point also known
as the amplitude,the upper point(crest)
and the lower point(trough).
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
It consists of the part of max. pressure
fixation (compression) and the minimum
presure fixation(rarefraction).
V=f =v= /T,f=1/T
V=speed,f=frequency,T=period, =wa
velength
K=2pie/wavelength,k=wave constant
W=2f,w=angular speed
Equations used in wave motion
Y=Asin[wtkx]
Y=Asin[2ft2x/ ]
=Asin2[ft x / ]
=Asin2[t/T x / ]
=Asin2/ [vtx]
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
1:reflection
2;Refraction
3:polarization
4:diffraction
5:interference
Number of beats per second=f1-f2
where f1>f2
15
A
N
l=
4 =3
/4=53/4
A=antinode,N=node
l=/2=2=33/2
Distance between;
A and N= /4
SOUND WAVE
Tx=2x
>>>>>>>>>>x>>>>>>>>.
<<<<<<x<<<<<<<<<<<<.
V=d/t
Solution
=2d/t
F=/,v=300,=0.5m
D=vt/2
F=v/=200Hz
VT,V=KT
V1/T1=V2T2
Solution
T=temperature
Y=Asin2/[vt-x]
V=T/M
Vt=60t
F=1/2LT/M F=frequency
V=60m/s
fT,F1/L
Amplitude=15.
F1/T1 =F2/T2
a,1 harrmonic=2f
b,2 harmonnic=3f
Solution
c,3 harmonic=4f
5=6f
d,4 harmonic=5f
5th overtone=6x20=120Hz
e,5harmonic=6f
F1/F2=L2/L1
f=fundamental frequency
length of column in a closed pipe;
16
Solution
F1/f2=l1/l2
20/5=L2/10
L2=40cm
EXAMPLE5:If tension is maintained on a
stretched string of length 0.6m,such that
its fundamental frequency of 220Hz is
excited,determine the velocity of the
transverse wave in the string?
SOLUTION
=2 L , V =F
V=20x0.6x220=264m/s.
EXERCISE
REFRENCE
1:Comprehensive certificate
physics-AWE OLUMUYIWA
2:UME 1990 QU 22
3;UME 1992 QU 20
4:UME 1994 QU 28
5:UME 2002 QU 24
2:lamlad physics-O.AJAJA
6:UME 2007 QU 19
7:UME 2006 QU 25
8:UME 2004 QU 42
9:UME 2010 QU 24
10:UME 2012 QU26..
17
MOTION
Speed=1km/hr=0.27778m/sec
Length=100m=1km
Mass=1g=0.001kg
Time=1day=86400secs
1year=3.16x10^7 secs.
CONVERSION OF UNITS
ENERGY
1Kwhr=3.6x10^6J
1eV=1.602x10^-19J
1cal=4.184J
POWER
1hp=746W
1J/s=1W
1cal/s=4.184W
18