UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona 3, Las Pias City, Metro Manila 1740, PHILIPPINES
www.perpetualdalta.edu.ph +63(02) 871-06-39

Introduction to
Criminology and
Psychology of Crimes

Submitted by:
Criminology IB
(Group II)
Submitted to:
Ms. Liezel E. Baclig
Instructor

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 : CRIMINOLOGY OVERVIEW

What is Criminology ?
4
Goals of Criminology 4
Nature of Criminology .. 4
Scope of Criminology ... 5
Historical Notes ...
5
Concept of Criminal Law and Crime .. 7
The Early Legal Codes ..
8
The Common Law . 9
The Statutory Law ...
9
Mala Inse Crimes 9
Mala Prohibita Crimes . 9
The Revised Penal Code . 9
What is Crime?
10
Crime vs. Sin
10
General Laws and Views on Crime 10
Legal Classification of Crime
11
Criminological Classification of Crimes ..
13

CHAPTER 2 : THEORIES OF CRIME

The Criminal Offender ..
15
General Classification of Criminals ..
16
Demonological Theory
17
Three Major Criminology School Thoughts
18
The Classical School of Criminology
18
Arguments against the Classical school
20
The Neo-Classical School of Criminology .
20
The Positive School of Criminology ..
21
Theory of Differential Association .
24
The Foundations of Sociological Criminology ..
25

CHAPTER 3 : FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPROACHES OF

CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
2

The Geographical Factors . 27

The Biological Factors ..
28
Physical Defects and Handicapped in Relation to Crimes .
29
Study of Heredity as the Causes of Crimes ...
29
Psychoanalytic & Psychiatric Factors ..
30
Early Twentieth Century 31
Study of William Sheldon (Varieties of Delinquent Youth) ..
31
Approaches of Crimes ... 33

CHAPTER 4 : CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

Classification of Behavior (Atkinson, 1993) ..
35
Patterns of Criminal Behavior ..
39
Classification of Anxiety Disorders ..
40
Classification of Mood Disorders 43
Common Characteristic of Anti-social Personalities
43
Types of Organic Mental Disorders (Coleman, 1980) ..
44

Groups of Organic Mental Disorder (Coleman, 1980) .

44
Disorders Involving Head Injury
45
Levels of Mental Retardation ...
46
Schizophrenia and Paranoia 47
The Addictive Disorders ..
48
The Sexual Deviations .
48
Sexual Behavior Leading to Sex Crimes ........
49

Chapter 1

WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY ?
Study of crimes and criminals
Scientific approach of studying criminal behavior
Process of making laws, breaking laws and the effort of the society
to repress them
Entire body regarding crime as a social phenomenon

GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. To identify the cause and nature of criminal behavior whether personal or
social
2. To formulate and develop wild principles towards prevention and control of
crime
4

3. To establish a set of regulations for the rehabilitation of the offender

4 NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is .

Dynamic
An Applied Science
Nationalistic
A Social Science

3 SCIENCES DIRECTLY RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGY

Sociology study of crime focused on the group of people and society
as a whole
Psychology science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal
Psychiatry study of the human mind

SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
o

Criminal Demography
study of the relationship between criminology and population

Criminal Epidemiology
study of the relationship between environment and criminality

Criminal Ecology
study of the criminality relation to the special distribution of community

Criminal Physical Anthropology

study of criminality relation to physical construction of man

Criminal Psychiatry
study of the human mind in relation to criminality

Criminal Psychology
study of human behavior in relation to criminality

Victimology
study of the role of the victim in the commission of the crime

HISTORICAL NOTES
a) Rafael Garofalo
An Italian law professor who coined the term criminologia in 1885
b) Paul Topinard
French anthropologist who introduced the term criminology in 1887

c) Cesare Beccaria
He is the author of On Crimes and Punishment on 1764 and laid down the
foundation of classical school of criminology
d) Emile Durkheim
French sociologist who argued that crime is a normal part of the society like
death and birth
e) Edwin Sutherland
One of the founding scholar of American criminology and offered the
definition of criminology on 1947
f) Donald Cressey
American sociologist who made innovative contribution to the study of
criminology organized crime
g) Cesare Lombroso
Father of modern criminology
He introduced the concept that some people are born criminals because of
physical stigmata
h) Enrico Ferri
He is the student of Lombroso that emphasizes environment conditions as the
main reason for the people committing crimes
i) Charles Buckham Goring
He conducted a well controlled study with findings that there are no such
things as a physical criminal type which Lombroso proposed

j) Ernest Hooton
An American anthropologist who claimed that criminals had organic
inferiorities from native parentage are mainly derived

CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIME

WHAT IS CRIMINAL LAW ?
o

It is a body of specific rules regarding human conduct which are promulgated

by political authority, applied uniformly to all members of the classes and are
enforces by the punishment administered by the state

Principle : Nullum Crimen Nulla Poena Sine Legis

No matter what degree of immorality, reprehensibility or indecency of an
act, it is not a crime unless it is prohibited by the said law

BASIC ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LAW

1. There must be a law or state promulgated by the state
2. The law or statute must specifically define what act or conduct is criminal
3. The law or statute must have a penal sanction

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW

1. Generality the law is binding upon all person who resides in the Philippines
irrespective of age, Sex, color, creed or personal circumstance
2. Territoriality the law is applicable to all crimes committed within the limits
of
the Phil. territory including its atmosphere, interior water and
maritime zone
3. Irrestrospectivity or Prospective the law does not have any retroactive
effect

FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW

Providing social control

Discouraging revenge
Expressing public opinion and morality
Deterring criminal behavior
Maintaining the social orders

EARLY LEGAL CODES

7

1. Code of Hammurabi first known attempt to establish a written code of

Conduct
King Hammurabi of Babylon
2. Mosaic Code based on assumption that God entered a covenant with the
Israelites
long impact on collective consciousness
3. Draconian Code Athenian law by Draco
4. Hindu Code of Manu Manava Dharma Shastra (Law of Righteous Conduct)
5. Koran central religious text of Islam (Muslims)
6. Law of 12 Tables a roman law ; collection of basic rules relating to the
conduct of the family and religious economic life
7. Code of Kalantiao Jose E. Marco (1913)
Las antiguas Legendas de la Isla de Negues or
the Ancient legends of the Island of Negros

WHAT IS COMMON LAW ?

o
o
o

It is the law applied to all subjects of the land without regard for geographic
or social differences
Judge made law
Law found in the previously decided law

WHAT IS STATUTORY LAW ?

o

Law that deals with issues of morality and drug related offenses

WHAT IS MALA INSE ?

o
o

Crimes where the person knows that what theyre doing is wrong
Examples of Mala inse crimes are rape and murder

WHAT IS MALA PROHIBITA ?

8

An act which would not be wrong but for the fact that positive law forbids
them
Examples of Mala prohibita crimes are traffic violations and gambling

o
o

THE REVISED PENAL CODE

The Philippines like any other sovereign state has its own code of crime for the
behavior control of the people so journing its territory. This code of crime is known
as an Act No. 3815 or the Revised Penal Code which took effect on January 1,
1932.

3 PARTS OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE

o
o
o

Principles affecting criminal liability. (Article 1 20)

Penalties including criminal and civil liability. (Article 21 113)
Specific felonies and their penalties. (Article 114 366)

WHAT IS A CRIME?
o An act or omission in violation of a criminal law
o
o

An anti-social act ; an act that is injurious, detrimental, or unacceptable acts

An act which is considered undesirable due to behavior maladjustment of the
offender

CRIME VS. SIN

Crime is an act or omission in violation of a public law forbidding or
commanding it, or simply a violation against a penal law of state. A sin is an act or
omission against the law of God (Divine Law).

GENERAL LAWS IN CRIME

o

Offense - an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as

Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum

Circular, etc.
Delinquency or Misdemeanor - an act that is in violation of simple
rules and regulations usually referring to acts committed by minor

offenders
Felony - an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code,
the criminal in the Philippines

GENERAL VIEWS ON CRIME

Pervasive All of us were once upon a time a victim of crime and worst a
suspect or offender
Expensive Our government spend an enormous amount of money for
crime prevention, detection, prosecution, and rehabilitation
Destructive Many lives and properties were loss due to crime
Reflective A barometer of how effective and efficient our established
programs regarding crime prevention and suppression
Progressive Offenders also cope up adjust through the exigencies they
never stopped looking for opportunities on how they can accomplished their
bad intentions

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

As to the manner of crimes are committed

a) Intentional Crime committed by means of malice
- examples : Murder, Estafa, Arson
b) Culpable Crime committed as a result of imprudence, negligence, lack
of
foresight, or lack of skills
- examples : Homicide thru reckless imprudence

As to the stages in the commission of crimes

a) Consummated Crime when all the elements necessary for its
execution and accomplishments are present
10

b) Frustrated Crime when the offender has performed all the acts of
execution which will produced the felony as a consequence but which
nevertheless do not produce it, by reason of causes independent of the
will of the perpetrator
c) Attempted Crime when the offender commences the commission of a
crime directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution
which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident
other than his own spontaneous distance

According to plurality
a) Simple Crime single act constituting only one offense
- examples : Theft, Robbery, Homicide, Murder, Libel
b) Complex Crime single act constituting two or more grave felonies
- example : Robbery with Homicide

According to gravity
a) Grave Felonies Those to which the law attaches the capital punishment
or afflictive penalties
b) Less Grave Felonies those to which the law punishes with penalties
which are correctional in nature
c) Light Felonies Those infractions of law for the commission of which
the penalty of arresto mayor not exceeding of P200.00

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
CRIMES

According to the result of crime

a) Acquitive Crime The offender acquires something
- examples : Theft, Robbery, and Estafa
b) Extinctive Crime The consequence of crime is destructive
- examples : Homicide, Murder, Parricide, and Arson

According to the time or period of the commission of crime

a) Seasonal Crime committed only during a certain period of year
- example : Rampant snatching during Christmas season

11

b) Situational Crime committed only when the situation is conducive to

its commission
- example : Hold-up during night time

According to the length of time of commission of the crime

a) Instant Crime committed in the shortest possible time
- example : pick pocketing
b) Episodic Crime committed by a series of acts within a lengthly space of
time
- example : Pyramiding Scam

According to the place or location

a) Static Crime committed only in one place
- examples : Rape, Murder, Robbery
b) Continuing Crime committed in several places
- examples : Serial Killing, Series of Arson

According to the use of mental faculties

a) Rational Crime committed with intent and the offender is in full
possession
of his sanity
b) Irrational Crime committed by an offender who does not know the
nature
and quality of his act an account of the disease of the
mind

According to the type of offender

a) White-collar Crime Committed by a person belonging to the upper
socioeconomic class in the course of his occupational
activities
- examples : Graft and Corruption, Plunder, Money
Laundering
b) Blue-collar Crime committed by ordinary professional criminal to
maintain his livelihood
- examples : Shoplifting, Theft

According to the motive of the offender

a) Crime of Imitation committed by merely duplication of what was
done by others
b) Crime by Passion committed because of the fit of general emotions
c) Crime Service crime committed through rendition of a service to
satisfy desires of others

12

Chapter 2
CRIMINAL OFFENDER
o

A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by court for the

o
o

violation of a criminal law

A person who violate a social norm or one who did an anti social act
A person who violated the rules of conduct due to behavior maladjustment

WHO ARE CONSIDERED PRINCIPALS?

o
o
o

Those who take a direct part in the execution of the act

Those who directly force or induce others to commit it
Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without
which it would not have been accomplished

WHO ARE CONSIDERED ACCOMPLICES?

o

Those persons, who not being included as principals but cooperate in the
execution of the offense by previous or simultaneous act

WHO ARE CONSIDERED ACCESSORIES?

o

Those who having knowledge of the commission of the crime and without
having participated there in, either as principal or accomplices take part
subsequent to its commission in the following manner :
a By profiting themselves or assisting the offender to profit the effect of the
crime
b By concealing or destroying the body of the crime or the effects of the
c

instruments thereof, in order to prevent its discovery

By harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal of the
crime
13

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS

On the basis of etiology (origin)

a Acute Criminals person who violates criminal law because of the
b

impulse of the moment fit of passion or anger

Chronic Criminals person who acted in consonance with deliberated
thinking and plans the crime ahead of time

On the basis of behavioral system

a Ordinary Criminals the lowest form of criminal career
- they engaged only in conventional crimes which
require limited skill
b

example : Snatchers
Organized Criminals criminals that have a high degree or organization
that enables them to commit crimes without being detected by authorities
example : Budol Budol Gang

Professional Criminals persons who are engaged in criminal activities

with high degree of skills
practice crime as a profession to maintain his
living

example : Sniper
On the basis of activities
a Professional Criminals those who earn their living through criminal
b

activities
Accidental Criminals those who commit criminal act as a result of

unanticipated circumstances
Habitual Criminals Those who continue to commit criminal acts for

such diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligences and lack of control

Situational Criminals those who are actually not actually criminals but
get in
trouble

On the basis of mental attitude

a Active Criminals those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness
b Passive Inadequate Criminals those who commit crimes because
c

they are pushed to it by reward or promise

Social Delinquents criminals who are normal in behavior but defective
in their socialization process of development

14

DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY
Long before the Classical School of Criminology existed there have been
beliefs that crime was being committed through Divine Intervention the explanation
that crime was caused by demons.
These anti-social acts or offense was due to the bad spirit, demons, or
someone from the other world forced or pushed a person to commit a wrong doing.
God wanted to punish these criminals because they were sinful and they
defied His will.

THREE MAJOR CRIMINOLOGY SCHOOL

THOUGHTS
o
o
o

The Classical School

The Neo-Classical
The Positive School

CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Leading Personalities
a

Cesare Beccaria (1738 1794) founder of classical school of

criminology

b
c

- published a book entitled On Crimes and

Punishment in 1764.
Jeremy Bentham (1748 1832) formulated the concept Utilitarianism
- published a book An Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation
John Howard (1726 1790) created the Howard Association in 1866

CESARE BECCARIA

15

According to him, crime is caused the individual exercised of their Free will,

humans are rational enough to determine the consequences of their actions

Punishment is means directed towards the offender it is also way to

discourage other people from committing a crime

Crime prevention is effective through swift and certain punishment
Any offender must be punish regardless of the age, sex, mental capability,
etc.

ADDITIONAL NOTEWORTHY FEATURES OF THE CLASSICAL

CRIMINOLOGY

All the people are rational being. Free will

People commit crime after weighing the pain and gain principle.
The punishment should correspond to the offense
It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them
The catch phrase was Let the punishment fit the crime

JEREMY BENTHAM

Utilitarian Theory which explains that a person always acts in such a

way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain. He was concerned achieving The

greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Crime is an injury to the society punishment is not simple for social revenge
but for general good and punishment is a form of deterrence for others not to

commit a crime.
He also devised a pseudo-mathematical called Felcific-calculus which is

used to compute whether a certain crime is worth committing or not.

Punishment should be fair enough to deter people from committing crime

JOHN HOWARD

He made 7 journeys to different prisons in Europe in search of humane and

efficient prison system.
Some of his observation were:
o Mothers and babies in prison
o Overcrowding
o Prison regimes
o
o

Drugs in prison
Children in the Penal system
16

o Lacks of educational, healthcare, sanitation program.

He created the Howard Association in 1866

ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE CLASSICAL

CRIMINOLOGY

Unfair It treat all men as if they are robots without regard to individual

differences and surrounding circumstances where the crime is committed.

Unjust It imposes equal punishment to first offenders and recidivist.
The nature and definition of punishment is not individualized.
It is magna carta of the professional criminals he knows what is coming

to him and could calculate the risk.

It considers only the injury caused not the mental condition of the offender.

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF
CRIMINOLOGY
Leading personalities

GABRIEL TARDE (1834 1904)

o formulated the Theory of Imitation.
o he analyze human society, particularly human process to be the result
of individuals engaged in relational behavior according to each
individual characteristic and generally exemplifying one of the three
process which are Invention, Imitation, and Opposition

CONCEPT OF NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Free-will of man be influenced by other factors beyond his control and

determinism.
These prevailing factors such as insanity, an incompetence minority physical
and mental disability, and others that may not let the individual exercise his

free-will entirely.
The pain from committing a crime must be greater than the pleasure that it
brings to.
17

PRINCIPLE OF NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

Judges should render sentence with minimum and maximum limits

Mitigating and justifying circumstances should be recognized in the

imposition of the penalties

Minors are exempted from criminal responsibilities
Mentally deficient and insane persons at the time of the commission of the
crime are also exempted from criminal responsibility

POSITIVE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

The term Positivism refers to a method of analysis based of the collection of

observable scientific facts.

Positivism is the basis of most natural sciences
Positivist criminology is the application of science to the study of people

LEADING PERSONALITIES IN POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY

AUGUSTE COMTE Father of Positivism

he applied scientific method to the study people

CESARE LOMBROSO
o

Father of Modern Criminology due to his application of modern

scientific methods to trace criminal behavior

He claimed that criminals are distinguishable from the physical

features of creatures at a certain stage of development

He asserted that crimes are committed by those who are born with

certain recognizable heredity traits present at birth

According to his theory criminals are usually in possession of huge jaws
and strong canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater
than their height, just like that of apes who use their forearms to push
themselves along the ground
18

Other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape,

asymmetry of the face, excessive dimensions of the jaw and
cheekbones, eye defect, and peculiarities, ears of unusual size, nose
twisted upturned or flattened in thieves or aquiline or beaklike in
murdered, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding and pooches in the cheek
like those of animals toes

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO LOMBROSO

o

BORN CRIMINALS they are born criminals; the belief that criminal
behavior

is inherited
INSANE CRIMINALS those who are not criminals by birth
- they become criminals as a result of some changes in
their

o
o

brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish

between right and wrong
CRIMINALOIDS those who commit crime due to less physical stamina or
self-control
CRIMINAL BY PASSION individuals who are easily influenced by great
emotions

like fit of anger

OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS those who commit crime due to insignificant
reasons

that pushed them to do a given occasion

PSEUDO-CRIMINALS those who kill in self-defense

ENRICO FERRI

He was the best known Lombrosos associates

His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free-will
which argued that criminals should be held morally responsible for their
crimes because they must have made a rational decision to commit a crime

RAFAELLE GARAFALO
19

He rejected the doctrine of free-will and supported the position that the only

way to understand crime was to study it by scientific method

According to his theory Moral Anomalies, natural crimes are found in all
human societies regardless of the views of the law and no civilized society
law afford to disregard them

TYPES OF CRIMINALS ACCORDING TO GARAFALO

LASCIVIOUSNESS CRIMINALS those who commit crime against chastity

MURDERERS those who satisfied from vengeance or revenge
VIOLENT CRIMINALS those who commit crimes against property

COMPARISON OF THE CLASSICAL AND POSITIVIST SCHOOL

Classical School
Positivist School
Legal definition of Crime
No to Legal Definition
Punishment Fit for the Crime
Punishment Fit for the Crime
Doctrine of Free Will
Doctrine of Determinism
Death Penalty Allowed
Abolition of Death Penalty
No Empirical Research
Inductive Method
Definite Sentence
Indeterminate Sentence

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY

o
o
o

Formulated by Edwin Sutherland

Criminal behavior is learned and not inherited
Learned through interaction with other persons in a learning process of

o
o

communication
Learning process includes technique of committing the crime motive
Tell me who youre friends are and I tell you who you are

FOUNDATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL
CRIMINOLOGY
20

ANOMIE THEORY
o

Focused on sociological point of positivist school which explains that

the absence of norms in society provides a setting conducive to crimes

and other anti-social acts

According to Emile Durkheim, crime is a part of human nature because
it has existed during periods of poverty and prosperity

STRAIN THEORY
o

According to Robert Merton, explanation to the criminal behavior

assumes that people are law abiding but when under great pressure

will result to crime

It holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals
people have and the means they can use the legally obtain goals as
members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals which
come easily to those belonging to the upper class. Consequently they
feel anger, frustration and resentment, referred to as strain.

SUB-CULTURE THEORY OF DELINQUENCY

o

Albert Cohen claims that the lower class cannot socialize effectively of
the middle class what is considered appropriate middle class behavior.
The lower class gathered together and share common problems that

reject middle class values. He called it Reaction Formation.

He puts emphasis on the explanation of prevalence, origins, process,
and purposes as factors to crime.

NEUTRALIZATION THEORY
o
o

Formulated by Gresham Sykes

It maintains that an individual will obey social rules depending upon his
or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or
destruction. People become law abiding if they feel they are benefitted
and they violate if it laws are not favorable to them.

DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY

o

Explained that society leads the lower class want things and society
does things to people.
21

According to Lloyd Ohlin, there is different opportunity or access or

success goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means depending on
the specific location of an individual within the social structure.

INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY
o

Earl Richard Quinney argued that the state exist as device for
controlling the exploited class. The class that labor for the benefits of
the ruling class. He claims that upper class created laws that protect
their interest and same time the unwanted behavior of all other

members of the society.

Major contribution: He proposed the shift in focus from looking for the
cause of crime from individuals to the examination of the criminal
justice system for clues.

THEORY OF EVOLUTION
o
o

Formulated by Charles Darwin

That human like other animals are parasite. Man is an organism having

animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival.

Man kills and steals to live

Chapter 3
FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPROACHES OF CRIME AND
CRIMINALITY

GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
o

North and South Pole According to Quetelet, Thermic Law of

Delinquency crimes against person predominate in the South Pole
during warm season while crime against property predominates in the

North Pole and cold countries.

Approaches to the Equator According to Montesquieu, Spirit of
Law criminality increase in proportion as one approach the equator
22

and drunkenness increases as one approaches the north and South

Pole.
o

Season of the Year Crimes against in person or move in summer

that rainy while crime against property are more during the rainy

season.
Soil Formation More crimes of violence are more recorded in fertile

level lands than in hilly rugged terrain.

Month of the Year There is more incidents of violent crimes during

warm months from April to July having its peak in May.

Temperature The number of arrest increase quite regularly with the
increase of temperature affects the emotional state of the individual

and leads to fighting.

Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure Large number of assault are
to be found correlated with law humidity and small number at high

humidity.
Wind Velocity Explains high wind the arrest were less due to the
presence of more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that lessen the
vitality of men to commit violence.

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
o

Physiognomy The study of relationship between the facial features

and human conduct of person is relation to his crime.

Prenology or Craniology The study of the external formation of the
skull that indicator the confirmation and the development of its various
parts in relation to the behavior of the criminal.

PHYSICAL DEFECTS AND HANDICAPPED

IN
RELATION TO CRIME
23

These criminals are known by their physical handicapped and defects which
was the usual sources of irritation during their childhood days whenever they
became the subject matter of joke. As consequence they become violent, feel
inferior to other and being ostracized the society.

STUDY OF HEREDITY AS THE CAUSE OF

CRIMES
The common household expression like is in blood and like father like son
are usually heard and said whenever there are several members of the family who
are criminals accordingly heredity transmit single traits of parents to offspring .
Criminality of the offspring is used to determine the nature of the parents and
nature of their crime.
Some study are :
o

Study of Kallikak Family Tree Martin Kallikak, an American revolutionary,

who married twice. First is into a feeble-minded girl, his descendants are
mostly feeble-minded and only 46 are normal. Second marriage was a Quaker
of good family, and all his descendants are all normal and no one became

criminal or epileptic.
Study of Juke Family Tree the Juke family considered of 6 girls some of
whom were illegitimate. One of the six sisters, Ada Juke was known as
Margaret the mother of criminals. The descendants trace are mostly
criminals, habitual thieves, murderers, prostitute and contaminated by sexual
diseases.

Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree Sir Jonathan Edwards was a
famous preacher during the colonial period. When his family was traced,
none of the descendants was found to be criminals. On the other hand, many
24

became president of the United States, governor, members of supreme court,

famous writers, preacher and teacher.

PSYCHOANALYTIC AND PSYCHIATRIC

FACTORS
o
o

Psychoanalytic Analysis of human behavior

Psychiatric Study of human mind

SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

Criminal behavior is a form neurosis, that criminality may result from an over
active conscience. Crime is the result of the compulsive need for the punishment to
alleviate guilt and anxiety. Criminal behavior is a means of obtaining gratification of
needs.
Criminal conducts represent a displaced hostility, it is a representation of
psychological conflict.

ID The impulse or instinct of social drives. It contains that is inherited, that

is present at birth. The human being is prepared to behave only in terms of
Pleasure Principle towards the discharge of his instinctual energies.
Selfishness violence and anti-social wishes are part of the original instinct of

man.
Ego Operates on the basis of expediency, the question of right and wrong,
safe or dangerous, permitted or prohibited. Decisions are reached in terms of

Reality Principles.
Superego Means the conscience of man. It tries to correct or control the
ego

and

maybe

represented

by

the

Voice

of

God,

moral

truth,

commandments of society, good for the whole will of the majority, cultural
conventions and other rules.

25

EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

ERNEST KRETSCHMER WITH THE IDEA OF SOMATOTYPING

Pyknic Type Those who are stout and with round bodies they tend to

commit deception, fraud, and violence.

Athletic Type Those who are muscular and strong, they usually connected

with crimes of violence.

Asthenic Type Those who are skinny, their crime are pretty thieves and

fraud.
Dyplastic or Mixed type Those who are less clear evident having any
predominant type; their offenses are against decency and morality.

STUDY OF WILLIAM SHELDON

William H. Sheldon Somatotyping Theory
Sheldon key ideas are concentrated on the principle of Survival of the
Fittest as a behavioral science. He combines the biological and psychological
explanation is understand deviant behavior.
Somatotyping Theory maintains the belief of inheritance as the primary
determinants of behavior and the physique is a reliable indicator of personality.

STUDY OF WILLIAM SHELDON

Theories of Physique
Endomorphic Soft roundness

Temperament
Viscerotonic General relaxation of

through various region of body; short

body, a comfortable person, loves

tapering

luxury,

limbs;

small

smooth velvet skin.

Mesomorphic

bones

Large

and

wrists,

an

essentially

person.
Romotonic Active dynamic, walks,

relatively predominance of muscles,

talks,

lean a hard rectangular outline.

Ectomorphic Fragile, lean, delicate

behaves aggressively.
Cerebrotonic Introvert

26

extrovert

gestures

assertively
full

and
of

bones, ropy shoulder, small face,

functional

complaints,

chronic

sharp nose, fine hair, relatively small

fatigue, insomnia, sensitive skin and

body mass.

too noise, shrinks from crowd.

ERNEST HOOTONS THEORY

Theories of Physique
Tall and thin men

Usual Crime Committed

Tend to commit forgery and fraud,
undersized men are thieves and

Undersized men
Short heavy person

burglars.
Tend to commit theft and burglars.
Tend to commit assault, rape, and

Average (mediocre) physique

other sex crimes.

Tend to flounder

around

among

other crimes.

APPROACHES OF CRIMES
a) Subjective Approaches
It deals mainly on the biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of
abnormalities that exist in the individual criminal before, during and after the
commission of the crime.
o

Anthropological Approach The study on the physical characteristics of

an individual offender with non-offenders in the attempt to discover

differences covering criminal behavior.

Medical Approach The application of medical examination on the
criminal explain the mental and physical condition of the individual prior

and after the commission of the crime.

Biological Approach The evaluation of genetic influences to criminal
behavior. It is noted that heredity is one force pushing the criminals to

commit crime.
Physiological Approach The study on the nature of human being
concerning his physical needs in order to satisfy his wants.

27

Psychiatric Approach It explain the crime through diagnosis of mental

disease as cause of criminal behavior.

Psychological Approach It is concerned about the deprivation of the
psychological needs of man which constitute the development of
deviations of normal behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions.
o Psychiatric Approach The explanation of crimes based on the
Freudian Theory which traces behavior as the deviation of the
repression of basic drives.

b) Objective Approaches
It deals on the study of groups, social process, and institution an influences to
behavior.
o

Geographic Approach This approach consider topography, natural

resources, geographical location, and climate lead an individual to commit

crime.
Ecological Approach it is concerned with biotic grouping of men to
migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor, and social

conflict as factor of crime.

Economic Approach Deals with the explanation of crime concerning
financial security of inadequacy and other necessities to support life as

factors to criminality.
Socio-cultural Approach Those that focus in institutions, economic,
financial, education, political, and religious influences to crime.

c) Contemporary Approaches
Modern days put emphasis on scientific modes of explaining crime and criminal
behavior. This focused on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric, and sociological
explanations of crime in an integrated theory an explanatory perspective that
merges concepts drawn from different sources.

Chapter 4
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
28

It is the science of behavior and mental process which means that

psychologist use the methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and
mental process, from the activity of a single nerve cell to the social conflict in a
complex society.
The study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to discover
recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior.

CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR
a) Normal Behavior (Adaptive or Adjusted Behavior) The standard
behavior, the totality accepted behavior because they follow the standard
norms of the society.
b) Abnormal Behavior (Maladaptive or Maladjusted Behavior) A group
of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go
against the norm or standard behavior of society.

Kinds of Behavior

Overt or Covert Behavior Those behavior that are outwardly manifested

or directly observable are overt behaviors, while covert behaviors are
behaviors that are hidden.

Simple or Complex Behavior These are acts categorized according to the

number of neurons involved in the process of behaving. Simple behavior
involves less numbers of neurons, while complex behavior involves more

number of neutrons because it is combination of the simple behavior.

Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior Those acts done with full of volition
of will as when discriminate, decide, or choose are voluntary, while
involuntary behavior refers to the bodily process show on his sanity and the
person laugh loud at nobody or nothing in particular.

29

Aspect of Behavior

Intellectual Aspect This aspect of behavior pertains to our way of

thinking, reasoning, solving problems, processing information and coping with

the environment.
Emotional Aspect This pertains to our feeling moods, temper, and strong

motivational force.
Social Aspect This pertains to how we interact or relate with other people.
Moral Aspect This refers to our conscience and concept what is good or

bad.
Psychosexual Aspect This pertains to our being man or woman and the

expression of love.
Political Aspect This pertains to our ideology towards society or

government.
Value or Attitude This pertains to our interest towards something, our
likes and dislikes.

Criminal Formula
The birth of criminal behavior (C) has three factors: Criminalistic Tendency
(T), Total Situation (S), and Persons Mental Resistance to Temptation (R). The
formula is C= T+S/R.

MENTAL DISTURBANCES AS CAUSES OF

CRIMES
Mental Deficiency
A condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind which exist
before the age of 18, whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or
injury. Mentally deficient person are prone to commit malicious damage to property
and unnatural sex. They may commit violent crimes but definitely not crimes
involving the use of mentality.

CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY

30

Idiots They are persons whose case exist mental defectiveness of such a
degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical

dangers. Their mentality is compared to a 2 years old person.

Imbecile They are persons in whose case exist mental defectiveness,
whose thought not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounced that they are
incapable of managing themselves or their affairs. There mentality is like a

child of 2 to 7 years old.

Feeble-minded Persons Those whose case exist mental defectiveness
which require care, supervision, and control for their own for the protection of
others, in case of children they appear to be permanently incapable by
reason of such defectiveness or receiving proper benefit from the instruction

in ordinary school.
Moral Defectiveness Persons wherein mental defect exist couple with
strong

vicious

or

criminal

propensities,

and

who

requires

care

and

supervision, and control for their own or for the protection of others.
Schizoprenia A form of psychosis, characterized by thinking disturbance
and regression to a more relatively unimpaired and intellectual functions are
well preserved. The patient is liable to impulsive acts, destructively and may

commit suicide.
Psychopatic Personality This is the most important cause of criminality
among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is characterized by lack of
conscience, deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to

environmental and other people.

Epilepsy This is a condition characterized by convulsive seizure and
tendency to mental deterioration. The seizure maybe extreme loss of

consciousness.
Compulsive Neurosis This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to
do something. There maybe an active desire to resist the irrational behavior
but prevented by the unconscious motives to act out his difficulty or to suffer
miserably in his fear. This neurosis maybe in the following forms:
o Pyromania Compulsive desire to set fire.
o Homicidal Compulsion The irresistible urge to kill somebody.
o Kleptomania The compulsive desire to steal.
o Dipsomania The compulsive desire to drink alcohol.

Most Common Type of Mental Illness that will Lead to Crime

Psychosis
Insanity
Neurosis
Mild Insanity
31

Paranoid Reaction

Chronic
characterized

Zchizophrenic

mental
by

illness
delusion,

persecution and grandeur.

Mental
illness
with
delusion
hallucination, and general mental

Sexual Deviation
Compulsion
Psychopath

regression. (Dementia praecox)

Abnormal sexual behavior
Irresistible urge impulse
Anti-social personality

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Neurotic or Psychoneurotic Behaviors
These are groups of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no
gross personality disorganizations, the individual does not lose contact with reality,
and hospitalization is not required. Neurosis embrace a wide range of behaviors that
are the core of most maladaptive life style.

Neurotic Nucleus The evaluation of reality and the tendency to avoid

rather than to cope with stress. It is characterized by anxiety avoidance

instead of coping which blocked personal growth.

Neurotic Paradox The tendency to maintain the lifestyle despite its
maladaptive nature. It is characterized by unhappiness and dissatisfaction.

Anxiety Disorders Commonly known as Neurotic Fear. When it is occasional

but intense is called Panic. When it is mild continuous it is called Worry. These
disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and mild
stresses.

32

CLASSIFICATION OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

o

Obsessive-compulsive Disorders When an individual is compelled to think

about something that he do not want to think about or carry some actions
against his will, and the experience of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem

to get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting situations.

Asthenic Disorders It is characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue
and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to
avoid fatigue but no avails because of headaches, indigestion, back pains and

dizziness awake.
Phobic Disorders These refer to the persistent fear in some objects or
situation that present no actual danger to the person.

Phobia
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Algophobia
Claustrophobia
Hematophobia
Mysophobia
Hydrophobia
Monophobia
Nyctophobia
Pyrophobia
Zoophobia

Example of Phobia
Object of Fear
High places
Open places
Pain
Closed places
Blood
Contamination
Water
Being alone
Darkness
Fire
Animals

Somatoform Disorders A branch of anthropology concerned with the

comparative study of human evolution, variation, and classification especially
through measurement and observation.
o Hypochondriasis This refers to the excessive concern about state of
o

health or physical condition.

Psychogenic Pain Disorder It is characterized by the report of
severe and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or reaction
is greatly in excess of what would be expected from physical
abnormality.

33

Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) It is neurotic pattern in which

symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control without any
underlying organic abnormality.

Symptoms of Hysteria
Anesthesia Loss of sensitivity
Hyperesthesia Excessive sensitivity
Hypesthesia Partial loss of sensitivity to pain
Analgesia Loss of sensitivity to pain
Parenthesia Exceptional sensation
Paralysis Selective loss of function
Astasia-abasia Inability to control leg when standing
Aphonia Partial inability to speak
Mutism Total inability to speak
Choking sensation
Coughing spells
Difficulty in breathing
Cold clammy extremities
Dissociative Disorders A person with obvious stress is characterized by
amnesia, multiple personality and depersonalization.
o Amnesia A partial or total inability to recall or identify past
o

experience following a traumatic incident.

Brain Pathology Amnesia The total loss of memory and it cannot

be retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication.

Psychogenic Amnesia The failure to recall stored information and
still they are beneath the level of consciousness but forgotten

material.
Multiple Personality It is called dual personality. The person
manifested two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically

different from each other.

Depersonalization It is the loss of sense of self or out of body
experience. The cases if somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall on
this disorder.

Mood Disorder

These disorders is one of the mood which is the internal state of a person, and
this does not affect the external expression of emotional content.
These disorders are group of clinical conditions characterized by a loss of sense
of control of persons moods and a subjective experience of great distress mood may
34

be elevated to depression. These disorders always result in impaired interpersonal,

social, and occupational functioning.

CLASSIFICATION OF MOOD DISORDERS

o

Major Depressive Disorders Patients with depressed mood have loss

of energy and interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of

o
o

appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Dysthmic Disorders A mild form of depressive disorder.
Bipolar Disorders Those who experience by patients with both manic

o
o

and depressive episodes.

Cyclothymic Disorders It is a less severe of bipolar disorders.
Psychopathic Behaviors It is generally called personality or character
disorder. The second group of abnormal behaviors, which typically
stemmed from immature and distorted personality development.

COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF ANTISOCIAL

PERSONALITIES
Inadequate conscience development and unable to accept ethical values.
Irresponsible and impulsive behavior; low frustration tolerance.
Ability to impress and exploit others, projecting blame to others their own
anti-social acts.
Rejection of authority
Inability to maintain good interpersonal relationship

Organic Mental Disorders A diagnosis of mental disorder is associated with a

specific identified organic cause, such as abnormalities of brain structures. These

35

are mental disorders that occur when the normal brain has been damage resulting
from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

TYPES OF ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS

o

Acute Brain Disorder It is caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain

function. Its symptoms range from mild mood change to acute delirium.
Chronic Brain Disorder The brain disorder that result from injuries,
disease, drugs, and a variety of other conditions. It symptoms includes
impairment of orientation, impairment of memory, learning, comprehension
and judgment, emotion and self-control.

GROUPS OF ORGANIC MENTAL

DISORDER
o

Delirium The severe impairment of information processing in the brain

affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking.

Dementia Deterioration in intellectual functioning after compelling brain
maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skills,

problem solving, and judgment.

Amnestic Syndrome The inability to remember on going of hallucinations,

the false perception that arise in full wakefulness state.

Organic or Affective Syndrome The extreme or severe manic or

depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function.

Organic Delusional Syndrome The false belief arising in a setting of

known or suspected brain damage.

Organic Personality Syndrome The general personality changes

following brain damage.

General Paresis Also called dementia paralytic a syphilitic infection of

the brain and involving impairment of the Central Nervous System.

Disorders Involving Brain Tumor Involving abnormal enlargement of
body tissues. It can cause a variety of personality alterations and it may lead
to any neurotic behavior and consequently psychotic behavior.
36

DISORDERS INVOLVING HEAD INJURY

o

Retrograde Amnesia The inability to recall events immediately preceding

o
o

the injury.
Intra Cerebral Hemorrhage A gross bleeding at the side of damage.
Petechial Hemorrhage Small spots of bleeding at the side of damage
these injuries may also impair language and other sensory motor functions

o
o
o
o
o
o

and may result to brain damage.

Auditory Aphasia Loss of ability to understand spoken words.
Expressive Aphasia Loss of ability to understand spoken required words.
Nominal Aphasia Loss of ability to recall name of object.
Alexia Loss of ability to read.
Apraxia Loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts.
Senile Dementia Mental disorder that accompanies by brain degeneration

due to old age.

Pre-senile Dementia Mental disorder associated with earlier degeneration
of the brain.

Mental Retardation A mental disorder characterized by sub-average general

functioning existing concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
mental disorder before the age of eighteen (18). The person is suffering from low
I.Q., difficulty focusing attention and deficiency in fast learning.

LEVELS OF MENTAL RETARDATION

Type of Retardation
Mild Mental

Level of I.Q.
52 67

Description
Educable

Retardation
Moderate Mental

36 51

Trainable

Retardation
Severe Mental

20 35

Dependent Retarded

Retadation
Profound Mental

Under 20

Life Support Retarded

Retardation
37

SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PARANOIA

Schizophrenia Refer to group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross
distortions of reality, withdrawal from social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentations of perception, thoughts, and emotions. It also refers to terms such
as mental deterioration, dementia praecox, or split mind.

TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Simple Schizophrenia It is combinations of delusions, hallucinations, and

throat disorders.
Paranoid Schizophrenia

It is the illogical, changeable delusions

frequently accompanied by vivid hallucinations, with a resulting impairment

of critical judgment, unpredictable and occasionally dangerous behavior.

Catatonic Schizophrenia It is the altering period of extreme withdrawal

and extreme excitement.

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia There is emotional distortion manifested in

appropriate laughter, peculiar mannerism, and bizarre behavior.

Residual Schizophrenia Refers to persons who have a prior system
episode of schizophrenia but currently, are not displaying active delusions,

hallucinations, or overall disorganization of behavior.

Paranoia It is psychosis characterized by a systematized delusional
system. It is the apprehensions following a failure of frustration. Symptoms of
the disorder includes feeling of being mistreated, ignores, stole from, spied
upon, and over suspicious.

38

THE ADDICTIVE DISORDERS

A psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and
gambling. These psychological dependents create disastrous personal and social
problem.
o

Alcoholism (Problem Drinking) It is an addictive source of human

disorders. It serve as depressant, numb the brain, impairs judgment, lowers

self-control, and deterioration of perception.

Drug Abuse The appropriate use or misuse of drug is a threat to normal

behavior. This causes both physical and psychological dependency to drugs.

Pathological Gambling It is an addictive from of disorder which does not
involve chemically addictive substance.

THE SEXUAL DEVIATIONS

It is the impairment of either the desire for the sexual gratification or in the
ability to achieve it.

Those Affecting Male

o Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) It is characterized by the
o

inability to achieve or maintain erection for successful intercourse.

Premature Ejaculation It is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual
stimulation that result to the failure of the female partner to achieve

satisfaction.
Retarded Ejaculation It is the inability to ejaculate during
intercourse resulting to worry between partners.

Those Affecting Female

o Arousal Insufficient (Frigidity) A sexual disorder characterized by
partial or complete failure or complete failure to attain the lubrication
or swelling response of sexual excitement by the female partner.

39

Orgasmic Dysfunction A sexual disorder characterized by the

difficulty in achieving orgasm.

Vaginismus The involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance

to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.

Dyspareunia It is called painful coitus or painful sexual acts in
women.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR LEADING TO SEX

CRIMES

As to Sexual Reversals
o Homosexuality It is sexual behavior directed towards the same sex.
o

It is called Lesbianism or Tribadism for female relationship.

Transvetism Refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by

dressing like the opposite sex such as man wears female apparel.
Fetishism Sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body
parts, underwear of the opposite sex or objects associated with the
opposite sex.

As to the Choice of Partner

o Pedophilia A sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive
o

desire to have intercourse with a child or either sex.

Bestiality The sexual gratification is trained by having sexual

intercourse with animals.

Auto-sexual (Self-gratification or Masturbation) It is also called
self-abuse, sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation

o
o
o

of another.
Gerontophilia It is a sexual desire with an old person.
Necrophilia An erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
Incest A sexual relation between person who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.

As to Sexual Urge
o Satyriasis An excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual
intercourse.
40

Nymphomania A strong sexual feeling of women for an excessive

sexual urge.

As to Visual Stimulus
o Voyeurism

It

is

commonly

called

The

peeping

Tom,

an

achievement of sexual pleasure through clandestine peeping such as

peeping in dressing room, toilets, couples room, etc. and frequently the
o

person masturbate during the peeping activity.

Scoptophilia The intentional act of watching people undress or
during sexual intimacies.

As to Mode of Sexual Expression

o

Oralism It is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual

satisfaction.

Fellatio Male sex organ to the mouth of the woman coupled

with the act of sucking that initiates organism.

Cunniligus Sexual gratification is attained by licking the

external female genitalia.

Anilism Licking the anus of the sexual partner

Sado-masochism Pain or cruelty for sexual gratification

Sadism Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification

through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It
may also be associated with animals or objects instead of

human beings.
Masochism Infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual
pleasure.

41