CE 14 Solid Mechanics (Lecture 8) PDF

2/19/2011
Lecture 8
LECTURE 8 TOPICS
I. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
(Frames and Trusses)

Method of Consistent Deformations
Castiglianos Theorem: Theorem of Least Work
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Lecture 8-1
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This method is an extension of the superposition method.
The indeterminate structure is made statically determinate
by removing the redundant forces the determinate

structure is known as the primary structure.
120 kips
12
12
b=2
r=4
j=3
c=0
3b + r ? 3j + c
18
3(2) + 4 ? 3(3) + 0
10 > 9
Statically Indeterminate to the 1st Order,

i. e., there is one redundant force.

This method is an extension of the superposition method.
The indeterminate structure is made statically determinate
by removing the redundant forces the determinate

structure is known as the primary structure.
120 kips
Xa
120 kips
Ya
Four
Unknown
Reactions
c
Yc
Select One
Redundant
Force, Say
Xc
Xc
NOTE: This is
now statically
determinate with
unknown force Xc.
Xc
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
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Considering the primary structure and using superposition,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
(STRUCTURE A)
120 kips
120 kips
Xc
(STRUCTURE B)
Xc
(c)A
(c)B = fcc * Xc
DEFINITION:
fij = flexibility coefficient; displacement at point i due to a unit load at j. So fcc is

the displacement at joint c due to a unit load at c.

Considering the primary structure and using superposition,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
(STRUCTURE A)
120 kips
120 kips
(STRUCTURE B)
Xc
(c)A
c = (c)A + (c)B = 0
(c)A + fcc * Xc = 0
Xc =
( c )A
fcc
Xc
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION:
(c)B = fcc * Xc
After solving for Xc, the rest of
the reactions are obtained by
going back to the original
structure and using equilibrium
equations.
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To get (c)A, use any of the methods discussed in the
previous lecture.
(STRUCTURE B)
To get fcc, substitute Xc = 1
in structure B, then use

any of the methods
discussed in the previous
lecture.
Xc = 1
(c)B = fcc
Statically Indeterminate Frames

120 kips
Example 1
For the given frame, compute all the
reactions. EI is constant.
Use Method of Consistent
Deformations.
12 ft
12 ft
B
18 ft
C
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120 kips
Example 1
12 ft
Solution:
12 ft
B
HA A
Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

VA
No. of Unknowns: 4 (HA, VA, HC , VC)
18 ft
No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 3
M P = 0 Fy = 0 Fx = 0
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE!
VC
Alternative: Is 3b + r = 3j + c ?
b=2
r=4
j=3
c=0
HC
STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE!
3(2) + 4 = 3(3) + 0
10 > 9
1st Order
There is one redundant force.

120 kips
Example 1
Solution:
HA
Step 2: Redundant Force
VA
Select any of the unknown
reactions as the redundant

force. After selection, ensure
that the resulting frame is
statically determinate and
stable.
Select HC as the redundant force
and change hinge C to roller.
The frame is now statically
determinate and stable with
unknown redundant force HC.
C
HC
VC
120 kips
B
Change hinge C
to roller.
HC
Primary Structure
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(STRUCTURE A)
Example 1
120 kips
Solution:
Step 3: Superposition
Primary Structure
C
120 kips
B
(C)A
(STRUCTURE B)
A
C
At C:
C = ( C )A + ( C )B
C = ( C ) A + f CC H C = 0
HC
HC =
( C ) A
f CC
C is actually a Hinge in the actual frame so C = 0
HC
(C)B

(STRUCTURE A)
Example 1
Solution:
120 kips
B
Step 3: Virtual Work for Structure A

Determine (C)A using Virtual Work
discussed during the previous lecture.
Step 3a: Set up Moments, m and M

Required is (C)A . Apply a
horizontal unit load at C.

Remove all other loads.
(C)A
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
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(STRUCTURE A)
Example 1
120 kips
Solution:
HA
VA

Determine the reactions:
18 ft
For Structure A:
RC = 60 kips
VA = 60 kips
HA = 0
For Virtual Load:
rC = 3 4 kip
v A = 3 4 kips
12 ft
12 ft
RC
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
24 ft
A
hA
vA
18 ft
hA = 1 kip
rC

(STRUCTURE A)
Example 1
x1
Solution:
120 kips
B
12 ft
12 ft

60

Define axes x1 and x2:
For Structure A:
M = 60 x1 120 x1 12
A-B:
C-B:
60
M =0
C-B:
m = (3 4)x1
m = x2
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
x1
24 ft
For Virtual Load:

A-B:
18 ft
x2
3/4
18 ft
x2
3/4
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(STRUCTURE A)
Example 1
x1
Solution:
120 kips
B
12 ft
12 ft

Step 3b: Deflection (C)A
18 ft
x2
( C )A = mM dx
EI
mM
mM
(C)A
=
dx1 +
dx2
AB EI
CB EI
18
1 24
=
((3 4 )x1 )(60 x1 120 x 12 )dx1 + 1 ( x2 )(0 ) dx2
EI 0
EI 0
24
2
3
3
x1 x1 12
x1 12
45 x1
EI 3
2
6
0
77,760
=
EI
F

Example 1
Solution:
(STRUCTURE B)
Step 4: Virtual Work for Structure B

Determine (c)B = fCC using Virtual Work.
Also, set HC = 1.

Required is (C)B . Apply a horizontal
unit load at C.
Remove all other loads.
HC = 1
(C)B
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
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Example 1
(STRUCTURE B)
Solution:
24 ft

Determine the reactions:
HA
VA
18 ft
For Structure B:
RC = 3 4 kip
VA = 3 4 kip
H A = 1 kip
For Virtual Load:
rC = 3 4 kip
v A = 3 4 kips
HC = 1
RC
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
24 ft
A
hA
vA
18 ft
hA = 1 kip
rC

(STRUCTURE B)
Example 1
x1
Solution:
Define axes x1 and x2:
C-B:
HC = 1
3/4
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
M = x2
m = (3 4)x1
m = x2
18 ft
x2
x1
24 ft
For Virtual Load:

A-B:
3/4
For Structure B:
M = (3 4 )x1
A-B:
C-B:
24 ft
3/4
18 ft
x2
3/4
10
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(STRUCTURE B)
Example 1
x1
Solution:
24 ft

Step 4b: Deflection (C)B = fCC
18 ft
x2
mM
C
dx
EI
mM
mM
=
dx1 +
dx2
AB EI
CB EI
18
1 24
((3 4 )x1 )((3 4)x1 ) dx1 + 1 ( x2 )( x2 ) dx2
=
EI 0
EI 0
3 24
3 18
1 9 x1
1 x2
=
+
EI 16 3 0 EI 3 0
f CC =
HC = 1
(C)B
4,536
EI

120 kips
Example 1
12 ft
Solution:
12 ft
B
HA A
Step 5: Compute Reactions

VA
HC =
( C ) A
f CC
( C )A = 77,760
4,536
=
EI
f CC
EI
77,760 EI
HC =
= 17.14 kips
4,536 EI
H C = 17.14 kips
18 ft
VC
HC
Computed value is negative.

Direction should be to the left.
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120 kips
Example 1
12 ft
Solution:
12 ft
B
HA A
Step 5: Compute Reactions

Fx = 0
17.14 H A = 0
H A = 17.14 kips
H A = 17.14 kips
MA = 0
VC (24) 17.14(18) 120(12) = 0
VA
18 ft
C
VC
HC
VC = 72.85 kips
Fy = 0
72.85 120 + VA = 0
VA = 47.15 kips
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TRUSS: Consider a statically indeterminate (1st order) truss
as shown,
C
b = 13
j=8
r=4
b + r ? 2j
Xa
13 + 4 ? 2(8)
17 > 16
Xb
64 kips
Xc
Xe
There are four unknown reactions at the hinge

and two roller supports. We can select the
reaction at support c as the redundant force.
Statically
Indeterminate to
the 1st Order, i. e.,
there is one
redundant force.

as shown,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
B
c
b
64 kips
64 kips
Xc
The truss now is a

statically determinate
structure with unknown
force Xc.
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as shown,
(STRUCTURE A)
B
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
B
64 kips
D
c
a
a
64 kips
Xc
(STRUCTURE B)
C
D
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION:
c = (c)A + (c)B = 0
(c)A + fcc * Xc = 0
( c )A
Xc =
fcc
Xc

TRUSS: To get (c)A , use any of the methods discussed in
the previous lecture.

To get (c)B = fcc , substitute
Xc = 1 in structure B, then use

any of the methods
discussed in the previous
a
lecture.
(STRUCTURE B)
B
Xc = 1
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Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Example 2
B
Determine the reaction at support c

of the steel truss shown. Assume
L/A (ft/in2) = 1 and E = 30(103) ksi.
Also, determine all the bar forces.
D
32 ft

Deformations.
64 kips
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft

Example 2
Solution:

No. of Unknowns: 4 (Ha, Va, Rc , Re)
MP = 0
Fy = 0
Fx = 0
32 ft
c
Va
j =8
64 kips
24 ft
Alternative: Is b + r = 2j ?
b = 13
r=4
Ha
13 + 4 = 2(8)
17 > 16
24 ft
Rc
24 ft
Re
24 ft
STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE!
1st Order
There is one redundant force.
15
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Example 2
Solution:
Step 2: Redundant Force

Select either Rc or Re as the
redundant force. Removal of

support c or e will make the
Ha
truss statically determinate and
stable with one unknown
redundant force.
Select Rc as the redundant force.
The truss is now statically
unknown redundant force Rc.
Va
64 kips
Rc
Re
Rc
64 kips
Primary Structure

Example 2
(STRUCTURE A)
Solution:
Primary Structure
B
D
64 kips
64 kips
e
B
Rc
At Joint c:
c = ( c )A + ( c )B
c = ( c )A + f cc Rc = 0
( c ) A
Rc =
f cc
(STRUCTURE B)
C
D
Rc
c = 0 due to Roller at c
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Example 2
(STRUCTURE A)
Solution:

Determine (c)A using Virtual
Work discussed during the

previous lecture.
64 kips
Get bar forces P due

to 64 kips
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
B
( )
c
PL
= u
AE
c
Get bar forces u due

to unit load at c

Example 2
Solution:
(STRUCTURE A)
-24 C -24
D

Determine (c)A using Virtual
Work discussed during the

previous lecture.
0
64
b
36
36
e
12
12
64 kips

to 64 kips
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
B
( )
c
PL
= u
AE
-3/4
1
0
a

to unit load at c
-3/4 C
b
3/8
3/8
3/8
e
3/8
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Example 2
Member
L/A (ft/in2)
P*(kips)
uPL/A
ab
36
3/8
13.50
bc
36
3/8
13.50
cd
12
3/8
4.50
de
12
3/8
4.50
BC
-24
- 3/4
18.00
CD
-24
- 3/4
18.00
aB
-60
- 5/8
37.50
Bb
64
0.00
Bc
-20
5/8
-12.50
Cc
0.00
cD
20
5/8
12.50
Dd
0.00
De
-20
- 5/8
12.50
(STRUCTURE A)
B
(c)A
64 kips
( ) = u P L
c
( )
c
AE
122
=
E
= 122.00

Example 2
(STRUCTURE B)
Solution:

To get (c)B = fcc , substitute Rc = 1
in structure B, then use Virtual

Work discussed in previous
lecture.
Rc = 1

to Rc = 1
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
B
( ) = f = u u L
c B
cc
AE

to unit load at c
18
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Example 2
Solution:
(STRUCTURE B)
-3/4 C -3/4
D

To get (c)B = fcc , substitute Rc = 1
in structure B, then use Virtual

Work discussed in previous
lecture.
1
0
3/8
3/8
e
3/8
3/8
Rc = 1
(VIRTUAL LOAD)
B
c B

to Rc = 1
( )
uL
= f cc = u
AE
-3/4 C
-3/4
1
0
a

to unit load at c
b
3/8
3/8
e
3/8
3/8
NOTE: Bar forces of Structure B and Virtual Load structure are the same.

Example 2
Member
L/A (ft/in2)
P*(kips)
uPL/A
u u L/A
ab
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
bc
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
cd
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
de
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
BC
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
(STRUCTURE B)
B
(c)B
c
CD
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
aB
-60
- 5/8
37.50
0.391
Rc
Bb
64
0.00
0.000
Bc
-20
5/8
-12.50
0.391
( ) = f = u u L
Cc
0.00
0.000
cD
20
5/8
12.50
0.391
Dd
0.00
0.000
De
-20
- 5/8
12.50
0.391
c B
cc
f cc =
AE
3.25
E
= 3.25
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Example 2
Solution:
Step 6: Compute Rc
Rc =
( c ) A
f cc
32 ft
c
3.25
f cc =
( c )A = 122
E
E
122 E
Rc =
= 37.5 kips
3.25 E
Ha
Va
64 kips
24 ft
Rc
24 ft
24 ft
Re
24 ft
Computed value is negative.

Direction should be upwards.
Rc = 37.5 kips
Note: The rest of the reactions at hinge a and roller e can be
computed using the three equilibrium equations.

Example 2
Use Rc = 37.5 kips
Step 6: Actual Bar Forces P
Member
L/A (ft/in2)
P*(kips)
uPL/A
u u L/A
P = P* + u Rc
ab
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
21.92
bc
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
21.92
cd
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
-2.08
de
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
-2.08
BC
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
4.15
CD
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
4.15
aB
-60
- 5/8
37.50
0.391
-36.54
Bb
64
0.00
0.000
64.00
Bc
-20
5/8
-12.50
0.391
-43.46
Cc
0.00
0.000
0.00
cD
20
5/8
12.50
0.391
-3.46
Dd
0.00
0.000
0.00
De
-20
- 5/8
12.50
0.391
3.46
Note: Do not use Rc = +37.5. The above table was derived using an assumed downward force Rc.
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Example 2
Step 6: Actual Bar Forces P
B
4.15
4.15
0
64
0
c
b
21.92
21.92
-2.08
e
-2.08
64 kips

Example 2
IMPORTANT NOTES ON EXAMPLE 2
1.
After solving for the bar forces u and P* (on Structure A), the
solution can immediately proceed to completing the table up to
solution of the actual bar forces of the given truss.
2.
Steps 5 was only shown to present the solution of bar forces of

Structure B which was the same as the solution of bar forces u of
Structure A in Step 4.
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Example 2
Member
L/A (ft/in2)
P*(kips)
uPL/A
u u L/A
P = P*+u Rc
ab
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
21.92
bc
36
3/8
13.50
0.141
21.92
cd
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
-2.08
de
12
3/8
4.50
0.141
-2.08
BC
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
4.15
Rc =
=
( c ) A
f cc
122 E
3.25 E
= 37.5 kips
CD
-24
- 3/4
18.00
0.563
4.15
aB
-60
- 5/8
37.50
0.391
-36.54
Bb
64
0.00
0.000
64.00
Bc
-20
5/8
-12.50
0.391
-43.46
Cc
0.00
0.000
0.00
cD
20
5/8
12.50
0.391
-3.46
Dd
0.00
0.000
0.00
De
-20
- 5/8
12.50
0.391
3.46
Rc = 37.5 kips
=122.00 =3.25

TRUSS: Consider a statically indeterminate (2nd degree)
truss as shown,
C
b = 14
j=8
r=4
b + r ? 2j
c
a
14 + 4 ? 2(8)
18 > 16
64 kips
We can select the horizontal component of the

reaction at e and the internal force in bar Cd as
the redundant forces.
Statically
Indeterminate to
the 2nd Order, i. e.,
there are two
redundant forces.
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truss as shown,
C
b = 14
j=8
r=4
X2
b + r ? 2j
c
d
X1
14 + 4 ? 2(8)
18 > 16
64 kips
The truss now is

determinate with
unknown forces X1
and X2.
We can select the horizontal component of the

reaction at e and the internal force in bar Cd as
the redundant forces.

truss as shown,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
C
D
(A)
64 kips
D
B
X2
D
(B)
c
b
X1
64 kips
e X1
D
X2
(C)
d
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truss as shown,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
C
X2
a
64 kips
d
(A)
X1
D
(B)
64 kips
e X1
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION 1:
Let 1 = horizontal displacement of

the right support.
D
X2
1 = (1)* + f11 X1 + f12 X2 = 0
Equation 1
a
(A)
(B)
(C)
(C)

truss as shown,
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
C
X2
a
64 kips
d
(A)
X1
D
(B)
64 kips
e X1
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION 2:
Let 2 = relative axial displacement

between points C and d.
D
X2
2 = (2)* + f21 X1 + f22 X2 = 0
Equation 2
a
(A)
(B)
(C)
d
(C)
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Consider the two equations,
1 = (1)* + f11 X1 + f12 X2 = 0
Equation 1
2 = (2)* + f21 X1 + f22 X2 = 0
Equation 2
1 * f11
+
2 * f21
f12 X1 0
=
f22 X 2 0
where
P *L
1 * u1 AE
=
*
2 * u P L
2 AE
f11
f
21
u12L
f12 AE
=
u1L
f22
u2 AE
u2L
AE
u22L
AE

Example 3
B
For the truss shown, determine all the

bar forces. Assume L/A (ft/in2) = 1
and E = 30(103) ksi.
D
32 ft

Deformations.
64 kips
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
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Example 3
Solution:

No. of Unknowns: 4 Reactions
32 ft
MP = 0
Fy = 0
Fx = 0
64 kips
24 ft
b = 14
r=4
j =8
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE!
14 + 4 = 2(8)
18 > 16
2nd Order
There are two redundant forces.

B
Example 3
Solution:
Step 2: Redundant Forces
Select the horizontal reaction at
e and the internal force in bar

Cd as the two redundant forces.
The given truss is equivalent to
the one shown below.
X1 is the horizontal reaction at e
while X2 is the bar force Cd.
64 kips
X2
a
c
b
X1

unknown redundant forces.
64 kips
Primary Structure
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Example 3
C
Solution:
D
(A)
64 kips
C
D
C
X2
D
(B)
X1
64 kips
e X1
D
X2
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
a
(C)

STRUCTURE B
Example 3
Solution:
Step 3: Bar Forces P*, u1 , u2
a
C
-24
Set
b
1
-24
X1 = 1
0
0
36
36
STRUCTURE C
b
12
12
0
a
-0.6
X2
b
0
D
-0.8
64 kips
STRUCTURE A
C
-0.8
64
-0.6
e
0
Set X2 = 1
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Example 3
Step 4: Complete the Table
Bar
L/A
P*
u1
u2
u1P*L/A
u2P*L/A
u1u1L/A
u2u2L/A
u1u2L/A
ab
36
36
bc
36
36
cd
12
-0.6
12
-7.2
0.36
-0.6
de
12
12
BC
-24
CD
-24
-0.6
14.4
0.36
aB
-60
Bb
64
Bc
-20
Cc
-0.8
0.64
Cd
cD
20
20
Dd
-0.8
0.64
De
-20
96
27.2
0.6
*1 = 96 / E
*2 = 27.2 / E
f11 = 4 / E
f 22 = 4 / E
f12 = 0.6 / E
f 21 = 0.6 / E

Example 3
Solution:
Step 5: Solve the redundant forces
1 * f11
+
2 * f 21
f12 X 1 0
=
f 22 X 2 0
0.6 E X 1 0
96 E 4 E
+
=
4 E X 2 0
27.2 E 0.6 E
0.6 X 1 0
96 4
+
=
4 X 2 0
27.2 0.6
Two Equations in Two Unknowns
X 1 = 25.6 kips
X 2 = 10.6 kips
Horizontal Reaction at e
Bar Force at Cd
28
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X 1 = 25.6 kips
X 2 = 10.6 kips

Example 3
Step 6: Complete Actual Bar Forces
Bar
L/A
P*
u1
u2
u1P*L/A
u2P*L/A
u1u1L/A
u2u2L/A
u1u2L/A
P=P*+u1X1+u2X2
ab
36
36
10.4
bc
36
36
10.4
cd
12
-0.6
12
-7.2
0.36
-0.6
-7.2
de
12
12
-13.6
BC
-24
-24.0
CD
-24
-0.6
14.4
0.36
-17.6
aB
-60
-60.0
Bb
64
64.0
Bc
-20
-20.0
Cc
-0.8
0.64
8.5
Cd
-10.6
9.4
cD
20
20
Dd
-0.8
0.64
8.5
De
-20
-20.0
96
27.2
0.6

Example 3
Solution:
Step 6: Compute Actual Bar Forces
B
-24
-17.6
8.5
8.5
64
c
b
10.4
10.4
-7.2
e
-13.6
64 kips
29
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Lecture 8-2
Castiglianos Theorem; Least Work Theorem

Consider a beam as shown below,
P
B
XB
The beam is statically

indeterminate to the 1st
order.
Selecting the reaction

at B as the redundant
force gives the above
primary structure.
Using Castiglianos Theorem

U
= yB = 0
XB
Where U is the internal strain energy

and XB is the redundant at B
30
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Castiglianos Theorem; Least Work Theorem

Using Castiglianos Theorem
U
= yB = 0
XB
Where U is the internal strain energy

and XB is the redundant at B
This equation is equivalent to stating that the value of the redundant

must be such as to minimize the strain energy. This is the THEOREM
OF LEAST WORK.
For a Frame
y=
For a Truss
U
M (M P )
=
dx = 0
P F
EI
P (P X ) L
=0
AE

Theorem of Least Work
1.2 kip/ft
Example 4
B
For the given frame, compute all the

reactions. EI is constant.
Use Theorem of Least Work.
10 ft
A
10 ft
10 ft
31
2/19/2011

1.2 kip/ft
Example 4
B
Solution:
HA A
MP = 0
Fy = 0
10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Fx = 0
D
VA
VD
MA
HD
MD
Alternative: Is 3b + r = 3j + c ?
b=3
r =6
j=4
c=0
STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE!
3(3) + 6 = 3(4 ) + 0
15 > 12
3rd Order
There are three redundant forces.

1.2 kip/ft
Example 4
B
Solution:
10 ft
Select Three Redundant Forces.
After selection, the frame should be

determinate and stable.
Set 1: HA, VA, MA. Supports are
free at A and fixed at D.
Set 2: HD, VD, MD. Supports are
free at D and fixed at A.
Set 3: HA, MA, MD. Supports are
roller at A and pin at D.
Set 4: HD, MA, MD. Supports are
pin at A and roller at D.
10 ft
10 ft
HA A
D
VA
MA
VD
HD
MD
Any of the four sets can
be chosen. Lets select

Set 1: HA, VA, MA.
Supports are free at A
and fixed at D.
32
2/19/2011

Example 4
Solution:
The primary structure is presented at the right with three unknown
redundant forces HA, VA and MA.
Primary Structure
1.2 kip/ft
1.2 kip/ft
B
10 ft
HA
VA
10 ft
10 ft
D
VD
HD
MD
10 ft
10 ft
MA
10 ft
HA A
D
VA
MA
Fixed End
Free End

Example 4
Solution:
Primary Structure
1.2 kip/ft
Due to symmetry (of the actual
frame with fixed-fixed supports,

the vertical reaction components
VA and VD are equal to half the
resultant of the 1.2 kip/ft uniform
load.
1.2(10 )
V A = VD =
= 6 kips
2
10 ft
HA
MA
10 ft
10 ft
D
VA= 6 kips
The number of unknown

redundant forces are now down
to only two: HA and MA.
33
2/19/2011

Example 4
Solution:
x2
Step 3: Set-Up Moment Function M
1.2 kip/ft
Define axes x1, x2 and x3.

Determine reactions.
Reactions at D are no longer
10 ft
x3
necessary for moment function at

10 ft
10 ft
CD because x3 is pointing at end D.
x1 HA A
Moment Functions
D
At A-B:
VA= 6 kips
0
1
MA
M = M A x1 0 H A x1 0
M = M A H A x1
Primary Structure

Example 4
Solution:
x2

Moment Functions
At B-C:
Apply first, method of section at B,
then solve for the internal forces.
1.2 kip/ft
B
10 ft
x1 HA
10 ft
10 ft
MA
x3
D
VA= 6 kips
Primary Structure
34
2/19/2011

Example 4
Solution:
x2

6 kips
Moment Functions
At B-C:
HA
M = (M A 10 H A ) x2 0
1 .2
1
+ 6 x2 0
x2 0
2
HA
M = (M A 10 H A )
+ 6 x2 0.6 x22
1.2 kip/ft
B
10 ft
MA10HA
10 ft
6 kips
10 ft
HA A
MA
x3
D
VA= 6 kips
Primary Structure

Example 4
Solution:
x2

Moment Functions
At C-D:
Apply first, method of section at C,
then solve for the internal forces.
1.2 kip/ft
B
C
10 ft
10 ft
x1 HA
x3
10 ft
MA
D
VA= 6 kips
Primary Structure
35
2/19/2011

1.2 kip/ft
Example 4
Solution:
Moment Functions
At C-D:
M = (M A 10 H A ) x3 0 + H A x3 0
0
M = (M A 10 H A ) + H A x3
10 ft
10 ft
HA
MA10HA
MA
HA
HA
VA= 6
x3
10 ft
D
Primary Structure

Example 4
Solution:
Summary
M/
HA
Moment Function M
M/
MA
A-B
MA-HAx1
-x1
B-C
(MA-10HA) + 6x2 - 0.6x22
-10
C-D
(MA-10HA) + HAx3
x3 - 10
Member
36
2/19/2011

Example 4
Solution:
x2
Step 4: Castiglianos Theorem
1.2 kip/ft
Compatibility Equations
At Point A:
M (M M A )
A =
dx = 0
EI
F
Equation 1
A _ HOR =
Equation 2
M (M VA )
dx = 0
EI
F
A _ VER =
Equation 3
10 ft
M (M H A )
dx = 0 x1 HA A
EI
MA
10 ft
x3
10 ft
D
VA= 6 kips
Primary Structure
However, only the first two equations are useful in getting MA and HA. The
third equation cannot be used because VA was already obtained earlier.

Example 4
Solution:
Evaluate Equation 1
M (M M A )
dx = 0
EI
F
M (M M A )
M (M M A )
M (M M A )
0=
dx1 +
dx2 +
dx3
EI
EI
EI
AB
BC
CD
A =
10
10
0 = (M A H A x1 )(1)dx1 + (M A 10 H A + 6 x2 0.6 x22 )(1)dx2

0
10
+ (M A 10 H A + H A x3 )(1)dx3
0
0 = (10M A 50 H A ) + (10M A 100 H A + 100) + (10M A 50 H A )

3M A 20 H A + 10 = 0
Equation 1
37
2/19/2011

Example 4
Solution:
Evaluate Equation 2
M (M H A )
dx = 0
EI
F
M (M H A )
M (M H A )
M (M H A )
0=
dx3
dx1 +
dx2 +
EI
EI
EI
AB
BC
CD
A _ HOR =
10
10
0 = (M A H A x1 )( x1 )dx1 + (M A 10 H A + 6 x2 0.6 x22 )( 10)dx2

0
10
+ (M A 10 H A + H A x3 )( x3 10)dx3
0
0 = ( 50M A + (1000 / 3)H A ) + ( 100M A + 1000H A 1000)

+ ( 50M A + (1000 / 3)H A )
3M A + 25H A 15 = 0
Equation 2

1.2 kip/ft
Example 4
B
Solution:
10 ft
Solving
3M A 20 H A + 10 = 0
Equation 1
3M A + 25H A 15 = 0
Equation 2
H A = 1.0 kip
HA
10 ft
D
VA
MA
10 ft
VD
HD
MD
M A = 3.33 ft kips
Using Equilibrium Equations
Fx = 0
H D = 1.0 kip
MD = 0
M D = 3.33 ft kips
VA and VD were
computed earlier
equal to
VA = VD = 6.0 kips
38
2/19/2011

Example 5
B
For the truss shown, determine all the

bar forces. Assume L/A (ft/in2) = 1
and E = 30(103) ksi.
D
32 ft
Use Theorem of Least Work.
64 kips
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft

Example 5
Solution:

32 ft
MP = 0
Fy = 0
Fx = 0
64 kips
STATICALLY DETERMINATE!
24 ft
We can solve all reactions.
b = 15
r =3
j =8
15 + 3 = 2(8)
18 > 16
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE!
We cannot solve all bar forces.
2nd Order
There are two redundant forces.
39
2/19/2011

B
Example 5
Solution:
a

Select bar bC and Cd as the
64 kips
redundant forces
The given truss is equivalent to
the one shown below.
X1 is the bar force at bC while X2
is the bar force Cd.
unknown redundant forces.
X1
a
X2
c
64 kips
Primary Structure

Example 5
Solution:
Step 3: Bar Forces in terms of X1 and X2
B
X1
X2
c
64 kips
40
2/19/2011

Example 5
Solution:
Step 3: Bar Forces in terms of X1 and X2
B
-24-0.6X1 C -24-0.6X2 D
X1
-0.8X2
64-0.8X1
X2
36
36-0.6X1
64 kips
12
12-0.6X2
-0.8X1-0.8X2

Example 5
Solution:
Step 4: Relative Axial Deformation
Let 1 the relative axial
deformation at bar bC
2 the relative axial
deformation at bar Cd
1 =
P(P X 1 )L
=0
AE
P(P X 2 )L
2 =
=0
AE
X1
a
c
b
X2
d
64 kips
Primary Structure
41
2/19/2011

Bar
L/A
P*
P/
X1
P/
X2
P(
P/
X1)L/A
P(
P/
X2)L/A
ab
36
bc
36-0.6X1
-0.60
-21.6+0.36X1
cd
12-0.6X2
-0.60
-7.2+0.36X2
0
de
12
BC
-24-0.6X1
-0.60
14.4+0.36X1
CD
-24-0.6X2
-0.60
14.4+0.36X2
aB
-60
Bb
64-0.8X1
-0.80
51.2+0.64X1
Bc
-20+X1
-20+X1
bC
X1
X1
Cc
-0.8X1-0.8X2
-0.80
-0.80
0.64X1+0.64X2
0.64X1+0.64X2
Cd
X2
X2
cD
20+X2
20+X2
Dd
-0.8X2
-0.80
0.64X2
De
-20
78.4 + 4 X 1 + 0.64 X 2
27.2 + 0.64 X 1 + 4 X 2

Example 5
Solution:
1 =
P(P X 1 )L
=0
AE
2 =
P(P X 2 )L
=0
AE
78.4 + 4 X 1 + 0.64 X 2 = 0
27.2 + 0.64 X 1 + 4 X 2 = 0
(Equation 1)
(Equation 2)
Solving,
X 1 = 21.2 kips
Bar Force in bC
X 2 = 10.2 kips
Bar Force in Cd
42
2/19/2011

Step 5: Actual Bar Forces
Bar
L/A
P*
P/
X1
P/
X2
P(
P/
X1)L/A
P(
P/
X2)L/A
Bar Forces P*
ab
36
36.00
bc
36-0.6X1
-0.60
-21.6+0.36X1
23.30
cd
12-0.6X2
-0.60
-7.2+0.36X2
18.20
de
12
12.00
BC
-24-0.6X1
-0.60
14.4+0.36X1
-36.70
CD
-24-0.6X2
-0.60
14.4+0.36X2
17.80
aB
-60
-60.00
Bb
64-0.8X1
-0.80
51.2+0.64X1
47.00
Bc
-20+X1
-20+X1
1.20
bC
X1
X1
21.20
Cc
-0.8X1-0.8X2
-0.80
-0.80
0.64X1+0.64X2
0.64X1+0.64X2
-8.80
Cd
X2
X2
-10.20
cD
20+X2
20+X2
9.80
Dd
-0.8X2
-0.80
0.64X2
8.20
De
-20
-20.00
NOTE: Substitute X1 = 21.2 kips and X2 = -10.2 kips into Column 3 for P*

Example 5
Solution:
Step 5: Actual Bar Forces
C
-17.8
36
8.2
-8.8
-36.7
47
23.3
18.2
12
64 kips
43
2/19/2011
44

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2/19/2011

(Frames and Trusses)

Method of Consistent Deformations

by removing the redundant forces the determinate

Statically Indeterminate to the 1st Order,

Method of Consistent Deformations

by removing the redundant forces the determinate

Method of Consistent Deformations

fij = flexibility coefficient; displacement at point i due to a unit load at j. So fcc is

Method of Consistent Deformations

Method of Consistent Deformations

To get fcc, substitute Xc = 1

in structure B, then use

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

No. of Unknowns: 4 (HA, VA, HC , VC)

No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 3

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 2: Redundant Force

Select any of the unknown

reactions as the redundant

Statically Indeterminate Frames

C is actually a Hinge in the actual frame so C = 0

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 3: Virtual Work for Structure A

discussed during the previous lecture.

Step 3a: Set up Moments, m and M

horizontal unit load at C.

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 3: Virtual Work for Structure A

Step 3a: Set up Moments, m and M

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 3: Virtual Work for Structure A

Step 3a: Set up Moments, m and M

For Virtual Load:

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 3: Virtual Work for Structure A

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 4: Virtual Work for Structure B

Step 4a: Set up Moments, m and M

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 4: Virtual Work for Structure B

Statically Indeterminate Frames

For Virtual Load:

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 4: Virtual Work for Structure B

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 5: Compute Reactions

Step 4b: Deflection (C)B = fCC

Computed value is negative.

Statically Indeterminate Frames

Step 5: Compute Reactions

VC (24) 17.14(18) 120(12) = 0

Method of Consistent Deformations

There are four unknown reactions at the hinge

Method of Consistent Deformations

The truss now is a

Method of Consistent Deformations

Method of Consistent Deformations

the previous lecture.

Xc = 1 in structure B, then use

Statically Indeterminate Trusses