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Lecture 4

LECTURE 4 TOPICS

I. Torsion

Solid Noncircular Sections

Closed Thin-Walled Sections
Composite Sections
Multi-celled Members (Reading Assignment)
Elastic-Plastic Material (Reading Assignment)

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Lecture 4-1

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

RECALL: (Elastic) Torsion of Circular Shafts
T

Torsional
Shearing
Stress

NOTE: The basic assumption

used in deriving this equation is

that the strains (and stresses in
an elastic member) are
tangential and vary linearly with
the radial distance from the
twisting axis.

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

RECALL: (Elastic) Torsion of Circular Shafts
T

Before Twisting

T
After Twisting

Cross Section Remains Plane After Twisting

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

For Solid Non-Circular Shafts

Shafts that have noncircular cross sections bulge or warp when they are
twisted. They have very complex shear stress distribution.

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

For Solid Non-Circular Shafts
Applying the assumption (on circular shafts), considering a corner,
enlarging,
=0
Free surfaces
=0

=0
Components of
shear stress

Shear stress

Since this is a free boundary then

there should be no shear stress
on this surface. Thus the
assumption (on circular shafts)
leads to a contradiction.

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

For Solid Non-Circular Shafts

Complex distribution of shear stress on rectangular

shafts that cause warping of the cross section

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Formulas: (ref. Gerstle, p.374)
Maximum Torsional Stress

Angle of Twist

where

b /t

k1

k2

1.0

0.141

0.208

1.2

0.166

0.219

1.5

0.196

0.231

2.0

0.229

0.246

2.5

0.249

0.258

3.0

0.263

0.267

4.0

0.281

0.282

5.0

0.291

0.291

10.0

0.312

0.312

0.333

0.333

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 1

Rectangular Cross Section

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

400
mm

Find:
200
mm

A) Maximum Torsional Shearing

Stress, max
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 1

Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max

max =

400
mm

T
k 2bt 2

Get b/t ratio:

b = 400

greater dimension

t = 200

smaller dimension

b 400
=
=2
t 200

200
mm

k1 = 0.229

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

k 2 = 0.246

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 1

Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max

400
mm

200
mm

max =

T
k 2bt 2

max =

200(103 )
(0.246)(0.4 )(0.2)2

= 50.81(106 ) Pa

= 50.81 MPa

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 1

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

400
mm

200
mm

TL
k1Gbt 3

200(103 )
T

=
=
3
(0.229)(80(109 ))(0.4)(0.2 )3
L k1Gbt
= 3.41(10 3 ) rad / m

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 2

Rectangular Cross Section

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

400
mm

Find:
250
mm

A) Maximum Torsional Shearing

Stress, max
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 2

Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max

max =

400
mm

T
k 2bt 2

Get b/t ratio:

b = 400

greater dimension

t = 250

smaller dimension

b 400
=
= 1 .6
t 250

250
mm

Interpolate for k1:

2 1 .5
1.6 1.5
=
0.229 0.196 k1 0.196

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

k1 = 0.2026

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 2

Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max

max =

400
mm

250
mm

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

T
k 2bt 2

Get b/t ratio:

b = 400

greater dimension

t = 250

smaller dimension

b 400
=
= 1 .6
t 250
Interpolate for k2:

2 1.5
1 .6 1 .5
=
0.246 0.231 k 2 0.231

k 2 = 0.234

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Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 2

Solution:
A) Maximum Torsional Shearing Stress, max

400
mm

max =

T
k 2bt 2

max =

200(103 )
(0.234)(0.4)(0.25)2

= 34.19(106 ) Pa

250
mm

= 34.19 MPa

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

Torsion in Non-Circular Sections

Example 2

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

400
mm

250
mm

TL
k1Gbt 3

T
=
L k1Gbt 3

200(103 )
(0.2026)(80(109 ))(0.4)(0.25)3

= 1.974(10 3 ) rad / m

T = 200 kNm
G = 80 GPa

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Lecture 4-2

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Consider a thin-walled tube,
y

qds

ds

x
z
T
z

q = shear flow = t
= shear force per unit length

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Consider a thin-walled tube,
y
z
t

qds
qds

ds

ds

qds

x
t + dt

(q + dq)ds
(q + dq)ds
q = shear flow = t
= shear force per unit length

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Consider a thin-walled tube,

z
t
qds
qds

ds
t + dt

(q + dq)ds
(q + dq)ds

The shear flow q is constant.

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

From the figure at right,
y

qds

NOTE:

ds

dA

Shaded Area of the Triangle

subtended by the line element

x
z

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Therefore,
y

Shear Flow
qds

ds

dA
x

Shear Stress
l

where A is the area enclosed by the center line of the wall

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Torsional Deformation,
Using the Principle of
Virtual Force which
states: If a geometrically
compatible system is
subject to a set of virtual
forces, the work done by
the external forces is equal
to the work done by the
internal forces.

s
T

qds

ds

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Torsional Deformation,
s
T

qds

Virtual
external
force
External
deformation

Virtual
element
force

ds

Real element
deformation

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Torsional Deformation,

Torsional
Stiffness
Factor
when q is constant
Note that the torsional stiffness is
proportional to the square of the
enclosed area, which fact can
serve the engineer as a guide in
designing stiff torsion members.

but

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 3

T = 150 in-kips
Aluminum Alloy (G = 4000 ksi)
t = 1/8 in (uniform)

Find:
A) Torsional Shearing Stress,
B) Angle of Twist per Unit
Length

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 3

Solution:
A) Torsional Shearing Stress,

=
A

T
2 At

150 in kips
2 1
2 8(6 ) + (3) in 3
8
= 7.866 ksi

A = 8(6 ) + (3)

A centerline area of closed

thin-walled section

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 3

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

K=
3

s centerline perimeter

s = 8(2) + 2(3)

T
=
L GK

TL
GK
4 A2
ds
t

4 A2
1
ds
t

4 A2t
s

Constant t
2 21
4 8(6) + (3)
8
K=
[8(2) + 2(3)]

= 83.47 in 4

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 3

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Unit Length

TL
GK

T
=
L GK

150 in kips
=
L (4000 ksi )(83.47 in 4 )

= 4.49(10 4 ) rad / in

s centerline perimeter

s = 8(2) + 2(3)

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Aluminum Alloy (G = 28 GPa)

T = 170 kNm

15
C
695
mm

15

A-B & C-D: t = 1.7 mm

B-C:
t = 1.3 mm
A-D:
t = 1.0 mm
Determine:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress
B) Angle of Twist per Meter
Length of the Fuselage

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress

=
15
C
695
mm

15

T
2 At

The maximum shear stress will

occur where t is smallest!
Smallest at A-D w/ t = 1.0 mm

max =

T
2At min

Will occur at A-D!

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress

Get centerline area A of closed thinwalled section.

15
C
695
mm

c
d

15

By geometry and trigonometry,

a = 500 sin 15 = 129.41 mm

b = 320 tan 15 = 85.744 mm
c = 500 cos15 = 482.963 mm
320
d=
= 331.29 mm
cos15

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress

129.41

Get centerline area A of closed thinwalled section.

( r 2 )
360
150
210
2
( (320)2 )
A=
(
(500) ) +
360
360
1
+ (129.41)(482.963 2)
2
1

+ 2 (482.963 + 331.29)(695 129.41)

2

1
= 1,142,661.891 mm 2
+ 2 (85.744)(320)
2

= 1.14266 m 2
Asec tor =

Note:

482.963

331.29
85.744

15
C
695
mm
15

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
A) Maximum Shearing Stress

129.41

max =

482.963

331.29
85.744

15
C
695
mm

T
2At min

170(10 3 )
2(1.14266 )(0.001)

= 74.388 MPa
At A-D

15

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Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Meter Length

T
=
L GK

TL
=
GK

l
A

15

l = 695 cos15 = 671.32 mm

ds

15
C
695
mm

ds

ds

ds

K=

4 A2
ds
t

ds

t = t + t + t + t
A
B
C
D
Note:

sarc _ length =

(2 r )
360

t = 1.7 (671.32) + 1.3 360 (2(500))

1 210

ds

1
(671.32) + 1 150 (2(320)) = 3037.233
1.7
1 360

Torsion of Closed Thin-Walled Sections

Example 4

Solution:
B) Angle of Twist per Meter Length

4(1.14266)
= 0.00171955 m 4
3037.233
2

K=
15
C
695
mm

B
l
A

T
=
L GK

170(103 )
(28(10 ))(0.00171955)
9

= 0.00353 rad / m

15

l = 695 cos15 = 671.32 mm

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Lecture 4-3

Torsion of Composite Sections

Consider the composite section as shown,
3

T3
T2

T1

Equation A
1
The total applied torque T is equilibrated by
the sum of the individual resisting torques
of the individual portions.

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Consider the composite section as shown,
3

NOTE: There are n unknowns and only

1 equilibrium equation. Therefore, we
must find n-1 geometrical conditions.

Let 1 = the angle of twist per unit length

Assuming the twisted section does not

change its shape, then it follows that
each individual portion rotates
through the same 1 or

Torsion of Composite Sections

Substituting,

Therefore

Equation B

The total torque T applied to the composite section is distributed

to the individual parts in direct proportion to their torsional
stiffness.

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Consider the composite section as shown,
Substitute Equation B into A

The torsional stiffness is equal to the sum of the individual

stiffnesses of the component parts.

Torsion of Composite Sections

CONCLUSION
Using Equation B:
We can calculate the torsional shear stresses using the
appropriate formulas:
etc.

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5

For the given composite section,

1

A) Torsional Stiffness Factor of

the Composite Section, K

Calculate the following:

B) Maximum Shear Stress due

to an applied torque T

4
1/8

1/8

Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5

Solution:
A) Torsional Stiffness Factor of the
Composite Section.

= 1.57 in 4

For Rectangle 2:

(1)
r 4
=
2
2

For Circle 1: K1 = J =

K 2 = k1t 3b

b 2
=
=8
t 14

By interpolation:

k1 = 0.3036

K 2 = (0.3036)(1 4 ) (2 ) = 0.0095 in 4
3

4
1/8

1/8
3

For Closed Thin-Walled 3:

2
4(4 2)
4 A2
=
K3 =
= 4.00 in 4
ds
4 2
t
2 0.25 + 2 0.125

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5

Solution:
A) Torsional Stiffness Factor of the
Composite Section.

Therefore:

K = Ki
= K1 + K 2 + K 3

= 1.57 + 0.0095 + 4.00

= 5.5795 in 4

4
1/8

1/8
3

Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5
1

Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.

T1

T2

Compute the portion of the torque T

carried by each component:

For Circle 1:

4
1/8

1/8
3

T3

T1 =

1.57
K1
T = 0.281 T
T =
5.5795
K

For Rectangle 2:
K
0.0095
T2 = 2 T =
T = 0.0017 T
K
5.5795
For Closed Thin-Walled 3:
4.0
K
T = 0.717 T
T3 = 3 T =
5.5795
K

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5
1

Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.

T1

T2

Compute the maximum shear stress for

each component in terms of T:

For Circle 1: 1 =

4
1/8

1/8
3

T3

T1r (0.281 T )(1)

= 0.179 T
=
J
1.57

For Rectangle 2:
T
2 = 2 2
k 2bt

b 2
=
=8
t 14

By interpolation:

k 2 = 0.3036

0.0017 T

(0.3036)(2)(1 4)2

= 0.045 T

Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5
1

Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.

T1

T2

Compute the maximum shear stress for

each component in terms of T:

For Closed Thin-Walled 3:

"
T3
1
3 =
t min = = 0.125"
2 At min
8

4
1/8

1/8
3

T3

0.717 T

(2 )(8)(0.125)

= 0.3585 T

To get maximum shear, consider

the segment with minimum
thickness!

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Torsion of Composite Sections

Example 5
1

Solution:
B) Maximum Shear Stress due to an
applied torque T.

T1

T2

Compute the maximum shear stress for

each component in terms of T:

Therefore:

max = max(1 , 2 , 3 )
max = 0.3585 T

4
1/8

1/8
3

T3

Lecture 4-4
(Reading Assignment)

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Torsion of Multi-celled Members

The design and analysis of multi-celled members in torsion is normally

encountered in aircraft design and in the design of box-girder bridges

q2

a
q3

q1

Consider the equilibrium of a joint of a section when subjected to shear

flows,

Assuming L = 1,

i.e. The sum of the shear

flows entering a point
must be zero,
Inflow = Outflow

Fz = 0 :

q1 + q 2 + q 3 = 0 :

Torsion of Multi-celled Members

Equilibrium at joint 3:

Inflow = Outflow

q1

q1 q 2 q 3 = 0 :
q3 =

t2

T1
A1

= 0:

q1 q 2
T = T1 + T 2

T = 2 A1 q 1 + 2 A 2 q 2

T2
A2

q3

t1

q2

t3
- Subjected to a torque T

> eq . 1

Where T1 and T2 are torsional resistance of cells 1 & 2.

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Torsion of Multi-celled Members

The geometry of deformation prescribes that two cells must twist

through the same angle per unit length, i.e.

=
L
1 L 2

1
2 GA 1

ds
1
=
t
2 GA 2

ds
t

1 q 1 l1 2 3
q l
1 q 2 l 3 4 1
q l
+ 3 3 1 =
3 31

A1
t1
t2
A2
t3
t2
But

q3 =

q1 q 2

1 q 1 l1 2 3
(q q 2 )l 3 1 = 1 q 2 l 3 4 1 (q 1 q 2 )l 3 1 > eq . 2
+ 1

A1
t1
t2
A 2
t3
t2

- Equations 1 and 2 can now be used to solve for q1 & q2, the unknown shear flows

Lecture 4-5
(Reading Assignment)

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