Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Interviews:
Harry S. Trumans Grandson
Daniel, Clifton Truman. Telephone Interview. 23 Jan. 2011.
Our group actually had the chance to telephone interview Clifton Truman Daniel, the
oldest grandson of President Harry S. Truman. Clifton Truman Daniel is the son of
Margaret Truman, who is the daughter of President Harry S. Truman. Clifton Truman
Daniel shared many memorable experiences with his grandfather and is currently an
active speaker in talking about the legacy of President Truman. During our thirty-minute
interview with him, our group asked him questions mainly regarding the personality of
Truman. Moreover, when we asked him about the Truman-MacArthur Controversy,
Clifton Truman Daniel replied, MacArthur left my grandfather no choice but to fire
him...The arrogant general publicly announced his disagreements with [Truman] and
continuously challenged the presidents authority. Our last question of our interview
was, If you could describe your grandfather in one word, what would it be? After
thinking for about five seconds, Clifton Truman Daniel replied, Straightforward. My
grandpa was definitely a straightforward person, honest, plain-speaking and acting the
same way to everyone in the world. Our group used Clifton Truman Daniels answers in
the interview to analyze the causes of President Harry S. Trumans decision to fire UN
General Douglas MacArthur. For example, President Trumans straightforwardness
might have brought about his never wavering decision to fire MacArthur, despite the fact
that most people across the whole nation vehemently disagreed with Trumans decision,
especially the Republicans. Our groups interview with Clifton Truman Daniel was
significant to our project, for we learned more about Trumans personality than was
published or shown on the internet. We used this primary source to write the causes
section of our exhibit board.
Korean Refugees during the War
Kim Young-Ja. Telephone interview. 13 Nov. 2010.
We interviewed Young-Ja Kim, a seventy-two year old Korean senior, who lived during
the time of the devastating Korean War. This interview of Young-Ja Kim was a primary
source, for it was an account of someone who lived during the Korean War. She had felt
the war most closely, for she was a refugee running away from Taegu, where the war was
severe. Young-Ja Kim was only eleven years old at the time, and she was a refugee,
running away to Pusan from her home, Taegu, as she experienced the bombings and saw
thousands of people dying right next to her. She said that the people who were bombed
were lifted up in the air and they fell back to the ground and died. Her house was bombed
and her sisters house was taken by the North Korean soldiers. In Poyang, all the houses
were destroyed by fire, and there were large holes created by bombs everywhere. She

believed that MacArthur was an amazing hero sent by God to rescue Korea, who could
have unified Korea. But she also understands President Harry S. Trumans intent to limit
the war to keep another world war from happening. From this primary source, our group
got to hear about the opinion of MacArthur from the viewpoint of someone who had
actually experienced the Korean War and was living at the time. We used this valuable
primary source to write about the opinions of the Koreans who experienced the Korean
War, in which Douglas MacArthur was fired by President Harry S. Truman. From this
interview, our group found out that the opinions of the Americans are different from the
opinions of the South Koreans. Many Americans view UN General Douglas MacArthur
as an insubordinate general, while most of the South Koreans view General Douglas
MacArthur as a hero who saved them from communist forces and could have united the
separated Koreas into one nation. We used this source to write about the advocates of
General MacArthur and the MacArthur Plan.
Lee, Hyang Soon. Personal Interview. 6 Nov. 2010.
We interviewed Hyang Soon Lee, a seventy-five year old Korean senior, who lived in
Pusan when the Korean War broke out. Hyang Soon Lee said that she lost her father
during the Korean War. She remembers how American soldiers generously passed out
gum and chocolate to many children during the war. She was only in middle school when
the war broke out, and she remembered how everybody ran for their lives when they
heard a single sound of a bullet. Hyang Soon Lee believed that if MacArthur bombed
Manchuria, UN forces would have been victorious and Korea would have been reunited.
She told us that most of the people in Korea call MacArthur a hero. Because Hyang Soon
Lee experienced the Korean War, her interview is a primary source. We used this source
to write about the opinions of the South Koreans who were contemporary to the Korean
War about UN General Douglas MacArthur. Through this interview, we were able to
discern that most South Koreans praise General Douglas MacArthur, which is a contrast
to the opinions of many Americans who dislike UN General Douglas MacArthur and
think him haughty and insubordinate.
Professor
"Truman-MacArthur Controversy." E-mail interview. 3 Jan. 2011.
Our group emailed to Professor David Hackett Fischer, a University Professor and Earl
Warren Professor of History at Brandeis University. We asked him what his opinions on
the Truman-MacArthur Controversy were and asked if he thought President Harry S.
Truman made the right decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur. Professor David
Hackett Fischer replied and said that yes, President Truman was right to fire General
MacArthur. He gave our group four good reasons why President Truman was right. He
first told us that General Douglas MacArthur was defeated in North Korea and failed to
rebuild the strength and confidence of his army, which did not happen until General
Ridgeway replaced him. Secondly, he tried to enlarge the war into a much larger world
war with China and possibly the Soviet Union. Professor David Fischer agreed with
Omar Bradley that MacArthurs plan would have been the wrong war, in the wrong
place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy. Thirdly, General Douglas

MacArthur tried to use nuclear weapons, against the policy of the United States. Last
but not least, he refused to obey to the president and other superiors. Professor David
Hackett Fischer also said that UN General Douglas MacArthur was a remarkable man,
yet he failed to obey direct orders. Before the Truman-MacArthur Controversy, Douglas
MacArthur even failed to obey the orders of President Herbert Hoover by attacking the
camp of the Bonus Army This source allowed our group to see what modern historians
think about the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. We used this valuable source to write
about the success part of President Harry S. Trumans decision to fire UN General
Douglas MacArthur.
Korean War Veterans (Americans)
Chaput, Russell V.J. Email Interview. 23 Feb. 2011.
Our group interviewed a Korean War veteran, Russell V.J. Chaput. During the war, he
had acceded to the rank of sergeant and ended as a corporal. He did hear about General
MacArthur and some of his exploits, and he thinks that General MacArthur did a great
job with the surprising Inchon Landing which cut off North Korean supply routes. Also,
he thinks General MacArthur probably would have ended the Korean War, and whether
the allies would have won or lost would have probably depended on how much the
Chinese became involved. Our groups interview with Russell V.J. Chaput was
important to our project, and we also learned some of the significant moments of the
Korean War by his answers to our questions. One of his memorable experiences was
driving blackout up the iron triangle, loaded with ammunition and troops. One night,
Chaput had dropped the troops off to the front lines and was waiting while taking a nap.
He woke up and noticed that he was surrounded by South Koreans, and he realized they
were on his side. We used this source to write about the background information of the
Korean War seen through the eyes of someone who actually experienced the war.
"Korean War Veterans Interview." E-mail interview. 23 Jan. 2011.
Our group did an interview with Donald Nicol, a veteran of the Korean War. He was a
first lieutenant in the Korean War. Veteran Donald Nicol served at Camp Hood, Texas in
1948 and 1949. He "returned to active duty as sd Lt." in January 1952 in Camp Roberts,
then Camp Cook, and then Fort Benning. He went to Korea to fight in the Korean War in
December 1952. On 5 March 1953, Donald Nicol was wounded at Punchbowl, "Poverty
Knob." He fought at the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge. He was enlisted as a truck driver,
and was an officer. He was the rifle platoon leader. Donald Nicol sent us two books about
his life and of other veterans through email. He also told us that he "recalled a lot of
bloodshednot like the early phase of the war, but enough." Donald Nicol said that he
had been in the reserve when UN General Douglas MacArthur had been fired. But he
recalled that the World War II veterans he lived with "detested" MacArthur. Donald
Nicol didn't have an opinion back then, but now he believes that President Harry S.
Truman was right. Donald Nicol also believes that MacArthur would have spread the
Korean War into World War III and that expanding the war to China would have
destroyed China and America and left Russia in victory. Donald Nicol thinks that

Douglas MacArthur had gotten lucky at Inchon." This email interview with Veteran
Donald Nicol was a valuable primary source, because Donald Nicol was a veteran who
experienced the Korean War. Our group used this source to write about people's opinions
on the Truman-MacArthur Controversy and used Donald Nicol's account to write about
the Korean War and how our veterans bravely fought for the freedom of the world.
Palmer, Peter. Email Interview. 23 Feb. 2011
Our group interviewed Peter Palmer through a series of email interviews. Peter Palmer
served as an officer in the US Navy. He only spent one day ashore in Korea during the
war, so he has little if any feeling on how the Truman-MacArthur Controversy impacted
the troops on the ground. Because of this, he decided to discuss the email our group sent
him during a meeting with one of his Chapter directors, and he was able to find someone
who was very knowledgeable in the field of our topic. The member Peter Palmer was
able to find was Dave Soderland, who was actively involved in the Korean War as a US
soldier. David Soderland wrote and submitted a dissertation on the Korean War, which
Mr. Palmer sent to our group. This veteran wrote a very brief account of the three-yearwar through the eyes of someone who actually participated in it. His dissertation
summarized the Korean War by pointing out the significant events that took place during
the course of the war. This information helped our group by showing us the background
information of the Korean War.
Silverman, Arnie. "Korean War Veteran Interview." Personal interview. 11 Mar. 2011.
Our group conducted a forty-five minute interview with a Korean War veteran, Arnie
Silverman, a veteran who served in the front lines of the battles and fought in North
Korea and in the Battle of Punchbowl. Arnie Silverman told us of his most memorable
experiences in the Korean War- the night when the North Koreans and the Red Chinese
attacked his camp. That was when Arnie Silverman lost his hearing ability in his right
ear. Veteran Arnie Silverman believed that MacArthur was a "pompous man" and that
President Truman made the right decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur, for
President Truman was the Commander in Chief, not General MacArthur. Arnie
Silverman gave our group useful personal pictures of the Korean War. The pictures show
Arnie Silverman himself in the Korean War. Our group used these pictures to decorate
our exhibit board and put Arnie Silverman's picture on the opposing viewpoints section
of our board for Arnie Silverman supported President Harry S. Truman. Our group also
video-taped this interview and incorporated it in our media device. This source was a
primary source, because Arnie Silverman experienced the Korean War and was
contemporary to the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
Vogel, Joe. Email Interview. 23 Jan. 2011.
Our group interviewed Joe Vogel through a series of email interviews. Joe Vogel is a
Korean War veteran who actually served as an American soldier during the Korean War.
His specific assignment during the war was taking charge of all railroad shipments that
were carried north to the Korean border from South Korea. We interviewed Joe Vogel
through emails on his experiences during the war and his viewpoints of General

MacArthur. This Korean War veteran believed that MacArthur had too big of an ego, and
he agreed with President Harry S. Truman on his decision to fire the haughty general. In
addition, Joe Vogel stated, I am convinced that General MacArthur could have ended
the Korean War much earlier than he did, by not trying to push so far North. There would
have been no reason for China to enter the war then. Joe Vogel believed that General
MacArthur had substantially prolonged the war by choosing to push farther north, despite
President Trumans constant warnings of a Chinese intervention. MacArthurs unwise
decision led to more casualties among the Koreans and the American soldiers when the
Chinese suddenly intervened, and MacArthurs ignorance served as one of the many
reasons why Truman decided to fire General Douglas MacArthur. In addition to his point
of view of General Douglas MacArthur, Joe Vogel mailed our group two booklets titled,
A Brief Account of the Korean War, by Jack D. Walker and Korean War: Education
for Students, by the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs. The first booklet is a
primary source because it was written by an American soldier who actively participated
in the Korean War. This book briefly summarizes the three-year war by picking out the
significant events that occurred, such as the Inchon Landing. Our group used the primary
information from this booklet to write the background information portion of our exhibit.
The other booklet was also very helpful to our group because it contained key
information regarding the participation of United Nations forces in the war and the
significant historical meaning behind the Forgotten War. The important information
from this booklet was used to write the background portion of our exhibit and the
consequences section of the Korean War.
Artifacts:
Mayor of Paju City Kyonggi-do Province, The Wire Fence from DMZ, Kyonggi-do Province,
Republic of Korea, artifact, 2010
This primary artifact is the real wire fence from the Demilitarized Zone that separated
North and South Korea. There are only 150,625 sets in the world, so these pieces of the
actual wire fence are very limited, and we have wire number 14, 398. One of the group
members fathers was in South Korea and brought this valuable artifact to our group.
This wire fence was placed on the bottom of our exhibit board to enhance the physical
appearance of the exhibit. Not only was the fence was used to decorate the exhibit board,
it was also used to show the consequences of the Korean War. The wire from the fence
shows the separation of Korea into the North and the South, as a result of the Korean
War. In addition, because Truman did not follow along with General MacArthurs plans,
Korea had to be split in half, and it was never reunified. Therefore, the real wire from the
DMZ fence was used in our exhibit to show the consequences of the war and Trumans
decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.

Letters:
Joint Chiefs of Staff (Personal from General Bradley). "JCS 88180, 11 April 1951." Letter to
General MacArthur. 11 Apr. 1951. MS. MacArthur Memorial, Norfolk, Virginia.
This letter was one of the letters that James W. Zobel, an archivist in the MacArthur
Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia, sent us. The letters are primary sources, because it is
written by the people who were present during the dismissal of Douglas MacArthur. This
letter is a copy of the actual letter that was sent to UN General Douglas MacArthur when
he was relieved from command. This source contained the message President Harry S.
Truman said to MacArthur when he was relieved. General Omar Nelson Bradley wrote
and sent the letter to Douglas MacArthur who was fighting the Korean War. It is written
in the letter that President Truman "deeply regretted" replacing MacArthur as "Supreme
Commander, Allied Powers; Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command;
Commander-in-Chief, Fat East; and Commanding General, U.S. Army, Far East."
Truman told MacArthur to turn over the commands to Lieutenant General Matthew B.
Ridgway. He told MacArthur that his reasons for firing him will be made public. Our
group used this source as a visual material and pasted it on our board. This source was
used to show the audience how President Truman fired General MacArthur visually.
MacArthur, Douglas. Letter to Honorable Joseph W. Martin, Jr. 20 Mar. 1951. MS. MacArthur
Memorial, Norfolk, Virginia.
This letter was one of the letters that James W. Zobel, an archivist from the MacArthur
Memorial, sent us. This letter is a primary source, for it was written by Douglas
MacArthur himself during the Korean War. This letter was sent by General MacArthur to
Congressman Joseph Martin from Tokyo, Japan. In the letter, Douglas MacArthur
discusses the interference of Red China in the Korean War. MacArthur says that the
diplomats are still fighting the war "with words," and that their enemy is the whole Asia.
He also states that if the United Nations lose to Communism in Asia, "the fall of Europe
is inevitable." MacArthur says his famous quote in this letter- "There is no substitute for
victory." By stating how some people can't realize that Asia is our Communist enemy,
MacArthur reveals his frustrations of President Harry S. Truman's policy to limit the war
to Korea only. Our group used this source to write about UN General Douglas
MacArthur's point of view on the board. We also used this source as a visual material.
Newspapers:
After MacArthur. The Economist Newspaper Archive, 1843-2006. 14 April 1951: 3-4. Print.
This primary source newspaper was helpful to our project, for it allowed our group to see
how the people living in MacArthur and Trumans time viewed them. Some Americans
thought that General Douglas MacArthur was a dangerous and irresponsible man who
misjudged the Chinese interference, while others thought that he was a great hero who
successfully carried out the Inchon Landing. Despite these opinions, the author believes
that UN General Douglas MacArthur was an international figure. This newspaper article

helped us understand our topic by seeing the controversial action of firing MacArthur in
the eyes of the people at the time. We got to know the authors opinion of UN General
Douglas MacArthur. Our group used this source to write about the opinions of the
Truman-MacArthur Controversy in the eyes of commoners.
Alsop, Stewart. "Matter of Fact: MacArthur." The Washington Post (1923-1954) 11 Apr. 1951,
ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877 - 1994), ProQuest. Web. 23
Nov. 2010. <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=226023432&Fmt=10&clientId=156
8&RQT=309&VName=HNP>.
Stewart Alsop, the author of the newspaper article, claims that Truman was angry at
General Douglas MacArthurs insubordination. But this source agrees with MacArthur
and says that his opinions are simple, positive, and understandable. The author says
that the way to fight a war is to try to win it, by using all available means to defeat your
enemy. Therefore, the author of this article agrees with MacArthurs attempt to try to
defeat all communism forces because he agreed with the extension of war into China.
This secondary website source contains primary source newspaper articles that helped
our group better understand the causes of the dismissal of MacArthur. It also made us
aware of the feelings of people reporting our topic. Our group used this source to write
about cause part of our exhibit board.
An Old Soldier Fades Away into New Glory. Life. Vol. 30, No. 18 30 April 1951, 22-34. Print.
This primary source Life Magazine has information about what happened to General
MacArthur after he was dismissed of all his military commands. He waved good bye to
Japan, went to Hawaii to honor those who died in the war, and was welcomed in
California. He also said in his farewell speech that when China interfered, a whole new
situation that required new decisions was formed. In addition, MacArthur criticized
Washington for not making those new decisions. This source was very useful to our
group because it allowed us to learn what happened to MacArthur after his dismissal.
This source was used to write what happened after the dismissal of General Douglas
MacArthur.
Chin, Diane. The Legend of the Last Caesar. Weekly World News. Vol. 2 Issue 20. 24 Feb.
1981, 34. Print.
This weekly newspaper is a primary source that gives information about the
feelings Truman had about MacArthur prior to the dismissal. Truman saw him as a
political rival and did not like him. When MacArthur defied his policy, he fired him. This
source was crucial to our groups project, for it showed the feelings Truman had towards
MacArthur that contributed to the dismissal of the five-star general. We used this source
while writing about the success part of President Harry S. Trumans diplomatic decision
to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.

"'Insubordination': MacArthur at Variance with the Pentagon. The Manchester Guardian (19011959) 11 Apr. 1951, ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Guardian and The Observer
(1791-2003), ProQuest. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. <http://proquest.umi.com
/pqdweb?did=1172330872&Fmt=10&clientId=1568&RQT=309&VName=HNP>.
This secondary source website containing the valuable primary newspaper source was
beneficial to our groups project, because it helped us know the factors that led to the
firing of Douglas MacArthur. By dissenting publicly toward the civilian power,
MacArthur was fired. This newspaper was written during the time of the TrumanMacArthur Controversy, but MacArthur was not fired yet. Therefore, people like Mr.
Joseph Harsch predicted General Douglas MacArthurs dismissal from his command.
This primary source within a secondary source allowed us to see why Truman fired
MacArthur. We used this source to write the causes section of our project.
Kim, Hyung-jin, and Jean H. Lee. "What to Get NKorean Heir Apparent on His Birthday Yahoo! News." The Top News Headlines on Current Events from Yahoo! News. 7
Jan.2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. <http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110107/ap_on_re_as/as_
Nkorea _ young_ general_s_birthday>.
This primary source gives information about the birthday of Kim Jong Ils son, Kim Jong
Un. Since Kim Jong Il is currently facing illness, Kim Jong Un will soon become the next
dictator of North Korea. It has been reported that the Young General will celebrate his
twenty-eighth birthday with lavish gifts. Kim Jong Uns birthday and the continuing
existence of the Kim generations of dictatorship show how Trumans decision to fire UN
General Douglas MacArthur was a failure. By firing General MacArthur, President
Truman has allowed communism to proliferate in North Korea today. Our group used this
source to write the consequences and failures section of our exhibit.
"News Stuns Tokyo; MacArthur Is Silent: MArthur Ouster Astounds Tokyo." New York Times
(1923-Current file) 11 Apr. 1951, ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times
(1851 - 2007), ProQuest. Web. 23 Nov. 2010.<http://proquest.umi.com /pqdweb?did
=86953996&Fmt= 10&clientId=1568&RQT=309&VName=HNP>.
This secondary source website with a primary source New York Times article contributed
greatly to our project by giving the reactions to Trumans decision to fire UN General
Douglas MacArthur. The message of dismissal came as a signal Corps Communication.
Japanese people were shocked that MacArthur had to go after being with them for more
than five years. The officers were baffled and said that there is no reason for MacArthur
to be fired. One captain said, I will not believe it until I see it on paper. Sergeant Philip
Oberst, a guard at gate, said, Boy, they sure made a big mistake. An officer said, If
the president does that, he will lose the next election. What grounds are there for his
removal? Because he answered a personal letter from the Republican leader in
Congress? Another officer said, supporting MacArthur. This source let our group know
the reactions that took place when Douglas MacArthur was fired. We used this source to
write about the reactions of the people contemporary to Douglas MacArthur and his
dismissal.

Pearson, Drew. "MacArthur Friction Recounted. The Washington Post (1923-1954) 11 Apr.
1951, ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877 - 1994), ProQuest.
Web. 23 Nov. 2010. <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=226025382&Fmt=10& client
Id=1568&RQ T=309&VName=HNP>.
President Harry S. Truman claimed that he should have fired UN General Douglas
MacArthur sooner. Truman had several reasons to be angry. For example, without
notifying Washington, MacArthur made a statement about an Easter appeal for peace that
was supposed to be publicly made by the president himself. He also took an unauthorized
trip to Taiwan in 1950. The Washington Post article was essential to our project, because
it gave us reasons why Truman fired MacArthur specifically. We used this source to
write the causes of the Trumans decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.
"President Truman's Statement of Regret In Announcing the Relieving of MacArthur. "
New York Times (1923-Current file) 11 Apr. 1951,ProQuest Historical Newspapers The
New York Times (1851 - 2007), ProQuest. Web. 23 Nov. 2010.<http://proquest.umi.com
/pqdweb?did=86954330&Fmt=10&clientId=1568&RQT=309&VName=HNP>.
This website contains a primary source that shows the speech President Harry S. Truman
made when UN General Douglas MacArthur was relieved. The speech Truman made
when he fired General MacArthur was important, because it allowed our group to see
how he fired him and his reasons for firing him. Truman implied that he fired MacArthur
because MacArthur did not give his wholehearted support to the American policies. Also,
Douglas MacArthur did not follow the Constitution of civilian power over military.
However, Truman was polite when he dismissed MacArthur by acknowledging the
general as one of our greatest commanders in history. This source helped us when we
were writing the causes of Trumans dismissal of MacArthur.
Press TV. Press Tv.14 Oct. 2010. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. <http://www.presstv.ir/detail/146740
.html>.
This website contains information about the separated families. More than 80,000 South
Koreans are waiting for a chance to be reunited even today, with the loved ones that
remain in North or South Korea after the Korean War ended. Between these separated
families, there are no letters, telephone, or email exchanges allowed. They have not seen
or talked to each other since the war ended, which was about sixty years ago. This
primary source was significant to our project, for it showed us the consequences of the
Korean War that continue even today. We used this source to write about the
consequences of the firing of UN General Douglas MacArthur, who could have brought
these separated families together by destroying North Koreas communist forces.
"STAFF SAD AND BITTER AT NEWS OF CHIEF'S FIRING :Japanese Astounded by
MacArthur Ouster. " Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) 11 Apr. 1951,ProQuest
Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1987), ProQuest. Web. 23 Nov. 2010.
This primary source contains a newspaper article published on the day General
MacArthur was fired by President Harry S. Truman, on April 11, 1951. On that day, Col.

Sid Huff carried MacArthur a small brown envelope containing the news of his
dismissal. Surprisingly, the general received the news without a comment, while the
officers who worked with MacArthur showed signs of evident bitterness and sadness. For
example, one captain remarked, I wont believe it until I see it on paper. Another said,
Boy, they sure made a big mistake. These officers were also loyal to MacArthur and
supported his views. Not only did MacArthurs staff take the news by surprise, the
Japanese were also astounded by his dismissal. MacArthur was considered a great leader
to them, for he had been Japans unofficial emperor for more than five years. This
primary source was very resourceful to our group because it showed us how much shock
MacArthur aroused across America, and even Japan. Our group used this source to write
the failures section of our exhibit, for Trumans decision to fire MacArthur was definitely
a failure, especially through the eyes of his staff members.
Truman Impeachment Urged in Angry Protests Here:Wires Swamped by L.A. Backers of
MacArthur. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File). Los Angeles, Calif.:Apr 11, 1951.
p. 2 (1 pp.)
This primary source is part of a newspaper from the Los Angeles Times. It was published
on the actual day General MacArthur was fired by Harry S. Truman. An almost
unprecedented wave of telephone calls swamped The Times switch board within less
than a minute after Trumans announcement that General MacArthur had been fired.
Obviously, the Americans were taken by immense surprise after finding out that the
greatest US general in history had been fired. Most of the calls demanded for President
Truman to be impeached immediately for his shocking decision. One person called the
dismissal, calamitous, adding, Its worse than a dozen Pearl Harbors! In addition,
One woman was crying so hard that her words were barely intelligible. There were also
many more calls criticizing Trumans decision that could not be published. Moreover,
people planned petitions and wrote letters to President Truman, admonishing him for his
unreasonable decision. This shows how vehemently the Americans felt in 1951 of the
firing on General MacArthur, who was a great hero, as well as a role model, to people all
over the nation. Our group used this source to write the opinions of the Americans in our
exhibit, for this source helped us see the Controversy through the eyes of the people who
were living at the time.
Videos:
"American President: Harry S. Truman." Miller Center of Public Affairs. Rector and Visitors of
the University of Virginia. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. <http://millercenter.org/president/
truman>.
This secondary source website contains a primary source video. The video is about
President Harry S. Truman's report on Korea. In the video, President Harry S. Truman
maintains that he believes in a limited war and that they are doing the right thing. He
believes in a limited war to protect the lives of American soldiers, to not "needlessly
jeopardize" the free world, and to avoid another world war. President Harry S. Truman
says that he had fired UN General Douglas MacArthur because he disagreed with his
policies. President Harry S. Truman admits UN General Douglas MacArthur as one of

the greatest military commanders in history, but he says that world peace is far greater
than one person. President Harry S. Truman appoints General Matthew Ridgeway in
place of General Douglas MacArthur. President Truman presses on his belief of peace
and preventing a third world war. This source was helpful to our project, for it allowed
our group to see President Harry S. Truman's point of view and his reasons for firing UN
General Douglas MacArthur. We used this video in our media device to show our
audience how President Harry S. Truman fired UN General Douglas MacArthur.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur Parade, New York City, New York, 04/20/1951. The U.S. National
Archives and Records Administration. Web. 23 Jan.2011.<http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc
/action/ShowFullRecordDigital?$searchId=1&$showFullDescriptionTabs.selectedPaneId
=digital&$digiDetailPageModel.currentPage=0&$resultsPartitionPageModel.targetMode
l=true&$resultsSummaryPageModel.pageSize=10&$partitionIndex=0&$digiSummaryPa
geModel.targetModel=true&$submitId=1&$resultsDetailPageModel.search=true&$digi
DetailPageModel.resultPageModel=true&$resultsDetailPageModel.currentPage=7&$sho
wArchivalDescriptionsTabs.selectedPaneId=digital&$resultsDetailPageModel.pageSize=
1&$resultsSummaryPageModel.targetModel=true&$sort=RELEVANCE_ASC&$results
PartitionPageModel.search=true&$highlight=false&initpagemodel=on&mn=digiDetailPa
geModel&goto=0&detail=digiViewModel/1>.
This secondary source website, the National Archives, contains primary source videos.
Our group found a video about the welcoming parade for General Douglas MacArthur.
People threw ribbons, papers, and many other things to welcome UN General Douglas
MacArthur and his family. There was a band playing, and people crowded around the
parade to welcome Douglas MacArthur. This video showed MacArthur's popularity in
America during his dismissal. Our group used this source in our media device to show
how much the Americans liked UN General Douglas MacArthur even when he was
dismissed for defying President Harry S. Truman.
President Truman Reports on Korea. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
1950. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. <http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ShowFullRecordDigital
?initpagemodel=on&mn=resultsDetailPageModel&goto=6&sort=&$searchId=1&$show
FullDescriptionTabs.selectedPaneId=&$digiDetailPageModel.currentPage=0&$resultsPa
rtitionPageModel.targetModel=true&$resultsSummaryPageModel.pageSize=10&$partiti
onIndex=0&$digiSummaryPageModel.targetModel=true&$submitId=1&$resultsDetailP
ageModel.search=true&$digiDetailPageModel.resultPageModel=true&$resultsDetailPag
eModel.currentPage=0&$showArchivalDescriptionsTabs.selectedPaneId=digital&$result
sDetailPageModel.pageSize=1&$resultsSummaryPageModel.targetModel=true&$sort=R
ELEVANCE_ASC&$resultsPartitionPageModel.search=true&$highlight=false&tab=init
/showFullDescriptionTabs/digital&detail=digiViewModel/1>.
This National Archives website is a secondary source that contains valuable primary
sources. Our group found a primary source video about President Harry S. Truman's
reports on Korea. In this video, President Harry S. Truman reports to the Americans that
on June 25, 1950, the communist forces had attacked Korea. President Harry S. Truman
says that the speed and the size of the attack of the enemies showed that it had been

planned for a long time. Fifty-two United Nations countries were going to protect Korea,
and General Douglas MacArthur became the commander of the United Nations army.
President Truman reports that the soldiers are working with "close team work and
efficiency." Truman warns the Americans that their job in Korea would be difficult. No
matter what the cost, President Harry S. Truman says that they are fighting for freedom.
This video was helpful to our project, for it allowed us to see President Harry S. Truman's
goal of the Korean War- to stop the advancing forces of communism threats, not to
completely get rid of it. It also helped us know how America responded to the sudden
communist attack in Korea. Our group used this source in our media device to show the
audience President Harry S. Truman's view point of the Korean War.
"YouTube - Deathly Torture in NK Prison - Human Right Interview 14." YouTube - Broadcast
Yourself. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6h0R7F88hE>.
This primary source contains an interview of a North Korean refugee who luckily
escaped. While attempting to escape, she got captured by the North Korean police, who
threw her in a North Korean prison. In the prison, she was beaten badly and was violently
tortured. One time, a North Korean officer purposely jumped on her back so hard that her
ribs were all broken. During a long period of time, she could not move at all or breathe
properly. Her husband and son were also in the prison with her, and her husband died
because of disease in the prison and the constant beatings. From this source, our group
learned about the horrible sufferings of North Koreans today. We used this primary
source to write the consequences sections of our exhibit.
YouTube - Douglas MacArthur Farewell Speech to Congress. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.
Web. 30 Jan. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tuagi9kZe8A&feature=related>.
This YouTube website has a primary source video about Douglas MacArthur's farewell
speech to Congress. MacArthurs speech was divided into four parts. This secondary
website containing a primary website is a valuable source, for the primary source is the
actual speech General MacArthur made when he was fired. This video helped our group
to know how General MacArthur viewed the Koreans and his feelings towards the
American policy and President Harry S. Truman. General MacArthur starts off his speech
by telling the Americans the history of the Koreans. UN General Douglas MacArthur
refers the Koreans as "the peoples of Asia" and says that Koreans, under the Japan's cruel
colonization, had no chance to improve their lives. But they overthrew the colonial power
of Japan, and achieved their freedom. General Douglas MacArthur tells the Americans in
his speech that Koreans were not to be stopped from "shaping their own free destiny."
MacArthur points out in the video that China's interests were the same as the Soviet
Union's, and China's interference in Korea showed their greed for more power. He says
that the UN forces were successful in protecting Korea, until China, with its numerically
big army, intervened. When China interfered, a new situation that required new decisions
was formed. General MacArthur says that no new decision came. In this video,
MacArthur refers to President Harry S. Truman and how he did not allow him to attack
China. MacArthur had constantly asked for new decisions to be made so that he can get
rid of the Chinese threats. He also says that the war's purpose is "victory, not prolonged

indecisions," and he wanted a swift end to the war. MacArthur makes his famous saying,
"In war, there is no substitute for victory." MacArthur says that those who want to
appease Red China are blind and that the history teachers told him that appeasement
brings more war and it is a "sham peace." MacArthur attacks the president by saying that
appeasement was unreasonable. MacArthur maintains that Korea "is the sole one which
had risk its all against communism. They have chosen to risk death rather than slavery."
He compliments the soldiers in Korea, and ends his speech with his famous quote, "Old
soldiers never die, they just fade away." We used this source to write about UN General
Douglas MacArthurs point of view of the Korean War and President Harry S. Trumans
policies. We also put this in our media device to visually illustrate Douglas MacArthur's
point of view.
YouTube - How North Korean Men Survive- North Korean Refugee Testimony #24. YouTube Broadcast Yourself. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCqihAQPpA&feature=related>.
From this YouTube site, our group found a valuable primary source about how a North
Korean man survived. In this interview, the North Korean man traded animals with China
to live and take care of his family. He was sued for smuggling animals and was sent to a
prison. He was hit with logs, feet, and fists. The man starved for eight years and stayed in
prison for two years. In a poor place, the man said that he heard of a case where a father
ate his daughter. He also said that in the village he was living in, a grandpa who served in
the Korean War tasted a dead man, and he could not forget the taste. So that grandpa ate
three women and fattened up six orphans and ate them. The North Korean refugee said
that if you don't die with hunger, you will die with mental problems. This man escaped to
Vietnam in 2008. This online interview was very important in our project, for it helped us
to see how much the North Koreans were suffering under the oppressive dictatorship. If
General Douglas MacArthur had gotten rid of the North Korean government, the North
Koreans might not be suffering right now. We used this source to write the cause part of
our exhibit board.
YouTube - Inter-Korean Reunions. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 30 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEw1SIPyCR4&feature=related>.
This YouTube video is a primary source that shows the separated Korean families
reunion. People are hugging and crying after seeing their beloved families they couldn't
see for more than fifty years. This video showed the consequences of President Harry S.
Truman's decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur, for because Truman wanted
to limit the war, Korea was not unified. We also used this source in our media device to
show the separated Korean families reunion and the pain the Korean families have to go
through.

YouTube Lost Thirty Years. Perf. Seol Un Do. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 30 Jan.
2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAhhZPxZMjQ>.
Lost 30 Years, sung by Seol Un Do, a famous Korean singer, was dedicated to the
separated Korean families who did not know what happened to their family members;
some remarried, and others died. On June 30, 1983, Seol Un Do sang this song for the
separated Korean Families at a KBS program called, Locate the Separated Families.
This source can be classified as a primary source, for this song was made at the time
when the separated families tried to find each other, even though it still continues today.
This YouTube video was helpful for our project, because the lyrics of the song helped us
understand the pains and sorrows of the separated families who now could not see each
other for sixty years, and it was also used in our media device to show a song dedicated
to the separated Korean Families.
YouTube - (Music Video) Song Of Korean War (78rpm & Archive Footage). Perf. Sang-Choon
Lee, Chon-Aae Kim. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 30 Jan.2011.<http://www.you
tube.com/watch?v=7XIR18KlXcA>.
This YouTube video was a valuable source, for it contained the 6.25 Korean War Song.
This song was written during the Korean War and was sung since the Korean War. It
reveals bitterness of the South Koreans. This primary source song was significant in our
project, for we used this video in our media device. We used this video, for this video
contains a song that was contemporary to the Korean War in which UN General Douglas
MacArthur was fired by President Harry S. Truman.
YouTube - North Korean Kids Can Not Even Go to School- North Korean Refugee Testimony
#39. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com /wa
tch?v=ZzhFhd_uV4Q&feature=related>.
This secondary source website contains a primary source video about the North Korean
refugees. No name was mentioned, because it might put the refugees in danger. A woman
testified that there is no teacher in North Korea. There is a person called "teacher" but the
children at school were not taught. They only took care of the teacher's babies. Kids also
did not go to school because every day, one of their family members would die. This
North Korean woman said that she saw at least two corpses per day. She suffered so
much that she escaped with her family at night. But they suffered as much in China as in
North Korea. This North Korean woman was not ashamed that she was a North Korean,
for she says that she has done nothing wrong- it is the North Korean government that is
corrupt. This woman was shocked when she heard that Kim Jong Il ate three meals a day
and had tons of girls beside him. Her dream is to go back to her homeland after the
reunification of Korea and sleep in her old house safely and peacefully. This primary
source interview was a great source, for it let us know the hardships the North Koreans
still had to face because of the existing communism in North Korea. President Harry S.
Truman's decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur impacted the Koreans
negatively forever, for a chance to bring an end to North Korea was lost. The sufferings

of North Koreans continue today. We used this source to write about our cause part of
our exhibit board.
Books:
Boyd, Arthur L. Operation Broken Reed. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2007. Print.
This book is a primary source, for the author wrote this book with his memories and
experiences he had during the Korean War. After General Douglas MacArthur made a
disastrous mistake, President Truman made a big decision to send ten men on a mission
called Operation Broken Reed. Ten men went behind the enemy lines to learn more
about the North Korean and Chinese communist forces. The author of this book is the one
and only man who survived out of the ten men who went on the mission. President Harry
S. Truman made the Operation Broken Reed to know more about the enemy and
to decide whether or not to enlarge the Korean War. He thought he lacked information
about his enemies to make the decision. The ten men gave President Harry S. Truman
information about Chinese and Soviet bomber group in Manchuria who were loaded with
atomic weapons. This source allowed our group to see that President Harry S. Trumans
decision to stick to a limited war was a reasonable decision. This book helped our group
to learn about President Trumans opinions and beliefs. We used this source to write
about the success part of the President Truman firing UN General Douglas MacArthur.
His decision could be seen as a successful one, because he gained enough information
about his enemy through Operation Broken Reed and knew that bombing Manchuria
would arouse serious warfare with the Russians and the Chinese who had atomic
weapons at Manchuria. President Harry S. Truman wisely avoided risking such a chance.
Daniel, Clifton Truman. Growing up with My Grandfather: Memories of Harry S. Truman.
Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group, 1995. Print.
This book was very resourceful to our group because the grandson of Harry S. Truman
actually wrote the book. The grandson, Clifton Truman Daniel, is the person our group
interviewed for our project. His book mainly talks about what kind of a person Truman
was at home with his family and some memorable experiences Clifton Truman Daniel
shared with his grandfather. According to Clifton Truman Daniel, his grandfather was
very strict to his grandchildren. It was said that Truman good fix all the bad behavior
habits of his grandchildren just by glaring at them. In addition, Harry S. Truman always
did the opposite of what his wife, Bess Truman, asked him to do. For example, Truman
would never mow the lawn when his wife asked him to. From the time President Truman
was a child, he was an avid reader. Therefore, until his death in 1972, Truman continued
to read extensively, especially newspapers, to always be aware of what was happening in
the world. Our group used this book, written by the close grandson of Harry S. Truman,
to analyze some character traits of Truman that led to his decision of dismissing
MacArthur.

Granfield, Linda. I Remember Korea. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Print.
This book is full of primary accounts of the veterans who fought in the Korean War. One
account written by a veteran named Louis J. Lyons says that because US agreed to the
demilitarized zone, our soldiers are still there and dying. This book also has a valuable
link address that has a Google Earth file of the Korean War battlegrounds and let our
group see the battlegrounds visually. This source allowed us to understand and write
about the background information of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy- the Korean
War- on our exhibit board.
James, D. Clayton. Command Crisis: MacArthur and the Korean War. [Colorado Springs,
Colorado.]: United States Air Force Academy, 1982. Print.
This book is a primary source, because it was written by a professor who was living
during the time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. This book was one of the most
valuable books we came across, because it contained new information that we never read
or heard of. Professor D. Clayton James says that MacArthur "never advocated an
expansion of the land war into Manchuria or North China." Also, MacArthur was "not
involved in the decision-making responsible for unleashing the United Nations forces'
invasion of North Korea, which, in turn, brought Communist China into the conflict..."
MacArthur advanced into North Korea after receiving "a Joint Chiefs' directive four days
earlier authorizing such a move." Professor James says that people think that MacArthur
wanted to conquer North Korea, but actually, MacArthur "merely executed the policy
made in Washington to seize North Korea... So the decision to advance to North Korea
was not made by UN General Douglas MacArthur, but it was made by Washington. The
Truman-MacArthur Controversy was "not a real disagreement on whether the war should
be limited, only on how it should be done." This book gave us whole new insights by
stating that MacArthur was "not an 'American Caesar'," and that he was relived not
because of his belief contrary to the President, but because he publicly disagreed with the
President's policy. Professor Clayton James also says that the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy was caused by "failure in communication." MacArthur and Truman both
misjudged each other and based their belief on the stereotypes. Because of this, the
outcome was the dismissal of MacArthur and destroying President Harry S. Truman's
chance to have a second term as president. Furthermore, the books states that it was
Truman's fault for choosing MacArthur as the head of the United Nations army, because
MacArthur from the beginning had a firm belief that winning is the only option in war.
Truman should have chosen a general who thought with the "Pentagon strategic
thinking." Our group used the information present in this source to write in depth about
the conflicting viewpoints of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
Nicol, Donald (Hank) M., ed. Christmas in July. Palm Beach, FL: Avon Park, 2003. Print.
Christmas in July is a book edited by Donald W. (Hank) Nicol, a Korean War veteran our
group interviewed. He sent us a copy of his book through email. This book is a vivid,
long account of the Korean War veterans. This source is a primary source, because it is
written by the people who were living during the time of the Korean War and those who

actually fought it. It is a story of their painful, yet important, memories. Hank Nicol and
many other veterans recall many specific details of the war- the coldness, the starving,
poor South Korean kids getting food from slop cans, and the actual fighting. This book is
comprised of many different Korean War veterans' accounts. Our group used this source
to write about the Korean War section of our board. The vivid accounts of the veterans
helped us to write about the brutality of the Korean War.
Nicol, Donald (Hank) M., ed. Korea, Korea. Print.
Korea, Korea is a book sent to our group by Donald W. (Hank) Nicol, a Korean War
veteran we interviewed through email. This book is an unpublished account of the many
Korean War veterans who fought in the Korean War. Korea, Korea is a primary source,
because it is written by people who were at Korea during the Korean War. This long
story depicts the story of the veterans' inductions to their homecomings. Donald Nicol
edited this book, and it contains the memories the veterans' individual experiences.
Donald Nicol went to Korea by sailing to Pusan, and he went to a Chunchon camp.
During the fighting, he came across Chinese soldiers playing dead to attack the
Americans once they passed by them. This book also contained many detailed, minor
information about the war, such as eating "lousy food." Our group used this source to
write about the Korean War paragraph. This book allowed us to see the Korean War
through the eyes of the veterans who felt and experienced it.
Photographs:
0000019d. 1950. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration, Maryland. Images
of American Political History. By Bill Ball. Bill.BallPaul.net, 28 Apr. 2009. Web. 27
Feb. 2011. <http://bill.ballpaul.net/iaph/main.php?g2_itemId=1300>.
This photo shows President Harry S. Truman signing a proclamation starting the U.S.
involvement in the Korean War. This picture is a primary source, because it was taken at
the time of the event. Our group used this source as a visual material to enhance our
exhibit board. We pasted this image on President Harry S. Truman's side of the board.
"Akg-images.co.uk | Gallery | History | Cold War." Akg-images.com | The Arts and History
Picture Library. Akg-images. Web. 01 Feb. 2011. <http://www.akg images.com/akg_
couk/_customer/london/gallery/history/cold.html>.
This secondary source website contains a photograph of the Korean War. It shows the
American soldiers passing by the fleeing Korean citizens. Both groups look tired from the
Korean War. We used this photograph to decorate our exhibit board and put it in our
background information section.

"American Experience . MacArthur . People & Events | Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur (1852 1935) | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 5 Jan. 2011.<http://www.pbs.org/
wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX109.html>.
This picture is a portrait of Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur. Also known as "Pinky," she
was the mother of General Douglas MacArthur. Our group used this primary source as
visual material in the opposing viewpoints section of our exhibit board.
Barnes, John. "Pictures of People from the 20th Century (series 1). - Windows Live." John
Barnes Blogsite - Windows Live. 21 Dec. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2011. <http://johnwilliam
barnes.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!BE3AFDE98176603D!1549.entry>.
This primary source consists of a photograph of President Harry S. Truman speaking on
television. Our group used this visual material in our media device, which was put in the
middle of our exhibit board. The picture was used in the section of the media device that
talked about Trumans limited war policy during the Korean War.
BBC News. BBC. Web. 26 Nov 2010. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6653565.stm>.
This visual material was used in our exhibit as a visual material, and it can be classified
as a primary source, because the reporters and camera men of the BBC News were
present at the family reunions. It portrays a man reaching out to his separated family
member when they had to be separated again after a three day reunion. The picture was
important, because it portrayed the effects of the firing of Douglas MacArthur: a divided
country with thousands of separated families, some who already died without getting the
chance to see their family members again.
Bio: Gen. Douglas MacArthur - Oliver North | War Stories - FOXNews.com." FoxNews.com Breaking News | Latest News | Current News. Web. 01 Feb. 2011. <http://www.foxnews.
com/story/0,2933, 234846,00.html>.
This primary source consists of a photograph of UN General Douglas MacArthur
smoking a pipe. The photograph was used as visual material on our exhibit board, on the
Truman panel of our board.
Blanchard, Olivier. "Political Logos: The Origins of the Republicans Elephant and Democrats
Donkey The BrandBuilder Blog." The BrandBuilder Blog. 5 Sept. 08. Web. 13 Mar.
2011. <http://thebrandbuilder.wordpress.com/2008/09/05/political-logos-the-origins-ofthe-republicans-elephant-and-democrats-donkey/>.
This secondary source shows an elephant, which symbolizes the Democratic Party, next
to the Republicans, who are represented by a donkey. Our group used this political logo
as visual material in the opposing viewpoints section of our exhibit board.

Cain, Bill. "Bill Cain Online - From Black and White to Green Integration in the US Army."
Bill Cain Online - Where Heroes Come Alive. Bill Cain Online. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://billcainonline.com/?p=738>.
This website contains a photograph of the Korean War. Two American soldiers of the
Korean War are hugging and comforting each other during the war. Our group used this
source to decorate our exhibit board and pasted it on the background information section
of our board.
Cakels Techlog. Web. 13 Mar 2011<http://cakel.tistory.com/entry/Korean-War-train-attack%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%84%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C-%EC%B2%
A0%EB%A1%9C-%EA%B3%B5%EA%B2%A9>
This website has a picture that portrays the scene of exploding railway cars of Wonsan,
North Korea during the Korean War. Trains in North Korea were targets of U.S. and
other U.N. forces, so military and civilian trains often had to wait out the daylight hours
in tunnels. It was used in our exhibit to decorate the background information part of the
board.
Chosun.com Blog News. Web. 13 Mar 2011 <http://blog.chosun.com/article.log.view.screen?blo
gId=54047&logId=4809437>
This picture shows Red China crossing the Abrok River towards South Korea to
interfere in the Korean War. This photo is a primary source because one of the soldiers
took this picture during the war. Our group used this picture to decorate the middle
section of the exhibit board, which contains the cause part of the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy. This picture shows the cause part of the controversy, for MacArthurs
claim to advance further north to the Chinese territory angered President Truman and led
to the generals dismissal.
"Cold War: American Leaders General MacArthur and South Korean President Syngman
Rhee History.com Photo Galleries." History.com History Made Every Day
American & World History. Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://www.history.com/photos/coldwar-american-leaders/photo5>.
This picture shows U.N. General Douglas MacArthur sitting next to South Korea's
president, Syngman Rhee. This picture is a primary source because it was taken at the
time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. Our group used this photo as visual material
for the background information section of our exhibit board.
Daylife. Web. 24 Nov 2010. <http://www.daylife.com/photo/02jXgLg7qIea3>.
Daylife.com is a primary source containing primary source images, for this site existed
during the time of the South and North Korean family reunions. The photos of the
separated families, eyes bright red and tears pouring, was used to decorate the poster
board in the outcome section of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy, and it let us realize

the unbearable pain to see ones family member turned into an elder one cannot
recognize.
"Dean Acheson." NNDB: Tracking the Entire World. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nndb.
com/people/425/000054263/>.
This photograph is a portrait of Secretary of State, Dean Acheson. Our group used this
primary source as visual material in the opposing viewpoints section of our exhibit board.
"EMC - Eisenhower Stories - Ike, Milton, and the McCarthy Battle." Eisenhower Memorial
Commission. Web. 5 June 2011. <http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/IkeMilton-McCarthy.htm>.
This picture shows Republican senator, Joseph McCarthy. We used this primary source
as visual material in the opposing viewpoints section of our exhibit board.
"ENewsletter Winter 2011 | USA Sightseeing Tours of Top US Travel Destinations - Old Town
Trolley Tours ." Tours & Attractions in USA | USA Sightseeing Tours of Top US Travel
Destinations - Old Town Trolleys Tours . Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://www.trolleytours
.com/enewsletter-winter-11.asp>.
This picture shows Clifton Truman Daniel, President Harry S. Truman's oldest grandson.
We used this primary source photograph as visual material in our media device, which
we placed in the center of our exhibit board.
"GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR'S FLIGHT FROM THE PHILIPPINES
SYMBOLIZED AMERICA'S DEMORALIZING REVERSES EARLY IN WORLD
WAR II. HIS RETURN DRAMATIZED THE DAWN OF VICTORY." Monroe Gallery
of Photography. Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://monroegallery.blogspot.com/2010/10/general
-douglas-macarthurs-flight-from.html>.
This picture shows General MacArthur leading his troops to the successful landing of
Incheon, called "The Incheon Landing." This picture is a primary source because it was
taken at the time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. Our group used this picture as
visual material in the background information section of our exhibit board.
Halberstam, David. "MacArthur's Grand Delusion | Politics | Vanity Fair." Vanity Fair Magazine
| Vanity Fair. Oct. 2007. Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features
/2007/10/halberstam200710>.
This picture shows General MacArthur with his other soldiers waving at the camera
while riding a military vehicle. This picture is a primary source because it was taken
during the time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. We used this photograph as
visual material on the MacArthur side of our exhibit board.

Halfie Trots the Globe. Web. 13 Mar 2011.<http://halfietrot.blogspot.com/2010/07/translation

-modern-korean-buddhism-101_03.html>.
This website has a picture that shows the scene of a Korean girl, holding her baby
brother. They appear as if they lost their parents due to the war, and there is a tank
behind them. This photo was used as a visual material for the decoration of the exhibit,
and this image was put on the middle part of the board, which talks about the
background of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy, the Korean War.
Hansamo. Web. 13 Mar 2011 <http://www.ihansamo.com/article/board.php?board=oldkorea
&command=body&no=482>
This visual material was used in our exhibit as a visual source, and it is classified as a
primary source because the picture was taken during the Korean War. In the photograph,
there are two North Korean boys, serving in the North Korean Army. They are
interrogated by the U.S. soldiers shortly after their capture in the Shindang-dong Area. It
was used as the background information of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
"Harry S. Truman." Historic Clothing: Expanded Site. 6 Aug. 1999. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://histclo.com/pres/Ind20/truman.html>.
This website contains a primary source image of President Harry S. Truman when he was
young. This visual material was pasted on President Harry S. Truman's side of the exhibit
board.
"Harry S. Truman." NNDB: Tracking the Entire World. Web. 01 Feb. 2011. http://www.nndb.
com/people/114/000024042/>.
This primary source consists of a photograph of President Harry S. Truman posing for a
presidency photo. The picture was used on our exhibit board, on the MacArthur side, as
visual material.
Harry Truman Decorating General Douglas MacArthur. Photograph. The Telegraph. By Anne
Applebaum. The Telegraph Media Group Limited 2011, 10 Nov. 2010. Web. 27 Feb.
2011. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8122106/Why-GeorgeBush-is-trying-to-do-a-Truman.html>.
This photo shows President Harry S. Truman decorating UN General Douglas
MacArthur. This photograph was very valuable, because it was in color. Most of the
photos from the 1950's are black and white, but this one was in full color. This source
was a primary source, because it was taken at the time of the event. Our group used this
source to decorate our board and this visual material was put on President Harry S.
Truman's side of the exhibit board.

Historymartinezs Blog. Web. 13 Mar 2011. <http://historymartinez.wordpress.com/2010

/11/24/interview-of-paul-steppe-korean-war-veterans-history-project-primary-sourceinterviewmemoir/>
This website has images of soldiers during the Korean War. The photo is of two soldiers,
wearing the military uniforms, steadily walking through the field with their guns. This
primary source was posted on the exhibit as a visual material to embellish the
background part of the exhibit board.
"History of Korea - Teaching English in Korea." Teach English Abroad - Teach English in
Korea, Taiwan or China. Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://www.reachtoteachrecruiting.com/
guide-to-korea-history.html>.
This picture shows the U.N. forces supporting and fighting for South Korea. This picture
is a primary source because it was taken in the time of the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy. This picture, showing the Korean War, was used as visual material in the
background information section of our exhibit board.
"Jan 3, 1945: MacArthur and Nimitz given New Commands." Blogs by Alex S. Web. 25 Jan.
2011. <http://blogsbyalexs.blogspot.com/2011/01/jan-3-1945-macarthur-and-nimitzgiven.html>.
This source contains a photograph of UN General Douglas MacArthur. In the picture, he
is saluting, and the picture shows other men behind him saluting as well. The photograph
is zoomed up on MacArthur, showing his body down to his hip. This picture is primary
because it was taken during the time when he was a general and was alive. Our group
used this source as visual material to put on our exhibit board. The photograph was put
on the right panel of our exhibit board, which is a whole section talking about General
MacArthur. This picture was used to enhance the physical appearance of our exhibit
board.
Jin, Seong Cheol. North Korea, 200 shells bombarded YeonpyeongdoArmy Emergency
Command. Joong Ang Ilbo. 23 Nov. 2010: 1-2. Print.
This primary source newspaper article reports on the recent North Koreas
bombing on the South Korean territory: Yeonpyeongdo. The news report says that two
people died, three people are suffering from serious wounds, and fourteen are injured.
This newspaper can be the consequence of Trumans decision to fire MacArthur, for his
actions helped North Korea to continue to exist and attack the South continuously. Our
group also used this to decorate our poster board.
Jonik, John. "HARRY S TRUMAN'S COMMENTS." Moments With Clyde. Web. 25 Jan. 2011.
<http://clydemcdonnell.blogspot.com/2010/02/harry-s-trumans-comments.html>.
This source contains photographs of Harry S. Truman posing for his presidency
photographs. These pictures are primary because they were taken during the time of
Trumans presidency. In one of the pictures, Truman is just looking up at the camera and

the picture is zoomed only so that his face and shoulders are visible in the picture. Our
group used these photographs as visual material to put into our media device. These
pictures were used in the video in which President Harry S. Truman explained his belief
of a limited war. The photographs were used to enhance our media device.
Korean War - Crossing the 38th Parallel. Photograph. General Military History Photos. By
Brianna K. Blogger.com, 25 Aug. 2008. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. <http://genmilitaryhistory
photos.blogspot.com/2008/08/korean-war-crossing-38th-parallel.html>.
This picture shows the 38th parallel north. The photograph is a primary source, because it
was taken at the time of the event- the Korean War. This picture let us know how the
38th parallel north, a line that divides Korea today, looks like. This source was used as a
visual material. We pasted this photo on the Korean War section, because the 38th
parallel north United States and the Soviet Union marked on Korea was one of the events
that triggered the Korean War.
Kyeongin.com. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. <http://www.kyeongin.com/news/articleView2.Html
?idxno=548669#>.
This Korean website has a primary source image from a present newspaper article
of a man holding the hands of his child while departing on the bus that would separate
him from his child forever. This visual image was used on our groups poster board on
the consequences section. By showing how the separated families held hands together
until the last minute of departure, this image showed us how much the separated families
had to go through because of the firing of MacArthur, who could have reunited Korea by
bombing Manchuria.
Northwest Asian Weekly. Web. 25 Nov 2010. < http://www.nwasianweekly.com/2010/11/war
split-north-and-south-korean-families-reunite after-years-apart/>.
The Northwest Asian Weekly website is a primary source that provided us with a picture
of an elderly man who was crying as he watched his brother leave by the bus to go back
to North Korea. The aged countenance of their faces shows how time had passed by
rapidly and they finally got to see each other for once in their lives when they became
elders. This visual material is a primary source, since the photo was taken at the time of
the historical happening of the Korean reunions, and was used on the poster board of our
groups project. It helped us to see the effects of Trumans firing of MacArthur and how
it tore the Korean people apart forever.
"Ohmani (Mother)." Presseum-Newspaper Museum in Korea. Web. 25 Nov 2010.
<http://www.presseum.or.kr/html/html_db/cyb_photo/cyb_pho_pop20.html>.
The photo, titled as Mother, portrays a picture of a man holding the hands of his
mother, who he could not see for years. This primary source was used as our visual
source and was put on the exhibit board. The picture showed us the outcome of firing
Douglas MacArthur: thousands of Koreans were separated and got to see each other for

three days once in their life if they were lucky or they never got to see their family
members ever again.
Photograph General Douglas MacArthur Supreme Commander South West Pacific. Photograph.
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Maryland. The U.S. National
Archives and Records Administration. The U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration. Web. 25 Jan. 2011. <http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ShowFull
RecordDigital?mn=digiDetailPageModel &goto=1&%24searchId=1&%24showFul
lDescriptionTabs.selectedPaneId=digital&%24digiDetailPageModel.currentPage=0&%2
4digiViewModel.detailId=1&%24resultsPartitionPageModel.targetModel=true&%24resu
ltsSummaryPageModel.pageSize=10&%24partitionIndex=0&%24digiSummaryPageMo
del.targetModel=true&%24submitId=1&%24digiViewModel.name=digiViewModel&%
24resultsDetailPageModel.search=true&%24digiDetailPageModel.resultPageModel=true
&%24resultsDetailPageModel.currentPage=26&%24showArchivalDescriptionsTabs.sele
ctedPaneId=digital&%24resultsDetailPageModel.pageSize=1&%24resultsSummaryPage
Model.targetModel=true&%24sort=RELEVANCE_ASC&%24resultsPartitionPageMode
l.search=true&%24highlight=false>.
This primary source photograph portrays UN General Douglas MacArthur, the Southwest
Pacific Supreme Commander. This picture shows Douglas MacArthur in his usual
uniform and facial expression. Our group used this source as a visual material in our
exhibit board. We used this source to show the audience how UN General Douglas
MacArthur looked like.
"Photograph of Douglas MacArthur, 07/1932." The U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 31 Jan.
2011. <http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ShowFullRecordDigital?initpagemodel=
on&mn=resultsDetailPageModel&goto=24&sort=&%24searchId=1&%24showFullDescr
iptionTabs.selectedPaneId=&%24digiDetailPageModel.currentPage=0&%24resultsPartit
ionPageModel.targetModel=true&%24resultsSummaryPageModel.pageSize=10&%24pa
rtitionIndex=0&%24digiSummaryPageModel.targetModel=true&%24submitId=1&%24r
esultsDetailPageModel.search=true&%24digiDetailPageModel.resultPageModel=true&
%24resultsDetailPageModel.currentPage=20&%24showArchivalDescriptionsTabs.select
edPaneId=digital&%24resultsDetailPageModel.pageSize=1&%24resultsSummaryPageM
odel.targetModel=true&%24sort=RELEVANCE_ASC&%24resultsPartitionPageModel.s
earch=true&%24highlight=false&tab=init/showFullDescriptionTabs/digital&detail=digi
ViewModel/1>.
The National Archives website has a primary source photo of UN General Douglas
MacArthur when he was young. This picture shows him in his baggy military uniform.
Our group used this souce in our exhibit board to decorate UN General Douglas
MacArthur's side of the board.

"Pro-MacArthur Demonstration in New York, 1951 - Rights Managed - Corbis." Corbis Images
Premium Quality Stock Photography and Illustrations. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.<http://www.
corbisimages.com/Enlargement/HU050617.html>.
This primary source consists of a photograph of Americans protesting against Trumans
decision of dismissing General Douglas MacArthur. These people are holding up signs
stating things such as, Bring MacArthur Back to Tell the Truth. This photograph is
significant to our project because it clearly shows the viewpoints of some of the
Americans at the time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. We put this picture on our
exhibit board as visual material on the Conflicting Viewpoints section of our exhibit.
"Records Reveal U.S. Presence in Secret Korean War Slaughter - International News | News of
the World | Middle East News | Europe News - FOXNews.com." FoxNews.com Breaking News | Latest News | Current News. 6 July 2008. Web. 5 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,376865,00.html>.
This picture shows General MacArthur, commander in chief of the U.N. forces, with his
soldiers. This picture is a primary source because it was taken in the time of the TrumanMacArthur Controversy. Our group used this photo as visual material in the MacArthur
section of out exhibit board.
Ryan, James C., Joseph J. Wojcik, and William M. Cross. "Wise Words From Old Grads."
WEST POINT GRADUATES AGAINST THE WAR. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.<http://www.west
pointgradsagainstthewar.org/wise_words_from_old_grads.htm>.
This website contains a photograph of General Douglas MacArthur when he was young.
We used this photo to decorate our exhibit board and pasted it on General Douglas
MacArthur's side of the board.
Seop, Kim Bong. "Daily NK - The Korean War in Pictures." DailyNK. DailyNK, 23 Apr. 2010.
Web. 01 Feb. 2011. <http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk03300&num
=6271>.
This website contains many photographs of the Korean War. One of the pictures portrays
Seoul ruined and destroyed after the war. Men and women are looking for firewood in the
destroyed capital. Our group used this source to decorate our board and pasted our picture
in the background information section of the board.
Song, Sam Sang Keun. "Korean War Modern American History." Blogs@Baruch | Home. 7
Dec. 2010. Web. 5 Jan. 2011. <http://blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005fall2010/tag
/korean-war/>.
This picture shows the U.N. soldiers in the battlefield of the Korean War. This picture is
a primary source because it was taken at the time of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
Our group used this Korean War picture as visual material in the background information
section of our exhibit board.

"Stories from the Frontlines: Clifton Truman Daniel | Blog." Servicemembers Legal Defense
Network. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. <http://www.sldn.org/blog/archives/stories-from-thefrontlines-clifton-truman-daniel/>.
This photograph shows Clifton Truman Daniel, President Truman's oldest grandson, as a
child with his family. Clifton Truman Daniel is sitting on President Truman's lap, and he
is also posing for the photo with his mother, father, grandmother, and younger brother.
This picture is a primary source because it was taken during the time when Truman was
alive. Our group used this photograph as visual material on our media device, which was
placed in the middle of the exhibit board.
SydWalker.Info. Web. 13 Mar 2011< http://sydwalker.info/blog/2010/12/21/korea-on-a-shortfuse-boys-bangers-bullies/>
This source contains a photograph of U.S. bombing of Wonsan, Korea. In the picture,
there is a huge explosion destroying the whole village. This picture is a primary source,
because it was taken during the time of the Korean War. Our group put this photo on the
middle of the exhibit board, because it shows the scene of the Korean War, which is
background information of the Truman-MacArthur controversy.
"Things I Should Throw Out: Phoenix Gazette, 1951 at Bostworld." Bostworld. Web. 9 Dec.
2010. <http://derrickbostrom.com/bostrom/2006/01/09/things-i-should-throw-out-partone/>.
This photograph is a political cartoon titled, Little Man in the White House. Truman is
shown as a small man screaming, Im running this war! MacArthur is shown as a great,
big, heroic man, compared to Truman. It really shows the shift of power in military
command during the Korean War and shows how angry Truman is because he feels
MacArthur is challenging his authority. Our group used this source as visual material to
put on our exhibit board.
"Truman Announced A Fair Deal." Welcome. 1950. Web. 9 Nov. 2010.<http://www.americas
library.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_fairdeal_3_e.html>.
This photograph is a political cartoon titled, President Truman Wearing General
MacArthurs Hat. It pokes fun of President Truman who is desperately trying to take
control of the actions of the military when MacArthur is constantly challenging his
authority. The picture makes President Truman look small and unable to take control of
the armed forces, in the big MacArthur hat he is wearing. Our group used this source as
visual material to put on our exhibit board.

Truman at a Democratic Rally in Brookfield, Missouri, on October 12, 1940. 1940. Photograph.
The State Historical Society of Missouri. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Web.
28 Feb. 2011. <http://shs.umsystem.edu/famousmissourians/presidents/truman/
trumansenator2.html>.
This photograph shows Senator Harry S. Truman at a Democratic rally. The donkeys in
the background show this is a democratic rally. President Harry S. Truman was a
democrat, while UN General Douglas MacArthur was a republican. This is a primary
source, because it was taken at the time of the event. Our group used this source as a
visual material and pasted it on President Harry S. Truman's side of the board.
"Truman Library - Margaret Truman Daniel." Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Web. 14
Mar. 2011. <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/MargaretTrumanDaniel/mtdmemorial.htm>.
This photograph shows Clifton Truman Daniel as a young child with his three younger
brothers and his mother, President Truman's daughter. This picture is a primary source
because it was taken at the time when everyone was alive. Our group used this
photograph as visual material on the media device, which was then placed on the exhibit
board.
"Truman, MacArthur in Car - Rights Managed - Corbis." Corbis Images Premium Quality
Stock Photography and Illustrations. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.
com/Enlargement/BE029482.html>.
This source contains a photograph of President Harry S. Truman and General MacArthur.
They are sitting next to each other in a car and smiling at the camera. This photograph is
primary because it was taken at the time when they were alive, and the picture is real.
This picture was put on our exhibit board to show the audience a picture that had them
both smiling and sitting next to each other, although both were on different sides of a
debate our group studied about. This photograph was used to enhance the physical
appearance of our exhibit.
Truman Plowing Fields on the Family Farm near Grandview, Missouri. Photograph. The State
Historical Society of Missouri. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Web. 27 Feb.
2011. <http://shs.umsystem.edu/famousmissourians/presidents/truman/trumanfarm
2.html>.
This photograph shows Harry S. Truman as a young boy plowing fields. Harry S. Truman
was a farmer before he became a president. This picture was a primary source, because it
was taken at the time of the event. Our group used this visual material to decorate our
exhibit board and put the picture on President Harry S. Truman's side of the board.

"U.S. Military." The Reid Report. The Reid Report, 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
<http://blog.reidreport.com/category/u-s-military/>.
This website contains a photograph of Harry S. Truman in his military uniform. This
photo also shows President Truman when he was young man. Our group used this source
to decorate our exhibit board and pasted it on President Truman's side of the board.
Websites:
"American Rhetoric: General Douglas MacArthur -- Farewell Address to Congress." American
Rhetoric: The Power of Oratory in the United States. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.<http://www.am
ericanrhetoric.com/speeches/douglasmacarthurfarewelladdress.htm>.
This source contains the General MacArthurs Farewell Address Speech to Congress. Our
group picked out a specific quote from the speech describing how there must always be a
victory in a war. We put this quote on our exhibit board under the causes section of our
exhibit. This source can be classified as a primary source because the website contains a
primary source speech Douglas MacArthur made when he was alive.
"The Firing of Douglas MacArthur." Moments With Clyde : The Firing of Douglas MacArthur.
21 Aug. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. <http://clydemcdonnell.blogspot.com/2010/08/firingof-macarthur.html>.
We learned some significant facts about the Truman-MacArthur Controversy from this
secondary website that contained primary sources. The United States, during the Korean
War, announced that negotiations might be possible with both sides separated by the
38th parallel. As usual, Douglas MacArthur rejected the idea of a negotiated settlement.
MacArthur continued to make statements that were contrary to the official position of
Washington, and specifically Truman. This source contained the actual speech President
Harry S. Truman gave to the Americans to explain the firing of General Douglas
MacArthur. President Truman explained that the key goal in the Korean War was to
prevent a third world war. He told the people that he believed in a limited war, because
he did not want more American men hurt in the war. President Harry S. Truman politely
addressed Douglas MacArthur as one of our greatest military commanders. This
article helped us understand why President Truman fired General Douglas MacArthur,
and President Harry S. Trumans politeness despite the fact that Douglas MacArthur
publicly dissented to him.
"The Korean War And Its Origins, 1945-1953." Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Web. 25
Nov. 2010. <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/koreanwar
/index.php>.
This primary source is full of primary documents, including exchanged letters. This
source also contains the actual document stating the dismissal of General MacArthur,
including the reasons why Truman believed he had to be fired. In addition, this source
contains a diary entry that President Truman wrote, regarding MacArthur. It was written
on April 5, 1951, which was about a week before MacArthur was officially dismissed by

Truman. In his diary entry, President Truman talked about how MacArthur made the
disputes between Washington and MacArthur, public, when he was not supposed to, and
continuously challenged the authority of the president. These documents were really
important to our project, for it allowed us to see the controversy through the actual words
of the people who were involved in it, and also witnessed it at the time. Our group used
this source to write the causes section of our exhibit board.
"Speech Explaining the Firing of MacArthur by Harry S. Truman." TeachingAmericanHistory.
org -- Free Seminars and Summer Institutes for Social Studies Teachers. Web. 01 Feb.
2011. <http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=860>.
This source contains the speech President Truman made describing why he had no choice
but to fire General Douglas MacArthur. Our group picked a specific quote out of the
speech regarding the main reason Truman made of firing the general. We put this quote
on our exhibit board under the causes section of our exhibit board. This source can be
classified as a primary source for this secondary source website contains a primary source
speech.

Annotated Bibliography
Secondary Sources
Books:
Alexander, Bevin. Korea The First War We Lost. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 1986
Print.
This secondary source book has information about how the Republicans tried to
use the firing of General Douglas MacArthur to attack President Harry S. Truman, Dean
Acheson, and the Democrats. They tried to use the hearings of MacArthur to embarrass
the Democrats. However, at the end, they hurt MacArthurs reputation only. Omar
Bradleys famous in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the
wrong enemy, put an end to the hearing. The public was on the Trumans
Administrations side. This source was essential for our project, for it showed the clash
between the opposing ideas of the Democrats and the Republicans when Harry S.
Truman fired Douglas MacArthur. We used this book to write about what happened after
the dismissal- the hearing where the Republicans lost to the Democrats.
"American Experience. MacArthur. Truman vs MacArthur | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting
Service. Web. 09 Nov. 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh /amex/macarthur/sfeature /vers
us.html>.
This primary source website is one of the best sources our group has come across. It
contains information on how Americans thought of President Truman's decision to fire
General MacArthur, in 1951. Fifty-one percent of the Americans believed that Truman
made the right decision and forty-five percent believed he had not. This source was very
helpful to our project because it allowed us to see this controversial issue through the
eyes of the Americans who experienced it at the time. This source also contains a
political cartoon that was made in 1951, showing the firing of General Douglas
MacArthur. The cartoon shows a horse with long legs with the words It had to happen
at the top of the page. It also shows General MacArthur holding a newspaper stating,
Youre fired. In addition, this source contains General MacArthurs full speech titled,
Old Soldiers Never Die, They Just Fade Away. This speech let our group feel the
emotions MacArthur conveyed after his dismissal, while giving his speech. We used this
source to write the opinions of the Americans section of our exhibit board.
Badsey, Stephen. Korean War. New York: Gallery Books A Division of WH Smith Publishers
Inc., 1990. Print.
UN General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry S. Trumans conducts were
comprehensible. Since MacArthur was a professional military leader of age seventy, his
reasons for bombing Manchuria to quickly end the war was understandable. On the other
hand, Trumans idea of a limited war to avoid more bloodshed is reasonable, too. This
second-hand book was very important to our groups research, because it allowed us to
see both of the arguing sides perspective impartially. We used this source to write the
viewpoints of both President Harry S. Truman and UN General Douglas MacArthur.

Dudley, William, ed. North and South Korea Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven
Press, 2003. Print.
North Koreans have no political human rights. They are deceived by the personality
cult of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jung Il. They suffer in the political prisoners camps, where
thousands are executed. The North Koreans remove the handicapped to isolated places,
confine them in wired fences, and forbid them to marry and have kids. This secondary
source shows the realities of North Korea today, and how the people are oppressed
by the cruel dictatorship. If MacArthur had gotten completely rid of communism in
Asia, North Korea would not have survived. There would not have been any people
suffering under dictatorship of Kim Jung Il. We used this source to write the
consequences of Trumans firing of MacArthur in our exhibit board.
Fincher, E.B. A First Book The War in Korea. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Franklin
Watts Library, 1981. Print.
World War II, the Japanese annexation of Korea, and the Cold War resulted in the
Korean War, and the Korean War led to the firing of MacArthur. This secondary book
was significant in our groups research, for it let us know the events that came before our
topic and how that led to our topic. This book also sides with MacArthurs argument. It
says that MacArthur believed that the war could only be won if the Chinese troops
withdrew from Korea. This source was used in our project when we wrote about the
failures part of the exhibit board and the events that took place before the dismissal of
MacArthur.
Gruenberg, Leif A. Defining Moments the Korean War. United States: Omnigraphics, Inc. 2004.
Print.
This secondary book says that MacArthur proposed war with China without the approval
of UN Security Council, the president, Congress, and JCS. Truman was afraid of another
world war and a nuclear holocaust, so Truman fired Macarthur on April 11, 1951. This
print source was helpful for our research, for it helped us write the success part of our
exhibit board and let us know the reasons Truman had for firing MacArthur.
Guttmann, Allen, ed. Korea and the Theory of Limited War. Lexington: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1967. Print.
Allen Guttmann says that it was MacArthurs fault for getting the chances of Chinese
intervention wrong. Chou En-lai admonished the UN troops that China will enter the war
if they continue to advance north. During the Wake Island meeting, Truman asked
MacArthur what he thought the chances of Chinese interference were. MacArthur said
that there will be very little interference from the Chinese, which turned out to be a lot of
Chinese attacking the U.N. army. This secondary source let our group think about the
possibilities of MacArthur making a mistake to extend the war outside the Korean
Peninsula like the time he made a mistake when predicting the Chinese interference. This
source was used to write the content of the success part of our project.

Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: The
Amateurs Ltd., 2007, Print.
This secondary book has information about the conflicts between MacArthur and
Truman before the dismissal, which led to the dismissal. Both disliked each other from
the beginning, because the general was rude to the president, and in return, the
president distrusted him. Truman called MacArthur with names in his diary and he
hated the general even more when MacArthur declined Trumans order to come back
to America. Truman wanted MacArthur to come back to America to be honored by the
nation, have one more Distinguished Service Cross, and address the Joint session of
Congress and the president. Despite Trumans well-attempt, Douglas MacArthur declined
the order of the President of the United States twice. This secondary source gave us new
insights about why President Harry S. Truman fired UN General Douglas MacArthur.
This book was used as our research source, and it helped us write the cause part of our
exhibit.
Kim, Chun-gil. The History of Korea. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005. Print.
This secondary source book was about the Korean War and its effects. Millions of
soldiers of different race and background died for the freedom of Korea. The Korean War
affected thirty million Koreans and took many lives of foreign nations. United States had
33,629 casualties, United Nation had 3,143 casualties, and China had about 900,000
casualties total. This secondary source was helpful to our project, because it showed the
consequences of the Korean War by revealing the statistics of the casualties of different
countries who fought in the Korean peninsula. This source let us know more about the
background information of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy: The Korean War.
Knox. Donald. The Korean War The Uncertain Victory. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers, 1988. Print.
The author of this secondary source book, Donald Knox, states that MacArthurs plan for
reunifying Korea and freeing Asia from communism would not have worked. He says
that in order for MacArthurs plan to work, the Air Force would have had to be twice its
size. Everyone thought that victory in Korea was impossible. This source was important
to our groups research, because it allowed us to see other peoples viewpoints of the
MacArthur Plan. We used this source to write about our success part of the firing of UN
General Douglas MacArthur. This book further increased our knowledge of the TrumanMacArthur Controversy by giving information about the mistakes and the failures
Douglas MacArthur could have brought through his plan to attack communist China.
McCullough, David G. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1992. Print.
David McCulloughs book is a secondary source that contains information that
supports President Harry S. Trumans side. Truman wrote in his diary that MacArthur
thought that he could do whatever he wanted. MacArthur was fired because he, a general,
was preventing Trumans, a presidents, idea of ceasefire. After General Douglas
MacArthur was dismissed, there was a hearing. MacArthur maintained that his war

method in Korea was the way to win and end the war. However, Omar Nelson Bradley
refuted MacArthurs argument by saying that if they followed MacArthur, then U.S.
would be in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong
enemy. This source was helpful for our research because it allowed us to see the
argument from Trumans point of view and helped us write the success part of our
poster board. It also helped us know more about what happened after the dismissal- the
hearing where Omar Bradley criticized General Douglas MacArthur.
Peters, Richard A. and Li Xiaobing. Voices from the Korean War. Lexington: The University
Press of Kentucky, 2004. Print.
This book is a secondary source that focuses on the interference of the Chinese
Communists in the Korean War from Chinas point of view. This print source says that
the Truman Administration and General Douglas MacArthur both did not listen to
Chinas warnings. China hesitated to join the war, because they were unsure if Stalin
would keep his promise and help China when they lost. Mao Zedong interfered, because
they thought U.S. was in their way from attacking Taiwan. They knew that a war
between them and America was inevitable, so they preferred to fight in Korea than in
their own land. This source helped our group to understand the cause of the
intervention of the Chinese Communists, which was one factor that led to the
dismissal of the general. We used this source to write about the cause of the cause of
the Truman-MacArthur controversy.
Rhie, Won-Bok. Korea. Korea: Gimm-young Publishers Inc., 2008. Print. Far Countries, Nearby
Countries Series.
Several events took place before the firing of MacArthur. First, Japans colonization of
Korea took place, which led to the Soviet Union and America coming into the Korean
Peninsula to free it from Japan. It also led those two powerful nations to divide the
Korean Peninsula temporarily at the 38th parallel. The dividing of the Korean Peninsula
led to the Russian and American conflict over communism, resulting in the Korean War
and the dismissal of MacArthur. This secondary account comic book contributed to our
project, for it gave us information about the causes of MacArthurs dismissal and the
events that triggered it when we were writing about the cause of our topic. This source
was used to write about the background information and the cause of UN General
Douglas MacArthurs dismissal.
Stone, I.F. The Hidden History of the Korean War 1950-1951. Boston and Toronto: Little,
Brown and Company, 1952. Print.
This book supported President Harry S. Trumans viewpoint and said that MacArthur
wanted war, not peace. By reading this secondary source, we were able to understand
our topic more, because it gave us reasons why Truman fired MacArthur and the cause of
the dismissal. The reason why MacArthur was dismissed was because MacArthur
interfered in politics and challenged Trumans policies. General Douglas MacArthurs
letter to Joseph W. Martin Jr., a Republican leader of the House of Representatives,
was what angered Truman the most and made him fire the general. MacArthur also

challenged the constitutional principle of civilian supremacy. We used this book

to write the cause part of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
Toland, John. In Mortal Combat Korea, 1950-1953. New York: William Morrow and Company,
Inc., 1991. Print.
The author of this book impartially explains the situation right before General
Douglas MacArthurs dismissal. MacArthur ordered the bombing of China without
notifying Washington when Truman had told him to delay all attacks on the
Manchurian border. MacArthur said that the longer they waited to bomb China, the more
Americans and the UN soldiers lives would be taken. This book also states that the main
reason why President Harry S. Truman fired UN General Douglas MacArthur was
because of the letter MacArthur sent to Joseph Martin. In the letter, MacArthur
complained of Trumans policy. Truman wrote in his diary, MacArthur shoots another
political bomb through Joe Martin. This looks like the last straw. I have come to the
conclusion that our Big General in the Far East must be recalled. This source allowed
our group to see the Truman-MacArthur Controversy more fairly. We also learned of
General Douglas MacArthurs mistakes- his decision to disobey and criticize the
president. This source helped our group write the cause part of General Douglas
MacArthurs dismissal.
Whiting, Allen S. China Crosses the Yalu The Decision to Enter the Korean War. Stanford: the
Rand Corporation, 1960. Print.
Allen S. Whitings book is a secondary source that contributed greatly to our project by
giving us the cause of the firing of General Douglas MacArthur in detail. The cause of
the generals dismissal was the Chinese intervention. Douglas MacArthur was fired after
trying to bomb them. The Chinese did not interfere with confidence or with hopes of
gaining more territory. The Chinese interfered not because to guard their electric supplies
and industrial bases, but because they feared America and thought that they were a
determined, powerful enemy. This source was used to explain the reason why Chinese
interfered- the cause of the cause of UN General Douglass dismissal.
Films:
Crossing. Dir. Tae-Gyun Kim. Perf. In-Pyo Cha, Myeong-cheol Shin, and Young-hwa Seo.
Big House, 2008. Film.
This South Korean movie depicts a life of a family who lives in North Korea. Although
they were poor, the father, mother, and the son loved each other and lived happily, until
the day the pregnant mother got tuberculosis. The father, Yong Soo Kim, illegally crosses
into China to buy a medicine for his sick wife. While he is gone, the pregnant mother
dies, and his son, Joon Kim, faces a series of difficult situations by himself. While trying
to escape to China to meet his father, he gets caught by the North Korean police and is
sent to a labor camp, where he sees children dying and getting tortured. The father, who
buys the medicine, finds out that his wife is dead, and his son is sent to a labor camp. The
father gets help and his son escapes to Mongolia with a group of other North Korean

refugees. The father and his son promise to meet in Mongolia; however, the Chinese
police interrupts the escape and Joon Kim has to run away into the Gobi Desert to avoid
getting caught. In the Gobi Desert, Joon Kim dies of fatigue, hunger, and coldness. At the
end, the father finds the dead body of his son, and cries in front of the corpse of his son.
This movie was helpful to our project, for it allowed our group to see the average life of a
North Korean. They are oppressed every day and are suffering under dictatorship
disguised as communism. This fictional story is not at all fictional; there are thousands of
cases like these happening everyday in North Korea. This movie really helped our group
to see how the North Koreans are escaping out of North Korea into China to gain
freedom. However, as our group saw in the movie, the Chinese police and the
government did not help the North Korean refugees and rather captured them back into
North Korea. Through this movie, we saw how the North Koreans are suffering even
today because of President Harry S. Trumans decision to fire UN General Douglas
MacArthur, who wanted to put an end to the communist forces in North Korea and
China. Because MacArthur was not allowed to completely get rid of communism in
North Korea and China, the North Koreans are dying, suffering, and are being tortured.
Our group used this film to write the consequences part of our exhibit board.
MacArthur. Dir. Joseph Sargent. Perf. Gregory Peck, Dan O Herlihy, and Ed Flanders.
Universal Pictures, 1977. Film.
This secondary source film was useful in our research, for it gave a realistic account of
the dismissal of MacArthur. By watching a historical film, we grasped the general
emotions involved in our topic and we understood our topic more easily. It shows the
frustrations of both sides and their point of views. MacArthur says that leaving the
Chinese alone was an immoral compromise with evil. Truman says, that man is trying
to start World War III, and I am trying to prevent it. This source was used to illustrate
the different viewpoints of President Harry S. Truman and UN General Douglas
MacArthur.
Tae Guk Gi: The Brotherhood of War. Dir. Je-gyu Kang. Perf. Dong-gun Jang, Bin Won, and
Eun-ju Lee. Kang Je-kyu Film Co. Ltd., 2004. Film.
This historical fiction movie is a heart-breaking story of two young brothers whose lives
are changed forever because of the Korean War. In this movie, there is a scene where the
Chinese communist interfere when Korea is so close to unifying, completely changing
the course of war. If MacArthur had bombed those Chinese, then Korea would have been
unified. Although this is a historical fiction depicting the lives of two brothers of strong
fraternal love who are separated forever, among the millions of people who were killed,
lost, and separated, this historical fiction is nonfiction for many of the Koreans. It shows
the consequences of Trumans decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.

Emails:
Kelly, Tammy. Your Truman Library reference request. Message to Rachel Kim.
10 Jan. 2011. E-mail.
Our group called Tammy Kelly, an archivist at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library
and Museum, to ask her how we can contact the descendants of President Harry S.
Truman. She did not answer, so our group left a message and told her our email address.
She emailed to us, saying that it will be better for us to contact the Korean War veterans
than to ask President Harry S. Trumans relatives their opinions on the TrumanMacArthur Controversy. Archivist Tammy Kelly gave us a useful website in the Harry S.
Truman Presidential Library and Museum called, The Korean War and its Origins. This
source is full of great primary sources, such as letters that were exchanged between
President Truman and General MacArthur. There are also useful documents and the
actual letter stating the dismissal of MacArthur. This was very helpful to our project
because it allowed us to see the actual words that were exchanged between the two men.
We used these primary sources to write about how General Douglas MacArthur was
fired, and to decorate our exhibit board with actual documents.
The Office of the President, the Republic of Korea. This is the Office of the President Children
Newspaper Pureunnuri. Email to Rachel Kim. 10. Nov. 2010. E-mail.
We emailed the president of Korea, Lee Myung-bak, to ask him if he could help us prove
that MacArthur was Koreas hero. In reply, a person below him that works in the Blue
House gave me a very useful web address of the Institute for Military History
Compilation that had information about why General MacArthur was fired. The
professional web page gave us Trumans view and MacArthurs view of bombing
Manchuria. Truman was afraid to increase the war and wanted to end the war. His war
purpose was to drive out the communist forces outside the 38th parallel and to ceasefire.
On the other hand, UN General Douglas MacArthur wanted a complete victory. He said
that it was pointless to end at the 38th parallel, for the war started at the 38th parallel.
MacArthur wanted to reunite Korea. Douglas MacArthur pressed on his plan and said
that increasing the war would be more effective than to stop it. At last, Truman decided to
fire the general. The website says that MacArthur was regarded insubordinate because he
claimed his point and attacked the president; however, he is still remembered by his
Inchon Landing and the writer says that his part in the Korean War is the first and
probably the last in the War History. This email and website helped our group see the
arguing sides perspectives. We used this source to illustrate the different viewpoints of
MacArthur and Truman.

Pictures:
"Seeing Warriors through Cartoon - 1950, Dean Acheson Line Declaration." Comic strip.
Marine's Potal Community Site- Haebyeong.com. Haebyeong.com, 12 Jan. 2011. Web.
03 Mar. 2011. <http://www.haebyeong.com/56531>.
This political cartoon strip portrays the Dean Acheson Line Declaration. This cartoon is a
secondary source, because it was drawn and written by someone after the event
happened. This cartoon shows that Dean Acheson might have triggered the Korean War.
By stating that Korea was beyond America's protection, the Acheson Line Declaration
gave good reason for Joseph Stalin and Kim Il-sung to invade the South, thinking that the
U.S. army would not interference. Although some evidence has shown that Stalin and
Kim Il-sung's decision was not influenced by the Acheson Line, the Acheson Line might
have triggered the war. Our group used this source to write about the Korean War section
of our board. We gained new insights of possible causes of the Korean War.
Wapedia. Web. 13 Mar 2011 <http://wapedia.mobi/en/Battle_of_chosin_reservoir>
This picture shows U.N. forces advancements to the Yalu River in China. Douglas
MacArthur advocated the plan to attack the Chinese to completely get rid of Communist
forces invading South Korea. This map shows Douglas MacArthurs strong will to
destroy Red China, which greatly contradicted the presidents beliefs and orders to carry
out a limited war, which prohibits further expansion of the war. This belief led to General
Douglas MacArthurs dismissal. Our group pasted this visual material on the cause part
of the exhibit board.
Websites:
"Background to the Korean War." Britains Small Wars. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britains
-smallwars.com/korea/bg.html>.
From this secondary source, we learned that General McArthur was in Tokyo watching
over the reconstruction of Japan before the Korean War. He also paid no attention to the
possibilities of the North Koreans attacking South Korea. During this significant and
dangerous time, MacArthur was busy outlining his arrangements on making the
Japanese peace treaty. This source was used in our exhibit board to illustrate what UN
General Douglas MacArthur was doing before the Korean War.
"Cause and Effects of Korean War." Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 10
Nov. 2010. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cause-and-effects-of-korean-war.html>.
This source contains information focusing on the cause and effects of the Korean War.
The government of South Korea was put in place by Syungman Rhee and the Soviet
Union put Kim Il-Sung as head of North Korea. When South Korea was close to victory
during the course of the war, China entered and changed everything. Chinas main goal
was to use North Korea as a buffer against possible US invasions, and Chinas actions
really stopped the unification of Korea. Another problem was the Soviet Union of Russia.

While the United States desperately wanted to stop communism, the Soviet Union
wanted to proliferate it to as many countries as possible. Because of these differences, the
Korean War created even more tension between the US and the Soviet Union. Moreover,
South Korea is now a major economic and technological power, while North Korea is
poverty-stricken. In addition, North Korea has carried out several ballistic missile tests
and a nuclear test not so long ago. This is one of the most significant effects of the
Korean War, since nuclear North Korea is posing as a threat to both Japan and South
Korea. This information was used to write the words of the cause and effects portion of
our exhibit.
Command at Height of Korean War." Associated Content from Yahoo!-Associatedcontent.com.
23 June 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5516520/tru
man_ vs_macarthur_legendary_5star.html>.
From this secondary source, we learned that MacArthur disrespected President Truman.
When MacArthur met with Truman at Wake Island on October 15th, he demonstrated
insolence by landing his plane forty-five minutes after the President. Truman scolded
him, telling him he might not respect Harry Truman, but he had to respect his commandin-chief. As a result of MacArthur's obstruction in the political process, in April 1951
Truman removed him from his posts as Supreme Commander of the U.S. & United
Nations military forces in the Far East. We used this source to write the cause part of our
exhibit- UN General Douglas MacArthurs insubordination.
Cumings, Bruce. "Why Did Truman Really Fire MacArthur? ... The Obscure History of
Nuclear Weapons and the Korean War Provides the Answer." History News Network.
Web. 16 Jan. 2011. <http://hnn.us/articles/9245.html>.
This secondary source features the real cause of why Harry S. Truman fired General
Douglas MacArthur. United States became closest to using atomic weapons in April
1951, when Truman fired MacArthur. Although much linked to this incident is still off
the record, it is now clear that Truman did not remove MacArthur just because of his
constant insubordination, but because he wanted a dependable commander on the scene
should Washington choose to use nuclear weapons; Truman exchanged MacArthur for
his atomic rules. This source helped us in writing the cause part of our exhibit.
"Douglas MacArthur." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. <http://www.
spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmacarthur.htm>.
General Douglas MacArthur was the son of a high-ranking military figure, Arthur
MacArthur. MacArthur was proud of this, and his immense pride might have started from
the time he found out his father was a famous general. In addition, MacArthur was
previously a poor scholar at first, but he graduated first in his 93-man class at West Point
Military Academy. MacArthurs self-esteem probably sky-rocketed and made him feel
extremely proud. This might relate to the arrogance MacArthur portrayed during the
Korean War. Because of MacArthurs pride and arrogance, along with his disrespect
towards President Truman, he got himself fired. In the outbreak of the Korean War in
1950, General MacArthur was appointed commander of UN forces. On September 15,

1950, MacArthur landed South Korean and US troops at Inchon, 200 miles behind North
Korean lines. This outstanding achievement became very famous, especially in Korea,
and was called the Inchon Landing. Our group used this source to write the background
information and causes part of our exhibit.
Gibson, Dave. MacArthur Was Right! The American Partisan- Political Commentary, News
and Resources. American Partisan. 15 Nov. 2002. Web. 30 Oct. 2010. <http://www.amer
ican-partisan.com/cols/2002/gibson/qtr4/1115.htm>.
MacArthur knew that Chinese and North Korea would pose a threat, not only in the
1950s but in the future. President Harry S. Truman let the Red Chinese pass. The author
of this secondary account shows his strong opinion of how MacArthur foresaw the
troubles that Truman did not realize. We used this source when we wrote down about
how Trumans diplomatic decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur was a failure.
"Harry S. Truman: Biography." Spartacus Educational Home Page. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAtruman.htm>.
This secondary source includes a biography of President Harry S. Truman. There is very
useful background information about him, including his life, before becoming president.
In April 1951, Truman removed General Douglas MacArthur from his command of the
United Nations forces in Korea. McCarthy called for Truman to be impeached, and
proposed that the president was drunk when he made the decision to fire MacArthur.
This was useful to our project because we learned information that helped us predict the
factors that led to Truman's decision of firing MacArthur. This source was used to write
the cause part of our exhibit and the reactions to General Douglas MacArthurs firing.
Holmgren, Chuck. "Gen. Douglas MacArthur: American Hero." American Studies @ The
University of Virginia. 11 Nov. 1996. Web. 09 Nov.2010. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~
MA03/ holmgren/papers/macarthur.html>.
This source contains information focusing on MacArthur during the Korean War and the
greatness of his character. When the Chinese intervened, driving the North Koreans to the
38th parallel, MacArthur vehemently proposed to Truman to extend the war to China.
Because Truman wanted a limited war and did not want to take the chance of starting a
third World War, he disagreed with MacArthur. After MacArthurs public disagreements
with the US governments in addition to his arrogance and disrespect, he was fired by
President Truman. General MacArthur was extremely popular to the Americans, and after
his dismissal, many believed that Truman made a horrible decision. About seven million
people attended the ticker tape parade given to MacArthur by New York, which was
about double the number of people who attended a parade given to Dwight Eisenhower,
another returning World War II hero. In a letter to Time, an American man stated, Of all
the people I know think God comes first, and then MacArthur. This shows how popular
MacArthur was to the Americans and how much he meant to them. Our group used this
information to write the cause and effects, as well as the consequences part of our exhibit.

Hopwood, Jon C. Truman vs. MacArthur: Legendary 5-Star General was Relieved of Command
at Height of Korean War. Associated Content. Yahoo! News Network. 23 June 2010.
Web. 24 Nov.2010.<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5516520/truman_vs_
macarthur _legendary_5star.html?cat=37>.
President Harry S. Truman fired UN General Douglas MacArthur for several reasons.
First, MacArthur defied the president for eight months. Secondly, MacArthur showed
disrespect towards the president at the Wake Island by landing at the island forty-five
minutes later than the president, making him wait. Thirdly, MacArthur stood in the way
of Trumans plans of peace by demanding surrender from the Chinese. Fourthly, Douglas
MacArthur misjudged the Chinese and led to thousands of Chinese troops killing UN and
U.S. troops. We used this secondary source to write the content of the cause of Trumans
decision to fire MacArthur.
Karp, Walter. Truman vs. MacArthur. American Heritage.com. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1984/3/1984_3_84.shtml>.
This secondary internet source has lengthy paragraphs that defends Trumans decision
and criticizes MacArthur for being arrogant and greedy for presidential position. It also
has the results of Truman firing MacArthur. The Republicans seized their chance to
attack Truman. Truman got numerous telephone calls and grams that gave contemptuous
remarks about the president for firing MacArthur. This web page was significant to our
project, because it helped us write about the consequences of President Harry S.
Trumans decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.
KCC Korean Church Coalition. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. < http://www.kccnk.org>.
The Korean Church Coalition home page was extremely important in our research, for it
showed the consequences of the unfinished Korean War. This secondary source website
says that North Korea has severe religious persecution. When Christians are caught
worshiping, their entire family is murdered. Even though China knows about it all, the
authorities of China are not doing anything about the North Korean women refugees who
are kidnapped by Chinese sex traffickers and sold into prostitution and forced marriages.
To make the matter much worse, the Chinese are catching and sending North Korean
refugees back into North Korea, where they are all sent to jail and beaten harshly, leading
to five out of six people dying. On top of that, there are about ten thousand to twenty
thousand stateless orphans in China who are abandoned in the streets with no
safeguard. We used this source to write the consequences of Trumans decision in our
exhibit board: the continuing existence of communism forces that hurt many North
Koreans lives.
Korean War- Part 20, MacArthur is Fired, 6.25 Korean War. YouTube. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLp5aJAY_tE>.
On YouTube, there is a documentary about the firing of MacArthur from the British point
of view. There is one part where a man named Ung Soo Kim is interviewed. He
maintains that both as a Korean and a soldier he regretted the sacking of MacArthur, for

an opportunity for Koreas reunification was lost. This secondary source was useful,
because it helped us see different viewpoints of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. We
used this source to write about the failure part of President Harry S. Trumans decision to
fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.
Kluth, Andreas. "Tactics vs. Strategy: MacArthur vs. Truman." Web log post. The Hannibal
Blog. 31 June 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2010. <http://andreaskluth.org/2009/05/31/tactics-vsstrategy-macarthur-vs-truman/>.
MacArthur wanted to expand the war and to rupture any remaining limits on it. His
only purpose was victory. However, Truman was concerned that the Chinese were the
advance guard of a Soviet Russian interference that could lead to the World War III.
Time Magazine marked that Douglas MacArthur was the personification of the big
man while Harry Truman was almost a professional little man. In a survey, sixty-nine
percent of the country sponsored MacArthur. There were also calls to impeach Truman.
This secondary source shows very different viewpoints of MacArthur and Truman. We
used this source to write about the contrary perspectives of these two men and their
popularity level.
The Korean War: The Forgotten War. Oracle Think Quest. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
<http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/korea.htm>.
Although the Korean War led to the dismissal of MacArthur, more specifically, General
Douglas MacArthurs letter to Joseph Martin dismissed him from his position as a UN
commander. MacArthur wanted to use B-29 bombs to bomb down the Yalu River
bridges, but the UN was worried about Russian intervention. President Harry S. Truman
was afraid that if he used atomic bombs, then Soviet Union would attack Europe with
nuclear bombs. This internet source let our group know more about the cause of
MacArthur dismissal. It also gave a brief summary of the Korean War. We used this
source to write about the cause and the background information of the TrumanMacArthur Controversy.
Leary, William M. MacArthur and the American Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press, 2001. Google Book Search. Web. 14 Nov.2010.<http://books.google.com/books
?id=xWv_2PwBXgMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=MacArthur+and+the+American+Cent
ury+William+M+Leary&source=bl&ots=ZfM7pYDjbR&sig=w9fE3qzDHqpMG0KB8P
Kq7kBCnE&hl=en&ei=ogD7TOGSKMOBlAe0luW4DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
This secondary online book was one of the best sources our group came across in our
research. It was impartial and informative. The author of one section states that General
MacArthur had a plan he believed would speedily and victoriously end the war in Korea,
but involved risks that were politically unacceptable at the time. Different from other
sources, the author speaks from a military point of view. The book says that MacArthurs
plan would have been successful, but the plan did not consider its relevant factors and did
not fit in with the political and strategical situation of the time. This source was used to
write about why MacArthur was fired- the cause of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.

"Living Conditions in North Korea 'very Bad'" Christian News on Christian Today. Web. 10
Nov. 2010.<http://www.christiantoday.com/article/living.conditions.in.north.korea
.verybad/22953.htm>.
This source covers information about the lasting consequences the Korean War has on
the world today. A North Korean notes that the price of rice continues to increase, in
this poverty-stricken country. North Korean citizens are starving every day, struggling to
find food for themselves and for their children. Recently, five women were executed for
their crime of searching for food to survive. North Korea is one of the poorest countries
in the world with about nine million citizens needing urgent food assistance, according to
the World Food Program. Even in this situation, this country declines to accept US food
aid. In addition to the starvation, Christians are religiously persecuted, and if authorities
happen to discover their faith, they would inevitably be executed. This source was helpful
to our project because it brought up questions asking if North Korea would be in this
condition today if Truman did not fire MacArthur and went along with the general's
plans. We used the information to write the consequences section of our exhibit, as the
conditions of North Korea today are so significant today as a result of the war.
MacArthur and Dropping the Bomb on China. Everything 2. The Everything Development
Company. 6 Sep. 2001. Web. 30 Oct. 2010.<http://everything2.com/title/MacArthur+and
+dropping +the +bomb+on+China>.
This secondary source of internet was important, because it gave us facts why MacArthur
should have been allowed to drop the bomb on China. Dropping the bomb on Manchuria
would have hastened the war and fewer lives would have been lost. The so feared third
World War would not have happened, for the Soviet Union had nuclear bombs outside
and there was no way to deliver the package. This website helped our group prove that
Truman was wrong to fire MacArthur. We used this source to write about the failure part
of President Harry S. Trumans decision to fire UN General Douglas MacArthur.
McCurry, Justin. "North Korea Facing Health and Food Crisis, Says Amnesty International |
World News | The Guardian." Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian |
Guardian.co.uk. 15 July 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. <http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2010 /jul/15/north-korea-health-crisis-amnesty>.
This secondary source concentrates on the conditions of North Korea today, which
resulted from President Trumans decision of firing General MacArthur. Poor North
Koreans suffer from food shortages and feed on poisonous plants and food fed to pigs.
The hospitals there cannot provide basic healthcare for the sick people, causing them to
treat themselves and buy medications from markets. The elderly, children, and pregnant
women are "particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition due to their
dietary needs". Children under the age of five have been suffering due to the lack of food
they get. According to Unicef, between 2003 and 2008, 45% of North Korean children
under five were stunted, while 9% suffered from wasting and a quarter were
underweight. A 20-year-old North Korean woman explained that poor people do not
even bother to go to hospitals because they know they are going to have to pay a lot of
money. Therefore, in North Korea, if you don't have money, you die." In one province,

the cost of rice doubled, killing thousands of starving people who could not afford to pay
for the rice. Our group used this source to write the consequences part of the exhibit,
showing how the North Korea might not be what it is today if President Truman had went
along with General MacArthurs plans of bombing China and destroying North Korea
and its communist forces.
Miller, Julie A. "Truman Or MacArthur: Who's In Command?" GlobalSecurity.org - Reliable
Security Information. Web. 10 Nov.2010.<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/
report /1992/MJA.htm>.
This source contains information about the firing of General MacArthur during the
Korean War. When MacArthur strongly disagreed with Truman, he made disputes
between them public when he was not supposed to. This angered President Truman, for a
military man should not be involved in political disputes, especially with the president of
the United States. When Truman made his decision to fire five-star General Douglas
MacArthur, he was backed up by the United States Constitution, which sanctions the
president as Chief Diplomat. Our group used the information in this source to write the
causes section of the firing of UN General Douglas MacArthur.
Pearlman, Michael D. Korean War Anthology. Command & General Staff College. Web. 24.
Nov. 2010. <http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/pearlman2.pdf>.
This secondary source website has a PDF file that has information about why Truman
fired MacArthur. Truman may have had bad feelings toward MacArthur from the
beginning. Truman wanted to get into West Point but could not because of his sight
problems, while MacArthur was one of graduates with the highest scores in West Point
history. Prior to the disagreement on the bombing of Chinese military bases in
Manchuria, MacArthur and Truman had a dispute over helping Chiang Kai-Shek, the
president of Formosa. The main factor that led to the dismissal of General MacArthur
was General MacArthur himself. The author agrees with the New York Herald Tribune
that the most obvious fact about the dismissal of General MacArthur is that he virtually
forced his own removal. His disobedience led to his firing. This source was beneficial to
our research, for it showed us some factors, Trumans animus towards MacArthur from
the beginning, their conflicts before the Truman-MacArthur Controversy, and
MacArthurs disobedience, that led to MacArthurs dismissal. We used this source to
write the cause part of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. Also, this source contains
pictures that show peoples opinions on the Truman-MacArthur Controversy. In one
photo, a woman supporting MacArthur puts up a sign saying to Hell with Truman,
while in another picture, an advocate of Truman hangs a doll and calls it General
MacArthur. We used the pictures as visual materials on our exhibit board to show the
conflicting viewpoints of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.

Peterson, Eric. "HowStuffWorks "Harry S. Truman National Historic Site"" Howstuffworks

"Adventure" Web. 09 Nov. 2010. <http://adventure.howstuffworks. com/harry-s-trumannational-historic-site.htm>.
This source contains basic information about President Harry S. Truman's life, before,
while, and after his presidency. He lived in a simple, large house for most of his life,
which is where one might expect him to live because of his plain-speaking. His favorite
room was the library which had an impressive collection of books, for Truman loved to
read books from when he was a young child. Because President Truman was known to be
very simple, his character might reveal some of the reasons why he decided to fire
General MacArthur. There actually was a simple reason for firing the general; the
Constitution stated that the president was Commander-in-Chief of all military forces.
Therefore, General MacArthur did not have the right to challenge the presidents
authority and publically announce their disputes. From Trumans eyes the generals
actions would have been easily seen as a challenge of authority. Our group used this
information from this secondary source to write the words for the causes of Trumans
decision to dismiss MacArthur on our exhibit.
Pierpadi Jr., Paul G. Trumans Other War: The Battle for the American Home front, 19501953. Organization of American Historians. Organization of American Historians.
2000. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. < http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/korea/pierpaoli.html>.
Paul G. Pierpadi Jr. highly supports Trumans side of the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy. He says that MacArthur was fired because of his insubordinate attitude
towards his commander-in-chief. Also, he continually made mistakes in the war, such as
misjudging the Chinese Communist intervention. Despite MacArthurs faults, President
Harry S. Truman was harassed by the press and his opponents. This website was a
secondary source that enabled our group to see the controversy from the side supporting
Truman. We used this source to write the cause part of Trumans decision to fire UN
General Douglas MacArthur.
Rogers, Lisa Waller. "General MacArthur Had a Helicopter Mom Lisa's History Room." Lisa's
History Room. 23 Nov. 2009. Web. 09 Nov. 2010. <http://lisawallerrogers.wordpress
.com/2009/11/23/general-macarthur-had-a-helicopter-mom/>.
This source contains valuable information on General MacArthur's relationship with his
mother, Pinky. General MacArthur was rejected twice at West Point Military Academy
due to the curvature of his spine. When he finally got accepted, Pinky was determined to
make her son a success. Therefore, she packed her bags and left Texas to West Point
Academy, which was forty miles north of New York City. She checked into a hotel
overlooking West Point Academy so she could check up on her son and make sure he
was studying. Pinky pushed MacArthur very hard, and he did not disappoint her mother
when he graduated first in a 93-man class. After graduating, MacArthur also became one
of only five men in America to rise to the rank of General of the US Army. This source
helped our project because it led to some possible reasons why MacArthur might have
been so proud and arrogant. We used the information to write the causes section of our
exhibit.

Schlesinger, Robert. Truman Firing of MacArthur Hurt Approval Rating but Saved War with
Red China. Politics Opinion. U.S. News & World Report LP. 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2010.
< http://politics.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2009/04/09/truman-firing-of-macarthurhurt-approval-rating-but-saved-war-with-red-china.html>.
This website agrees to Trumans decision to fire Douglas MacArthur. The writer of this
site says that Trumans firing of MacArthur was an unpopular act. Sixty-nine percent of
America supported the general. By standing firm with his belief of civilian power over
military, Truman was a great man. This source contributed to our groups project by
giving us the viewpoints of the supporters of the president. It helped us understand our
topic more by looking at the controversy from Trumans side. We used this source to
write the success part of the Truman-MacArthur Controversy.
Simbajon, Carlo. "Economic Status of the United States in 1950." EzineArticles Submission Submit Your Best Quality Original Articles For Massive Exposure, Ezine Publishers Get
25 Free Article Reprints. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. <http://ezinearticles.com/?EconomicStatus-of-the-United-States-in-1950&id=1565016>.
This source mainly provides information regarding the economy of the United States in
1950, which is the year the Korean War started. Because most of the American men who
were able to fight went to war, people without jobs could earn jobs again and make more
money. This boosted the economy, hundreds of jobs were recruited, and companies such
as newspaper companies earned much more money during the war. Consequently, the
end of World War II brought about the culmination of the Great Depression. The
economy of the US during the time of our topic was essential to study before studying
about the topic itself, so our group used this source to write the background information
part of our exhibit.
"Spotlight Biography: Korean War." Smithsonian Education - Welcome. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/spotlight/korean.html>.
This source contains information on the different opinions of the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy. Opinions remain strongly divided on how Americans feel about General
MacArthur. Some remember MacArthur as a brave, brilliant, clever soldier who carried
out outstanding achievements. MacArthurs operations in the Philippines amazed
hundreds of Americans, as well as his Inchon Landing during the Korean War, which he
was most famous for. On the other hand, some Americans remember General MacArthur
as an arrogant, self-serving man who was very unwise to challenge the authority of the
president of the United States. Some think it was MacArthur, not Truman, who lost the
chance to reunify Korea. The reason for this is that MacArthur disregarded the strength of
China and did not think the Chinese will intervene and change the course of the war so
strongly. This source let our group see both sides of the controversy, including those who
favored Truman and those who favored MacArthur during the Korean War. We used the
information to write about how the public viewed these two men.

"Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War." Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2001. Web. 10
Nov. 2010. <http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-3-b.html>.
This secondary source contained useful information specifically about President Truman
and General MacArthur and their controversy. During the Korean War, a major
opposition took place between Truman and MacArthur over the behavior of the war.
MacArthur was the top commander of the American and other U.N. forces in Korea.
Truman, as president, was MacArthur's boss. The U.S. Constitution delegates the
civilian president as the commander in chief of the armed forces and the one who sets
American foreign policy. President Truman was unpopular to some of the Americans,
especially to the Republicans. On the other hand, General MacArthur was very popular
and accepted to his followers because of his exceptional achievements as a general. This
source was used to write about the different popularity levels of these two men.
"The Vainglorious General and His Suicidal Lover." Wish You Were Here. 28 Nov. 2008. Web.
09 Nov. 2010. <http://senorenrique.blogspot.com/2008/11/vainglorious-general-and-hissuicidal.html>.
Douglas MacArthur always had immense respect for his father, Arthur MacArthur, who
was also a high-ranking general. MacArthur talked about his father frequently for the rest
of his life. Many people who knew both men noted that the father and son shared a
similar negative character trait; both were extremely vain and arrogant. Colonel Enoch H.
Crowder remarked, Arthur MacArthur was the most flamboyantly egotistical man I had
ever seen, until I met his son. MacArthur respected his father so much that he wanted to
be just like him. General MacArthur wanted to live up to his fathers great example as a
five-star general, and this inspired him to graduate first in a 93-man class at West Point
Military Academy. After becoming a general just like his father, MacArthur also
inherited the negative characteristic quality of being too prideful and arrogant of himself.
MacArthurs arrogance cost him his job as a United States general by Harry S. Truman
who could no longer stand MacArthurs behavior towards him. Our group used the
information in this secondary source to write the causes section of our exhibit.
"Valor Awards for Douglas A. MacArthur | Military Times Hall of Valor." Military News,
Benefits, Careers, Photos, Discussions - Military Times HOME. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=676>.
This source contains information regarding all the awards and medals General MacArthur
achieved in his life for his outstanding accomplishments. Both Douglas MacArthur and
Arthur MacArthur earned the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, and they were one of
two father and sons to receive this medal in the United States. In Douglas MacArthurs
life, he received, in total, one Medal of Honor, three Distinguished Service Cross
Awards, and two Army Distinguished Service Cross Awards. This shows how great of a
general MacArthur was in the United States to be awarded with so many medals. Even
though MacArthur was recognized so clearly as an outstanding soldier, Truman fired him
because of his attitude. This is the reason why so many people disagree with Truman and
point out all the accomplishments MacArthur had made for the United States. This source
helped our group write the background information part of our exhibit. MacArthurs prior

achievements were essential to know before studying deeply into the Truman-MacArthur
Controversy because we needed to know how beneficial the general was to the United
States.
The War Memorial of Korea. Web.14 Nov. 2010. <https://www.warmemo.or.kr/data/data_5_
view.jsp?search=&searchtext=&nextURL=bm90ZWlkPTg0NTMmY3BhZ2U9MSZsaX
N0X3NlcT02JmJvYXJkX2lkPTE5>.
This professional webpage of a war museum in Korea contains a documentary about the
Chinese interference. China was already training to interfere. Korean and the UN army
did not know that the Chinese were interfering, so they headed straight north towards the
Yalu River. On October 25th, 1950, Korean and the UN army were attacked by the
Chinese communist forces at North Pyong an. Battle of Onjong was the first Chinese
interference. Because the Chinese had poor arms, they used gongs, flutes, and trumpets.
They charged like red ants, and used the Human Wave Attack method. At this time,
Douglas MacArthur proposed his plan of bombing Manchuria and Truman was stubborn
with his limited war method. This secondary source explains how the Chinese interfered
in the Korean War, and how MacArthur was fired due to trying to stop it. This website
was helpful, because it helped us to write the cause part of MacArthurs dismissal.
Weintraub, Stanley. MacArthurs War. Books. The New York Times Company. 2000. Web.
24 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/weintraub-macarthur.html>.
Stanley Weintraubs book is a secondary source that gives information about the
reactions of President Harry S. Trumans firing of General Douglas MacArthur. People
gave letters mocking Truman, saying that they regretted voting for Truman. A Baltimore
resident told the president to step down and permit MacArthur to replace ya. A
Jerseyite said, I voted for you in 1948, and have regretted it since. Little kids inquired
why MacArthur had to be fired. A sixth grader at Nathaniel White School in
Connecticut asked why MacArthur lost his job in Korea. This source helped us
understand our topic more by letting us know the effects and consequences of the firing
of MacArthur. This source was used to write the consequences part of our project.