Ryan Maziarz

The Introduction to biology

1. The scientific method
a. Be able to identify the dependent variable (what you are testing),
independent variable(depend of dependent variable), control
group(group that remains neutral), experimental group(group you are
experimenting on), and constants(the things that remain the same.
b. Dependent variable: the factor that is observed, measured or counted
c. Independent variable: the factor that is tested in an experiment
d. Control group: the group that is identical to the experimental group in
every way except for it is lacking the variable being tested.
e. Constants: the variables that remain the exact same
f. Experimental group: the group that contains the variable being tested.
g. Hypothesis- an educated prediction as to what you believe will happen.
h. Hypothesis: a prediction or a statement that
2. Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis-The ability or tendency of an organism or
cell to maintain a stable internal environment by adjusting
it physiological processes
2. Maintain homeoseasis by
a. Body temperature
b. Body fluid composition
c. Blood sugar
d. Gas concentrations
e. Blood pressure
3. Purpose and Hypothesis
a. above
4. Variable-Independent, Dependent
a. above
5. Control/experimental groups
a. Experimental groups: the group that includes the variable being tested
Classification
1. Characteristics of Life
b. Unicellular/multicellular
i. All living things are made of cells
1. Cell- smallest living unit that can carry out the life process
2. Unicellular- single celled organisms, make up most
organisms of earth, have everything they need to be self
sufficient
3. Multicellular- many different types of cells, the cells
specialize to perform specific functions (bone cells, skin
cells, muscle cells, root cells, leaf cells)
ii. Multicellular organisms display organization
1. Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs
make up organ systems, and organ systems together
make up the organism.

2. Structure determines function

iii. All Living things obtain and use Energy
1. The sun is the main source of energy on earth
2. Catabolism- Breaking down/release energy
3. Anabolism- building/ absorbing energy
4. Plants (producers) trap energy of the sun and make
glucose (sugar) in the process called photosynthesis
5. Consumers(Animals)- get their energy from the plants
iv. All living things respond to stimulus
1. Living things detect and respond to stimuli from their
environment
a. Dog panting in hot weather
b. Pupils dilate
c. Humans shiver
d. Reflexes
v. Maintain Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis-The ability or tendency of an organism or
cell to maintain a stable internal environment by adjusting
it physiological processes
2. Maintain homeoseasis by
a. Body temperature
b. Body fluid composition
c. Blood sugar
d. Gas concentrations
e. Blood pressure
vi. All living things reproduce
1. Reproduction must occur for a species to survive. It can
be sexual or asexual
2. Types of Asexual reproduction
a. Budding: hydra and sponge
b. Fragmentation: starfish
c. Binary fission: unicellular organisms
vii. All living things grow and develop
1. To grow bigger means to get bigger and bigger, more cells
must be added
2. To increase number of cells, cell division must occur.
3. Develop: to change into an adult form (mature)
viii. Taken as a group living things evolve
1. Populations adapt to changes in their environment or risk
becoming extinct
2. Adaptations: occur over a very long period of time
(millions of years)
c. All of the cells in your body have the same DNA
d. Homeostasis
i. The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a
stable internal environment by adjusting it physiological
processes
e. Sexual/Asexual Reproduction
i. Budding: hydra and sponge

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ii. Fragmentation: starfish

iii. Binary fission: unicellular organisms
f. Extra notes
i. Made of cells- DNA
ii. Organization- Cells to tissues to organs systems to individual
iii. Growth and development
iv. Reproduction (Sexual and Asexual
v. Responds to stimuli
vi. Requires energy
1. Mitochondria (heterotrophic)
a. Food--------ATP
2. Chloroplast (autotrophic)
a. Light Energy-------ATP(chemical Energy)
3. Energy to food
vii. Maintains homeostasis
viii. `Adaptations evolve over time
Binomial nomenclature
a. The process of naming an organism. (homo sapiens) normally two
names
b. Genus species
i. Always written in italics
Categories of biological classification
a. domain
b. Kingdom
c. Phylum
d. Class
e. Order
f. Family
g. Genus
h. species
Three domains
a. Archeabacteria
b. Eubacteria
c. Eukaryote
Six kingdoms
a. Eubacteria, archeabacteria, Protista, fungi, animilia, plants Bacteria
under Monera
Evidence of biological evolution
Cladograms
Species concept
a. Animals can reproduce when it is naturally and successfully
extra
a. Are they autotrophs or heterotrophs?
i. Monera- both
ii. Protista- both
iii. Fungi- heterotrophic
iv. Plants- autotrophic
v. Animals- heterotrophic
b. Do they have cells walls?
i. Monera- yes

ii. Protista-yes
iii. Fungi-yes
iv. Plants- yes
v. Animals- no
c. What organelles do they have?
d. Are they multicellular of Unicellular?
i. Monera- unicellular
ii. Protista- unicellular
iii. Fungi- multicellular
iv. Plants- multicellular
v. Animals- multicellular
e. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic
i. Monera- prokaryotic
ii. Protista- eukaryotic
iii. Fungi- eukaryotic
iv. Plants- eukaryotic
v. Animals- eukaryotic
10.Analogous and homologous structures
Chemistry of Life
1. Matter, elements, atoms, compounds

All matter in universe is composed of Atoms

Elements are composed of only 1 type of atom

Atoms are mostly empty space

Atoms have electrons which are very small and are negatively charged and
have a negligible mass (Mass=0)

Electrons move in orbits around the center of the atom- in relatively areas
called Energy Levels. (Orbits or shells)
Basic Chemistry Continued

Atoms have a Nucleus which contain Protons and Neutrons

Protons are Positively Charged and have a mass = 1

The number of protons in an atoms nucleus determines what element it

is.

Neutrons have no charge and are therefore called Neutral and have a
mass=1.

Summary of subatomic Particles

Particle Name

Location

Electron

Orbitals

Charge
-1

Mass
O

Proton

Nucleus

+1

Neutron

Nucleus

No Charge

Atoms interact through the process of chemical bonding

Process is determined by the number of electrons found in the outermost

energy level of an atom

Involves the transfer and sharring of electrons bewteen atoms(covalent and

Inioc bonding)
Electron/Energy Level Rules

Atoms in a nuetral state have an equal number of protons and electrons

Atoms fill up their energy levels from the lowest to the highest. Electrons
rarely "skip levels"

The first energy level can only hold two electrons.

The second energy (and all higher) energy level can only hold eight electrons.
Electron/Energy Level Rules (continued)

Atoms seek to have a full outermost energy level. All chemical reactions
happen to acomplish.

First layer has 2 electrons

Second and up has 8

2. Properties of water: adhesion, cohesion, hydrogen bonds

a. Water is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors
b. Adhesive: it is attracted to other things making it easy for water to
travel upwards in a plant by adhering to cell walls.
c. Cohesion: water is attracted to itself.
d. Universal solvent
3. Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic
a. Hydrophobic- doesnt mix with water (not water loving)
b. Hydrophilic-attracted to/ likes to mix with water
4. Polar/Non-Polar
a. Polar: is a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial
negative charge on the oxygen atom. Unequal sharing of electrons
within a molecule. The negative regions are attracted to the positive
regions.
b. Non-Polar: equal sharing of electrons within a molecule
5. Location and charge of protons, neutrons, electrons

Particle Name

Location

Charge

Mass

Electron

Orbitals

-1

Proton

Nucleus

+1

Neutron

Nucleus

No Charge

6. Atomic number v. mass number

7. Differences in types of bonds: covalent, ionic, hydrogen
a. Covalent: Atoms share one or more electrons with each other to form
the bond. Each atom is left with a complete outer shell. A covalent
bond forms between two nonmetals.
b. Iconic: atoms will transfer one or more electrons to another to form the
bond. Each atom Is left with a complete outershell
c. Hydrogen: bonding between water. Oxygen has a slightly negative
charge while hydrogen has a slightly positive charge.
8. Solution, solute, solvent
a. Solution: a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is
uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).
b. Solute: the component that dissolves
c. Solvent: the component that does the dissolving
9. Monomers and polymers
a. The building block of the macromolecule
b. Polymers: multiple monomers
10.Hydrolysis and condensation reaction
a. Hydrolysis: the addition of water
b. Dehydration synthesis: taking away a water
11.Carbohydrates
a. Carbohydrates(Energy and Energy Storage) Glucose (C6H12O2)
i. Monosaccharides( Galactose and Fructose)
ii. Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reaction: loss or
removal of one H20 molecule to form a bond
iii. Isomer: same molecular formula but different structure
iv. Disaccharide: means 2 sugars (sucrose, maltose, and lactose)
v. Polysaccharide
1. Starch: plant energy storage, and long term storage
2. Cellulose: in celery, in plant cell walls and full of fiber
3. Glycogen: long term energy storage for animals, store it in
the liver and its structure is branched
4. Chitin: fungi cell walls, exoskeleton of insects
12.Lipids: phospholipids, fates: saturated and unsaturated
a. Function: energy storage
b. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogens and have single
bonds
c. Unsaturated fatty acids are double bonds and they kink or bends
d. Saturated fats: single bonds, flat line, carbons full of hydrogen, solid at
room temperature ( butter and animal fat)
e. Unsaturated fats: double bonds, less hydrogens, kinks and bends,
liquid at room temperature (veggie oil, olive oil)
f. Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids one Glycerol

g. Phospholipids: the major component of all animal and plant cell

membranes
13.Proteins; amino acids
vi. CHON
vii. Protiens are assembled by ribosomes using zdna and intructions
and 20 different amino
viii. Structure determines function
ix. Polypeptide: many amino acids
1. Amino acids from peptide bonds
x. Folding
1. Primary- simple sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary- interactions between R groups
3. Tertiary- interactions between helix and pleated sheet:
this is where the protein begins to function
14.Enzymes and activation energy catalyst, substrate, active site, denaturation
b. Optimum PH and Temperature
i. Enzymes are effected by both PH and Temperature
c. Denature
i. To change shape
1. Caused by temperature and PH
d. Active site: where the substance goes onto the enzyme
e. substrate
f. Enzyme: proteins with a special shape that has a special function,
lowers activation energy. Is not changed or used up in the reaction.
Normally end in ase like sucrose
g. Catalyst: speeds up chemical reactions
h. Activation energy: Energy required to make a reaction happen
15.Nucleic acids- DNA RNA
a. Function is genetic information
b. Include DNA and RNA
16.Types of bonding
i. Covalent: Atoms share one or more electrons with each other to form
the bond. Each atom is left with a complete outer shell. A covalent
bond forms between two nonmetals.
j. Iconic: atoms will transfer one or more electrons to another to form the
bond. Each atom Is left with a complete outershell
k. Hydrogen: bonding between water. Oxygen has a slightly negative
charge while hydrogen has a slightly positive charge.
Cell Structure and Function
1. Compound microscope- magnification
2. Three principles of the cell theory
a. All organisms are composed of one or more cells (Schleiden,
Schwann,Hooke, Leeuwenhoek)
b. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. (Schleiden,
Schwann,Hooke, Leeuwenhoek)
c. All cells come from preexisting cells (Virchow)
3. Parts of the cell, their function and location

a. Nucleus: Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell,
generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell, contains
the nucleolus and the chromatin
b. Nucleolus: where the components of the ribosomes are synthesized
and assembled, found in the nucleus
c. Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis, suspended in the cytosol,
produces proteins for use within the cell.
d. Lysosomes: membrane bound sac of hydraulic enzymes, enzymes are
used to digest food, other molecules, and old, worn out cell parts.
e. Peroxisomes: detoxifies alcohol, converts to H2O2 to H2O and O2
f. Vacuole: membrane bound sacs, larger than vesicles, stores materials
g. Cytoskeleton: protects the cell
h. Cell Membrane: forms the boundary of the cell, acts as a selective
barrier allowing certain materials to pass but not others
i. Vesicle: carries ER products to the Golgi and carries Golgi modified
products to the cell membrane, fuses with the cell membrane releasing
the contents to outside the cell
j. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: channels proteins to transport vesicles,
attaches carbohydrate to some proteins, involved in membrane
production through the production of ribosomes
k. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: synthesis lipids including
phospholipids and steroids, metabolizes carbohydrates detoxifies drugs
and poisons, stores calcium ions, lacks attached ribosomes
l. Golgi apparatus: consists of flattened membranous sacs, receives
transport vesicles from the ER, modifies ER products, produces certain
molecules, and produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles.
m. Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis, produce food using light energy,
CO2 and H20
n. Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration, produces ATP from sugars,
fats CO2, and other fuels. Creates energy
o. Cell Wall: protective layer external to the cell membrane, consists of
cellulose.
p. Cytoplasm: the entire region between the nucleus and the cell
membrane, consists or cytosol.
4. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a. Prokaryote
i. No nucleus
ii. DNA is formed in single loops
iii. Single celled
iv. Bacteria and Archea
v. Cytosol
vi. DNA in nucleoid
b. Eukaryotic
i. Nucleus
ii. DNA held in nucleus
iii. DNA organized in chromosomes
iv. Multicellular or single celled
v. All animals are eukaryotes
vi. 10X larger

vii. Membrane bound focused on structure and function

5. Differences between an animal and a plant cell
a. Plant cells have chloroplast and cell walls and have a large central
vacuole
6. Nature of the cell membrane, phospholipid bilayer, semi permeable
membrane and fluid mosaic model
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer
The cell membrane is semi permeable. This means that certain things can
pass through
Diffusion causes particles to mover from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration
Does a cell use energy when molecules diffuse in or out of the cell down the
concentration gradient? No
Active transfer requires ATP(energy) to transport molecules against a
concentration gradient
In simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion no energy is used. Which one
needs a helper to get things across? Facilitated diffusion
Concentration: amount of substance in a certain place
Diffusion: moves particles like oxygen into cells
Osmosis: moves water into and out of cells
Selectively permeable Membrane: allows some substances through
Exocytosis: large wastes or cell products are released from inside to outside
a cell
Osmosis: diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane
Active Transport: the transport of particles that require energy. Goes from
low to high energy
7. Passive transport, osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion and
concentration gradient
a. Passive transport: does not require ATP, goes with concentration
gradient
Molecules constantly move, whether they are solid, liquid, gas, or randomly
All objects in motion have kinetic energy
Diffusion- the net movement of particles from an area of their high
concentration to an area of their low concentration
Concentration Gradient- difference in concentration of a substance across
a space
Dynamic (equal) Equilibrium- molecules still randomly moving but no
chance in concentration
Osmosis- movement of water across a semi-preamble membrane from an
area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration until
equilibrium
Water diffuses down its concentration gradient
b. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion that uses a channel protien
8. Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution
Hypertonic

Water moves out and water will shrivel up

Hypotonic

Hypotonic moves into the cell and expands

Lysis to explode

All the same

Some moves in some moves out

Isotonic

9. Active transport- require ATP, endocytosis and exocytosis

a. Passive transport does not require energy
b. Active transport: pumps material against concentration gradient.
Needs energy (ATP)
i. Water cannot go through because it is polar: needs to use a
channel protein (facilitated diffusion)
Cellular Energy
1. Photosynthesis

Autotrophic process: plants and plant like organisms make their energy
(glucose) from sunlight
Stored as carbohydrates in their bodies
o Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies
o 6CO2 + 6H2O ---(sunlight)- C6H12O6 + 6O2
Makes glucose (organic molecules) out of inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide
and water)
o Begins all food chains and webs
o Also makes oxygen gas
Photosynthesis: putting together with light

An Overview of Photosynthesis

3 major steps in the energy conversion

o 1. Absorbtion of light energy
o 2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
o 3. Storage of chemical energy in sugars

2. Getting energy from ATP

ATP: chemical compound shown below that cells use to store energy
3 parts that make up ATP
o Adenosine
o Sugar
o Phosphate Group
ATP: Adenosine Phosphate
3 cellular activities that use the energy stored in ATP
o Active transport
o Breathing

o Thinking
3. Photosynthesis reaction equation
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O ---(sunlight)- C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis: the process of converting light energy into chemical energy
o Reactants: carbon dioxide and water
o Products: glucose and oxygen
o Water and carbon dioxide yield glucose and oxygen
4. Chloroplast, chlorophyll, pigments
a. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
b. They contain chlorophyll: a green pigment that absorbs light energy
c. Chlorophyll contain disk like membranous sacs called thylakoids
d. Chloroplast: (in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll
and in which photosynthesis takes place.
e. Pigments: the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
5. Light reactions, dark reactions
a. Light reactions
i. Changes water to oxygen
ii. Produces O2, ATP, and NADPH
6. Calvin cycle
a. Changes CO2 to Sugar
b. Produces Sugar and ATP
7. Electron transport chain
In the mitochondria

o In the cristae
Produces 32-34 ATP
Water is made
Oxygen is a substrate

8. ATP synthase and phosphorylation

Phosphorylation: making ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
9. Glycolysis
a. Outside mitochondria in the cytoplasm
b. Makes 2 ATP
c. Glucose is a substrate
d. Changes glucose to pyruvate
e. Means to break up Glucose
10.Cellular respiration, ATPhow much is formed at each step

Makes ATP by breaking down sugars

3 steps
o Glycolysis
o Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
o Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

Outside mitochondria in the cytoplasm

Makes 2 ATP
Glucose is a substrate

Changes glucose to pyruvate

Means to break up Glucose

Citric Acid Cycle

Happens in the mitochondria

o In the matrix
Produces 2 ATP
Carbon dioxide is made
Acetyl COA made

Electron Transport Cycle

In the mitochondria
o In the cristae
Produces 32-34 ATP
Water is made
Oxygen is a substrate

11.Respiration reaction equation

12.Anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration: aerobic Respiration
o Requires O2
o Double membrane
o O2 + C6H12O6 --- CO2 + H2O
Glucose #1
Also can use fats and proteins
a.
13.Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
o Pyruvate + NADPH CO2 + Ethanol + Energy
o Yeast of Bacteria
Lactic Acid
o Pyruvate + NADPH CO2 + Lactic Acid + Energy
o Animals
14.Definitions
Pigments: light absorbing molecules that gather the suns energy
Chlorophyll: the principle pigment in plants
Thylakoids: sack like photosynthetic membranes contained in the
chloroplasts.
o Light reactions take place here
Granum: a membrane structure made up of thylakoids
Stroma: the region outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts
Phosphorylation: making ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
Chemiosmosis: movement of ions through a membrane down their gradient
Phosphofructokinase: enzyme that regulates creation of pyruvate
Cell Growth and Division

1. Cell cycle what it is and events of the cell cycle

a. G1: growth, makes organelles, normal cell activites
1. Then if it goes to G0- it stays there
b. S: synthesis, DNA replication
c. G2: preparation of division
d. Mitosis: nuclear division
e. Cytosols: division of the rest of the cell
2. Chromosomes/chromatids/homologous chromosomes
a. Chromosome: one piece of DNA strand
b. Chromatin: long and uncoiled in the nucleus
c. Chromatids: each of the two threadlike strands into which a
chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a
double helix of DNA.
d. Homologous chromosomes: A pair of chromosomes having the same
gene sequences, each derived from one parent.
3. Binary fission
a. asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.
In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic
material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two
parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.
b. Binary fission is the primary method of reproduction of prokaryotic
organisms. In protists, binary fission is often differentiated into types,
such as transverse or longitudinal, depending on the axis of cell
separation.
4. Replication of chromosomes
5. Mitosis- know the steps of Mitosis
a. Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears
i. Spindle fibers attach to sisters
ii. Chromosomes condense and become invisible
b. Metaphase: chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
c. Anaphase: spindle fibers shorten
i. Pull chromatids apart to opposite ends
d. Telophase: chromosomes reach the ends of the poles
i. Nuclear envelopes reforms
ii. Chromosomes uncoil (disappears)
e. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
6. Cytokinesis- how plants and animals differ
a. Division of the cytoplasm
i. Animals cleavage- pinching in two
ii. Plants- new cell walls form
Meiosis and Mendel
1. Meiosis; know the steps of meiosis
a. Sexual reproduction
2. Crossing over- what it is and when it occurs
3. Compare mitosis and meiosis
4. Diploid and haploid; egg, sperm, fertilization and zygote
a. Zygote: one cell
b. Diploid: how many chromosomes are in the parent cell: 4 chromosmes

c. Haploid: how chromosomes end up in the daughter cells in meiosis: 2

chromosmes
d. Egg: female gamete
e. Sperm: male gamete
f. Fertilization: when the sperm and egg combine
5. Autosomes and sex chromosomes
6. How sex is determined
DNA
1. Structure and function
a. DNA is a double helix
2. Replication
a. Replicates in nucleus
b. One side of DNA molecule is a template for making the other side
i. Helicase: unzips the double helix
ii. DNA polymerase: adds new nucleotides using the old strand as a
template
3. Chargaffs rules
4. Nucleotides
a. C-G
b. A-T
5. Differences between DNA and RNA
a. RNA has a U instead of a T
6. Transcription and translation
a. Transcription: DNA into RNA
b. Translation: RNA into amino acids
7. 3 types of RNA
8. RNA editing
Genetics
1. Trait gene and allele
a. Trait: a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging
to a person:
b. Gene: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is transferred from a
parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the
offspring:
c. Allele: an alternative from of a gene
2. Dominant recessive
a. Dominant: genetic trait that is expressed when its alleles are
homozygous or heterozygous
b. Recessive: genetic trait that is not expressed when paired with the
contrasting trait
3. Genotype and phenotype
a. Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism as indicated by its set of
alleles
b. Phenotype: observable characteristics of an organism
4. Heterozygous and homozygous
a. Has one of each allele
b. Has two of the same alleles

5. Monohybrid cross
a. Crossing involving one pair of contrasting traits
6. Dihybrid cross
a. Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines (varieties, strains)
that differ in two observed traits.
7. Complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex linked,
multiple alleles, polygenic traits
a. Complete dominance: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is
transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some
characteristic of the offspring:
b. Incomplete dominance: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is
transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some
characteristic of the offspring:
c. Codominance: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is transferred
from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic
of the offspring:
d. Sex linked: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is transferred from a
parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the
offspring:
e. Multiple alleles: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is transferred
from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic
of the offspring
f. Polygenic traits: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that is transferred
from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic
of the offspring:
8. Using a Punnett square to predict offspring

Species Concept: species that can reproduce successfully and naturally

Prokaryote: no nucleus
Eukaryote: nucleus
Plant cell: cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole
Cell theory: all living things are made up of cells, all cells come from cells, cell is the
basic unit of organization
Passive transport does not require energy
Active transport: pumps material against concentration gradient. Needs energy
(ATP)
Water cannot go through because it is polar: needs to use a channel protein
(facilitated diffusion)
Glucose uses facilities diffusion

Osmosis: movement of water from high to low concentration

Integral proteins are also used
Pump moves ATP (active transport)

Active transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

o Endocytosis (to take into)
White Blood cell enclosing bacteria
Lysosome destroys the bacteria
Phagocytosis: solids(example is white blood cell)
referred to as cell eating
Pinocytosis: liquids (example is hormone) referred
to as cell drinking
o Exocytosis
Protein created from ribosomes
Golgi body moves protein from the cell

Hypertonic

Water moves out and water will shrivel up

Hypotonic

Hypotonic moves into the cell and expands

Lysis to explode

All the same

Some moves in some moves out

Isotonic

Hydrolysis: the addition of water

Dehydration synthesis: taking away a water