PSYC 100 Final Examination

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PSYC 100 Final Examination

Which of the following is most likely to be an assumption of psychological

re
searchers?
(A)
Human behavior is unpredictable and random.
(B)
Behavior
follows discoverable, predictable patterns.
(C)
All explanations of behavior are
to be found in the environment.
(D)
Human behavior is the result of prede
ter

mined forces acting upon the individual.

____2
. Whenever Aaron, who has been involved in his schools Theater department for
a few years, first gets a script, he practices alone, repeating his lines until they
sound realistic to him. He has noticed that his performance improves signific

antly whenever he participates in dress rehearsals with the other actors. Which
of the following best describes his improved
performance? (A) deindividuation;
(B) bystander intervention; (C) social facilitation; (D) groupthink.
____3
.
C
ontemporary memory researchers: (A) are no longer conducting research
on
short

term memory; (B) have turned to t

he study of memory for meaningful
materials; (C) have given up the goal of discovering the basic princi
ples that
underlie human memory; (D)
have concluded that there is no r
elationship be

tween how well

in
format
ion is learned and the difficulty well have remember

ing it.
____4
.
Kathleen trains her dog by giving him a treat every time he obeys her and
scolding him whenever he disobeys. Her training method most closely re

sembles:
(A)
the law of effect;
(B)
the doctrine of specific nerve energies;
(C)
Gestalt principles of organization;
(D)
functionalism.
____5.
Psychological assessment
is often referred to as the measurement of ________,
since the majority of assessments specify how an individual compares to others
on a given dimension. (A) psychological similarities; (B) simultaneous compar

isons; (C) individual differences; (D) traits.

____6
.
Studie
s involving familial relationships, including twin studies and adoption
studies, have demonstrated that: (A) the higher the percentage of shared genes
between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be; (B) the correlatio
ns
between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are very strong; (C) the cor

relations between the IQ scores of identical twins reared together are negative;
(D) siblings reared together and cousins reared to
gether have similar IQ cor

relations.
____7
.
Carrie and her husband have been trying to have a baby. She is shocked to find
out that the reason for her infertility is that she is
biologically
a man! Apparent

ly, during her prenatal development, her androgen receptors failed to function,
causing her to develop as a female. Her condition is known as: (A) transgender
dysfunction; (B) androgen insensitivity syndrome; (C) gender ide
ntity disorder;
(D) androgyny.

.
One important function of the
sympathetic nervous system
is to:
(A)
increase the
flow of blood to the digestive system at appropriate times;
(B)
increase the flow
of blood t
o the muscles at appropriate times;
(C)
activate functioning of the
kidneys and bowels;
(D)
s
timulate the production of growth hormone
.
____9
.
In Zimbardos
classic social psychology study known as the
Stanford Prison
Exper
iment
:
(A)
the most sadistic subjects were assigned the roles of guards;
(B)
subjects
w
ho were thought to be helpless types were assigned the roles
of prisoners;
(C)
subjects were assigned the roles that were t
he opposite of t
heir
natural in
clinations;
(D)
the subjects were randomly assigned to their roles.
____
10
. If we consider the factors that determine whether an individual develops male
or female genitalia, we find that: (A) genetic sex (XX or
XY) is the crucial
factor, because an XY fetus invariably develops as a male; (B) male hormones
are critical, because in the absence of male hormones, an XY fetus will develop
as a female; (C) female hormones ar
e critical, because in the absence of female
hormones, an XX fetus will develop as a male; (D) sex hormones are critical,
because without male hormones, an XY fetus will develop as a female, and
without female ho
rmones, an XX fetus will develop as a male.
____11
. One important difference between radical Behaviorism and cognitive psychol


ogy is that cognitive psychology: (A) argues that unobservable mental states can
be scientifically
studied; (B) rejects the use of human participants; (C) insists on
studying topics that can be directly and objectively observed; (D) emphasizes
the evolutionary roots of our behavior.
____12
. If you
doubt
that the answer to
the next question is C, because you have an

swered C for the last four or five questions, you are suffering from: (A) the
serial position effect; (B) an illusory correlation; (C) the gamblers fallacy;
(D) a
nterograde amnesia.
____13
. Because of a severe drought, a ban on outdoor watering has been issued. The
Robinsons decide that they will not water their new shrubs because their neigh

bors would disapprove. Their reasoning pl

aces the Robinsons in which of Kohl

bergs stages of moral development? (A) preconventional; (B) conventional;

(C) postconventional; (D) unconventional.
____14
. Research pertaining to
taste aversion
suggests that the uncondit
ioned stimulus
(UCS): (A) needs to occur immediately after the CS; (B) does
not
need to occur
immediately after the CS; (C) needs to occur immediately before the CS; (D) in
some instances, does not need to occur at
all.
____15.
Ebbinghaus observed that he needed fewer study

test trials to relearn a list that

he had already learned at an earlier time. He referred to this residual effect of
prior learning as: (A) priming; (B) savings; (
C) partial report; (D) the serial
position effect.

16
. The use of
context
in perception is an example of: (A) trial and error learning;
(B) serial processing; (C) bottom

up processing; (D) top

down processing.
____17.

What
is the difference between
reinforcement
and
punishment
?
(A) Pun
ishment
is negative and reinforcement is positive. (B) Punishment always deals
with
aversive
stimuli and reinforcement never deals with aversive stimuli. (C)
The
effect of punishment is to decrease th
e strength of a target behavior and the
the effect of reinforcement is to increase the strength of a target behavior.
(D)
T
he effect of punishment is to increase th
e strength
of a target behavior
and
the effect of reinforcement is to decrease the strength of a target behavior.
____18
. Ernst Weber has asked you to adjust the brightness of one light bulb so that it
is just the slightest bit brighte
r than the other light bulb in front of you. Weber
is trying to measure your: (A) sensation threshold; (B) perception threshold;
(C) absolute thres
hold; (D) difference threshold.
____19
. Which of the following illustrates the
use of a
within

subjects design
? (A) Chil

dren at three different age levels are given a test of their motor coordination.
(B) Participants are given a spelling test, then asked to meditate for 10 minutes,
then given another spelling test. (C) The artistic abilities of males are compared
to the artistic abilities of females. (D) One group of participants is given a com

pliment before solving problems and a second group is cri

ticized before solving
problems.
20
. What is meant by the statement that
perception is overdetermined by the stim

ulus
? (A) People perceive things in so many different ways, that there is not
enough over
lap in how two people perceive the same stimulus. (B) So many
areas of the brain are involved in perception, that too much of our mental energy
is focused on it. (C) For any given percept, we have available much more infor


mation than is needed to identify the object or event. (D) We attribute far too
much importance to the study of perception.
____21
. The statement
The mind is what the brain does
summarizes which position
about
the relation between the brain and mind? (A) dualism; (B) materialism;
(C) isolationism; (D) parallelism.
____22
. Transmission of
neural impulses
across
synapses
is accomplished by means of:
(A) inorganic ions, such as sodium
and potassium; (B) organic molecules, such
as acetylcholine and dopamine; (C) electrical impulses; (D) intermittent physical
contact between the relevant neurons.
____23. Considering what youve been learning about the princip
les of
critical
thinking
,
which of the following is p
robably
the
most
problematic aspect of ESP re

search for scientists? (A) the people who conduct it are biased in favor of ESP;
(B) proponent
s of ESP make claims that are not falsifiable; (C) ESP psychics are
not scientists; (D) whether ESP works is not an empirical question.
PSYC 100

Introductory Psychology University of Maryland

University College
Final
Examination

DUE
Decem
ber
1
3
, 201
5
Fall
, 2015
____
24
. In Banduras
Bobo doll
study (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1961), children who

observed
an adult
punching
the Bobo doll: (A) displayed less aggression to
the doll than children who had observed an adult ignoring it; (B) displayed less
aggression to the doll than those who never saw an adult in the playroom;
(C) directed as much aggression toward the doll as they had observed in the
adult model; (D) were, surprisingly, the least aggressive group of children in
the study.
____25
. The
behavioral
approach to understanding h
uman behavior is a good example
of the _____ side of the _____. (A) contextual, ontogeny

phylogeny debate;
(B) genetic, ontogeny

phylogeny debate; (C) nurture, nature

nurture debate;
(D) nature, nature

nurture
debate.
____2
6
.
If you electrically
stimulated
a rats
lateral hypothalamus
(LH), what would you
expect to happen? (A) The rat would start sleeping. (B) The rat would become
alert. (C) The rat would seek food. (D) The rat
would stop eating.
____27
. Maternal hormones: (A) have little effect on fetal development, since the fetus
is isolated from the mothers blood supply; (B) can have important effects on
such things as intellectual development a
nd gender identity; (C) can affect phys

ical development, such as the time a child will begin walking, but not mental
abilities, like IQ; (D) none of the above.
____2
8
.
You and your friends go out to dinner. The waiter is slo
w to greet you, con

fuses your drink orders, and forgets to bring your appetizers. Some of your
friends complain
that the waiter is a jerk and that they dont intend to tip him.
You reply that youve waited tabl
es in the and that the waiter is probably

just having a bad night. Your friends are making a(n) ______ attribution,
while you are making a(n) ______ attribution. (A) dispositional, situational;
(B) situational,
dispositional; (C) groupthink, altruistic; (D) altruistic, group

think.
____29
. A famous study conducted by LaPiere (1934) showed that, when a Chinese
couple attempted to visit a hotel or restaurant, almost all of the establ
ishments
________ them, which was ________ with their written policy. (A) accepted,
consistent; (B) accepted, inconsistent; (C) rejected, consistent; (D) rejected,
inconsistent.
____3
0
. Imagine that you and a
friend have witnessed an accident. Afterwards, while
discussing what was seen, your friend introduces some inaccurate information
into his description of the events. If you are like many of the participants in
eyewitness memory
research, when questioned at some future time: (A) both
you and your friend will have very little memory of the accident; (B) your mem

ory is likely to be accurate and your friends will be inaccurate; (C) y

our mem

ory is likely to be affected by your friends inaccurate observations; (D) your

friends memory is likely to be more accurate than your memory.
PSYC 100

Introductory Psychology University of Maryland

University College
Final
Examination

DUE
Decem
ber
1
3
, 201
5
Fall
, 2015
____
31
. In a crowded and noisy bar, your friend
Sean
is telling you about
an argument he
just
had with his girlfriend. Despite the dozens
of other conversations happening
around you, you have no difficulty attending to what Sean is saying. This sit

ua

tion is an example of:

(A) instin
ctive drift
;
(B)
shadowing;
(C)
inhibition
of
return;
(D)
the cocktail party phenomenon.
____32
. Sperlings (1960) procedure was called a
partial report
procedure because:
(A) only some of the subjects were asked to recall th
e displayed letters; (B) only
some of the letters of the alphabet were used; (C) some subjects were better at
recalling the displayed letters than others; (D) subjects were asked to report only
one row of the displ
ayed letters.
____33
. Typically, males have a
refractory period
after orgasm. The
Coolidge Effect
re

fers to the finding that the duration of this sexual refractory period is significant

ly reduced by the introduction of a _

_______.
(A)
chronic stressor;
(B)
rooster;
(C)
different receptive female;
(D)
final exam
.
____34
. A food

deprived rats
hypothalamus
is electrically stimulated with a chronically
implanted electrode, and the rat immedi
ately stops eating. The electrode is most
likely to be located in the rats: (A) stomach; (B) LGN, or lateral geniculate nu

cleus; (C) pituitary gland; (D) VMN, or ventromedial nucleus.

____35
. According to the ethical princ
iple of

informed consent
, before people agree to
participate in research, they should be informed about: (A) the studys purpose
and procedures; (B) the studys potential benefits; (C) potential risks to subjects;
(D) all of the above.
____36
. Which of the following correctly specifies an assumption of the James

Lange
theory? (A) Emotional feelings depend on feedback from physiological reac

tions and behavior. (B) Physiological react

ions and cognitive interpretations
together form subjective feelings. (C) The body is a machine governed by phys

ical reactions to stimuli, while the mind is the soul and is governed by reason.
(D) Processing in
subcortical pathways causes both an emotional experience
and a physical experience.
____37
. The problems of confounding due to
placebo
effects and
experimenter expec

tancy
effects can
both
be minimized by: (A) random sampl
ing; (B) random
assignment; (C) unobtrusive measurement; (D) a double

blind procedure.
____38
. Traditionally, the ______ effect is interpreted to mean that the first few items
in a list are more readily recalled, during a
free
recall
test, because ______.
(A) rec
ency, they have received more rehearsal and are more likely to have
been stored in long

term memory; (B) recency, they are still in short

term,
working memory;
(C) primacy, the
y have received more rehearsal and are
more likely to have been stored in long

term memory; (D) primacy, they are

still in short

term, working memory.

PSYC 100


Introductory Psychology University of Maryland
University College
Final
Examination

DUE
Decem
ber
1
3
, 201
5
Fall
, 2015
____39. When Liz and Richard were married, their friends were unsure of whet
her their
marriage would last or end in divorce. However, after the two were divorced,
many of their friends commented to each other about how certain they had been,
from the beginning, that things wouldnt work
out. This situation illustrates the:
(A) case study method; (B) overconfidence effect; (C) hindsight bias; (D) nom

inal fallacy.
____40
. One reason human newborns have poor visual skills is that the neurons in their
visual cortex are: (A) insufficiently connected; (B) myelinated; (C) depolarized;
(D) always fatigued.
____41
. An example of ________ was the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle
Challenger
on a cold January mornin
g, despite widespread concerns about its
booster rockets.
(A)
groupthink;
(B)
social loafing;
(C)
social facilitation;
(D)
diffusion of responsibility.
____42
. Bob is
American and Lee is Japanese.
Which
statement
best
summari
zes
how
they will experience and display
basic
emotion
s? (A) They will experience
emo

tion
s
in completely different manners.
(B)
They will experience emotion
s
differently, but display
t
hem
similarly.
(C)
They w
ill experience emotion
s
sim

ilarly, but
display
t
hem
differently.
(D)
They will both experience
and
display
emotion
s
in completely different manners.
____43
. The
fight

or

flight
response is mobilized by the: (A) sympathet
ic nervous
system; (B) parasympathetic nervous system; (C) central nervous system;
(D) somatic nervous system.
____44
. Your son has been getting into a lot of fights at school, and his teachers explain
this behav
ior by saying he has a strong aggressive instinct. Which error has
been committed? (A) the hindsight bias; (B) the either

or fallacy; (C) the Freud

problem; (D) the nominal fallacy.
____4
5
. John B. Watson was so passionate
about his behaviorist perspective that he
believed that he could take 12 infants and: (A) identify their most likely pro

fessions based on genetics; (B) identify their most likely professions based
on their person
alities; (C) identify their most likely professions based on

culture; (D) train them to pursue whatever professions he chose for them.
____
46
. You watch you newborn nephew and observe the way he tracks a moving ob

ject. You t
hen compare it to how your 5

year

old sister tracks the same moving

object. What do you observe? (A) Both your nephew and your sister track the
object with
saccadic
eye movements. (B) Both your nephew and your sister
track the object with
smooth pursuit
eye movements. (C) Your nephew tracks
the object with saccadic eye movements and your sister uses smooth pursuit eye
movements. (D) Your nephew uses smooth pursuit eye movements to wat
ch the
object, and your sister uses saccades.
PSYC 100

Introductory Psychology University of Maryland

University College
Final
Examination

DUE
Decem
ber
1
3
, 201
5
Fall
, 2015
____
47
.
The appearance of facial expressions in blind and deaf children, such as smiling
when happy, supports which statement about emotional expressions? (A) Emo

ti
onal expressions are innate. (B) Emotional expressions are learned. (C) Cer

tain expressions are unique to deaf and blind children. (D) Only a very limited
number of emotion expressions are utilized by blind and deaf childre
n.
____48
. What is the main problem with research that contains
confounds
? (A) A clear
interpretation of the results is
not

possible. (B) The data do

not
support the
hypothesis. (C) The theory is generally regarded as inco
rrect. (D) None of
the above, because confounds do
not
pose any problems.
____49
. Which mistake would most people be likely to make when asked to write down
an imaginary list of random coin flips (heads and tails)? (A) inc
luding too
many streaks (e.g., HHHHHH or TTTTTT); (B) including too many patterns
(e.g., HTHTHT or HHTTHH); (C) failing to include equal numbers of heads
and tails; (D) including too few streaks or patterns.
____50
.
Raymond says to his brother Charlie, Im a very good driver, despite the
fact that he is totally inept and has very limited driving experience. His in

flated view of his driving prowess is an example of: (A) delusio

nal cognitions;
(B) downward social comparison; (C) self

evaluative maintenance; (D) the

better

than

average effe