1.

Connectors
Connectors, discourse markers, text or discourse organizers, conjunctions,
linking words, transition signals Como voc vai ver nas questes de
vestibular, os nomes variam por motivos que no nos cabe discutir aqui. O
importante saber que essas palavras tm como funo, ligar palavras, frases e
at mesmo partes de um texto. Ao serem utilizadas, tais palavras estabelecem
uma relao semntica entre as duas partes, a relao semntica pode ser de
diversos tipos.
Testemos sua intuio. Junte as palavras em negrito relao
semntica que introduzem:
( ) addition ( ) cause ( ) consequence ( ) contrast
a) This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others.
b) If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the
whole organization.
c) We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.
d) Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
(Sentences from the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary)
Connectors
A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences.
And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while,
until, as if, because, when, after, though, before.
A boy and a girl
An elephant and a giraffe
A toy or a book
The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.
Types of connectors
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.
Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or,
Use of 'and'
'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal
importance and both conditions exist. Other words that can be used in place of
and are: moreover, in addition to, along with, plus, as well as, further more

Tom and Harry play hockey.

A lion and a fox live in this cave.

We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats.

The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader.

We found the thief along with the bags.

The gurgling stream along with the howling wind added to the charm of
the place.

Use of 'but'
The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases.
Let's say the first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second
phrase tells you quite a contradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used.
Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but'

He ran, but he missed the bus.

She studied hard but could not score well in the test.

The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily.

Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not cry.

The lion was hungry yet it did not attack Androcles.

He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.

Use of 'Or'
When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'.
Here only one of the two conditions exists.
Example:
Would you take a cup of tea or coffee?
Shall we buy a book or a toy?
Sit on the bench or on the grass.
Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk?
We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.
Correlative conjunctions:
Conjunctions used in pairs are correlative conjunctions
Either..... or
Neither.....nor
Both.....and
Whether..... or
Not only..... but also

Either Peter or John has taken the book.

It is neither hot nor tasty.
My sister is both smart and intelligent.
Tell me whether you know the route or not.
Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.

Compound conjunctions
Compound conjunctions are groups of words that behave like conjunctions. For
example: In order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as.

Conjunction
In order that
On
condition
that
Even if
So that
Provided
that
As though
As well as
As soon as
As if

Usage
I bought all the books in order that you may study
The teacher excused him on condition that he would not
repeat the mistake.
Sarah would not marry him even if he proposed to her.
I kept away my work so that I could spend time with my
daughters
You can take leave provided that you work overtime later
Rex behaves as though he is the boss.
Monica as well as Veronica was present there
Mr. Ford plans to pay off his loan as soon as he gets his
bonus.
It looks as if there is going to be a storm.

Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for
its full meaning. The chief subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if,
that, though, although, till, before, unless.

I will not go to the market if it rains.

The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependant on the condition 'if
it rains'.

You could go and play after you have done the dishes.

King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold.

You must dig the earth till you find water.

Disponvel em: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/english/english-i/workbook/connectors.php

Common linking words

To give examples

To give examples we can use the following linking expressions: for instance,
for example, in particular
People often behave stupidly when they are frightened. Take Alice, for
instance,
We are not at all happy with the way you handled the situation. In particular,
we .

To show contrast

To show contrast you can use the following conjunctions and conjunctive
adverbs: but, however, otherwise, in contrast, on the other hand.
Their front door was open but nobody was inside.
Their front door was open; however, nobody was inside.
The technology sector is performing badly. The banking stocks,in / by
contrast, are doing well again.
Sam was quite rude. His brother, on the other hand, behaved very politely.

To show concession

The following conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs can be used to show

concession: however, yet, nevertheless, although, despite, even
though, despite the fact that etc.
The car broke down on the way. Nevertheless / however, I managed to get to
the meeting in time.
Even though he has a masters degree in English, he still cant write a good
letter.

To show similarity

To show similarity, you can use the following conjunctive adverbs: likewise,
similarly, in the same way
My mother did everything she could to educate us. In the same way, we put a
high value on our childrens education.

To show result

Use the following expressions to show result: therefore, as a result, thus,

consequently, so, as a consequence
They have recruited more people and consequently the service is better.
The new laptops are thin and light and therefore you can carry them around
more comfortably.

To indicate time or sequence

A large number of expressions are used to indicate sequence. Examples

are: first, firstly, second, secondly, finally, lastly, immediately,
formerly, thereafter, soon, next etc.
Links sugeridos:

http://www.pdfdrive.net/english-grammar-in-use-raymond-murphy-cambridindex-of-e792659.html
http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-grammar-conjunctions.htm
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/just-yet-stillalready
http://aliciateacher2.wordpress.com/grammar/discourse-markers/
http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/57593-What-is-the-difference
http://www.blogabc.microcampsp.com.br/connectors-conectores-linguisticosem-ingles-por-categorias/
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html
http://www.englishexperts.com.br/2007/09/18/conectivos-um-importanterecurso-de-coesao-textual/
https://guinlist.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/40-conjunctions-versus-connectors/
EXERCCIOS
(UFC- 2005) ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 2 ACCORDING TO THE TEXT
ABOVE.
Soon after the staging of the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Paralympic
Games, for athletes with disabilities, were held. The programme included 18
sports, in which 4,000 athletes from 130 countries participated. The twelve
days of the event led to a series of infrastructure changes that will very much
improve the quality of life for citizens in Greece, especially groups of people
with restricted mobility - such as the elderly, pregnant women, and persons
with a disability. _______________, the greatest legacy of the Athens 2004
Paralympic Games will be a new social perception of the disabled.
1. The appropriate expression to complete the blank in line 06 is:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Besides
However
In general
Once more
For instance

2. Lines 03 04 contain a relation of:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

repetition
opposition
comparison.
cause and effect
complementarity

3. (PUC-Rio 2007) Check the item in which there is a correct

correspondence between the idea expressed by the words in bold type
and the idea in italics:

a) although combined use reduces the sensation of tiredness and

sleepiness, actual capabilities are significantly impaired (Although =
conclusion)
b) increased risk for problems such as automobile accidents (Such as
= result)
c) Alcohol affects not only the motor coordination but also the capacity
of decision (Not only but also = addition)
d) because it affects one important area of the brain (Because =
contrast)
e) Despite how good they may feel, they shouldnt drink and drive.
(Despite = conclusion)
4. (PUC-Rio 2006) In the sentence Despite studies that link bedroom
TVs to kids' sleep problems, the most common reason (...) children
could watch shows of their choice, the word despite expresses an
idea of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

contrast
addition
result
conclusion
comparison

5. (PUC-Rio 2006) In the sentence "a lot of them changed their

nationality to something else due to a rumor that users with their
countries set to Brazil an error page.", "due to" can be best
substituted by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

in addition to
because of
instead of
such as
despite

6. (UERJ 2004) The transition signals as well as ( marked uniforms

are required in those professions that come into regular contact with
extraordinary danger as well as those who come into an unusually
intimate contact with the domestic domain ) and while (Police
patrol officers wear uniforms, while detectives wear jacket and tie
) convey respectively the notions of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

emphasis and time

addition and contrast
alternation and cause
comparison and result
contrast and time

7. (UERJ 2004 final) So my womens clothes come off very sexy and
revealing. However, my mens clothes are classic. The transition
words so and however imply the notions contained respectively in:
a) likewise and but

b)
c)
d)
e)

therefore and then

hence and moreover
thus and nevertheless
then and although

8. (UFF 2005) The semantic idea expressed by whereas (in Americans

equate happiness with self-esteem and personal success, whereas for
the Japanese, joy derives more from self-discipline and fulfilling ones
obligations to family, company and community) can also be conveyed
by:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

in other words
but
because
of course
both and

9. (PUC-Rio 2002) The sentence "While French at one time was the
foreign language most favored by educated Brazilians, nowadays
many younger citizens are required in school to learn English as a
second language and are seen chatting in English at the mall,
exercising their bilingual skills." expresses an idea of:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

addition
result
definition
conclusion
contrast

10. (PUC-Rio 1999) The sentence "Yet immigrants also...degree" (in

while immigrants make up only 12% of today's workforce, they clean
half the restaurant tables in the U.S. Yet immigrants also are 50%
more likely than Americans to have a graduate degree.) introduces:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

a conclusion
a definition
a contrast
a result
an example

11. (PUC-Rio 1999) When the writer says "As you are reading these
words, you are taking part in one of the wonders of the natural world.
For you and I belong to a species with a remarkable ability " (lines
2-4), the conjunction for can be understood as:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

however
already
and
because
therefore

12. (UERJ 2005 EQ1) Cohesion in the text is achieved through the use
of transition signals in the discourse. The marker Not only but also
(Not only is your main light, the sun, constantly shifting, but also your
subject, often people, rarely remain in the same place for long periods
of time.) expresses the following notions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

comparison and addition

contrast and enumeration
identification and emphasis
introduction and exemplification
contrast and addition

13. (UFF 2004) Consider the sentences: When Embrapa launched the
carrot in 2000, scientists thought it would sweep the marked. It
hasnt. (lines 13-14) Mark the option that could be used to join these
2 sentences:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

but
so
therefore
still
although

14. (UFPI 2007) Biodiesel is a vegetable oil-based fuel that runs in

unmodified diesel engines It's usually made from soy or canola oil,
and can also be made from recycled fryer oil. Since it's made
domestically, it reduces our trade deficit and creates jobs. O conector
since estabelece uma relao de:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

temporalidade
causa e efeito.
conformidade
adversidade
condio

15. (PUC-Rio 2004) In the sentence The abundant botanical resources

of tropical forests have already provided substantial medical
advances; yet only 1 percent of the known plant and animal species
, the word yet:
a)
b)
c)
d)

adds an example
introduces a result
makes a comparison
makes a contrast