-

REVljEW

EXERCISE

FiII in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Future
Simple, be going to, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Simple or Future Perfect
Continuous.
Tony:

Hi, Mike. We (1)

evening. (2)

(meet) at the cinema this

(join) us?

Mike:

Sorry. I promised to help Dad. I (3)

garage.

Tony:

Why don't you meet us at the pizza restaurant after the fil~? We should be
there by 10 o'clock. (4)
(you / finish) by then?

Mike:

I don't know, but I (5)

I (6)
(7)

Tony:

That's great. We (8)

(clean up) the

(join) you anyway. By then,

(work) for hours and I
(need) a break.
INTRODUCING CONTRASTlNG OR OPPOSING IDEAS-

(wait) for you at 10 o'clock.

EXERCISE

EXPRESAR

Rewrite the sentence using the words given. Make any necessary changes.
1.

The flight to Hong Kong takes 12 hours. (for)

6.

CAUSA

FINALIDAD

SEQUENCE

RESULTADO

Without your help, he won't succeed. (unless)

........................................................................................................

Watch out! You're too close to that cyclist. (hit)

7. We never finish eating before 8. Come after that. (still)

..............................................................................

It'lI take them till the end of May to complete the job. (will)
By June, they

ANO ADDING

Y AADIR

INFORMATION

INFORMACiN

ANO RESULT-

MOSTRAR LA SUCESiN

She's the most beautiful girl I've ever seen. (a)

Don't come before 8. We

EXAMPLES

SHOWING

Watch out! You .............................................................................................

8.

I've never seen ..............................................................................................

He'll fail

GIVING

DAR EJEMPLOS

3. They didn't hear the phone ring because of all the noise in the room. (noisy)
The room ......................................................................................................

5.

RAZN

Don't put any more sugar in my coffee. (sweet)

By the time we reach Hong Kong, we

4.

DE IDEAS

REASON OR CAUSE AND PURPOSE-

EXPRESAR

My coffee
2.

U OPOSICiN

4
SHOWING

CONTRASTE

DE HECHOS Y EL

r~lr.:

EXERCISE

INTRODUCING

~PRESAR

CONTRASTING

CONTRASTE

OR O:POSING

U OPOSICION

IDEAS-

DE IDEAS

underline the connectors in the sentences below and add commas where
e the examples in the Grammar box on page 198.
necess ary . Se

Llamamos conectores a las palabras que sealan las relaciones entre diferentes
ideas. Estos son los ms frecuentes para expresar contraste u oposicin:

1. Their car broke down; nevertheless,

managed to get to the garage.

2.

But y yet son conjunciones adversativas. Significan "pero, sin embargo" e

introducen el contraste con lo que se acaba de decir en la oracin principal.

In spite of y despite tienen el mismo significado, "a pesar de". Van seguidos
de un sintagma nominal, un verbo en la forma ing o un pronombre.
In spite of / Despite the late hour, they went on with the meeting.
He arrived on time in spite of / despite getting up late.
The weather was cold, but they went on the trip in spite of / despite
it / that.

Although, though, even though e in spite of the fact that significan "aunque".
Introducen la oracin subordinada concesiva, que puede ir delante o detrs
de la principal.
Although / Though / Even though / In spite of the fact that the
students had not studied as hard as they could, they a11passed their
exams.
Si la subordinada va primero, se pone una coma para separar las dos ideas que
queremos contrastar.

However, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand y on the
contrary van seguidos por una coma y una oracin completa.

they

Although she was ill she went to work.

3. They wanted to move to a new

The book is short but / yet interesting.

The story is short, but / yet it's interesting.
B

neighbourhood;

however they couldn't

afford

@ARAGEI

it.
4.

This child is very independent

~~

despite his

"J~

young age.

5.

Despite the low price I didn't buy the suit.

6.

Rosie is always making jokes yet I don't find

0=0

her very funny.

7.

"Did the stain come out after you washed it?"

"On the contrary it became more noticeable."

8.

She won't go to the theatre although she has got a free ticket.

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks with a suitable connedor from the Grammar box on page 198.
There may be more than one corred answer.
j!!.?p.!~~.<?U~~?p.!~~

1.

I won't forgive you

She was quite ill. However / Nevertheless / Even so, she went to
school. (Sin embargo, .. .)

2.

They haven't found a house to buy

On the one hand, the beach is fun. On the other hand, I don't like
the sand. (Por una parte, ... por la otra, .. .)

3.

"I thought you liked classical music." "On the contrary, I hate it."

(Al contrario, .. .)

5.

While y whereas significan "mientras que" y van seguidos por una oracin
completa.

your apology.
they have

looked at quite a few.

.

loe knew the risks, he decided

.

to travel alone.

her hard work, Mandy didn't get a bonus.

The speed limit on the motorway

is 120 kph;

people often drive faster than that.

6.

This soap opera is very interesting, while / whereas that one is quite
boring.

her skiing accident

last year, Diana is going skiing

again this year.

7.

he had planned the project very carefully, he had

several problems
8.

along the way.

.
My sister doesn't have a job

she's a very talented

persono
199

EXERCISE

I~

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks with a suitable connector from the Grammar

Choose the correct answer.

box on page 198.

There may be more than one correct answer.

1.

the high price, many people buy these jeans.

1. .
a. On the one hand
Despite
c. Although

Some pupils don't mind taking tests, -..;v:~!~t;/-..;v:.f:~C~.~?/~I!.~!Y.~.tothers

get quite
nervous.

Bill is rather clever,

2.
2.

It's wonderful to have my grandparents spend the summer with us

...................................
it's a bit uncomfortable because our flat is quite small.

3.

"She must have a very interesting job as a travel agent."

"
, she says it's quite routine."

4.

The new car is very economical,

5.

.
...................................
flat.

3.

b. on the other hand

, I found it quite boring."

a. However

, you could rent a flat instead of buying one .

, you spend all this money and you still don't own a

4.

b. Even though

It was hot and humid

a. However

5.

I love it.

Forests are important to our planet,

a. yet

our neighbours went

6.

EXERCISE

1. Alth oug h

there are laws against pollution, cars and factories continue to

b. Although

7. We like travelling

8.

Even though

4.

Despite
tonight.

b. While

c. However
, I managed on my trip to Tokyo.

b. Whereas

c. Even though

.
, h er firs t iInt erview
was successf u I.
EXERCISE

.
Complete

, everyone likes him.

the

following

1 .1 'm very interested in opera, whereas

, we have decided to eat out

2.

Some people love pets. However,

It was terribly cold at the beach, yet

3.

Even though

6.

I'm not really hungry. Nevertheless,

4.

In spite of

5.

"He probably gets on well with everyone."

"On the contrary,

7. Our flight will be delayed for half an hour. In spite of that,

She's always in a hurry although

9. This ad is excellent. However,

.
.

6.

sentences using your own words and ideas.

5.

8.

c. Despite

, travelling can be quite expensive.

I can't speak [apanese

a. Nevertheless

sentences using your own words and ideas.

she was nervous

c. on the one hand

pollute the air.

2. [ack often takes his car to work in spite of

3.

c. Whereas

people are destroying forests

b. on the contrary

a. However

"You seem to be bored."

"
, I'm having a wonderful time."

the following

, they really enjoyed their holiday.

all over the world.

Iane really hates classical music,

Complete

c. On the contrary

b. In spite of the fact that

a. In spite of

c. whereas

"Wasn't the concert terrific last night?"

"

the old one was not.

7. We went on holiday in Lugo,

abroad.
8.

his brother is just average.

a. in spite of

,
6.

r:0y..fC!~.'7~.
~r:.!y..!!~.t;??PP!.~

.
.

, they went on holiday anyway.

, we were disappointed.

Some people eat out every week, while others

"
'"'
.

10.

Although our financial situation is not very good right now,

7. The book was very long, but

8.

On the one hand, 1 love little children. On the other hand,

:r
.

EXERCISE

2
A

SHOWING
EXPRESAR

REASON
RAZN

OR CAUSE
O CAUSA

AND

PURPOSE

Y FINALIDAD

Los conectores because, as, since y seeing Ibat tienen todos el mismo
significado, "ya que", "dado que", "porque" y van seguidos de una oracin
completa.
Indican la razn o la causa de algo. Si la oracin causal que introducen va
primero, la separamos de la oracin principal con una coma.
Because / As / Since / Seeing that it's late, we should all go home.
We should all go home because / as / since / seeing that. it's late.

Los conectores because 0(, on arrount 0(, owing to y due to significan "por" o
"debido a", no "poroue", pues van seguidos de un nombre o un grupo
nominal. Si son ellos los que comienzan la frase, ambas oraciones irn
separadas por coma.
Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to the weather,
we stayed at home.
We stayed at home because of / on account of / owing to / due to
the weather.
Los conectores in order to, so as to y to expresan finalidad y van seguidos de un
verbo en la forma base. Por el contrario, in order Ibat y so Ibat van seguidos de
una oracin con verbo modal. Todos ellos significan "para".
She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record her favourite shows.
She uses her video in order that / so that she can have a recording of
her favourite shows.

FiJlin the blanks with a suitable connedor. There may be more than one corred
answer.
1. Doctors believe that some new diseaseshave appeared
......... ~f!.~?L!.~f!.!?:?.!.?!:!r;:f!
we take too many antibiotics.
2.

Brad decided to travel to Liverpool by train

Nota 2: Si queremos poner en negativa el propsito, usamos so as not to o

in order not to, pero no se puede usar not to.
Estara muy mal decir: She is studying not to fail.
Hay que decir: She is studying so as not to fail.
She is studying in order not to fail.

he could read on the way.

. turn on this machine, pressthe "power"

3. .
button.
4.

so many pupils failed the test, there will be

another test tomorrow.

5. Many roads need repair

the unusually heavy

rainfall.
6. .

she has used up all her savings,she'lI have to

borrow some money from her parents.

7. I've been reading a lot

improve my

vocabulary.
8. .

the heavy traffic in cities, more people have

started taking the train.

9. We were angry

they hadn't kept their promise.

10. .

you're not very busy, why don't you come to

the meeting?

Nota 1: En el ingls oral se suele omitir Ibat cuando se hubiera tenido que usar
so Ibat.
She studied all week so she could pass the test.

EXERCISE

Complete the following sentences using your own words and ideas.
. sweets .In or d er to
1. Anna has stopped eatmg

fase some weight.

2. I am writing this letter because

3. We bought a computer in order to

4.

.
Since

5.

Becauseof

, she failed the test.

, many people were stuck in town.

6. [ane bought a car so that

7. They always go to this restaurant because

8.

Becauseof

, many people have to use their cars to get into town.

[31

EXERCISE
GIVINGEXAMPLES
~ND AD:G
DAR EJEMPLOS

Y ANADIR

-A

Choose the corred answer.

I:FO~:ATION-

INFORMACION

--

Las expresiones for example, for instance y such as pueden emplearse

indistintamente para introducir un ejemplo.
Vegetables are a good source of vitamins, for example / for instance,
peppers have vitamin C.

oranges have lots of vitamin C.

fb'\ for example

c. in addition to

\...::;J

a. moreover

"

.
Pavarotti and Domingo, are well known
Some opera slngers,
.
.even to people who don't go to the opera.
c. such as
a. besides
b. as well as
.
Brian, who fell and injured his ankle.
3. Everyone enjoyed
t he
e tri
tnp

Singers such as Eminem and Madonna are popular throughout the

world.
B

..,

'1. Fruits provide us with vrtarnms.

--

b furthermore
.

a. except f or

Para aadir informacin a lo ya dicho usamos moreover, furthermore,

in addition y besides. Todas estas expresiones van seguidas de una coma y
una oracin, y significan "adems".
l'm too busy to take a holiday. Moreover / Furthermore / lo addition,
1 don't have the money.
l'm too fat to wear a pair of jeans. Besides, 1 haven't got the money to
buy them.

c. such as

4. \

being a lawyer, [ohn Crisham is also an author.

c Moreover
b . Suc h as
a. In addition to
.
k
English
and
French?
S. What other languages d o you now

b for example
.

a. apart f rom
6.

c. beside

It's often quicker to travel by train than by car or bus

, it's

Nota: Besides tiene un matiz un poco diferente, pues casi siempre introduce un
argumento ms fuerte que el anterior o destaca el punto que creemos de
mayor importancia. Puede ir seguido de un sustantivo o un verbo en la
forma ing y significa "adems de".
Who are you bringing to the party besides your boyfriend?

usually cheaper too.

a. In addition to

EXERCISE

In addition to y as well as tambin se usan para aadir informacin y van

seguidos de un grupo nominal o de un verbo en la forma ing.
lo addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
The city has several main roads as well as a ring road around it.
Es importante que veas la diferencia entre:
Besides, + oracin = In addition, + oracin.
Besides + nombre o verbo en ing = In addition to

+ nombre o verbo en ing.

Nota 1: as well as suele ir en medio de la frase (significa "as como")

as well suele ir al final de la frase (significa "tambin", "adems")

1. .

being over 70 years old, she leads a very active life.

fb\ 1 n spite of

a. A It houg h

il

Nota 2: No debes confundir besides con beside, que significa "alIado de".
D

10

Choose the corred answer.

c. Even though

\V

2. This is a wonderful museum f or c hild

I reno
. having wonderful
exhibits, they allow the children to touch everything.
c. Besides
b. Whereas
a. On the contrary

.
3. Our country exports olives
and' wme
a. in addition

Who's that beside Janet?

c. Besides

b. For example

4.

b. as well as

Q~

.
c. such as

Mary, no one from our classturned up at the meeting.

,1

Apart from y except (for) indican que lo que se va a decir es una excepcin a lo
expresado en la oracin principal.
Apart from English, she speaks three other foreign languages.
He eats nothing except [for] bread and fish.

....

a. Moreover

b . Whereas

c. Apart from

. we could decide what to do.

f
c. so that
b . because o
a. in order to
b
d
be sure she
6. She went to her travel agent before she went a roa
.

5. We read all the reports

had all the necessaryinformation .

a. so as to

b. so that

c. in addition to
205

204
1

4/
A

We could invite them over tonight

.
SHOWING

SEQUENCE

MOSTRAR

LA SUCESIN

ANO

DE HECHOS

Y EL

a On the other han d

RESULTADO

Usamos una serie de expresiones que indican sucesin de hechos para poner
en orden lo que estamos diciendo.

n
11

First of all / To begin with / First / FirstIy, we should talk to the

manager. (Antes que nada / Para empezar / En primer lugar...)
Second / Secondly / Then, we must make a detailed plan. (En segundo
lugar / Despus / Luego ...)

5.

7.

Tina keeps her ear in good eondition. Therefore / As a resuIt /

ConsequentIy / For this reason, it always passes its annual road test.

result of tiene el mismo sentido que as a result. Puede traducirse

"como resultado de / a consecuencia de / por", pero va seguido de un
grupo nominal o de una oracin con el verbo en la forma ing.
As a

As a resuIt of his brave aetion, he was awarded a military medal.

2.

3.

Some soap operas,

with English speakers

@ Owing

to

b. moreover,

There are several methods

transport.

of travel here

a. Besides

b. Firstly

to

c. Furthermore

b. However

12

. voqr ow n words and ideas.

Complete the following sentences usmg
11

1. As a res u It of
decided
11

the rise in the number or~.~c;:.i1~0.~~

.

, the government

has

to lower the speed limit.

2.

Two pupils damaged

property at school. As a result,

3.

~~~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~~;i~~;~~~~i~~~.~.~~;:.;~~.;~.;~.;~.,
.. ::::

4.

~~~~~i~~~;~;~~~;~~i~~~~~~;~;~~~~~~~~~~~:;~~~~~~I~:::::::::::::::::::::
.

..............
.

.................................................................................................................
their plans.

5.

Dan was driving at 135 kph. Consequently,

6.

The student

7.

;~ .~..;~.~~;~.~;

8.

Pupils' marks have been very low recently. For this reason,

. e fewer tests . Therefore,

council wants teac h ers t o glv

c. Because

the ones from South America, are popular

Spanish speakers.

a. owing to, but

c . As a result of, because

.

, we are buying food and drink for

EXERCISE

11

the spread of the disease, many tourists changed

a. Despite

c. therefore, Secondly
he was later
,

on the nght.
ou write a formal letter,
, write your address
..
y.s
to write the address of the person you're wntrng to.
................... I
b f t The next stage
c. therefore, Secondly
a. firstly, Finally
. Irs,
.

a. In addition

Choose the correct answer.

1. .

, you should write down some

b. As, d ue to

. . a party
8. We're organlslng
everyone.

Therefore, as a result; consequently y for this reason sealan la conexin entre

la accin y su resultado. Van seguidos por una oracin completa y significan
"por tanto / por consiguiente / por esta razn / por eso ... ".
Thus tiene el mismo sentido pero es ms formal.

EXERCISE

c. Besides

.
When

Nota: Todos estos conectores de secuencia llevan una coma detrs por ir
seguidos de una oracin completa.

.
..
When
you write a composltlo.n,
ideas
is to organlse them.

q
ad However,
because of

11

Finally / In short / To sum up / In conclusion / LastIy / Last but not

Ieast, we need to have good ideas before we present our plan 'to the
whole eompany. (Finalmente / En resumen / En conclusin / Por ltimo /
Por ltimo pero no menos importante ...)

Nota:

b . On the other side

. 11
b first The next stage
a. firstly, Fina y
".
. Ben johnson won a me d a I at the 1988 Olyrnpics
6.
is ualified
using illegal drugs.

The next stage is to view '" (Elsiguiente paso es .. .)

, I'd rather not . cook tonight.

RESUL T-

also

c. such as, as well as

:..~~. ~~.~~~.
~~..~.~.~~~~ight.
::::::::::::::.

, you can use public

c. Such as

'6
----------------~--

-u~~n7

EXERCISE

Rewrite the following

sentences.
1.

2.

sentences without

13

h
.
c angmg the meaning of the original

Owing to my illness,

I cancelled

Because

.C:~.r:.C:~~~~~.
~>:.~?Iiday.

EXERCISE

Choose the correct answer.

my holiday.

Sometimes new drivers are careful, (whereas, beca use, because of)
experienced drivers are noto (Because, However, Yet) there are so many
accidents, the government is looking for solutions, (for example, so as to.
therefore) raising the minimum driving age.

2.

Alan wanted to move from his village to the big city, (except
moreover) he didn't have the money to pay rent. (Therefore,
to), he came up with a plan. (Yet, First, However), he would
(on the other hand, nevertheless, then) he could save up the

3.

(Despite, Although, However) pets are cute, many people don't want one. They
say that (because, besides, apart from) pets are dirty, they don't like them in the
house. (In addition to, Nevertheless, Moreover), they say pets are too noisy.

OUr

3 ;J~h~~~~
.; J~~~e~
., ~;;e~:~~,
~~~~u~~t
,;
In spite of

4.

My brother is very bU~~~~~~;~."~~"~;~~~;;~~~~~;;~~;:~~~~;~~~)"

5.

;~~~~.;~.~.~~~~~;~~.~~~~~~.;~
.~~ ~
"
I n add ition

6.

1.

~.~~~. ((~..~

In my fa~ily, we all have long conver~~~'i~~~"~'~'~~""""""""""""""""""'"''''

phone biils are high. (result)
e phone. Consequently,

.
'"

own and many small shops as well

15

14

for, but,
Since, In addition
get a job, and
money for rent.

Despite his ~.~~:.~~:~.~~.;~.~~~;~~:

EXERCISE

15

Complete the following sentences using your own words and ideas.
7.

8.

Although
.
Despite the doctor's ad .
..
vrce to stop smoking, she hasn't stopped
Even though
.
I took a cookery course i~~~~~~~~
..~~~~;~..~~

ma espeCial

9.

1 O.

dlshes. (so that)

~ont;a;~~o.; ~;s;st~;"~:,.~~C~J;;nt
:~~
.:.(~h~;~~~J
~,~:et~;ou~~
~;~~J~~t
~;~~as~,:e~~.
f ~~...

~~

..

As a result
11.

There are ~.~~;.~~~~.~.~.~.~;.~.~.~~~~;

telephone,

12.

letters

faxes and

'1

e-mal.

~~~.;~~.~~.~;~;~~.~.~~.~.~~~~;

.
catmg nowadays,
(such)

for example

on time with the exception

~Qgy..9.~9.~~.'!.p..Y.~?~~.?gR:

1.

I love the Beatles although

2.

Despite the bad news,

3.

We've been learning French for two years. However,

4.

Since the minimum

5.

I walk to school every day so that

6.

1'11 do anything for my friend except

7.

I love to go dancing.

driving age is 18,

.
of Jack. (for)

.....................................................................................................................

First of all,

Second,
8.

I can't go shopping with you tomorrow.

Besides,

.
I

might have to stay late at school.

.

)8
209

TRANSLATION
~

Translate the sentences below into your native language.

1. We were hungry, but we had to wait for everyone

to arrive.

2.

I hate sweets, whereas

my brother loves them.

3.

Although I overslept,

4.

He had to phone his wife. Therefore, he asked if he could use my mobile phone.

5.

We didn't leave the house since it was raining.

6.

He's going to keep on working in spite of his age.

I got to school on time.

7. We bought a new dictionary

words.
8.

so that we could look up the latest technological

They left their car at home, and as a result, they had to carry their shopping
bags al! day.
THE FIRST CONDITIONALEL PRIMER

SPOT
~

THE

ERROR

Can you correct the mistakes?

1.

CONDICIONAL

K
IF

Despite of the rain, we went on a picnic.

2.

In spite of he was very rude, we forgave him.

3.

She enjoys different kinds of music, like as jazz, rock and reggae.

4.

Except from Ronny, everyone

5.

The footbal! game was stopped

PRESENT,

RESUL T

PRESENT

/ IMPERATIVE

MODAL IF

PRESENTE,

IMPERATIVO

RESULTADO

PRESENTE

/ MODAL

THE SECOND CONDITlONALEL SEGUNDO

CONDICIONAL

helped.
because of it rained.

6.

She couldn't come to the party because of she was busy.

7.

He bought a new computer

8.

Although the difficult exams, I managed

due to work more quickly.

THE FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALCONTRASTE

ENTRE EL PRIMER Y EL SEGUNDO

CONDICIONAL
THE THIRD

CONDITIONAL-

EL TERCER CONDICIONAL

to pass them.
REVIEW OF THE THREE CONDITIONALSREPASO DE LOS TRES CONDICIONALES