Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compound Interest
Sales
S.I = PRT/100
Amt = P ( 1 + Rate/100 )Time
i.e. A = P ( 1 + R/100 )n (where Time or n is no. of years)
Note : If you are asked to compute the interest semi-annually ( Half yearly) the above formula is to
be modified, by taking time 2, and (rate/2) , A = P ( 1 + R/200 )n (where n is no. of years)
If the rates are given differently for the consecutive years, then
For example if the rates are 8 % , 12 % and 15 % respectively, then
Amt = P ( 1 + 8/100 ) ( 1 + 12/100 ) ( 1 +15/100 ) (Here, you need not mention time as exponent.)
Depreciation Certain items value get diminished as time passes, then it is known as depreciation.
For example the value of a car, refrigerator, machinery etc. in that case:
Final Value of machine = Initial value ( 1 Rate/100 )Time
In population growth problems, If present population is given and asking for
i) The population n yrs ago, then take Amount as Present population, and find Principal
ii) The population after n yrs, then take Principal as Present population, and find Amount
Tax & VAT
Selling price = Marked price + x % of sales tax. OR S.P. = M.P.( 1+ST% / 100 )
Selling price = Marked price x % Discount . OR S.P.= M.P. ( 1- D% / 100 )
Selling price = M.P. ( 1- D% / 100 ). ( 1+ST% / 100 ) ( when sales tax and discount both are given
)
Tax % =( Tax / M.P.) x 100
Discount % = ( Discount / MP.) x 100
While computing VAT
In step1 : Take manufacturing cost and
Calculate VAT on Manufacturing Cost
In step2 : Take Profit 1, and
Calculate VAT on Profit 1 only
In step3 : Take Profit 2, and
Calculate VAT on Profit 2 only
In step4 : Take Profit 3, and
Calculate VAT on Profit 3 only
.
(+)
Add all to get Total VAT
Selling price = Manufacturing cost +Profit 1 +Profit 2 + Profit 3 etc., + Total VAT
Banking
Savings Bank account :
While computing the interest always take time as 1/12, irrespective of the total number of months
given. i.e in PRT / 100, take time as 1/12, instead of total no of months.
If entry of a particular month is not given, then you have to take the last entry of the previous
month (Here at times there is chance of making mistake, choose the value from the question.)
I f you are asked to find the amount that will be obtained on closing the account
Then take last entry(of the month in which account has been closed) + Interest obtained
( But DO NOT take the Total principal )
Recurring Deposits :
100
After plotting the points, assume that there is a mirror and the point is to be reflected either :
In X-axis ( x-co ordinate remains same but y-co ordinate changes in sign), or
In Y-axis ( y-co ordinate remains same but x-co ordinate changes in sign), or
In origin (0,0) (x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate both changes in sign )
Invariant point : Any point is invariant with respect to a given line if and only if it lies on the line.
For eg if a point is invariant on x-axis then it must lie on x-axis.
Note: when x = y, is given, then use ruler to measure the vertical distance of the point from the line,
and then take the same distance on the other side to obtain its reflection.
Ratio & Proportion
Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2 ( Incase of Sub-duplicate ratio you have to take Square root)
Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3 ( Incase of Sub-triplicate ratio you have to take Cube root)
Proportion a : b = c : d, Continued Proportion a : b = b : c, (Middle value is repeated)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th proportionals
1st 2nd
2nd 3rd proportionals
Product of Means(Middle values) = Product of Extremes(Either end values)
If
is given, then Componendo & Dividendo is
Note : Where to take K method ? You may adopt it in the following situations.
If a/b = c/d = e/f are given, then you may assume as a/b = c/d = e/f = k
Therefore a = b.k, c = d.k, e = f.k, then substitute the values of a b and c in the given problem.
Incase of continued proportion : a/b = b/c = k hence, a = bk, b = ck therefore putting the value of b we
can get a = ck & b = ck.(putting these values equation can be solved)
Remainder theorem
If (x 2 ) is a factor of the given expression, then take x-2 = 0,therefore x = 2, then substitute this
value in p(x) = 5x + 3x 6 as
p(2) : 5(2) + 3(2) 6 = 0 ( Here taking =0 is very important. If not taken answer cant be found.)
If (x-2) leaves a remainder of 4
p(2) : 5(2) + 3(2) 6 = 4 ( Here taking =4 is very important. If not taken answer cant be found.)
Matrices
Some times, you may be asked to find A2 + AB + 7 is given, you have to assume it
as A2 + AB + 7 I, Here, I is the Identity matrix.{}
in which all the principal diagonal values are 1, and the rest are
Zero.
Distance & Section Formulae
Distance = \/ (x2 x1) 2 + (y2 y1) 2 . ( The same formula is to be used to find the length of line
segment, sides of a triangle, square, rectangle, parallelogram etc.,)
To prove co-linearity of the given three points A,B, and C, You have to find length of AB, BC, AC
then use the condition AB + BC = AC. OR use this condition to solve the question easily :
Area of triangle formed by these points : x1(y2 y3) + x2(y3 - y1) + x3(y1 y2) = 0
Mid point =
Equation of a line
If two triangles are similar then, ratio of their sides are equal.
i.e if ABC ~ PQR then AB = BC = AC
PQ QR
PR.
If ABC ~ PQR then Area of ABC = Side2 = AB2 = BC2 = AC2
Area of PQR
Side2 PQ2
QR2
PR2
Symmetry
A line which divides the given figure into two identical parts is known as line of Symmetry
1. An angle has One line of symmetry.
2. A Square has 4 lines of symmetry.
3. A Rectangle has 2 lines of symmetry.
4. A Parallelogram has No lines of symmetry.
5. A Rhombus has 2 lines of symmetry.
6. An Isosceles Triangle has One line of symmetry.
7. An Equil. Triangle has 3 lines of symmetry. 8. A Circle has Infinite lines of symmetry.
B 118, Basement, Kalkaji, N.D-19
9. A Regular Polygon with n sides has n lines of symmetry. For ex: A Regular pentagon (5 sides)
has 5 lines of symmetry
Note: Angle of a regular polygon = ( 2n 4 ) 90
n.
(Here n refers number of sides of a polygon.)
Loci
Area of a Circle
= r2.
Perimeter of a Circle = 2 r
Area of sector
= /360( r2)
Length of an arc
= /360(2 r).
Area of ring
= .( R2 r2 )
Distance moved by a wheel in one revolution = Circumference of the wheel.
Number of revolutions =
Total distance moved .
Circumference of the wheel.
Solids
1. Cylinder: Volume of a cylinder = r2h
Curved surface area = 2 r h
Total surface area
= 2 r h + 2 r2 = 2 r ( h + r )
Volume of hollow cylinder = R2h r2h = ( R2 r2) h
= Outer CSA + Inner CSA + 2 . Area of ring.
TSA of hollow cylinder
2 Rh
+ 2 rh
+ 2. [ R2 r2]
( Of course, If you want, you may take 2 common )
2
2. Cone: Volume of a Cone = r h.
CSA of a Cone
= r l ( Here l refers to Slant height) [ where l = (h2 + r2) ]
TSA of a Cone
= r l + r2 = r ( l + r )
3. Sphere: Surface area of a Sphere = 4 r2. ( In case of Sphere, CSA = TSA i.e they are same)
Volume of hemi sphere = r3
[Take half the volume of a sphere]
2
= 2r
[Take half the SA of a sphere]
CSA of hemisphere
2
2
TSA of hemisphere
= 2 r + r = 3 r2
If you are not able to solve the LHS part completely, Do the problem to such an extent you can
solve, then start working with RHS, and finally you will end up at a step where LHS = RHS
Sin ( 90 ) = Cos
: Cos ( 90 ) = Sin .
Sec( 90 ) = Cosec
: Cosec ( 90 ) = Sec
Tan ( 90 ) = Cot
: Cot ( 90 ) = Tan
Graphical Representation