XXIV

Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

Contribution of feed additives to a more

sustainable poultry production
BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Introduction

Sustainability, life-cycle
assessment and ecoefficiency
In parallel with the rising global human
population and the concomitant growth of poultry
production, consumers have become highly
aware of the environmental impact of poultry
production. Therefore, sustainability has become a
key issue that needs to be addressed. How do we

For the chairman of the BASF SE board of

executive directors K. Bock sustainable development
means the combination of long-term oriented
economic success with environmental protection
and social responsibility. BASF Nutrition & Healths
global SET-initiative (Sustainability, Eco-Efficiency,
Traceability) combines applied science and value
chain management to meet our challenges.

F.J. Schner

he globalisation of the food value chain

is increasing day by day and we need to
address the challenges associated with it
in a sustainable way. Globalisation will be
driven by the following trends, growth of the
human population (particularly in Asia and Africa)
to 9 billion people on earth by 2050, continuing
urbanization, income growth, increase in meat
production and consumption (~20% in the next
10 years, with large regional differences), further
industrialization and consolidation of farming, more
stringent control of animal welfare, and higher
food safety requirements (OECD, 2011). To meet
these challenges, poultry production will have to
increase the efficacy of the resources deployed,
improve food safety, and put more emphasis on
sustainability. Each improvement in the efficiency
of animal production can be part of lowering the
output into the environment. Calculations of the
CO2 footprints and greenhouse gases emitted by
poultry and livestock were published by Flachowsky
and Hachenberg (2009).

define sustainability? An early and rather general

definition of sustainable development was coined
by the UN World Commissionon Environmentand
Developmentas forms of progress that meet the
needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs
(WCED, 1987). Forum for the Future, a non-profit
organization working globally with businesses
and governments with a mission to promote a
sustainable future came up with a more extensive
definition. In their view, the essence of sustainability
is to strike a balancebetween finance, humans, and
environment. It is about living your values and acting
with integrity, responsibility and generosity. It is
about being in a community of discussion, dialogue
and action because no person or company is an
island and everything is interconnected (Forum for
the future, 2011).

The SET approach is holistic by looking at

the entire value chain and at the same time
incorporating as many relevant parameters as
possible. SET is not related to just a single parameter
(i.e. Carbon Footprint). There is not such a thing as
the sustainable product, but products can be
more sustainable through continuous improvement
over time. Sustainability is a journey, not a
destination and therefore any category, no matter
if conventional, organic, natural, carbon neutral,
etc., can improve.
The key three pillars of the SET initiative consist
of the Hot Spot Analysis (a qualitative tool), the EcoEfficiency Analysis (a unique life cycle assessment)
and the traceability strategy for supply chain
transparency.
A major pillar of the SET initiative is a
comprehensive eco-efficiency analysis for each
product, the methodology of which was published
Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

F.J. Schner

XXIV

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

by Saling et al. (2002). The eco-efficiency analysis

employed by BASF is a quantitative tool for
measuring a products environmental impact for
the entire value-chain from cradle to grave.
The analysis harmonizes two dimensions of
sustainability: - economy and ecology, and provides
information about the relationship between a
products economic benefits and its impacts on
the environment along the entire value chain. As a
strategic tool, the eco-efficiency analysis provides
the necessary data to support internal investment
and product portfolio decisions. Just as important,
it helps customers and other external stake-holders
manage the proliferation of eco-confusion by
presenting a large amount of complex data in a
clear, measurable and easily understood manner. A
minimum of 11 environmental impacts in six main
categories are measured: energy consumption,
resource consumption, emissions (to air, water, and
land), land use, toxicity potential, and risk potential.
The number of impacts assessed gets greater over
time as more research is accomplished. The latest
developments are the integration of impacts on
biodiversity in the AgBalance analysis (Die Zeit,
2011; BASF, 2011), water use (Schner, 2009) or
land use change (Horn, 2010). It is a contribution to
sustainability and economic success, both for BASF
and our customers.

The only environmental category in which the

impact of Lucantin Yellow is greater than that of
marigold is the ozone depletion potential. However,
as the absolute amount of ozone-depleting
substances of Lucantin is small, the impact of this
emission on the overall environmental performance
is considered negligible.

One example for an eco-efficiency analysis is

the comparison of a lutein-containing oleoresin
obtained from Marigold petals (marigold) with
synthetic beta-apo-8-carotenoic acid ethyl ester
marketed as Lucantin Yellow. Both carotenoids
are used for the pigmentation of skin and egg yolk.
The first step in this comparison was to assume a
customer benefit from supplementing a laying hen
diet with pigment to obtain 100,000 eggs with a
yolk colour fan value of 8-9. The system boundaries
(aspects considered in the study) for Lucantin
Yellow were the synthesis and production phase
(chemicals required for synthesis of beta-apo-8carotenoate, production of the commercial dry
powder formulation), and the application phase
(feeding, egg production, disposal, emissions, and
waste). The system boundaries for Marigold were
the production phase (growing and harvesting, use
of N,P,K,Mg fertilizers, drying of petals, extraction
of lutein) and the application phase which is the
same as for Lucantin Yellow.

For environmental evaluation of poultry

production, life cycle assessments evaluate the
environmental impact of products, activities and
services, based on a cradle-to-grave approach
(Schner et al., 2012). The basic requirements
for each life cycle assessment are given by ISO
14044. Pelletier (2008) analysed the environmental
performances along the US broiler poultry chain by
means of life cycle assessment. The study showed
that the feed production phase accounted for 80%
of the energy used in the supply chain, 82% of
greenhouse gas emissions, 98% of ozone depleting
emissions, 96% of acidifying emissions, and 97% of
eutrophication potential associated with the cradleto-farm gate production of broiler poultry. In
comparison, on farm inputs and emissions, largely
relating to heating and ventilation, contributed on
average only 9% of these impacts. Hatchery chick
production had a negligible contribution to the total
amount.

Lucantin Yellow had a superior eco-efficiency.

This was mainly due to the high costs for growing
and harvesting Marigold and for the drying of
the flower material plus the extraction costs that
dominate the environmental impact (Figure 2).

Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

energy use


land use


emissions


resource use


toxicity


potential
risk potential


Lucantin yellow


marigold


Figure 2 - Ecological fingerprints of Marigold

and Lucantin Yellow by validated eco-efficiency
methodology (Grosse-Sommer et al., 2007).

Boggia et al. (2010) calculated that, under Italian

circumstances, the feed production phase, from
crop production to feed production, contributes
most to the environmental impact of the overall
system, with soya and maize accounting for about
40% and 20% of the impact, respectively.

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Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

The carbon footprint is a measure of the amount

of greenhouse gases produced. It is typically
expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents. In 2009,
the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
stated that the current greenhouse gases carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in the atmosphere
threaten the public health and welfare of current
and future generations.
Usually feed additives are added in small
quantities to the feed (ppm or ppb) and the
question which immediately arises is how these
small amounts can contribute to the journey of a
more sustainable production. Since the contribution
of essential additives like amino acids, vitamins
and minerals is well known, the following part is
dealing with feed additives which exhibit additional
potential in terms of sustainable poultry nutrition.
The feed additives - addressed in the following -are:
a mycotoxin binder, non-starch polysaccharidehydrolysing enzymes (NSP-enzymes, viz. xylanase
and beta-glucanase) and microbial phytase.

The detrimental effects of aflatoxins depend on

animal species and age, with young animals and
especially ducklings, rabbit, rainbow trout and cats
being highly sensitive to AFB1 (Muller et al., 1970).
Contamination of broiler feed with aflatoxins can

A short-term study in broiler chicks (3wk)

indicated that dietary inclusion of 0.25% NovaSil
Plus significantly reduced AFB1 bioavailability
without exerting overt toxicity (Table 1). The latter
shows that a corn-soy diet spiked with a high
dose of 5 mg/kg AFTB1 resulted in marked weight
depression and elevated relative kidney and liver
weight indicating pathological tissue changes.
Addition of graded levels of this binder resulted in
normalization of body weight and relative tissue
weight. This product does not interact with vitamins
A and E (Afriyie-Gyawu, 2004) indicating that
binding is specific for aflatoxins and does not affect
bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins.
It is interesting to note that NovaSil Plus also
has potential for use in human nutrition. Acute
and chronic aflatoxicosis is widespread in lowincome areas of tropical West Africa. Outbreaks
of acute hepatitis leading to death were reported
from Ghana, India and Kenya. Exposure is usually
associated with eating of contaminated groundnuts
and maize. Ingestion of as little as 2-6 mg aflatoxin/
day for one month can result in acute hepatitis
and death in humans. The Kenyan outbreak
of aflatoxin-poisoning in 2004 leading to 125
deaths from hepatitis was attributed to ingestion
of contaminated maize following poor storage.
This shows the importance of preventing mould
formation in food as in feeds. Analyses of food
samples including maize and maize products from
households in affected communities showed AFB1
concentrations up to 8,000 ppb (CDC, 2004).

F.J. Schner

Mycotoxin-binding compounds have a long

tradition of use. NovaSil Plus, a bentonite, is a
phyllosilicate with a very high surface area of up to
800 m/g rendering it an ideal sorbent material. This
binder has been found to tightly bind and inactivate
aflatoxins (AF) in the gastrointestinal tract of various
species including poultry (Afriyie-Gyawu, 2004).
According to isothermal analysis it binds Aflatoxin
B1 (AFB1) with high capacity, affinity and specificity,
rendering aflatoxins less detrimental.

result in poor growth and poor feed conversion

efficiency, increased susceptibility to disease, and
increased mortality (Smith and Hamilton, 1970;
Jones et al., 1982).

Enzymes
The wide use of enzymes in poultry nutrition

Table 1 - Influence of a mycotoxin binder on weight gain and organ weights in broilers (Afriyie-Gyawu,
2004).
AFB1 mg/kg

NovaSil plus %

Weight gain g/broiler

Rel. Kidney weight

g/100g

Rel. Liver weight

g/100g

866a

0,441bc

2,99b

0,5

839a

0,371c

2,82b

699b

0.589a

3,87a

0,125

791ab

0547ab

3,54ab

0,250

854a

0,503ab

3,12ab

0,500

816a

0,449bc

2,81b

abc - means with differente superscripts denote p<0,05

Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

XXIV
was developed mainly during the last 20 years.
That means it is a rather young area of research.
Currently, phytase and non-starch-polysaccharides
(NSP)hydrolysing enzymes are the most common
feed enzymes in poultry nutrition.

F.J. Schner

Microbial Phytase was one of the first feed

enzymes that gained entry into animal nutrition
around 1990. Phytase hydrolyses plant-borne
phytate phosphorus which cannot be utilised by
monogastric animals, to yield available phosphorus.
Because phytate can form complexes with minerals,
starch, proteins and digestive enzymes, it can
generally be seen as an antinutritive factor.
In the meantime phytase has become a veritable
success story in the nutrition of monogastrics and
is applied in the majority of poultry feeds. In fact,
the sweeping success of phytase led the way for
research into further feed enzymes resulting in
the development of non-starch polysaccharidesplitting enzymes (s. below). In our company we
were fortunate to be amongst the first researchers
in the early nineties to carry out balance trials with
phytase in poultry and we were thrilled by the size
of effects we found (Schner et al., 1993, Schner
and Hoppe, 2002). From the beginning, phytase
showed huge and reliable effects on the utilization
of phosphorus and also improved the digestibility
of calcium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron. As
the effects on mineral and trace mineral digestibility
are now well established they will not be dealt with
further.
Initially, phytase was used as a dry powder
formulation that had inadequate thermostability
during pelleting of feed, particularly at high
temperatures. In the meantime, the problem has
been defusedby devising heat-resistant formulations
showing improved thermostability and also by
developingliquid formulations for post-pelleting
spray-application thereby circumventing enzyme
loss from heat and moisture during the pelleting
process.
Right from the beginning we also recognised the
high potential of phytase for lowering phosphorus
emission into the environment (Schner and Hoppe,
1992). One example of the environmental benefit is
derived from a feeding experiment with laying hens
(Table 2).
As a rule of thumb, average P-excretion in poultry
fed diets with added phytase is reduced by about one
third. The global benefit from the use of phytase for
the broiler production may be calculated from total

Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

worldwide broiler feed production of roughly 230

Mio t per year. A standard dose of phytase equivalent
to 1 g P from monocalciumphosphate (MCP), can
therefore replace 230,000 t of phosphorus from
MCP. However, as complete diets contain on
average 2.5 g phytate-P/kg of which about 1 g/kg is
made available by phytase, there is still ample room
for improvement. Further P-release from dietary
phytate-P by improvements in phytase application
or source has a potential to decrease P-emission into
the environment by more than 500,000 t (calculated
as MCP) only from broiler production.
Table 2 - Ecological effect of phytase in layers*
(Jeroch, 1995).
tP in feed
Natuphos

g/kg
FTU/kg

5
0

3-5
450

intake

g/d

0.58

0.4

retention

g/d

0.01

0.01

excretion (egg)

g/d

0.11

0.11

fecal

g/d

0.46

0.28

100

61

Phosphorus

Relative excretion
* egg mass 55 g, feed intake 115 g/d

There is evidence that the use of phytase can

also improve utilization of crude protein, amino
acids and apparent metabolisable energy (Yi et al.,
1996).These authors fed turkey poults maize-soyadiets with adequate (NRC) or inadequate (0.8 NRC)
levels of protein, amino acids, and non-phytate
P, without and with phytase (750 U/kg). Phytase
addition enhanced performance, toe ash, ileal
nitrogen and amino acid digestibility, and apparent
N and P retention. The magnitude of improvements
at the lower P and crude protein levels was higher
than at adequate levels. It was concluded that
the use of phytase could provide a method for
reducing N excretion via manure.As yet, however,
the evidence for a positive effect on performance is
less pronounced than for P-utilization. For a review
on the effects of phytase on protein and amino acid
digestibility see Kies et al. (2001).
Non-starch
polysaccharide-hydrolysing
enzymes. In starch, glucose units are linked mainly
by -(1-4) linkages. These are almost completely
hydrolysed by endogenous enzymes in poultry
resulting in starch digestibility of 90-95%. In contrast,
non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), components of
dietary fibre, are linked by -linkages that cannot
be split by endogenous enzymes. NSP include

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Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

NSP enzymes in broiler nutrition. A feeding

study with male broilers was carried out to assess
the efficacy of the addition of Natugrain Wheat TS
(containing thermostable xylanase), when added
to a diet containing wheat as the only cereal
(wheat diet) and of the addition of Natugrain TS
(containing thermostable xylanase and glucanase)
to a diet containing wheat and barley at 30%
each (barley diet) (Trial 36-10). A wheat control
Table 3 - Typical NSP concentrations in feed cereals (g/
diet was compared with added Natugrain Wheat
kg).
TS 100 g/t, respectively, and a barley control
Arabinoxylans
-Glucans
diet was compared with Natugrain TS and 100
g/t, respectively. Gut viscosity was determined
total insolube solube
total solube
on day 21 and foot pad lesions and hock burns
corn
40-70
35-65
5
1-2
were assessed on day 42. Over the entire duration
wheat 50-80
39-69
11
5-9
of 42 days, addition to the wheat diet of 100
g/t Natugrain Wheat TS produced birds with
rye
60-120
37-97
23
10-50
significantly greater weight gain. Similarly, the
oats
40-80
32-72
8
20-50
16
addition of 100 g/t Natugrain TS to the barley
barley 30-80
22-72
8
20-70
37
diet produced birds with a significantly greater
abc - means with differente superscripts denote p<0,05
weight gain. The addition 100 g/t Natugrain TS
significantly increased feed conversion in the
barley diet. Significant improvements in feed
conversion were also seen for the overall duration
NSPs have gel-forming properties which are
of the study from 100 g/t Natugrain Wheat TS in
at the root of the antinutritive effects of NSP.
the wheat diet. Visual litter scores and dry matter
Note that water-insoluble NSP are indigestible by
of litter on day 42 were significantly improved by
poultry, while water-soluble NSP can be digested
the addition of 100 g/t Natugrain TS in the barley
(Carre, 1993). Water-soluble NSP, inspite of being
diet. The improvements in litter scores resulted in
a small fraction of total NSP, are mainly implicated
significant improvements in foot pad lesion scores
in causing the antinutritive effects by virtue of their
and hock burn scores with the addition of both
gel-forming ability. This leads to increased intestinal
enzymes. Gut viscosity measurements showed that
viscosity and thus encapsulation of nutrients and
in both the wheat and barley diets both enzymes
impaired intestinal digestion and absorption.
significantly lowered gut viscosity. The overall
conclusion is that the addition of Natugrain Wheat TS
The viscosity of an aqueous extract of cereals
and of Natugrain TS to the finished feed significantly
in vitro reflects the concentration of NSP. Thus,
improved the overall performance and the welfare
measurement of intestinal viscosity in the ileum
of the broilers (Table 4). The improvements in FCR
is a useful indirect method of assessing the NSP
translate into ecological benefit due to lower output
content of a diet. The relationship between soluble
arabinoxylans and viscosity in vitro is shown in
Figure 1 based on data from Schlag et al. (2004).

pentosans (=arabinoxylans) that yield pentose

units on hydrolysis, for example xylans consisting
of D-xylose units linked by 1 -4 linkages. NSP also
include -glucans, chains of D-glucose units linked
by -glycosidic bonds. The range of concentrations
of pentosans and -glucans, soluble and insoluble,
in common cereals is shown in Table 3.

F.J. Schner

In nature, many microbes have evolved that can

utilize cell wall components. For example, termites
owe their ability to digest timber to intestinal
microorganisms. Thus, it was a comprehensive
screening research on microorganisms that
eventually led to the detection of strains expressing
enzymes which effectively hydrolyse NSP and also
have high thermostability to withstand the rigours
of the pelleting process. A feed enzyme preparation
(Natugrain TS) containing both endo-1,4-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)--glucanase activity from
the fungus Talaromyces emersonii effectively lowers
viscosity in the intestines and improves nutrient and
energy digestibility and performance.

Figure 1 - Correlation between soluble

arabinoxylan content and extract viscosity in
vitrobased on 48 Triticale cultivars (Schlag et al.,
2002).
Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

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Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

Table 4 - Effects of NSP-enzymes on performance of male broilers (Trial 36-10).

0-21 d

0-42 d

WG

Intake

Control

970

1477

1.52

3.440

6.210

1.80

Natugrain wheat TS 100 g/t

985*

1475

1.50*

3.500*

6.231

1.78

Control

965

1472

1.52

3445

5.240

1.811

Natugrain wheat TS 100 g/t

977*

1477

1.51*

3.540*

5.320

1.78*

Wheat diet

FCR

WG

Intake

FCR

Barley dieta

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

rate were consistently

improved whereas egg
production, laying rate
and egg weight were
not affected. Moreover,
significantly less dirty
eggs were found in six
out of twelve single
four weeks periods. The
results from wk 26 to 78
are shown in Table 5.

Digestibility
of
organic matter, protein,
fat, carbohydrates and
AME was measured at
25 wk of age (Table 6). The NSP-enzyme
resulted in significant improvements of
each parameter (p0.05) except for fat
for which the p-value found was near to
0.05. Digestibility of AME was improved
by 83 Kcal/kg DM. This improvement can
be seen as the key factor to explain the
improvements in feed conversion.

a - Wheat diet containied 60% wheat, Barley diet contanied 30% wheat and 30%
barley; *denotes sign. difference from control

Table 5 - NSP-enzymes in laying hens fed a wheat/rye diet

from wk 26 to 78 (Trial 17-06).

Feed intake (g/d)

Egg production (g/d)

F.J. Schner

FCR (g feed/g egg)

Control

Natugrain

Difference,
relative

122.5a

1169

4.6%

57.3

57.4

2.138

2.037b

Water:feed

2.13

2.03

Laying rate (%)

90.4

90.3

Egg weight (g)

63.4

63.6

Dirty eggs (%)

4.0

3.4b

4.7%

15%

ab - means with different superscript differ (p<0.05).

Table 6 - Dietary nutrient digestibility and AME content in a

wheat/rye-based diet for laying. hens (Trial17-06).
Control

Natugrain
TS

Organic matter, %

73.4b

74.9a

0.022

Fat, %

69.6

74.4

0.054

Cr. Protein, %

79.4b

80.4a

0.030

0.026

0.023

Carbohydrate, %
AME,Kcal/kg DM

71.9

2868

73.2

2951

ab - means with different superscript differ (p<0.05).

of faeces and hence, lower greenhouse emission.

The effect of NSP-enzymes on foot pad dermatitis
and further detailsare reported by Feuerstein et al.
(2012 a,b), submitted to this conference.
NSP enzymes in laying hens. A feeding trial in
laying hens fed a complete diet based on wheat and
rye over a 52wk laying periodwas carried out with
and without Natugrain TS addition (Trial 17-06).
The results were evaluated for each 4-wk period.
In each period, feed intake and feed conversion

Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

The lower percentage of dirty eggs

layed by hens in the enzyme treatment
reflects the effect of NSP-enzymes on
lowering enteric viscosity. As sticky
droppings and in their wake, wet litter,
are common when cereal-based diets are
fed, supplementation with NSP-enzymes
can contribute to alleviating this problem.
However, it has to be noted that wet litter
occurs asthe result of many factors beyond
feed composition. These include heat stress
from high stocking density, high humidity,
inadequate ventilation, poor litter quality,
diarrhoea from microbial infections etc.
The dietary, environmental, physiological,
pathological, and management factors
affecting the occurrence of wet litter
have been described (Hoppe, 1997, 1999).

NSP enzymes in turkey nutrition. In

a feeding experiment on male B.U.T. Big
Six turkeys over 22 wk, a complete diet based on
wheat (phase 1 to 4) and wheat/rye (phases 5 and 6)
was used according to NRC recommendations. Birds
were allocated to controls (no enzyme addition)
and treatment (NSP-enzyme) at the recommended
inclusion rate of 100 g/t. In phase 4 to 6, appearance
of excreta and bedding was categorized as wet
(1), semi-wet (2) and dry (3). Additionally, the
appearance of the plumage surrounding the cloaca
was graded according to the categories clean (1),

XXIV

Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil

HOPPE, P.P. (1997) Wet Litter beim Mastgeflgel:

Ursachenforschung aus der Sicht der Mikrobiologie,
Physiologie, Ernhrung und Haltungstechnik. Deutsche
Veterinrmedizinische Gesellschaft, 53. Fachgesprch
der Fachgruppe Geflgelkrankheiten, Hannover
6-7. November 1997.

normal (2) and dirty (3). Body weight at the end of

P5 and P6 was significantly (p<0.05) improved by
the NSP-enzyme by 3.8 and 4.9%, respectively. No
significant treatment effect on feed consumption
was detected but feed conversion rate was
improved (p<0.05) in P1,P2, P5 and P6, resulting in
a reduction of total feed consumption per kg gain
by 3.7%. Thus the main benefit accruing from the
enzyme application was seen in the final phases 5
and 6.

HORN, C. (2010) Assessing Land Use for Integration in

Eco-efficiency Analysis by BASF. Diploma Thesis.
Institute for Geography and Geo-ecology at the
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in cooperation with
BASF SE.

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BOGGIA, A. et al. (2010) Environmental impact evaluation
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FEUERSTEIN, D., ADER, P. and KNOX, A. (2012a) Effect
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Area: Nutrition and Feed Technologies August 07

Worlds Poultry Congress 5 - 9

August - 2012 Salvador - Bahia - Brazil