Galia project

Mateus Carvalho Guimares

24/06/2016

NIDF- Galia project

Dynamic Two Fluid 1-D Model

Conservation of Mass
D(g g )
= 0,
Dt
Where

D
Dt

D(l l )
=0
Dt

(1)

+ Uk x
with k = g for gas or k = l for liquid.

Conservation of Volume
g + l = 1

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

(2)

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Conservation of Momentum
D(g g Ug )
p g Sg
i Si
= g

gg g
Dt
x
A
A
p l Sl i Si
D(l l Ul )
= l

+
gl l
Dt
x
A
A

(3)
(4)

Summing 3 with 4 and using 2 the interface friction term vanish:

D(l l Ul ) D(g g Ug )
p l Sl g Sg
+
=

gl l gg g
Dt
Dt
x
A
A

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

(5)

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Friction Terms
l =

l
l Ul |Ul |,
2

g =

g
g Ug |Ug |,
2

i =

i
g (Ug Ul )|Ug Ul | (6)
2

The transient flow models developed at IFE (OLGA, WOLGA, etc.) all
apply implicit integration in time, in order to avoid numerical instabilities
due the Courant Friedrich criterion. The friction terms must then be
expressed as linearized functions of Ug and Ul (Bendiksen et al (1995)).
g Sg
= Fgg Ug + Fgl Ul + Cg
A

(7)

l Sl
= Fll Ul + Flg Ug + Cl
A

(8)

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4/19

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The interface frictional term may be expressed as(Bendiksen(1995)):

i =

l
g
l Ul |Ul |(1) g Ug |Ug |(1)g(l g )sen() (9)
2
2

And then can be linearized in a similar way of 7 and 8. The terms Fll , Flg ,
Fgg , Fgl , Cg and Cl are obtained from a local detailed steady state slug
flow sub-model(Bendiksen et al (1995)).

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5/19

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Steady State Slug Flow Sub-Model

Fig. 1: Slug flow sketch.

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U: Velocity
L: length
gs: gas in slug
ls: liquid in slug
gb: gas in bubble
gf: gas in film
lf: liquid in film
b: bubble
s: slug
m: mixture
u: slug unit
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NIDF- Galia project

Fig. 2: Cross section sketch.

: fraction of area of cross section occupied by liquid film

b : fraction of area of cross section occupied by the Taylor bubble
hf : aerated liquid film (liquid + gas) hold up
f : aerated liquid film (liquid + gas) volume gas fraction
Sb : Taylor bubble wet perimeter
Sf : film wet perimeter
Si : interface perimeter
Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

7/19

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Volumetric Flow Balance

Defining Usl and Usg as:

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8/19

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Continuity Equations
Continuity equations (aerated liquid film and slug) for liquid and gas for
an observer moving with velocity Ub :

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From (8-11) :

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10/19

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Momentum Equations
For the gas in the Taylor bubble and the aerated liquid film:

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

11/19

NIDF- Galia project

Where the wall shear stress can be expressed as:
wf =

l
l Ulf |Ulf |,
2

wb =

g
g Ugb |Ugb |,
2

i =

i
g (Ugb Ulf )|Ugb Ulf
2
(10)

Where g and l are same functions of Reynolds number and of pipe

roughness as in single phase-flow, with Regb and Relf defined as:

A expression for i is given by Bendiksen et al.(1991). I think Ab = b A

and Al = A.
Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

12/19

NIDF- Galia project

Closure Laws
Taylor Bubble Velocity Ub
Nicklin et al(1962): Ub = C0 (Usg + Usl ) + U0

(11)

Bendiksen(1984), for turbulent flow:

For Laminar flow C0 increases towards C0 = 2.27 (if surface tension and
viscous effects are neglected).
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13/19

NIDF- Galia project

Slug Velocities Ugs , Uls

Malnes(1983): Ugs =
g(l g )
= 1.18
2l


Uos

1 s
(Uls + Uos )
0.95 s

 14

(12)

1

+ (1 s )|cos|

(13)

Slug Void Fraction s

Andreussi and Bendiksen(1989): s =

Fr Cf
,
Fr + C0

Um
Fr =
(14)
gD

C0 (D) and Cf () are constants.( = 4/gD2 =surface tension number)

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14/19

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Liquid Film Void Fraction f

Leakage rate of gas from the film to the bubble, Andreussi et al(1993):
A

d
f (Ulf Ub ) = KSi vb f
dx

(15)

Where K is a constant and vb is a characteristic velocity.

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

15/19

NIDF- Galia project

Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in the slug unit:


dp
dx

=
slugf low

1
(Pb + Ps + Pacc + Pgr )
L

(16)

Treating the slug bubble region as stratified flow, the friction pressure drop
in the slug bubble might be expressed as:


Pb = Lb

Sgb l
g
Slb
g Ugb |Ugb |
+ l Ulf |Ulf |
2
4A
2
4A

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

(17)

16/19

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The acceleration of the liquid film to the velocity in the slug at the slug
front (mixzing zone) pressure drop term may be taken from Dukler and
Hubbard(1975):
Pacc = l (1 s )(Ub Uls )(Uls Ulb )

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

(18)

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The friction pressure drop in the slug may be expressed as(Bendiksen(1995)):
(where is surface tension)

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

18/19

NIDF- Galia project

Dynamic Two Fluid 1-D Model

Incorporation of the Steady State Slug Flow Sub-model Into
the Two Fluid Dynamic Model

dp

dx slugf low

l Sl
A

g Sg
A

+ Gg + G l =

(19)

= Fgg Ug + Fgl Ul + Cg + Fll Ul + Flg Ug + Cl + Gl + Gg

With some algebra and extra approximations(Bendiksen et al.(1995)) the
linearization coefficients can be expressed as functions of the steady state
slug flow sub-model parameters. To solve the Dynamic two-fluid model,
the first step is to solve the steady state slug-flow sub-model.

Mateus Carvalho Guimares | UFRJ - PEM

19/19