Counterfort Retaining Wall B C Punamia 05 Feb 2012

Design Of Counter Fort Retaining Wall
Reference: Example 18.4, R.C.C. Design Vol. - I, B.C. Punamia

1 Design Constants
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level
Saturated weight of Earth (sat )
=
=
Unit Weight of water (w)

Angle of repose ()
SBC of Soil (qo)
=
=
=
=
Co-eff of friction ()
Unit Weight of Concrete (fck)
fy
=
=
=
=
Cover
Foundation Depth
Width of counterfort
cbc
st
=
=
=
=
Neuteral axis constant (k)

Lever arm constant (j)
Moment of resistance constant
Coefficient of earth pressure, Ka
2 Dimension of Various Parts

Height of wall above base (H)
=
=
The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
=
=
Adopting
=
=
The width of base is given by Eq.
=
Normal practice is to provide b between 0.7 to 0.8 H
Taking maximum value of H
b
Width of toe slab
=
=
=
=
Provide toe slab
Taking the uniform thickness of stem

Hence width of heel slab
Let thickness of base slab
=
=
=
Clear spacing of counter fort
=
=
Providing spacing of counterfort
3 Stability of Wall
Let w1
w2
w3
=
Detail
w1
w2
w3
Total resisting moment

Earth pressure (p)
Moment
=
=
=
=
=
F.O.S. against overturning

F.O.S. against sliding
=
=
Pressure Distribution
Net Moment (SM)
Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
=
x
e
b/6
Pressure p1 at toe
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pressure p2 at heel
The Pressure intencity p1 under E,

p1
=
=
The Pressure intencity p2 under B,

p2
=
=
4 Design of Heel Slab

Clear spacing b/w counterforts
=
The pressure distribution on the heel slab is shown in fig 2. Consider a strip 1 meter wide.
Upward pressure intensity (near outer edge, C)
Down ward load due to weight of Earth.
=
=
Down ward weight of slab per unit area

Hence net pressure intensities will be P
M1
=
=
Effective depth required (d)
Providing overall depth (D)

Effective depth (d)
=
=
=
Minimum steel required

0.2% of b D further 20%
Ast
M=Ast st j d
Provide Ast1
[IS :3370,7.1]
=
=
Dia of bar
Spacing of bar calculated
Spacing of bar provided
=
=
=
=
Shear force (V)
=
100Ast/bd
Refernce: Pg. 84, Table 23, IS 456 : 2000
=
=
Hence depth required from shear point of veiw (d)
=
=
=
=

Hence effective depth (d)
[IS :3370,7.1]
Ast
M=Ast st j d
=
=
Provide Ast1
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Distribution Steel
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Let us check this reinforcement for development length at point

of contraflexure which is situated at distance of 0.211 x L. In this
case, the slab is continuous, but we will assume the same position
of contraflexure.
Hence point of contraflexure is at
Shear force at this point is given
=
=
=
=
Assuming that all the bars will avilable at point of contraflexure,
Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo
=
=
At the point of curtailment, length of each bar available
These bars will be provide at the top face of heel slab.

Maximum passive B.M.
=
=
Area of bottom steel (Ast2)
=
=

[IS :3370,7.1]
Provide Ast2
=
=
=
=
=
Dia of bar
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur,
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo
=
=
i.e. upto distance

=
At this point half bars can be discontinued. Since this distance is quite small, it is better to continue
5 Design of Toe Slab
Providing counterfort over toe slab upto ground level.
Assuming total depth of toe slab
Total weight of toe slab
Net upward intensity at D
=
=
Net upward intensity at E
=
=
Cosidering strip of unit width at D.

Max. negative B.M. (M1)
=
=
=
=
Effective depth (d)

=
[IS :3370,7.1]
Ast
M=Ast st j d
=
=
Provide Ast1
=
=
=
=
Dia of bar
Shear force (V)
=
=
100Ast/bd
=
=
Hence depth required from shear point of veiw (d)
=
=
=
=

Hence effective depth (d)
[IS :3370,7.1]
Ast
M=Ast st j d
=
=
Provide Ast1
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Distribution Steel
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur.
Point of contraflexure is at
=
Shear force at this point is given
=
=
=
M
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo

=
=
These bars will be provide at the top face of toe slab.

=
=
Area of bottom steel (Ast2)
=
=

[IS :3370,7.1]
Provide Ast2
=
=
=
=
=
Dia of bar
M
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo
i.e. upto distance
6 Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab. Considred 1 m strip at B .
The intencity of earth pressure is given by (ph)
=
=
Hence revised H1
Negative B.M. in slab, (M1)
=
=

Effective depth (d)
=
=
=

[IS :3370,7.1]
Ast
M=Ast st j d
=
=
Provide Ast1
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Distribution Steel
Dia of bar
=
=
=
=
Shear force (V)
=
=
100Ast/bd
=
=
Let us check this reinforcement for development length crierion at point of contraflexur.
Point of contraflexure is at
=
Shear force at this point is given (V)
=
=
=
M
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo

These bars are to be provided at the inner face of the stem.
=
=
=
=
Area of steel (Ast2)
=
=

[IS :3370,7.1]
Provide Ast2
=
=
=
=
=
Dia of bar
M
=
=
Lo
=
=
Ld
=
=
M/V + Lo
7 Design of Main Counterfort

Let us assuming thickness of counterforts is
Spacing of counterforts
At any section at depth h below the top A, the earth pressure
acting on each counter forts will be
=
=
=
Similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at C is
=
=
Similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at B is
=
=
=
Hence reaction transferrred to each counterfort will be,

At C
At B
Pressure intencity at h
Shear force at F (Q)
B.M.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Providing total depth (D)

Effective depth (d)
Angle of the face AC is given by,
tan
tan
Sin
Cos
F1 G1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
FG
=
Asssuming that the steel reinforcement is provided in two layers and providing a nominal cover of 4
Effective depth (d)
=
=
Area of steel at supports, at bottom (Ast )
M=Ast st j d
Using dia. of bar
=
A
No. of bars
Provide the bars in two layers.
Effective shear force
d'
Effective shear force
v
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
100Ast/bd
=
c
However, the vertical and horizontal ties provided in counterforts will bear the excess shear stress.
The height h where half of the reinforcement can curtailed (H)
=
To locate the position of point of curtailmenton AC, drawing Hl parallel to FG.
Thus half bars can be curtailed at l. However these should be
=
extent by a distance 12
The location of H corresponding to I1 can be locate by drawing line I1H1 parallel FG
It should be noted that I1G should not less than 45
Design of Horizontal Ties
At any depth h below the top, force causing sepration
=
=
Ast required
Using 2 legged ties of dia.
=
=
A
=
=
=
=
Spacing required
Spacing provided
Design of Vertical Ties
The downward force at C
Ast required at C
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
The downward force at B
Spacing required
Spacing provided
Ast required at B
=
=
=
=
=
=
A
Spacing required
Spacing provided
=
=
=
=
8 Design of Front Counterfort

The upward pressure intensity varies from
Downward weight of toe slab
325.69
=
Net weight at D
Net weight at E
The center to center spacing of counterforts
Hence upward force transmitted to counterforts at D
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Upward force transmitted to counterforts at E

Total upward force
Force will be acting at x
B.M.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Providing total depth (D)

Effective depth (d)
Thus height of counterfort above ground level
i.e. upto point F3.
Area of steel at supports, at bottom (Ast )
M=Ast st j d

[IS :3370,7.1]
=
=
Provide Ast1
=
=
Dia of bar
A
No. of bars
Effective shear force (V)
tan
Effective shear force (V)
v
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
100Ast/bd
=
c
=
=
=
=
Vc
=
=
Vs
=
=
Spacing required (sv)
=
=
Spacing required (sv)
=
10
Provide 2 x
9 Fixing Effect in Stem, Toe and Heel

At the junction of stem, toe and heel slab fixing moment are induced, which are at right angles to the
In stem @0.3% of cross section, to be provided at inner face, in
(i)
vertical direction,for a length 58
Ast
=
=
=
Dia. of bar
A
=
=
=
=
=
Ast
Spacing required
Spacing provided
Length of embedment in slab above heel slab
(ii) In toe slab @0.15% to be provided at the lowar face
=
=
Dia. of bar
A
=
=
=
=
=
Ast
Spacing required
Spacing provided
(iii) In heel slab @ 0.15% to be provided in upper face
=
=
Dia. of bar
A
Spacing required
Spacing provided
=
=
=
=
=
11.5
18
kN/m3
10
30
kN/m3
125
0.5
kN/m2
25
MPa
415
40
1
0.5
MPa
mm
m
m
8.5
N/mm2
230
0.289
0.904
1.109
N/mm2
0.333
11.5
12.5
+
m
0.75
0.40
0.95 H
0.95
q0
2.2 y H
2.2
125
18
. Eq (1)
Ka
(1-) x (1+3)
x
5.97
0.7
8.75
xb
3.50
3.50
12.50
0.6
4.65
0.8
3.5 x
m
m
m
H
sat
3.20
3.00
1/4
Weight of rectangular portion of stem

Weight of base slab
Weight of soil on heel slab.
Detail
x
0.60
11.70
25
0.80
8.75
25
4.65
11.70
18
Sw
7724
(Ka x ' x H)+(w x H)
kNm
158.33
kN
p*H2/6
4123.26
1.87
Sw/p
kNm
>
1.5
Safe against overturning
4.20
>
1.5
Safe against sliding
3601
kNm
SM/Sw
2.71
m
b/2 - x
1.67
1.46
Hence un safe as e > b/6
SW
1+
b
1329.79
x
8.75
kN/m2
325.69
6e
b
1+
6x
1.67
8.75
Hence un safe as p1 > 125

SW
1-
b
1329.79
x
8.75
-21.74
kN/m2
Hence un safe as p2 < 0
325.69
186.72
kN/m2
325.69
162.90
kN/m2
3.00
a strip 1 meter wide.
-21.74
210.6
kN/m2
kN/m2
15
kN/m2
203.86
kN/m2
Pl2/12
152.90
BM
Rxb
371.39
500
460
kNm
mm
mm
mm
800
mm2
1598.94
mm2
1598.94
20
196
150
mm2
mm
mm
mm
PL/2
6e
b
1+
6x
1.67
8.75
325.69
-21.74
-21.74
8.75
325.69
8.75
305.79
kN
0.35
0.26
N/mm2
V/(d x b)
0.66
664.76087
0.66
Hence shear reinforcement is required as v > c
V/(c x b)
1176.12
mm
1200
mm
1160
mm
1920
mm2
634.06
mm2
1920
20
163
150
mm2
mm
mm
mm
mm2
mm
mm
mm
1920
20
163
150
0.633
P(L/2 - x)
176.75
176746.62
mm
kN
N
Ast st j d
462979286.11197
Nmm
12 or d, whichever is more
1160
mm
45
900
mm
3779.45
mm
Hence safe as M/V+Lo > Ld
1160
mm beyond the point of contraflexure. After that, curtail half bars, and continue the remaini
1793
Hence safe
mm
PL2/16
3/4 x M1
3/4 x Ast1
1440
mm2
1920
mm2
1920
20
163
150
mm2
mm
mm
mm
nt of contraflexur,
Ast st j d
462979286.11197
Nmm
1160
mm
45
900
mm
3779.45
mm
1160
mm from the point of contraflexure.
-527
mm from the centre of support.
e small, it is better to continue these bars upto center of counterfors.
500
mm
12.5
kN/m2
325.69-12.5
kN/m2
313.19
kN/m2
186.72-12.5
kN/m2
174.22
kN/m2
wL2/12
234.8925
BM
Rxb
460.33
500
kNm
mm
mm
460
mm
800
mm2
2456.46
mm2
2456.46
20
127
100
mm2
mm
mm
mm
PL/2
469.79
kN
0.53
0.32
N/mm2
V/(d x b)
1.02
V/(c x b)
1468.08
mm
1500
mm
1460
mm
2400
mm2
773.95
mm2
2400
20
130
100
mm2
mm
mm
mm
mm2
mm
mm
mm
2400
20
130
100
nt of contraflexur.
0.633
P(L/2 - x)
271.54
271535.73
Ast st j d
728394135.477885
mm
kN
N
Nmm
1460
mm
45
900
mm
4142.50
1460
2093
mm
Hence safe
PL2/16
3/4 x M1
3/4 x Ast1
1800.00
mm2
2400
mm2
2400
20
130
100
mm2
mm
mm
mm
nt of contraflexur,
Ast st j d
728394135.477885
Nmm
1460
mm
45
900
mm
4142.50
mm
1460
mm from the point of contraflexure.
-827
mm from the centre of support.
KaH1
67.80
kN/m2
11.30
phL2/12
50.85
BM
kNm
Rxb
214.18
600
560
mm
mm
mm
960
mm2
436.82
mm2
960.00
16
209
200
960
16
209
200
mm2
mm
mm
mm
mm2
mm
mm
mm
PL/2
101.70
kN
0.17
0.20
N/mm2
V/(d x b)
0.18
N/mm2
Hence no shear reinforcement is required as v < c
nt of contraflexur.
0.633
V(L/2 - x)
88.17
88173.90
Ast st j d
mm
111753620.785648
Nmm
kN
N
560
mm
45
720
mm
1827.42
560
1193
mm
Hence safe
PL2/16
3/4 x M1
3/4 x Ast1
720.00
mm2
960
mm2
960
16
209
200
mm2
mm
mm
mm
nt of contraflexur,
Ast st j d
111753620.785648
Nmm
560
mm
45
720
mm
1827.42
mm
500
350
mm
cm c/c
Ka x sat x h x L
21 h kN/m
(11.3 x 18) + (1200/1000) x 25 - -21.74
255.14
kN/m2
(11.3 x 18) + (1200/1000) x 25 - 162.9
70.5
255.14 x (350/100)
892.99
70.5 x (350/100)
246.75
11.5
241.5
0.5 x 241.5 x 11.5
1388.63
h/3 x 1388.625
5323.06
5323062500
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
m
kN/m
kN
kNm
Nmm
BM
Rxb
3099.03
3150
3110
4.65/11.3
0.4115044248
22.37
0.3805
0.9248
AF1 x sin
mm
mm
mm
Degrees
4.38
m
4376.26
mm
4977.00
mm
providing a nominal cover of 40 mm and 20 mm dia bar.
4977 - (40 + 20 + 10)
4907.00
mm
5218.47
mm2
20
mm
mm2
bars
314.16
17
Q-(M/d')tan
d/cos
5306.23
975815.19
V/(d x b)
0.37
mm
N
N/mm2
0.20
0.21
N/mm2
bear the excess shear stress.
h
3.54
m below A, i.e. at point H.
240
mm beyond I, i.e. extented upto I1
H1 parallel FG
900
mm
Ka x sat x h x L
207
kN/m
Force/Stress
900
10
mm2
mm
2/4 x D2
157.08
174.53
150
mm2
mm
mm
(892.99 x 3)/(350/100)
765.42
kN/m
(246.75 x 3)/(350/100)
kN/m
211.5
Force/Stress
3327.91
20
mm2
mm
2/4 x D2
628.32
188.80
150
mm2
mm
mm
Force/Stress
919.57
10
mm2
mm
2/4 x D2
157.08
170.82
150
kN/m2 at D to
mm2
mm
mm
186.72 kN/m2 at E.
37.5
kN/m2
288.19
kN/m2
149.22
kN/m2
3.5
m
kN/m
288.19 x 3.5
kN/m
1008.67
kN/m
149.22 x 3.5
kN/m
522.27
1/2 x (1008.665 + 522.27) x 3.5
2679.14
kN
((522.27 + 2 x 1008.665)/(1008.665 + 522.27)) x (3.5/3)
1.94
2679.14 x 1.94
5197.53
BM
Rxb
3062.27
4000
3960
3000
m from E
kNm
kNm
mm
mm
mm
6313.93
mm2
6400
mm2
6400.00
32
mm2
mm
mm2
bars
804.25
8
Q-(M/d)tan
1.14
1179130.88
V/(d x b)
0.60
N/mm2
0.11
0.19
N/mm2
10
mm
2/4 x D2
157.08
c x b x d
mm2
376200
V - Vc
802930.88
(st x A x d)/Vs
178.18
150
mm c/c
mm holding bar at top
which are at right angles to their normal direction of bending. These moment are not determine , but normal reinforcement gi
(0.3/100) x 1000 x 600

1800
16
mm2
mm
201.06
(201.06 x 1000)/1800
111.70
100
928
mm2
mm
mm
mm
(0.15/100) x 1000 x 1500

2250
20
mm2
mm
314.16
(314.16 x 1000)/2250
139.63
100
1160
mm2
mm
mm
mm
(0.15/100) x 1000 x 1200

1800
16
mm2
mm
201.06
(201.06 x 1000)/1800
111.70
100
928
mm2
mm
mm
mm
12.50
0.40
)x(
0.333
1
1.20
3.50
D
force(kN)
lever arm
Moment about toe (KN-m)
175.5
3.8
666.90
175
4.38
765.63
979.29
1329.79
6.43
Total MR
6291.94
7724
3.50
4.10
bars, and continue the remaining half throughout the length.
ne , but normal reinforcement given below may be provided.
0.928
16
100
0.928
20 mm
100 mm c/c
1.16
)
A
0.6
I1
H1
12.50
11.5
G
F3
F
E
G1
3.00
F1
1.00
4.65
F2
C
1.50
8.75
325.69
kN/m2
-21.74
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
mm
mm c/c
20 mm
100 mm c/c
kN/m2
0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
M-35
M-40
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.21
0.26
0.32

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Counterfort Retaining Wall B C Punamia 05 Feb 2012

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Design Of Counter Fort Retaining Wall

Reference: Example 18.4, R.C.C. Design Vol. - I, B.C. Punamia

Unit Weight of water (w)

Neuteral axis constant (k)

2 Dimension of Various Parts

The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.

The width of base is given by Eq.

Provide toe slab

Taking the uniform thickness of stem

Clear spacing of counter fort

Providing spacing of counterfort

Total resisting moment

F.O.S. against overturning

The Pressure intencity p1 under E,

The Pressure intencity p2 under B,

4 Design of Heel Slab

Down ward weight of slab per unit area

Effective depth required (d)

Providing overall depth (D)

Minimum steel required

Shear force (V)

Refernce: Pg. 84, Table 23, IS 456 : 2000

Hence depth required from shear point of veiw (d)

Providing overall depth (D)

Let us check this reinforcement for development length at point

Assuming that all the bars will avilable at point of contraflexure,

Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d

At the point of curtailment, length of each bar available

These bars will be provide at the top face of heel slab.

Area of bottom steel (Ast2)

Minimum steel required

Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d

i.e. upto distance

Total weight of toe slab

Net upward intensity at D

Net upward intensity at E

Cosidering strip of unit width at D.

Effective depth required (d)

Providing overall depth (D)

Effective depth (d)

Refernce: Pg. 84, Table 23, IS 456 : 2000

Hence depth required from shear point of veiw (d)

Providing overall depth (D)

Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d

These bars will be provide at the top face of toe slab.

Area of bottom steel (Ast2)

Minimum steel required

Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d

i.e. upto distance

Negative B.M. in slab, (M1)

Effective depth required (d)

Effective depth required (d)

Providing overall depth (D)

Minimum steel required

Shear force (V)

Refernce: Pg. 84, Table 23, IS 456 : 2000

Cotinue these bars by a distance Lo = d

Maximum passive B.M.

Area of steel (Ast2)

Minimum steel required

7 Design of Main Counterfort

Similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at C is

Similarly, net down ward pressure on heel at B is

Hence reaction transferrred to each counterfort will be,