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1.
Introduction
In order to tackle the ever rising need for electrical energy, timely monitoring and control is
required. A smart home energy management system is designed to allow for the exchange
of instructions between the end-user and the energy provisioning system in the home so that
energy consumption can be optimised. This enables the end-user to share the responsibility
of managing power consumption together with the energy provider.
The main objective of the paper is to design the architecture of a smart-energy aware
home system that enables remote switching of home appliances in order to conserve
electrical energy through an integration of technologies such as the smart phone, motes,
wireless technologies, web server technology and a cloud platform. The design exploits
mobile technology to afford the end-user control over domestic energy using a smart phone.
As long as the end-user is within either cellular or Wi-Fi coverage area, the architecture
makes provision for the end-user to switch appliances on or off, irrespective of their
geographic location. The research analyses literature on existing smart home energy
systems and technologies and draws lessons from the analysis on how the proposed
architecture should be structured.
The remainder of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 poses the problem
statement, while section 3 gives an introduction to smart environments. Section 4
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introduces smart energy systems technologies. Smart home systems are the subject in
section 5, while the description of the architecture is addressed in section 6. Section 7 gives
a glimpse of the business benefits of the architecture. The conclusion is given in section 8.
2. Problem Statement
Providing energy to any country with a growing population and rising expectations among
the populace is a challenge. Energy production and consumption are closely linked to
sustainable development of any economy. Shortage of energy affects the productivity of
industry and the energy needs of the homes. The strategy in any economy would be to limit
regulation of energy consumption to the homes in order to reach a balance between demand
and supply, as opposed to targeting industry which is likely to have far-reaching
consequences.
The goal of this research is to design the architecture of a smart home energy
management system that is based on smart systems technologies. The objectives of this
research therefore are:
x To identify various smart home management systems and technologies
x Analyse and draw lessons from these smart home energy management systems and
technologies towards the design of the architecture
x Design an architecture of a smart home energy management system
x Implement and evaluate the architecture
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optimised), automated (able to adapt and self-heal), fully integrated (fully interoperable
with existing systems and with the capacity to incorporate a diverse set of energy sources)
(World Economic Forum, 2009). It is a power transmission and distribution network that
can incorporate millions of sensors all connected through an advanced, two-way
communications and data acquisition system to provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis and
control that enables more efficient use of electricity and measurement and verification of
carbon dioxide reduction efforts (Howard, 2007).
The functionality offered by the networked embedded devices that would realise the
monitoring and control part is crucial for the success of the smart grid. A smart grid will be
a collaborative service ecosystem (Karnouskos, 2011). In the green economy, for example,
prediction for sunny and windy weather will probably mean that more energy will be
produced as green generators. In parallel, homes can plan to schedule energy hungry tasks
during time that electricity is available from local generators (e.g. photovoltaic panels).
AlertMe is a technology platform which exists part in the cloud and part in the home
creating a secure Home Area Network that connects the user to their home, energy and
devices, giving real-time visibility and control from anywhere in the world at any time
(AlertMe, 2012).
6PDUW6\QFKVWHFKQRORJ\LVGHVLJQHGWRFUHDWHDWZR-way communications system that
provides customers with detailed information about their energy usage, allowing them to
better manage their energy use and bills. The system uses existing cellular networks for
large-scale, high-performance smart grid communications (SmartSynch, 2011).
3HRSOH 3RZHUV QHZ PRELOH HQHUJ\ SODWIRUP (People Power, 2012) is an open and
extensible cloud-based platform that allows the user to monitor up-to-the-minute household
energy usage from an iPhone or Android smartphone. The user interface dashboards can be
configured to display energy usage in kilowatts per hour or in terms of local currency.
Energy use can be displayed by day, month or year and energy usage between two points in
the storage history can be compared. A budget feature also allows you to set targets against
which to compare ongoing usage.
In remote management, data associated with energy expenses can now be transmitted to
the utility company without anybody going on site. In the home comfort system, heating,
air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and doors and windows can all be automated and
manipulated by remote control. Various electrical appliances such as washing machines,
dishwashers, refrigerators and cooking devices can be programmed to carry out their tasks.
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outdoors, easing interactions and interconnections between various agents who are either
monitoring or being monitored.
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electronic systems in the house can be controlleG +RPH DQG $ZD\ VHWWLQJV FDQ EH
VHOHFWHGTXLFNO\DQGHDVLO\)RUWKLQJVWRUXQDVQRUPDOVHW+RPHZLOOWXUQRQWKHQRUPDO
day-to-day equipment specified. SHW AZD\ZKHQRQHOHDYHVWKHKRXVH ZLOOWXUQRIIDOO
non-essential equipment. When not at home, it is easy to switch off or on, any electric
gadgets. With Smartline Insteon Controller, one can turn home lights and control the
thermostat while they are away from home. It uses iPhone4.
The European Commission co-funded research project SmartHouse/SmartGrid is
developing an architecture that is based on smart houses interacting with smart grids (Kok,
2009). The architecture enables the aggregation of houses as intelligent networked
collaborations instead of isolated passive units. Feedback is given to the user on his/her
energy behaviour. There is better local match between demand and supply. The network
operators maintain or restore stability in distribution networks in an active manner. Inhouse energy management is based on user feedback, real-time tariffs, intelligent control of
appliances and provision of technical and commercial services to grid operators and energy
suppliers. The variable price profile given to the consumer everyday reflects the market
conditions. A timely display of energy consumption is expected to have positive effects on
energy savings and planning and forecasting production at the actual moment of delivery.
Infrastructural investments are optimised through the use of existing assets by active
management of the services delivered by the smart houses. After a blackout, the local grid
starts up quickly.
(Wisner, 2006) reports on a smart home architecture that enables end-users to easily use
their mobile devices to instruct their home devices and services to interact with each other
and to dynamically react to events happening in the environment. Mobile phones are ideal
GHYLFHVWRSURJUDPDQGFRQWUROWKHVPDUWKRPH7RGD\VVPDUWSKRQHVDUHPRELOHDOZD\Von networked computers that resemble the consumer notion of universal remote controls,
but are also personal and much more capable (e.g. processing, storage, multimedia,
networking) and with a support for a multitude of user interaction modalities (e.g. GUI,
voice, gestures, touch) (Digital networking alliance, 2006). (Koskela, 2004) found that
users prefer a global remote control for instant control when studying interaction in a smart
home with interactive household objects such as lamps, curtains and information
DSSOLDQFHV 7KH\ GHVFULEH LQVWDQW FRQWURO LQ WHUPV RI ULJKW QRZ DQG ULJKW KHUH ZKLFK
requires centralised and mobile means. (Kuhnel, 2011) focuses on building a gesture-based
interface to a smart home system using a mobile device. An interface for an Apple iPhone,
using accelerometer data for gesture recognition and the touch screen to provide a simple
GUI for device selection is provided
The University of Florida has developed Gator Tech Smart House for the elderly and
the disabled. It is based on environmental sensors for comfort and energy efficiency, safety
and security, activity/mobility monitoring, reminder/prompting technologies, fall detection
system, smart devices and appliances and biometric technologies for the physiological
monitoring (Helal, 2005).
The adaptive house at the University of Colorado is not a programmable house, but a
house that programs itself. The house adapts to the lifestyle of inhabitants. It monitors the
HQYLURQPHQWDOVWDWHDQGVHQVHVDFWLRQVRIWKHLQKDELWDQW7KHKRXVHOHDUQVWKHLQKDELWDQWV
schedules, preferences and occupancy patterns. The information is used to anticipate
LQKDELWDQWV QHHGV DQG FRQVHUYH HQHUJ\ E\ FRQWUROOLQJ DLU KHDWLQJ OLJKWLQJ ZDWHU KHDWLQJ
and ventilation (Adaptive House, 2012).
The Duke University smart home combines solar energy which produces 30% of the
KRPHV QHHGHG SRZHU DQG QDWXUDO KHDW WKDW SHQHWUDWHV WKH KRPHV HQRUPRXV HQHUJ\efficient glass window to reduce the heating costs. A human-tracking project uses and
RFID e-Locator for human tracking (Humboldt State CCAT, 2012).
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preceding sections on how our architecture should be structured. The next subsection
describes the architecture itself.
6.1
Lessons Drawn
In the technologies that section 3 identifies are a number of issues that contribute to our
architecture:
x Feedback to the energy consumer on the consumption levels via email, text, smart
meters is vital in raising the awareness of the consumer on energy use, allowing
them to better manage use and in detecting faulty appliances.
x Devices such as mobile technologies, for example, enable visualisation of
consumption and control of home appliances anytime from anywhere.
x Technologies such as the cloud cut down the costs on infrastructure investment as
they are shared with other service providers.
x An energy gateway can be adopted to control devices in the household
infrastructure.
x Analysis of real data in comparison to other homes and its communication via
wireless networks on energy usage
x Sensing technologies for real-time monitoring
x Programming home appliances to carry out tasks
The technologies in section 4 draw on the following issues:
x Controlling home gadgets can be done remotely using cellular phones
x Aggregation of houses as intelligent networked collaborations which is why in this
research we suggest switching off whole neighbourhoods under a single command
x Intelligent control of appliances
x Timely display of energy consumption
x Perceiving the state of a home through sensors. In this case we will be using motes
as sensors
x )HHGEDFNRQWKHXVHUVHQHUJ\EHKDYLRXU
x Cloud hosting that detects deviations from expected usage
x Energy gateway to control energy devices in the household.
From the above analysis, the technologies that our architecture will rely on are: the
web-based energy gateway server, smartphone for visualisation and remote control , mote
for sensing and actuation, cloud for hosting database and wireless technologies for
communication.
6.2
Motes
The Internet of Things (IoT) holds the potential to propagate end-point data to
geographically remote processes to be analysed and optionally acted on. Commands for
action can be distributed to geographically remote end-points using the same IoT
mechanism. End-point data creation and actuation is made possible by embedded
FRPSXWDWLRQ GHYLFHV 7KHVH GHYLFHV RIWHQ FDOOHG PRWHV KDYH been in development and
XVH IRU DOPRVW D GHFDGH LQ VXSSRUW RI VPDUW HQYLURQPHQWV VXFK DV VPDUW KRXVHV VPDUW
buildings, and smart factories. What makes the current motes different from the early
versions, is the reduction in their size for the same, and even increased, computation power.
Not only have the embedded processors improved with leaps and bounds as predicted by
0RRUHV /DZ (Schaller, 1997), but the hereto incompatible have been integrated into a
single package; both the digital circuitry and the analogue radio frequency components are
now available as a fully functional electronic device. This type of single package is known
LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ DV D V\VWHP-on-a-FKLS :LWK VXFK LQWHJUDWLRQ QHZ DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ EH
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1
3
Figure 1: Two motes. (1) Size AAA battery, (2) Mote module, (3) System-on-a-chip, (4) Mote carrier, and (5)
USB-mote.
Figure 1 shows the hardware we are developing our solution with. The USB-mote
(Figure 1 (5)) plugs into a computer which also powers it. In contrast, the mote carrier
(Figure 1 (4)) is powered by two batteries (Figure 1(1)) that plug into a socket on the
reverse side of the mote carrier. The actual mote is small (Figure 1(2)) and serves as a
mounting for the system-on-a-chip (Figure 1 (3)) along with a small number of supporting
electronic components.
6.3
The idea of this architecture (Figure 2) is to enable the home owner to switch on or off
home appliances, either one by one or as a collective depending on their location in the
house. For example, when the owner is not in the bedroom, they may give a once-off
command for all appliances in the bedroom to be switched off at the same time or one at a
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time. Therefore this means that the system must be aware at any point in time of what
appliance is located where in the house.
In the home is a gateway server, which is a web server application and has the ability to
switch the home appliances on and off on instruction from the home owner via a smart
phone. This switching on and off can be effected either when the home owner is inside the
home or away from home. When the home owner is in the home, no internet connectivity is
required for the instruction to be communicated from the smart phone to the web server
application, but there is wireless communication protocol in the form of 6LowPan.
Advancements such as the effective penetration of the internet in embedded computing and
the Web of Things, allows the realisation of web-oriented smart homes (Kamilaris, 2011).
By including a 6LowPAN-based wireless sensor network inside the home environment,
issues such as device discovery and service description are improved. Web techniques such
as HTTP caching and push messaging, facilitate the efficient operation of a web-based
smart home.
x
x
x
x
Authorised person
Synchronise at regular
intervals if possible
Step
5'a
Step
5'b
API
Step
5'
API
Android app
Occupantt
Step Step
4
6'a
Step
3a
Step
5
Protocol:
IPv6
x Appliance serial number
x Appliance state (on/off)
x Appliance location
API
Step
6a
Step
3b
Scenarios
API
Step
2b
API
gateway
Description
Registration
1
Register appliance (serial no + name + location)
2a
Mote registers on gateway database with serial no
2b
ditto
Step
3a
Occupant requests meta info and add location of appliance to meta info and update gateway dB
1
3b
ditto
4
Update global dB
Local interaction
5
Occupant instructs appliance to change state
6a
Appliance is instructed to change state
6b
ditto
Step
6b
Mote
Protocol:
6LowPan
Mote
Mote
Room x
Appliance
Step
Step
2a
Room y
Serial Number
Serial Number
Serial Number
123456789012345627890
123456278901234567890
123745678901234567890
house
Remote interaction
5'
Occupant instructs appliance to change state
5'a
ditto
5'b
ditto
6'a
Appliance is instructed to change state
6b
ditto
When the home owner is away, internet connectivity is required and the internet
protocol IPv6 is utilised for communication between the smart phone and the web server.
Each appliance in the house has got a serial number and has a mote attached to it. Any
appliance can be in any location in the house at any point in time, e.g. a fridge can be in the
kitchen and a television can either be in the lounge or bedroom. To keep track of the details
of the appliance and its location there are two databases in the system. The local database
sits on the local gateway server, while the remote database sits in the cloud platform that is
H[WHUQDOWRWKHKRPH(DFKPRWHUHJLVWHUVLQIRUPDWLRQRQHDFKDSSOLDQFHVVHULDOQXPEHULWV
location in the house, its description and its state, that is, the on/off state with the local
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database for the appliance it is associated with. These two databases, that is, the local and
external, are synchronised at regular intervals.
Switching appliances on and off is done by the home owner using a smart phone which
runs an Android application. When the home owner is in the house the processing is done
locally, and when the owner is away from home, access to the gateway application for
processing is done via the internet. Since the appliances can be moved from one room to the
next at any point in time, it is the prerogative of the owner to update the system on the
location of the appliance. Through the smart phone the occupant requests the meta
information and adds the location of the appliance to the meta information and updates the
local gateway database. Synchronisation of the databases occurs automatically to enable the
update of the database in the cloud.
Remote instruction to switch off all homes in the neighbourhood can also be given by a
responsible authority, e.g., the municipality for the purposes of load shedding. Instruction is
given through an interaction with an API on the cloud platform and drawing the contents of
the database in the cloud which in turn instructs the gateway web server applications in the
various homes to switch of all appliances.
6.4
For the mobile platform independence (mobile OS), the system will be accessed through a
mobile browser compatible interface. This means that the web interface will be developed
in such a way that it is compatible with mobile browsers such as Internet Explorer Mobile,
opera mini, Blackberry browser, Android browser and other mobile browsers, etc. If an
application is developed for a particular mobile platform (device / operating system), then it
will not work on other platforms. Therefore mobile platform independence is essential for
browser interactivity
In cases where mobile applications have to be developed, interoperability is essential.
For that to happen, services which the system offers have to be deployed using web
services. Web services use XML as the standard for communication data interchange. In
the case where the mobile application will be developed, for example, on Android, such
applications will connect and link their data to a web service that will be on the system.
This will be universal for all applications on other platforms. This will also solve
interoperability issues for the different applications from different platforms trying to use
the system.
The web server application will be developed using the Java Enterprise Edition
Framework for network, query processing and database functionality. The web service
generates an XML file which can be interpreted and manipulated in any programming
language, e.g. C#. This is in a bid to make the system scalable by ensuring there is
interoperability and many entry points to which other software vendors can connect. The
hardware communication will be in C. C is a much lower level language with great memory
manipulation and hardware flexibility. Java is not good for hardware programming as
opposed to C. The intercommunication between C and Java will be established through the
Java Native Interface (JNI). JNI enables calls to other languages inside Java code or vice
versa. The most likely operating system to run the server on is Linux as it is an open source
platform. This makes it easier to integrate new software into it as opposed to proprietary
operating systems.
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