$

 %
0

1  *     

G 

  7
      
     
  
 
    
 *
?  
(2 + k 2 )E(x, y, z) = 0


 E(x, y, z)  
  !     ?    

  !  k = n/c "

  
 
 
.  / 

 z7    E(x, y, z)  
 

E(x, y, z) = (x, y, z)eikz


 (x, y, z)    ! 
     

 +

 
     
   
  !  z      

 (x, y, z)   E  
 *
?  
E = ()eikz ikzeikz
2 E = (2 )eikz 2ik() zeikz k 2 eikz

 

(2 + k 2 )E = {2 2ik

ikz
}e
=0
z

E                 
 .9    7

 /       


2


2
z

2k
z

and

2


2
z

2 2




,

x2 y 2

 !     
 
     

    
   
 
      
 
     
    
  
     
  
;'


   

;0

Amplitude varies slowly with z

(on the scale of a wavelength)

wavefront nearly
z
z

 
 *
?       

2 2
+ 2 2ik
=0
2
x
z
z

      

(2T 2ik z
)(x, y, z) = 0




2T = 2 /x2 + 2 /y 2  
       
 




  - 
 
             
7

              
 
  

  
    
    
   

   
   
 
      

 z    
   

sin  
-      
 .     /         7
 >   
         

 
   
  
              
1

(r ) 2ik
=0
r r r
z

-  
   
        
 
 

0 exp{i[P (z) +

kr 2
]}
2q(z)


 
  B   
    $7

 9

     
        
2ik

dP (z)
k 2 r 2 dq(z)
0
= {2k
+i 2
}0
z
dz
q (z) dz
kr
0
= i
0
r
q(z)

TEM00 %

 


   

;5

1 0
1
kr 2
(r
) =
{i
0 }
r r r
r r
q(z)
kr 0
2k
0 i
= i
q(z)
q(z) r
2 2
2k
k r
i
}0
= { 2
q (z)
q(z)

       
{



k2r2
dP (z)
2k
k 2 r 2 dq(z)
+
{2k

i
}
+
i
}0 = 0
0
q 2 (z)
q(z)
dz
q 2 (z) dz
k 2 dq(z)
dP (z)
i
2

2k[
[

1]r
+
]r 0 } = 0
2
q (z) dz
dz
q(z)

      r1 
     
{

  

 r2  r0


 I

dq(z)
=1
dz
i
dP (z)
=
dz
q(z)

   
 !    

q(z) = q0 + z


 q0  
    q  z = 0 $
    z = 0   !  



% >   
    q0   -    


   q0   
    z $

%1
 q0     
  q0    

0 exp[i

kr 2
] exp[iP (z)]
2q(r)

kr
 exp[i 2q(r)
] = 1  P (z)     r 1 
    
 


  


     
r  
      

     
       1  
   

    
    $r   0% 
    

  
   q0     
   
! 
M
-  q(z)   
 q(z) = q0 + z   z   
7
       q0 ( 
 
  
     
D   

     
 


 ?7    

      q0 = izR   
   4

2

q(z) = z + izR


 zR        q(z)    
 .   

 / 
z
zR
1
1
= 2
i 2
=
2
q(z)
z + izR
z + zR
z + zR2


   

;6


  0 
0 exp[

kzR r 2
kzr 2
]
exp[i
] exp[iP (z)]
2(z 2 + zR2 )
2(z 2 + zR2 )

-      P (z)

dP (z)
i
i
=
=
dz
q(z)
z + zR
 z

dz 
0 z  + izR
z
= ln(z  + izR )|0
z
= ln[1 i( )]
zR

iP (z) =

-   
   
          


 

1 i(

z
z
z
) = [1 + ( )2 ]1/2 exp[i tan1 ( )]
zR
zR
zR

exp{iP (z)} = exp{ ln[1 i(

z
)]}
zR

z 1
)]
zR
z
z
= [1 + ( )2 ]1/2 exp[i tan1 ( )]
zR
zR

= [1 i(

 
    
        

1
kzR r 2
E(x, y, z)
=
exp[
]
E0
[1 + (z/zR )2 ]1/2
2(z 2 + zR2 )
z
kzr 2
] exp[i tan1 ( )] exp(ikz)
exp[i 2
2
2(z + zR )
zR

  ! 
 .   / $ .  ?/% w0 



w0 =

2zR
k

0 zR
n

"    !        
     1 


!     
 . ?/ w(z)


w(z) = w0 1 + ( zzR )2


   

;:

  
      R(z) 

R(z) = z[1 + ( zzR )2 ]

#   
  
 

(z) = tan1 ( zzR )

         $TEM00 %     

r2
E(x, y, z)
w0
exp[ 2 ]
=
E0
w(z)
w (z)
2
kr
exp[i
]
2R(z)
exp{i[kz (z)]}

0


/    & 1  *

     
     $  TEM0,0 %  

         -  

      

     4    
 
 $z = 0%      
 
 
 
   
 


      !
R =   
          
 
 "  
 
 
 
?  
        

  w(0) = w0
 
  
  w0       
  ? 
 
         
!    
 R =  q(0) = i nw
     
 
   

 
 q(0)  
 




0

zR =

nw02
0

Spot size
w(z)

z
w0
Beam Waist

R(z)
Radius of curvature


   

;;

" 
  
   z 
 

    
  
  
 
     w0  
 G 



zR 
r2
E(x, y, z)
w0
exp[ 2 ]
=
E0
w(z)
w (z)
2
kr
exp[i
]
2R(z)
exp{i[kz (z)}

     
  ? $  %      
  

       


 ?

w(z) = w0 1 + (z/zR )2

    

R(z) = z[1 + (zR /z)2 ]

 
 


(z) = tan1 (z/zR )

      
 w0  zR      


   
2
zR =

nw0
0

        
  w0  zR  
  



 
   0  
       n   
 
    
w(z) R(z)  (z)      0  n  w0   zR 

&  


& & 
& zR


 z = zR 

w(z) = w0 1 + (

zR 2
) = 2w0
zR


 ?  

   
       2     

1/e   
 !
 zR     
   
   
  
 


  zR    
 



 $ G 

 
% "  
   b = 2zR  
  


 4  
 
  

    
 

 
2
b
2 2w0

2 2w0

2w0

zR


   

;=

- 
 
   
     
 
 
 G 




The smaller the waist,
the shorter the Rayleigh range

 


    
      ?    ! 
 z    


    

w = w0 1 + (
 w0 (

z 2
)
zR

z
) when z
zR
zR

 
    w  z       !
 

 




 

w0
w
w0
0
=
=
=
= tan 
2
z
zR
nw0 /0
nw0

w0

    

 
=

0
nw0

 
 

 
     w0  
   
    




  
     
            z 
 

1
P =
E E dA
2z0
2r 2
1 E02 w02  2 
exp[ 2 ]rdrd
=
2 z0 w 2(z) 0 0
w (z)
2
w0 2
=
E = constant
4z0 0


   
 
 
 
    
      

  
     

 z7  
  



   

;A




       
    
  


   z = 0 
  !  
 
   
 
 
E

1
exp(ikR)
R


 R = (r2 + z2 )1/2 

R
r
z

point
souce

4
 z
r  

 R  z      
  
r 2 1/2
)
z2
1 r2
1 r2
z+
z+
2z
2R

R = z(1 +

* 
= kR 
  !  
      
 z7   

 
 
 
E

kr 2
1
exp(ikz) exp(i
)
R
2R

D 

  
      
     
  
   R(z) 
 
    
       




 z7 

            
R(z) = z +

zR2
z

    R(z)      
 , 



at z  zR (near waist)
R(z)  2zR at z = zR

z at z
zR (spherical wave)

Z>>ZR


   

=B

 
 
        
     
    

     
 x y    
     
    


    !           
 
 4
 z = zR  


     
    
    
 G 





 
 
 4
 z    zR  
 
    
  
   
 


 & & 

+   
     

r2
E(x, y, z)
w0
exp[ 2 ]
=
E0
w(z)
w (z)
2
kr
exp[i
]
2R(z)
exp{i[kz (z)]}


 (z) = tan1(z/zR )    
  
7
    
    

 
 
   
  
7
  
 G 



 

  
    
 

 
2
(Z)
/2

-ZR

ZR

/2

 
  
 
  
       


    


        

 
 
    
  ,
 
       
 
   

         
i

= 2T
z
2k
2
T = 0  


"     

    
 

"  

 ! 

 !  
    
2T = 0

      
 

 
  
  
 
 2T  
  
  
G 

 
 
  
   
  
     
 
   
         vp = n/c
+        
  
 
 
 
    
  z - 
 
  
     
= kz tan1 (

z
)
zR


   

=&

 
 
  
vp =
=

0


wz
wz
=

kz tan1 ( zzR )
c/n
1

0
( 2nz
) tan1 ( zzR )

1  * %   -"./  #



4
     

           
 
?       $w(z)  R(z)  %   
 


     
       q(z)   

   

       
  ?      
 
     q(z)   

q(z) = z + izR

* 
   q(z)          
  
 
1
1
z
zR
=
= 2
i 2
2
q(z)
z + izR
z + zR
z + zR2

+ 

   w0 w(z)  R(z)    
   
     1/q(z) 
1
q(z)

1
R(z)

i0
nw 2 (z)

    
      q(0)  


    
       
    R(z)  w(z)  , z  
  

  
     (     q(z)   

 
     
 


      
      
      

 
 
 
    q(z)       


 "+DJ  
(


   

='

 q(z1 ) = q1 
   z2 = z1 + d





  

q(z2 ) = q2 = q1 + d


  
    

        - 
 
  
 
q2 =






 
 



A B
C D

Aq1 + B
Cq1 + D

1 d
0 1


 

* 


&
& &


do

di

i
image

object
w1

w2

 
   
        
    
  
 

    R1 
    
    
     
 

(  o    d0  
   
 
  ?  
  
    

  
   w2 = w1 " 

     

     

  R2  
 

   
  3

 


  
   R2 
 
      
    


 

 i    di 

1
1
1
+ =
d0 di
f


 d0 > 0  di > 0   
 

   
     
R1 > 0  R2 < 0  
  

 
  
 (  
 
   

     
 
 (  
  o  i

R1 = d0 , R2 = di

     
 

  
1
1
1

=
R1 R2
f


   

=0

+ 

      ! 
       
 

  

 -      
 7   

 

1
1
i0
=

q1
R1 nw12
1
i0
1
=

q2
R2 nw12



1
1
1
1
1

=
R1 R2
q1 q2
f



q2 =

1
q1

1
f

q1
Aq1 + B
=
+1
Cq1 + D

qf1

 
 "+DJ    
 

 
   
A B
C D

1 0
f1 1

 
  ( 
 "+DJ     

 



 M
   
   

    
  
  2

               


q2 =




A B
C D

Aq1 + B
Cq1 + D

 
    
  

   
    
 "+DJ  2 #    


 
      
 "+DJ          
  

 
    
     
    
 


   
    
 
   
    
H 2 
    
zR

f
2w0'

w0


   

  2

=5

i0
1
1

=
q1
nw02

q1 = i

 
  


A B
C D

1 d
0 1

nw02
0



1 0
f1 1

1 fd d
f1 1

"
nw 2

q2 =

1
R2

(1 fd )(i 0 0 ) + d
1
i0 =
nw 2
nw
2
f1 (i 0 0 ) + 1
2

 zR = nw
     
    

2
0

1 i zfR
1
i0

=
R2 nw22
izR (1 fd ) + d
=

2
zR
(1
f

fd ) i[ fd zR + (1 fd )zR ]
d2 + (1 fd )2 zR2

2
zR
(1
f

fd ) izR

d2 + (1 fd )2 zR2

+  

    
     
   

   
  


d
1
d

f (1 f )
1
z2
= dR 2
R2
( zR ) + (1 fd )2

R2 (d) =

# 
 
   


( zdR )2 + (1 fd )2
d
2
zR

f1 (1 fd )

zR
0
= 2
2
nw2
d + (1 fd )2 zR2
nw22
d2
d
= 2 zR + (1 )2 zR
0
zR
f

 
 
  ?  
 
 

w22 (d) = w02(1

d 2
d
) + w02 ( )2
f
zR


   

=6

          
 R2(d) = 1 
 
  

 R2 (d)     ?
1
d
d
(1 ) = 0
2
zR f
f
1
1
1
d( 2 + 2 ) =
zR f
f
1/f
d=
2
1/zR + 1/f 2
f
d=
1 + f 2 /zR2

- 
  zR
f  

 d = f  $  
        


 ? w0
f 0/n 
    
    

% - 
     
     w0  


 
 d  
  ?  

f
)]2
2
2
1 + f /zR
f
f
= w02 {[1
]2 }
]2 + [
f2
f2
(1 + z 2 )f
(1 + z 2 )zR

(w0 )2 [w2 (d =

2
2
( f2 )2 + zf2
2 zR
R
w0
2
(1 + zf2 )2
R

= (

0 f 2 1
)
2
nw0 1 + zf2

 
      
 
  

w0 =

"
  
  zR
f

1
0 f

nw0 1 +

f2
2
zR

0 f
nw0
  &
 '



w0 

-    !    

D0 = 2w0 , D0 = 2w0

 
      
 
  

D0 =

4
f
40 f
= ( )
n(2w0 )
D0


 
       


 = 0/n J!

    
   
 

       
f =

f
D0


   

=:

- 
 
  
 f  !  
       
   

 4  1.27

D0 = 1.27f 

   
        
   

 
       

  D0 

0


2%&# 1  *

 
   
   
       
  

           "



    
  
7
   
  
   . /  . / 
  
"


7         
     
   C          
 
 
  
 ./  . /  
  
      
    
  
            
      
  
 D     
               


 


2x
2y
E(x, y, z) = Em,p Hm
Hp

w(z)
w(z)


w0
x2 + y 2

exp 2
w(z)
w (z)


exp j kz (1 + m + p) tan1

kr 2
exp j
2R(z)

z
zR




 m  p     
   
 . /  
  1
Em,p  
  
 1     w(z) w0  zR  R(z)   !
   



7         

 T EMm,p   
         (  
 T EM0,0

   Hm(u)    
 (


 
  m
m u2 d

Hm (u) = (1) e

m u2

e
dum

- 
 
       
         


         
 
   7
    
   

      
     
     
  


    
    m  p
  ( 

      
  
 *           
 7
2
H0 (u) = 1


   

=;

H1 (u) = 2u
H2 (u) = 2(2u2 1)

 
 !
         
       


 
 !
  $
    
    
 !%

- 
   
 x $ y % 
   
      


 . /  

   
 z  +    x 
 !  !
   
    
  ?  !   

    
 
 !
  ? 
 
    
  
m  
     
 
   m + 1 ./ 



    
 x   
       
 y 
* 
   (m + 1)(p + 1) ./  T EMm,p  C     


   
w(z)  
        
 
 

 

     
     
 


7