Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Automation
Body
of
Knowledge
2nd Edition
Table of Contents
Preface, xiii
Basic Continuous Control, 1
1 Process Instrumentation, 3
1.1
Introduction,
1.2
Pressure, 4
1.3
Level,
1.4
Flow,
1.5
Temperature,
5
8
14
16
1.7 References, 17
About the Author, 17
Analytical Instrumentation, 19
2.1 Introduction, 19
2.2
Sample
Point Selection, 20
2.5 Process
22
2.6 Maintenance, 24
2.7 Utilization
2.8
of Results, 27
References,
28
3 Continuous Control, 29
3.1 Introduction, 29
3.2 Process
Characteristics,
3.3 Feedback
31
Control, 31
3.4 Controller
Tuning,
3.5 Advanced
Regulatory Control,
36
41
3.6 References, 48
About the Author, 48
4 Control Valves, 49
4.1
Introduction,
4.2 Valve
49
Types, 49
Codes,
52
Operation,
55
Analog Communications, 61
5.1 Introduction, 61
5.2 Pneumatic
Signals,
62
vi
Table of Contents
Signals, 63
Suppression and Elevation of Zero, 65
Other Signals, 66
Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion,
5.3 Current
5.4
5.5
5.6
66
5.7 References, 73
About the
Authors,
73
Types of Documentation, 76
Diagram (PFD), 77
and
Instrument
Piping
Diagrams (P&ID),
78
6.8
Specification Forms, 78
Logic Diagrams, 81
Location Plans (Instrument
Location
Drawings),
81
Loop Diagrams,
83
Regulations,
87
Operating Instructions, 87
About the Author, 88
6.12
Equipment, 89
7 Control
Network,
93
7.4 Control
Modules,
93
7.6
7.7
7.8
(HMI),
HMISystem Workstation,
Application Servers, 98
Other Control Systems, 99
96
97
References,
100
Introduction,
103
8.2 Actuation
8.3
111
9 Discrete and
Control
Principles
of
Principles
of Operation, 136
Operation,
140
Types,
10.6
10.7 Variable
143
10.8
145
References, 152
Author, 152
About the
Advantages of
11.3
Feedback, 154
Controllers,
11.6
157
158
Multiple Axes,
160
Interpolation, 160
Performance, 161
Conclusion, 161
References, 161
Modeling, 165
Fundamentals,
12.2 Linear
165
Dynamic Estimators,
166
171
133
Types, 135
Optimization,
Capabilities
183
and Limitations,
184
viii
Table of Contents
Summary,
14.5
References,
200
200
15 Environmental, 203
Introduction,
15.1
15.2 Risk
15.3 Economic
15.4
203
Reduction, 203
Incentives, 203
Building Controls,
204
207
Monitoring,
207
Origins,
16.3 Affected
Companies,
Calibrations,
208
Hardware,
208
212
16.6 DAS/RTU
16.7 Chart
Systems, 212
Recorders, 212
16.8
16.11
Testing/Certifications,
16.12 Maintenance,
213
16.13
Chapter Summary,
16.14
References,
214
215
215
17
Overview,
217
History
17.3
17.4 How to
Automation
17.7
Summary,
224
Management, 229
Introduction,
229
18.2 Alarm
System Practices,
18.3 Alarm
System Problems,
Safety,
or
DDC, 218
220
Systems, 222
Building Automation, 222
Operations Guide, 223
Specify Building
Digital
Control
17.2
235
229
234
Table of Contents
19 Reliability, 237
237
Approximations,
Operation
Introduction,
19.1
No
Repair,
237
240
Average Unavailability
with Periodic
19.8
19.9
Redundancy,
19.10
248
References, 249
20 Process
Safety
and
Instrumented
Safety
20.1
Introduction,
20.2
Safety
20.3
System Technologies,
20.4
System Analysis,
Systems,
251
251
Cycle,
252
257
258
Key Points,
260
Scope, 263
Grounding and Bonding,
Grounding Systems, 264
Ground Loops, 268
21.6 Noise
Reduction,
264
269
Surge Suppressors,
273
Uninterruptible
Power
References,
Systems (UPS),
Details,
277
278
280
22.1
Introduction, 283
22.2
22.3
22.4
Introduction,
299
of Gas,
Dust
Vapor,
May
or
Dust
be Present, 292
ix
Table of Contents
23.4 Network
Topology,
307
23.5 Wireless
Networks,
311
23.6
Bibliography,
312
24.3
Bibliography,
330
Introduction,
25.2
MES
Integration
25.3 Level 3
with Business
Equipment Hierarchy,
335
336
Operations Management,
337
25.6 Other
339
25.7 Level
Integration, 333
333
Scheduling,
Manufacturing Activities,
3-4 Boundary, 339
336
26.5
350
27
Introduction,
27.2
Graphics, Components
351
&
Controls,
351
Reports, 357
Scripts, 358
27.7 Human Engineering,
27.8 References, 361
About the Author, 361
27.6
28 Data
359
Management, 363
Relationships,
28.4 Database
Types,
363
364
Design,
365
Documentation, 371
Process
Databases,
369
350
28.14 Data
Security,
372
29 Software, 373
29.1 Introduction & Overview, 373
29.2 Benefits,
Savings
29.3
Setup,
29.4
Configuration,
29.5
System Integration
29.6
Troubleshooting,
Operation & Applications, 379
Availability & Compliance, 380
29.7
29.8
376
377
&
Migration,
378
379
Specification, 383
Programming, 384
Sourcing, 386
Testing, 387
30.7 References, 387
About the Author, 387
30.6
Introduction,
31.2
Training
31.3
Preparation, 393
Training Styles, 394
31.4
391
Process, 392
32 Checkout,
Commissioning,
32.3 Software
32.6
Testing,
System Level Testing, 404
Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT), 405
Site Acceptance Testing (SAT), 407
32.7
Safety Considerations,
32.8
References,
Author,
32.4
32.5
407
408
About the
33
399
404
408
Troubleshooting, 409
33.1 Introduction, 409
33.4
33.5
Other
33.2
33.3 The
Troubleshooting Methods,
416
xii
Table
of Contents
33.6
Summary,
33.7
References,
419
419
34 Maintenance,
34.1 Maintenance Is
Big Business,
421
Big
Equipment Malfunction,
Benchmarks, 431
428
438
35.3 Return
35.4
Background, 441
Capital Projects, 442
on
Investment, 443
Lifecycle Costs,
445
Accounting,
450
36
Introduction,
455
36.4
36.5
36.6
People,
37.4
475
Leadership,
478
References,
481
470