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A civil structure such as a suspension bridge, cable stayed bridge or PSC (prestressed or post-tensioned
concrete) bridge requires separate and yet inter-related analyses for the completed structure and interim
structures during the construction. Each temporary structure at a particular stage of construction affects the
subsequent stages. Also, it is not uncommon to install and dismantle temporary supports and cables during
construction. The structure constantly changes or evolves as the construction progresses with varying material
properties such as modulus of elasticity and compressive strength due to different maturities among contiguous
members. The structural behaviors such as deflections and stress re-distribution continue to change during and
after the construction due to varying time dependent properties such as concrete creep, shrinkage, modulus of
elasticity (aging) and tendon relaxation. Since the structural configuration continuously changes with different
loading and support conditions, and each construction stage affects the subsequent stages, the design of certain
structural components may be governed during the construction. Accordingly, the time dependent construction
stage analysis is required to examine each stage of the construction, and without such analysis the analysis for
the final stage alone will not be reliable.
midasCivil considers the following items for a Construction Stage analysis
midasCivil follows the procedure noted below for a construction stage analysis reflecting time
dependent properties.
The procedure for construction stage analysis is shown below.
Procedure
1. Define material properties
2. Define section properties
3. Define groups
-Structure groups
-Boundary groups
-Load groups
Menu
Model>Properties>Material...
Model>Properties>Section...
Model>Group>
Define Structure Group...
Define Boundary Group...
Define Load Group...
Model>Elements>Create Elements...
Analysis>Perform Analysis...
Results>
Results>Column Shortening Graph for C.S.
Model>Boundaries>...
Load>...
Model>Properties>
Time Dependent Material (Creep/Shrinkage) ...
Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength) ...
From the Main Menu select Analysis > Construction Stage Analysis Control.
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In order to use Restart function, analysis results corresponding to each construction stage should be stored in DB. It
would be effective, in terms of time and storage, to select only the stages that are necessary for Restart and to save
intermediate files just in case the program stops.
Restart function is performed using the results obtained from the previously performed analysis. When there are some
changes that can affect the results of the stages after which Restart function is applied, the analysis results may not be
consistent. The following are the cases:
When some changes are made to the structural system of the stages after which Restart function is to be
applied
When some changes are made to the boundary conditions and loadings of the stages after which Restart
function is to be applied
When some changes are made to the material or sectional properties that are used throughout the entire stages
The consistency of the analysis results using Restart function is dependant upon the input data. Therefore, as far as
the final result is concerned, it is recommended to perform analysis from the start to end stages rather than using the
Restart function.
Analysis Option
Include Non-Linear Analysis
Check to reflect the change of geometric shapes of the geometric nonlinear analysis in the construction stage analysis.
Geometric Nonlinear analysis for Independent Stage Model cannot account for time dependent effects simultaneously.
However, with Accumulative Geometric Nonlinear Stage Model in V671, the program not only accounts for time
dependent effects but also has an option to select the Pretension Type of cables and calculates tangential
displacements while taking Lack of Fit Forces into account.
Independent Stage
Geometric nonlinear analysis is carried out independently in models of each construction stage. This option is
used for the backward analysis of a suspension bridge considering large displacement.
Accumulated Stage
Geometric nonlinear analysis is carried out with accumulated effects of the models of each construction stage.
This option is used for the forward analysis of a cable stayed bridge considering large displacement.
Include Equilibrium Element Nodal Forces
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This option is associated with the Load > Initial Forces > Large Displacement, which is checked on to generate
external nodal forces to equilibrate the initial member forces. This option is used for the geometric nonlinear
backward construction stage analysis of a suspension bridge.
Include P-Delta Effect Only
Check to reflect the geometrical stiffness due to axial force in the analysis. This function cannot be performed
simultaneously with Nonlinear Analysis.
Include Time Dependent Effect
Check to reflect the time dependent material properties such as the change of modulus of elasticity, creep and
shrinkage in the construction stage analysis.
Note 1
Geometric Nonlinear Accumulated Stage Analysis
1. Geometric nonlinear analysis should be performed based on Real Displacement. Therefore, "Initial
Tangent Displacement for Erected Structures" option should be checked on. Even if the user does not
check this option and clicks OK, the program internally will apply this option.
2. For the geometric nonlinear analysis in cable stayed bridge, elements except for cable elements cannot
be installed, loads other than cable pretension cannot be active and boundary conditions cannot be
active in the stage at which cable elements are installed.
3. In the case when supports (links, springs, etc.) become activated during construction stage, the supports
should be activated earlier than the elements connected to the elements. If the elements are activated
earlier than the supports, the supports should be activated with the "Original" option selected at the next
stage. If the elements and supports are activated at the same time, displacements occurring at the
elements are transferred to the boundary conditions and accordingly, incorrect results may be obtained.
Note 2
Analysis result is produced at both I and J ends only in geometry nonlinear analysis.
Time Dependent Effect
If "Include Time Dependent Effect" is checked on in the Analysis Option,Click the
to get
the dialog box to input the time dependent information.Define the material properties related to creep and shrinkage in
Time Dependent Material(Creep/Shrinkage)
.
Creep & Shrinkage
Type
Select one of the options for considering creep and/or shrinkage.
Creep
Convergence for Creep Iteration
Specify the convergence requirement for ending the repetitive process in the analysis reflecting creep.
Number of Iterations: Maximum number of repetitions
Tolerance: for convergence
Only User's Creep Coefficient
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Perform the construction stage analysis only using the creep coefficients entered by the user. Creep coefficients
are entered by elements in Creep Coefficient for Construction Stage.
Internal Time Steps for Creep
Specify a number, which is used to divide a construction stage to create internal steps for considering creep.
Note
Internal Steps are applied in the process of analysis, and the corresponding analysis results are not produced.
Non-Linear Analysis
Click on the
information in the dialog box below:
after checking the "Nonlinear Analysis control" and enter the following
Number of Load Steps: Input the number of load steps for the non linear analysis.
Maximum Number of Iterations/Load Step: Maximum number of iterations of analysis per Load Step.
Convergence Criteria: Specify the basis on which to assess the convergence. Enter the norm values for
Energy (Member force x displacement), displacement and member forces.
Note
The selection of the convergence criteria for repeating or ending the analysis must be based on the condition to
reflect the effects of various degrees of freedom. For example, in the case of Displacement Norm, if the displacement
resulting from the corresponding analysis step is {D1}, and the total displacement accumulated from each step is
{D2}, the Norm is expressed as
. If this value is smaller than the specified value, a convergence is
considered to have occurred and the program stops the iterative analysis.
P-Delta Analysis
Click on
the following data in the dialog box
after checking on "Include P-Delta Effect Only" under the Analysis Option and enter
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Add: Add external pretension forces to the pre-existing tension forces of cable elements.
Replace: Replace the pre-existing tension forces of cable elements with applied external pretension forces.
Note
If the initial pretension forces are applied as internal forces, the forces in the cable elements become reduced due to
the deformation of the support structure based on its stiffness. If the initial pretension forces are applied as external
forces, the forces are treated as external loads to the support structure at the construction stage of pretensioning;
hence the forces in the cable elements remain unchanged as the initial pretension forces at the corresponding
construction stage.
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Check off: Different stiffnesses are applied to each load case as below.
Load Case
Linear Static Load cases
Stiffness
Linear analysis
Nonlinear
analysis
Truss Element
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Key Seg in the deflected structure will result in discontinuous deflection and deflected angles, which in turn
results in incorrect analysis after the connection, compared to the results of the initial state analysis. For correct
analysis. forced displacements at each end of the Key Seg are calculated and then converted into equivalent
member forces, which are then applied to the Key Seg at the time of placing the Key Seg. This then leads to the
same results at the last stage after connection as that of the initial state analysis. The forced displacements
(equivalent forces) applied to the Key Seg are also referred to as Lack-of-Fit Force. This process enables us to
perform forward analysis without resorting to finding pretension forces in cables through backward analysis
In order to calculate Lack-of-Fit Force, we need to define a Structure Group for the truss and beam elements for
which Lack-of-Fit force will be calculated. We then check on the Lack-of-Fit Force Control and select the
Structure Group defined earlier from the combo box.
The results such as member forces or nodal displacements used in calculating Lack-of-Fit force can be checked
from Result>Result Tables>Construction Stage>Lack of Fit Force>Beam or Truss.
When we apply Lack-of-Fit Force to all the cable and Key Seg elements in general cable stayed bridge analysis,
we can omit the process of calculating the cable tension forces during construction, and forward analysis alone
enables us to design a cable stayed bridge.
Note
1. The results of real displacements can be checked from:
Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape > Stage/Step real Displ.:Real displacements by construction stages
Results > General Camber: Camber Graphs are produced.
2. Lack of Fit Force option must be used with Internal Force type under Cable Pretension Force Control function. CablePretension Force Control function is used to control Cable-Pretension for construction stage analysis of a cable stayed
bridge. In general, due to force redistribution the resultant cable forces differ from the Pretension Loads entered. External
Force type is selected when the user directly enters cable pretension. In that case the program does not change the cable
force values and use the user defined values. Hence in order to use pretension obtained from the completed state, select
Internal Force type and Lack-of-Fit Force Control to automatically calculate pretension for each stage.
Remove the conditions for a construction stage analysis. The construction stage analysis is not performed in this case.
Note 1
The following Load Cases are automatically generated when construction stage analysis is completed.
Load Case
1. CS: Dead Load
Results
Reaction
Deformation
Force
Reaction
Force
Reaction
Description
Results due to all loadings excluding Erection Load and the effects of
Creep, Shrinkage and Tendon Prestress
Results due to dead loads, which are separated from CS: Dead Load,
defined in Construction Stage Analysis Control Data dialog
Deformation resulting from tendon prestress
Member forces resulting from tendon prestress
Reactions caused by Tendon Prestress in an indeterminate structure.
Member forces caused by Tendon Prestress in an indeterminate structure.
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Deformation
Force
Reaction
Force
Reaction
Deformation
Force
Reaction
Force
Reaction
Deformation
Force
1+2+3+5+7
1+2+3+4+6+8
Note 2
Tendon Primary (CS) vs. Secondary (CS)
Tendon Primary represents member forces caused by Tendon Prestress forces. Tendon Secondary represents member
forces resulting from Tendon Prestress forces acting in an indeterminate structure. To check analysis results, Primary and
Secondary can be regarded as internal forces and external forces respectively. For design, however, the program internally
recalculates member forces due to Primary considering the translation of neutral axis so as to use them as internal forces,
and member forces due to Secondary are used as external forces.
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