ffi

PROJECT
LIMITED
DURGAPUR
(A GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL TJNDERTAKING)

SUMMER TRAININGREPORT
TO20/0712010
DURATIQN:
21106/2010

SI]BMITTED BY.

SANJIV
SHOME.

U.ROLL

07 1230116020

STREAM

ENGG.
ELECTRICAL

SEM

.TH
o.

ID

EE/07
/37

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

OFENGINEERING,KALYANI.
JISCOLLEGE

,!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THISISA REPORT
ONTHEVOCATIONAL
TRAINING
ON DURGAPUR
PROJECTS
LIMITED.
DURING
THISREPORT
ICANNOT
HARDLY
FORGET
MR.ANUPGHOSAT
{ASSISTANT
MANAGER
OFTRAINING
DEPT.DPL), MR. A.K BHATTACHARYA
ANDI
AM GREATFUL
TOTHEMFORPERMITTING
ME UNDERTAKE
TRAINING
IN HIS
REPUTED
CONCERN
FORA PERIOD
OF4 WEEKS.
I ALSOPAYMY GRATITUDE
TO
THEHEADSAND EMPLOYEES
OFALL DEPATMENTS
FORGIVINGTHEIRVALUABLE
TIMEANDCORPORATION
WHICHHELPED
A LOTIN CLARIFYING
OURDOUBTS.

3'oyearElectrical
Engineering
JISCOLLEGE
OFENGINEERING,
KALYANI.

of electricityis so muchthat it
In this modernworld the dependence
useof electric
hasbecomea part of life.Therehasbeeneverincreasing
Thisis
powerfor domestic,commercialand industrialpurposes.
achievedwith the helpof suitablepowerproducingunits,knownds
power plantor electricpowergeneratingstation.Thedesignof power
plantshouldincorporatetwo importantaspects.
powergenerating
Firstlythe selectionand placingof necessary
equipmentshouldbe suchso that a maximumreturnwill resultfrom a
the
minimumof expenditureoverworkingof life of plant.Secondly
operationof the plantshouldbe suchto providecheapreliableand
continuousservice.

wasestablished
in the year 1950.lt has
LIMITED"
PROJECT
"DURGAPUR
one powerplant,water worksand cokeovenplant.Our interestis
regardingthe powerplant.lt has6 runningunitsof total 671 MW
+77+77+L10=67
(300+30+77
1) generation capacities.

DPL OVERVIEW

Formation:
The Durgapur Project Limited is a govemrnent organization incorporated on 6th
September,I 96 I
consisting of coke oven batteries, by-product plant, gas-gnd projec! thermal power plant
and
water works . It is under the administrative control of the departmentof Power, Govt. of

w.B.

Location:
Theorganization-plants andadministrativeofficesarelocatedwithin 3 km. from
Ddrgapur
RailwayStationand 1 km from G.T. Road.
Business:
TheDurgapurProjectsLimited is the first undertaking ofthe Stategovt. which hasbeen
engagedin developmentof infrastructurefor industriesandwasgivent}testatureofan
"Industry
for Induskies".It hashelpedin developmentofvarious large,mediumandsmallscale
industries
in andaroundDurgapurandotherplaceswithin the state.
Activities:
1. Gederationof Powerand its distributionat l1 kV in its licensedareain Durgapurand
transmissionof supplypowerto WBSEB.
2. Productionof metallurgicalcokeof Blast fumace,foundries,etc.,cokeovengasas
industrialfuel andcrudecoaltar availablefrom its recoverytypesof cokeovenbatteries.
3. Treatmentant anddistributionof waterfor drinking andindustrialuse.
Infrastructure:
Land- l9l0 acrescomprisingof 1060acresfor plantand850acresfor township.
RailwayNetwork- Separaterailway exchangeyard,@COPsiding)with railway
maintained
Wieghbridgefacility.

o
)

Powerplant3
Theorganizationis generalingpowerfrom its sevenpowerunits with an aggregate
capacityof
701M.W.anddistributingto its consumersat variouscategorieslocatedin its comrnand
areasat
Durgapurandthe receivedpoweris transmittedtbroughthe WestBengalStateElectricity
Board
Grid. Thecompanyensuressteady
andunintemrptedsupplyofpower to its consumers.
More facts:
DurgapurProjectsLimited'stotal powergenerationcapacityafterthe recentrenovation
andupgradation,todaystandsat 401 megawatt(MW). It is qngagedin all the three
functionalareasof a powerutility -Generation,TransmissionandDistribution.It
generates
anddistributespowerin an unintemrptedmodeat grid frequency.It hasa
clusterof six generationunits of differentcapacities.The largestrmit is of I I 0 MW
capacityfollowedby threeof 77 MW eachandtwo of 30 MW each.Two boilersareof
B&W, UK make,n'voof B&W, USA make.Theremainingtwo boilersareof Mitsubishi
andABL. Exceptoneof BIIEL make,all otherfive generatorsaresuppliedby Siemens.
The coal input for all t}e six unitstakentogetheris 6669tonnesper day.The powertariff
it offersto all its endusers,is reasonablycheaperthanmanyotherpowerutilities in the
country.
The growthin powerin the DPL commandareais aroundi0% per annum,the current
demandbeingaround120MW which is about30%of the total powergeneration
capacityofthe utility. It meetslocal demandthroughits captivekansmissionand
distributionnetworks.
DPL's unit wise power platrt capacity,Coal input and Availability

:CoalInput MT/D

Bdw, inaw,

BoilerMake
iGeneratorMake

Availability(%)

Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens lSiemens

100

100

'.1

More aboutDPL

Durgapur Projects Ltd continuously strives at not only maintaining but improving the
quality of its productsfurther. Water,air and noisepollution is controlledby
sophisticatedequipmentand monitoredclosely.The processcontrol laboratoriesare fully
equippedwith sophisticatedand computerizedequipmentssuchCSR , CRI , Gas
Chromatographand SpectraPhotometer.
The EnvironmentLaboratoryhasstate-of+he-artinstrumentssuchas Bacteriological
testing kits, Ambient air quality testing instruments , Stack monitoring instrument , Gas
analyzers, Noisemeterand Noise SurreySystems.

Durgapurtoday assumesa significantposition in the industrialmap of West Bengal.It

hasa whole gamut of manufacturingunits - fiom steelto power and from cementto

miningmachinery.In the growthandexpansionofthis industrialbase,Durgapurprojects

Ltd, the multi-utility company,wholly ownedby the WestBengalGovernment,hasbeen
playinga pivotalrole sinceearly60s.DPL-setup in 1961-isprimarilya powerutility
organizationbut it hasalreadymadea mark in the marketalsoasa manufacturerof world
standardcokefor variousmetallurgicalapplications.It alsoproducescokeovengas,
which is beingsuppliedto the neighbouringdistrict of Kolkata.It producesanotherbyproduc! namely,crudecoaltar. It's rich humanresourcesof450 highly skilled engineers
andprofessionals
besidesaround5000-trained
work force.A ll-memberBoardof
Directorsactsasa watchdogofthe organization.
DPL todayis a renovatedandupgradedpowerutility. A total of six units of different
capacitieshavean aggregate4 I O-megawatt of installedcapacity.After fulfilting total
requirementof its commandareacustomers,DPL surpluspowergoesto the WestBengal
StateElectricityBoard(WBSEB).DPL is the only
powersupplierwithin Durgapur.
One ofthe biggest advantagesfor DPL to serve its
clients is its production facilities being logistically
linked with all the t}ree major modes of
transportation- rail, road and sea.Besides,Kolkata
and Haldia in the qrst, ports like Vishirkhapatnam,
Chennai in the south and Mumbai in the west also
handle DPL products. Cutting acrossthe statesfrom eastto west and south to north- DPL is also

gearingup to spreadits marketingwings abroad.Theproposedlist ofcountriesincludes

Sri Lank4 Bhutan,DhakaandQuilon.
To ensurequality in everyiep ofthe productprocessing,DpL hasa well equipped
laboratoryhavingsophisticatedandcomputerizedinstrumentssuchasGSR,CRI, Gas
Cbromatograph,
Spectrophotometeretc.Environmentis a key concernto the DpL
authorities.TheEnvironmentlaboratoryis equippedwith bacteriologicaltestingkits,
ambientair qualitytestinginstrunients,stack
monitoringinstruments,gasanalyzersetc.
The sprawlingtownshipwith adequate
infrastlucturefacilities speaksfor bpl,'s concem
for its mostvaluableresources-its
emolovees.
Besidesadequate
accommodation
facilities,the
companyrunsa hospitalandaneducational
institutionto takecareof its emolovees.

THER n*IAL PO }VER S.f A"TIO N

In thermal power stations. mechanicai power is produced by a heat engine that transtorms
therrnal energy, often irom c(lnrbustion of a fuer, into rotatiol'lal energy. Most tnermal p'lwer
stations produce steam. and these are sDmetirnes callect steam gower stations. Not all
thnnal energy can Ile transfornred into mechanical power, according to me secon'f law 6f
thermodynamics.Therefore.there is always heat tost to the environment. lf this loss is employed
as useful neat, for industrial processes or cistric{ neafir'rg.d]e power piant is referred to as a
cogeneration power plant or cHP (cornbined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district
heating is cornrnon,there are dedicated heat plants called neat-only lloiier stations,An iinpodant
tlass of power statiol'lsin the Middie East uses by-productheat fDr the desalinationof warer
A steam power statlon worl{s on tne Rankin cycle, stearn is proctucedIn the boiler hy utilizing
the heat of coal cornilustion that is then expanded in the prime mover {i_8.steam turoiney ano
is condensed to he fed Into the boiler again. The steam turbine drivds the alternator which
c'Jnvens meci'ianicaily energiyof turlline int6 eiec-rricenergy. This type of power' stauon is suitahle
where coal ancl water are avail3ble in abundance ancl a large amount of electric power is to be
genefated.

Thermal
pourer plant
I Coal conwaytr
Z Stoker
3 Pulveri?er
4 Boiler
5 Coal Ash
6 Air praheater
7 Eleclr'oElalic
precipitater
B Smok*slack
3 Turbine
L0 Candenrer
11 Trsnsforrneys
l? Cooling toweru
!3 General+r
14 HiEh-vdltsge
powar linas

In a thermal power plant. steam is produced and used to spin a turbine that operates a
generator.Shown here is a diagram of a conventionaltl'lertTtalpowerpiani.whicn uses coal, oii.
ol'natural gas as fuel to boil waterto produce the sieam. The eiectricitygenerated atthe plant is
sent to cor)sumersthrougn high-voltage p'lwer tines.

{-l

Powat ttatlon tans

DEHNAnON:
A fan can bc dafttpd as a volum*ftc
machrna whrch fika Fumo
quanddas o, alr & gas trom ona ptaco b arrofil'.t. tn doing so k ovarco;&'lCEtan"i
now by supplylng the nud wnh
enctgy n rcssary fot c-orrtatncC mot on.
',le

mov.,s
t"

FANS USED IN POWER PLANT Fo/R Bo.'LER HOUSE:

t: Fo-read Ora{t,Fan (F.D fan):- To-tak._air from atmosphGr. at ambirnt tlinparatur.
to
rupply .''.ndalty
at| tt.c combqstion atr can lattrrr ba 5t2.d to ov.rcom.
rt't tnr lofloi
losras {pra3surtz.C syst ml orjust put tfi. air In firmrcG (balanccd draft unlt3).
2. In-ducGd Drart Fan (t.D fan):- urcd ohry in barancad drart unal' to suck ttra ga5.5
.rJt of
th. tr|mrc. A throlr, 1tt.m int? th.
fiy ash tad.n gas.i at ta;p.ratur.
of
126-2txt c.g c. sp.cd r.ldom exc..d,:ta9!!-Hrndt.s
tooor.p.m.
3. Primary Atr Fan (p-A fanl:- Us.d for putv.riz.d
to hlghar prossurc.

systam. Urualy

3tz.d ,or ISOO r,p.m du.

4. Saar Alr Fan:-t sed to s.al m||r baarings, coar ta.dars and coar pip.s In
casa of prassura
typ. mill. Sp..d dp.nds on th. typr ot arrangcmrnts ot tan.
6-. Itnitor air Fan: - urcd to provrd. nlc._3sary combusdon alr to
ttrc rgnitor. A control
damp.r ls provld.d on lhe dlacharg wrrlcn mdauliioi-to
ii.tt t.ltt a conliini
crirr-ri'nttai
pr.33ur. labout 75mm ot w.ct acros3 tgntto, wh,r arry lgnitor
ls h ;;t;;itt;;i;;;
t460r.p.m.
6. Scannar Atr Fan:{rscd
sp.sd 3O(Xrr.p.m.
RldrnaradvG

to provlda n.cqs3ary

cooling alr to t'ra ,tama scannaf3. Typlcal

tcad haatino svstam

ECONOIdTCS OF FEED HEAnN6:

_ t, s'E,am is btcd from a turbina ancr
E mada up tE
talent and any supe ?at Is may pos.s.ss tp e trcatgr, !trr, systlz,
is caltaat fegancfa,vQ,
-ui
bcc.rBa tt'c ftuid (s|r,am) grvq
t|f,at whtch wo.rtd dJimJiwsc
waspc to
''rrGoNDENSATE SyStE/tt
A typical cond.nsat

syst$

conslgts 0f tha following:-

1. Condenser (lnctudinghot_well)
2. Condensatepumps
3. Air Extracton
4. Gland cooters & L.p.heaters system
5. Deaerator

co roE rsER
The functions of condenser are:a) To provrde rowest economic heat rejection temperature tor the
steam Thus savrng on steam
requtred per unit of electticlty.
b) To convert exhaust steam td water reuse thus saving on feed warer
requlrement.
c) Oeaera6onof make-up water introducingthe condenser.

di To form a convenientpoint for introducingmake-up wate.

Coal tji Electricitv

ft

Trcat

m.nt

Plrnt

-a.r

Tne above crlagramasnamed and pointed as below :

1 . Chimn ey .
2. lD Fan.
3 . ESP.
4. FO Fan.
6. PA Fan.
6. SCAPH.
7- Air Pre Heater.
8. Ecsnomlzer.
9, Feed Water Llne.
to. Primary SH(LTSri).
11 - Fina l SH
12. Platent Stt.
13. Extended Steam Watl
14. Reheater.
15 . Su pe r Heat ed St eam .
16. Cold Reheat Line.
17 . Hot Reheat Une.
18. Boiter Drum -

19. Down Comrller.

20. BR Header
2t. Fumace.
Z2.Bumer
zil. \l/ind Box.
24. ]{ot PA Header.
25. Cotd PA Heacter.
2. Coal Milt.
2'I . Caal Crusher.
28. Seal Air Fan,
29- RC Burner.
30. PC Pipes_
31 . Water Platent31. HP Turblne.
33- lP Turhine.
34. LP Turbine35. Condenser.
3- Ejector.

3T.CondensatePump.
39. Gland Steam Coolers.
39. LP Heaters.
40. Deareator.
41. B ol l er Feed P umo.
42.H P H eaters.
43. Makeup Fump.
44. Circulating Water
P ump.
45. Water Treatrnent plant.
46. Confot Structure.
47. Generator_
44. Hydrogen Plant
49. Main Transformer
50, Aux. Transformer
51. A l r C i rcui tB reaker.
52. Cooling Towers.
53. C T P ump.

Essential

Equipmerrts

in poril,er Generation

Tulbihe
The conversion ts generaily accomplasheclby passing tne fiuad through a system of stationafy
passages or vanes that alternate with passages cDnsistingof finlike b'iades
ittacneo to a rotor.
By arranging tne flow. so tnat a tangentiai force, or torqu-, is exerted on the rotor btades,
tne
rotor turns. and work is Bxtracted. A steam turlrine coniists of a-rotor resting on
bearings
and
enclosed in a cylandricalcasing. The rotor is tumecl by steam impinging agairist auainto
or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangentlal direction. inus a steam turbane vanes
coutctbe
yjeweg as a complex series of windmill-iike arrangements, alt assemblect on the same snaft.
Here three types of turbines are used(i)HighPressure TurbtneiHpt,
(ii)lntermediate PressureTurbine(tp).
(iiilLovy Pressure Turhine{LF,
Gncrator
G.e-neJatorsdriven hy high-speed steam turbines are almDst always constructed
shafts. The rotor diameter is usuatly limiterl to a maximum of aglut one meter wiul horizontai
hlgh centrifugal forces produced- HigrFspeed generators areiniroieo within a because of the
ctosed cytinclrlcai
stator houslng illat extends between tne bearings at the two enos.
gas circulating witrtin the housing and also rrequentty through cluctsTney arJ .ooiio ny-dyorogrn
within
veqy',large generators are cooled by circulating waier tnroirgn tne stator the stator conduerors.
and rotor conductors.
This is a synchronous generatofTransformer
Device that tEnsfers electric energy from one altemating-cuffent clrcuit
to one or more otner
clrcults, elther increasing.{stepping up) or reducing
clown)
change voltage through etectromagneticinductioruJf {step-ping;ifletc the vonage. Transformers
tines of ,orce (flux unes)
*-*:.
builrJup and collapse with the cn-nges in current pdssing
tnrouln tne primiryioil,'lune.rt
i,
induced in anouler coil, called.the seConoary.
uonaiu is calcutated hy multiptying
-Ih-1:econgiiv
voltage
hy
the
ratio
of
the
number
or turns rn ine ieTondary coit to the number ot
:19-q113.y
tums in the primary coit, a quantity caflectthe turn's ratio.
Circuat braaFer
A clrcult breaker is an automaticallFoperated electrical swltch clesigned protect
to
an eiectricat
circu.itfrom damage caused oy ovlrtdao or short circuit. rts nJs'i function
is to detect a rautt
conditlon and, by Interrupting continuity,to immediately discontinue
electrical flow. unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then has to tie reptaced, a circuit nreaxJi can
be reset (either manualy
or automaticallyJto resume normal operation. circuit breakers
are made in varyangsizes, from
small devlces that protect an inc,ivicluitnousehoto apprraniJuplo-trrg"
switcng';Jide;rjnea to
protect high vottage cifcuits feeding an ertife city_
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
lvlany different classifications of circuit breakers can be made,
hased on thelr features such as
voltage class, constructiontype, interupting type, and structuraifeatures.
1, Alr CircultBrcaker
2. Alr btast Circuit Breaker
3, Tank type Butk Oit CircuitBreaker

rn

4.
5,
6,
7,

M i n i m u m O i t C i rc u i tB re a k e r
Sulphur Hexaftuoricte{SF6}
Circuit Breai<er
Vacuum Circuit Brealcer.
Low Voltage European Circuit Breaker

Coofno Towrs:
Ail tfiermal power piants produce waste neat as a byproduct of the usetut electricat energy
producecl. Natural dr_^ajt
wgt,gooling towers at nuctear power plants anct at some large fosiil
fuel
power plants_use lalge hypErtrotic cnimney-lii(e structures (as seen in the tmage
at
-fired
the left) that release the waste ne# to the ambienf atmosphere oy'ure evaporation
of water
iiovter left image). However, the mechanical Induced-draft or force+draft wit cooling rowers
ias s"-en in tl|e lmage to the right) in many large.tnermal power ptants. {nuclear power ptants.
fossii fired power piants. petroleum refineries, petrocnemiial plants, geotrrermir,'lriomass
ano
waste to energy plants use fans to provicte air movernent upward thiough do,r/ncoming
water
ancl are nol hype.boljc chiftney-like sffuctures- The inducect or rorce+orEft io6ting
rowers ara
typically rectangular. box-like structures filled with a material that enhances the coniacting
of the
upflowing air and fl1e downflowing datef.
In areas witn restricted water uie a dry cooling tower or radlator. dlrecfly
air cooled. may be
necessaly' since the cost or environrnental consequences of ontaining make-up
water for
evaporative cooling woulcl he prohibitive. These have lower efficiencf inc
nifnur energl/
consumption in fans than a wet. evapo(ative cooiing tou/erwhere- economicalfy and environmentalty possibte. etectric companies prerer
to use coogng
water from the ocean, or a iake rrr rivef, or._a cooling pond, instead of ;
looring iewer. This
type of coollng can save the cost of a cooting towei bno may nave lorrver
ene-rgy costs for
pumping cDoiing water through fte planfs heat exchangers. Hcwever,
tne wasie heat can
cause-the temperature of the water to rise. cletectably. P*orryerptants
ustng natural bodies of
water for cooling must be designed to prevent intake of brganisms into the cofiting
itiie.
Generator Transformr
Regarding to physical size of national power systerns, rate 6f power excnange
and transmission
lines capacity are increased. oy usJhg or
voitage G[nnorogy. step up or generator
transformers incrsase the produce,: vditage of-6ign
piwer gerGrator! in griAi powlJr pilnts. Tnerefore
it seems the unique tunction of these traniformers is the increasing-of generatoi
voltage equat to
voltage of nationat grid.
But as you know. in small and individual powr systems (e.g.
industrial power ptant and
related power distribution system) the generator transiormers'are used
as thd electromagnetc
Intefface stage between g.enerator ano powe_rclistribution system- tn
this mentioned system the
transrnission anci distriilut,on voltage is'rfiedium voitage, ttiererore output
of generator may be
used directy in distribution system Coal mlll
I
A pulverized coaLfired boiler is an inclustrial or.utillty boller fl'lat generates
thermal energy
by h.uming putverized coal (also known as po\fldereo coat or
coat dust) This type of boiler
dominates tne electric power industry. providing steam to ctrive targe
turbines, pulverized coal
provides the thermal energy which produces about 5oo/oof
ffre worlo'i elecfric supply.
Raw coal is fed througn a lentral ioat inlet at fte top or tne pulJerizer
andfalls by gravriy to the
rBtating grincting table, mixing with classifier rejects returneb for
re-grinding. centrifugat action
forces the coal outward
tlle. grinding ring wnere it is putverized h;twee; the nng and three
grinding rollers- Grinding lo
load. trinsmitieo rrom the tensioh rods through the lo;dlng irame to the
roller assemtllles, nolds the rollers in contact_wimme grinding nng
The roilers adjustverticalry
as the depth of tfie coal loacl increases or decreases. A noz]zle ring
on the outside perimeter
of the grinding ring feeds prirnary airto the putverizer pyritei-Jno
trarnp rnetat fa1 through the
nozzle ring openlngs to be scraped into a re1ectsnoppjr. A sveam
of low-veiociry atr carrtes

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The steamgeneratingplant consistsof boiler

for productionof steamand otherauxiliary
equipmentfor the utilization of fuel gases.
. BOILER
A boiler is an indispensabie
part of a thermalpowerplant. In a boiler,
we burn the
coal to produceheatenergy.This heatenergy
will makethe waterto superheated
steam.
Thenthis steamis usedto rotatethe turbinJiotor
into ve.y trigrrspeed.From boiler,
steampassesthrough superheater,economizer,
and air pre-lreaterand then passesthrough
chimneyto atmosphere.

I.nDyepur ProjectLimited,therearesix boilers.

Hereis theunitwlse boiler
descrintionnDuonDescription Unit I
Unit 2
Unit 3
Bolier
Babcock Babcock Babcock
Make
& Wilcox, & Wilcox, 9,
UK
UK
Wilcox,
UK
Coal
504
504
t'260
E

(Mr/D)

Unit 4
Babcock

&

Unit 5
Unit 6
Ir4itsubishi ABL

Wilcox,
UK

t260

1293

1848

SUPERHEATER
rnt tGutn p,oGd in the utiter is wet and is passed
througha superheater
where
it is divided and superheated
by the flue gaseson_theiiway to chimney.Superheater
providestwo principal benefitsfirstly, the
overalleffrciencyis increased.s"rorrJiy too
much condensation
in the last stagesis avoided.The superheater
steamis fed to tr-ubine
through the main valve.
. ECONOMISEB
it is basicallya heatchangerby which the temperature
of feedwater,coming
from high pressureheateris increasedtothe saturatioi
temferature or slightly lessthan
the saturationtemperatue.correspondingto the drum
pressure.The fed water is fed to
economizerbeforesupplyingto the boilir. The economizer
extractsa part of heatof flue
gasto increasethe feed water temperature.

AIRPREHEATER
t
An air preheater
increases
thetemperature
of theair suppliedfor coalburningby
derivingheatfrom flue gasses.
Air is or?v1nfrom the ut-orpt
by a forcedraught
andis passed
throughairpreheater
"r.The preheater fan
supplyirlgto boilernrmJce.
air
exracts
tie.at
the temperature
of air usedfor coalcombustion.The
{rgmnut gut.i andincreases
principlebenefitsof heatingtheair increaJed
thermalefficiencyandincreasedsteam
capacitypersq.meterof boilersurface.
o STEAM TURBINE

t:tffXY}:.:^:4i]yv

of ttr; steam
is firstconverred
intokineticenergy
is

velo
citysteam
failsontrre.-ilffi ffi; n,..j'"-Jj "..r,
:::'l:: :: ?lg: tf :"q1 rujerr,
universally
usedasprimemovers
in all steampowerplants.
o ALTtrRNATQR

t3

i^
The steamturbineis coupledt.
an altcrnat.r.'[-healternatorcon'crts
mechanicar
of turbineinto electricdtncrgy. 'ttrc
energy
clectricotoutpuirr-o'i the alternators
is cielivercd
the bus bar throughtransfornilr
to
circuit Lreakersand isorators.
D'
ELECTRO.ITATIC.
prrECrprT.{TOR
"
(ESp)
There is variou gat tl"*[iiui."r.
a.i]iililem
pratetvpe of erecrrosraric
precipitatoris very usefuras
it gau."99y",efficien;;."n;tn"ipr.
components
of an
electrostatic
precipitatoraretrvoset.s
of electroderinrluiu,lJfrom each
orher.The firsrset
ts composedof rowsof electricallvgrounded
carteacollecringerectrodes
betweenwhich aredustladengas
i" n"*r.'n. ".;;;i;i;il
...oni
,.iJf
er.ctroaescoisistsof wires,
calledthe dischargeor emitrin!
erectrodes
rhar.are
eachpair pararel
particlesare coil"tt"J in rtrecotte.,irrg.r.rirodes
".";;;;i"cked
and
ger..;up;rared
*i?#:.ash
from
SPECIFICATION OF E.S.P.
IN EACH SERIES

NOOr'etrarrren
pr-are

vtl

NOOFTBANSpOnrvfEn
TRAFORECTIFIER
sET
D C V O[-T(K V
CURRENT(AI\4pS
l, pH,q.S
H o,

voL17m

4*6
6* I

n4?7 A
ot-HA 43180

360,157
4 9 . 4 5 ,l. 1 4 8

HINLANDM
.

BOILER FEEDptjt\tP

PowER(K
B4_IED

REVOLUTIONPERMIN U T E _ .- *
UENCY(HZ P H A S E(
STATOR
INSULATION-CLASS

RO'foR
EFFIC IE NCYh%
POWERFACTOR(COS
TOTAL WEIGHT (KC

MANUFACTURED
Bi

4, 6600v,400A
RRELCAGE

A
'l

t4

i^

INDUCE D DRA UGHT FA N I

RATEDPOWER
REVOLUTIONPERMINUTE
FREQUENqY(HZ),Pr{ASE(0)
RATEDVOLTAGE(VOLT)
RATEDCURRENT(AMP)
RATTNG

671.4KW / 900HP
740
-50,03
6600
1A
,a

INSULATION CLASS

MCR
F

DU'1'Y

st, cD (MOTOR)

ALT

1000M

AMBIENTTEMPERATURE
MANUF

CTIJRE DB Y

CI{OIviF'|ONGREAVES

FORCEDDRAUGHTFAN:

RATEDCURRENT(AMP
RATEDPOWER,PHASE(6)
REVOLUI'ION
PERMINUTE
POWERFAC'|OR
MANUFAC']-I.JRED
BY
r

.+)
^a

6600
375KW / 5m HP.03

988

0.8
BHEt,

EI-ECTRIC OIL HEATER:

TYPE
SERIALNO
NO OF ELEMENTS

POWER(Kw)

BATEDVOLTAGE(voLr)

lFrArE (0)

MANUFAC'ruRED
BY

INDIREC'T
t -84.6C1-0S
I
ti0

60
440

03
PENNWALT INDOAT LIMI'TED

\>

ALTERNATOR
A'c' generatorsare usuallyca'ed alternators
.lhey are also calledsynchronous
generators,Rotating machinesthat
rotatesat a speedfixed by the supply
frequencyand
the numberof polesare calledsynchronous
machines.

:. goNSrRUCrIoN

similar to the other rotating machines,

an alternatorconsistsof fwo main parts
namely'the statorand rotor' The sltor
is the stationu.yport orthe machine.
It carriesthe
armaturewindins in which the voltage
is generated.rire butput of the machine
is taken
rheiotorir tr'..olutinJi;;

ortn.
il.,oro,produces
rhemain
-*rri,,*

fr:,T;rfi*.

l.wucrroN
Thevariouspattt oFth"Gl*clude
the frame,statorcore,statorwi'dings
and
coolingarrangemen!.
Theframernuyu. or castiron for'small
sizemachinesandwelded
steeltypefor largesizemachines.In order
to.reducehysieresisandeddycrurent
thestatorcoreis assembred
witrrhilrr giadesilicon.on*ni *."r laminations. losses

2. tgro4 coNsrRACrroN
"r,,"*HTl,T#:

tvpts.Ft6Gristructionnamelv,
thesalient
poretypeand

ThetermsalGntil
)olesnroiecrino
nrr+ffJ::::lfc

or projecting'Thus,a salientpolerotor
consists
.f

:tJiffiffi:"
:.*::**':,9,-",::3:T3;'y".i;"d;#."J:b;;*fi
;ff;"':::,ff;,orpores

andoperate
and
operate
at lower
at
lower speed,o
sneerl sn it
ir ariu"n
dri'o- L' r,,^+^- !--L:
d;Jilffi;
mes

generators.
lindrical rotor

called hydro alternatorsor hydro

A cylindricalrotormachineis alsocalled
a nonsalientpore.rotor
machine.It hasits rotor
constructed
thatit formsa
cylinder.
Thecylindi.ui roto,
lmooth
lvpe alternatorhasrwo
or four poleson therotor.cylindricalrotor
typeaiternatorsaredrivenby steamor gas
turbine'cylindricalrotor fypealternators
aracalledturboalternator
or turbogenerator.
Themachines
arebu't in iit"*u.i
from
to
Mv,ito
over
1500MVA.
In thisplantcylindricalrotor typ. uri..nrors
"ii^ringsa{eused
for generation.
*

Excitation
*"*ip-tffii

by passing

curent in thefield winding.In

this plant there are two types of
systemused for excitation.
r) D.C. SYSTEM
Direct currentis required to excite
the field_windingon the rotor of
the synchronous
machine'D'c' is suppliedto the rotor
field uy u o"!"n"raiol cdteo exciter.
Ths exciteris
suppliedcurrentby a smallerD.c. generator
caltedlilot exciter.The main and
pilot
excitersare mountedon the main siaft
of ,fr" alternator.

2) A.C.SYSTEM

+
Thereare two types of ac excitation system.
Rotating system:this is a high frequency
excitation system'pennanentmagnetpilot
exciter and uncontrolledrectifier. static
excitationis generatorfed staticexcitation
systemwith controlledrectifier and rectifier
transformer.

* coqLING SYSTEM
In this plantcoolingis donein unit 1 and2 by
air. Theclosedcircuit air closed
generator
hasshaftmountedfansfor circulationunaiori"ontur
watercooledair coolers
aremountedin thehot duct.rn caseof unit3,4,5
hy;;;;;;';oo[ng is done.Four
horizontalhydrogengascoolersareaxially*o*t"j'on
ti;i;p half of the generator
casing.

\6

I}

SPECIFICATIONOF ALTERNATORS
r

UNIT NO 1&2 ALTERNATER

RATEDVOLTAGE
RATEDCURRENT
BASEMVA
PFIASE
SPEED
FREQTJENCY
POWERFACTOR

r 1000v+-7.5%V
3440A
37.5MVA
I

3000R.P.M
5OHz

0.8
205VOLT! ,408Amp
YY

EXCITATION

CONNECTION
MANUFACTUREDBY
.

bNUHLISHELECTRIC

UNIT NO 3&4&5 ALTERNATER

RATEDVOLTAGE
RATEDCURRENT
BASEMVA

11000V+ - 75%V
4650t4600t4330/3940A

88.sI 81.5t82.5/7s.0MVA
3000R.P.M

POWERFACTOR
EXCITATION

0.87l0.88/0.8/0.9
381/3721384/366Volts,665
I 650I670I 640

FORF]2COOLING
MANUFACTUREDBY

1.05/1
.05/0.5/0.065
KG/CM

UNIT NO 6 ALTERNATER

.I'\TDtr
L

LL

RATiNG
HYDROGENPRESSUREE(AlI\d)

APARENT
O/P(KVA)

ACTTVE
o1P(Kw)

TGP234260t2H
UUN I INIOUS

2
137.500
I IU,UUU

POWERFACTOR(COSd)
RATEp VOLTAGE(VOLT)
RATEDCURRENT(AMPS)
REVOLUTIONPERMTNUTE
FREQUENCY(HZ)
PHASECONNECTION
GENERATEI{TERMINAL

0.8LAG
I 1000

MANUFACTURED
BY

SIMENS

220
3000
50
YY
o

t8

'l
TRANSFORITER
r

INTRODUCTION:
A transformer
is a staticdevicewhichconsists
of two or morestationary
electric
circuits'Interlinked
by a commonmagnetic
circuitfor thepurpose
of transferring
electrical
energybetween
them.Thetransfers
of energyfromonecircuitto anothertakesplacewithouta
changein frequency.
r

CORB
The transformer
coreis a closedmagneticcircuitthroughthemutualflux i.e,theflux
whichlinkswith boththervindingpasses.
Thecorematerialandconstruction
shouldbesuch
thatboththemagnetizing
currentandthecoretosseb
areminimum.Thecoresof transformers
arelaminated
in orderto reduceeddycurrentlosses.
Thelaminations
aregenerally
madeup of
0.33-0.5
mm thick.Theselaminations
aremadeof theso calledtransformirgradesteel
containing
3-5%silicon.Thesteelusedfor transformers
aregenerally
hotroilerjor coldrolled.
But in recentyearscoldrolledsteelis preferred
overhotrolledasit allowsmuchmorEflux
densities
up to about1.8wb/mz.
.

BUSHINGS
Transformers
areconnected
to higltvoltagelines,and,therefore,caremustbetakento
preventflashoverfrom thehighvoltageconnection
to theearlhedbanks.The bushingconsists
of a currertcanyingpartin the form of a conductingrod,busor cable,a porcelain
cftinO.1.
installedin a holein thetransforrner
coverandusedfor isolatingthe curint carryingpart.The
simplestbushingis a molded,high qualityglazedporcelaininsulatorwith a.onju.ioi rhrough
its centre.This bushingis used{or voltagesupto33 KV.The bushingsusedfor transformers
havingvoltagesabove36 KV areeitheroil filled or capacitorfype.
.

TAP CI{ANGER
The voltageof power-networks
suppliedby transformers
canbe controlledby changing
theratioof transformation
of thetransformers.
Thechangein ratioof transformation
canbe
affectedby providingtappingson thetransformer
windings.Ihetappingsareconnections
providedat differentplacesin thewindingsandtherefore,
thenumberof tumsincludedin the
circuitat onetap is differentfrom thenumberof turnsat anothertap.Thetappingsmaybe
changedwhenthe transformer
is disconnected
from thesupply.This is calledofi-circuittap
changing.
The off-circuittap changingis usedfor occasion;ladjustments,
as in distribution
transformers.
Thetappingscanalsobe.changedwhile thetransiormeris energized
or on load.
This is knownas on loadtapchanger.FERRANTI TAP CHANGER GEAR:
NO, OF POSITION
RESISTOERVALUE
SUPPLYTO MOTOR
OIL QUANTITY:
SWITCHCOMPONENT
GEARBOX
WEIGHT(EMPTY)
TOTAI.,WEIGHT
MANUFACTURED
BY

T7
.

0.855c2
2 3 0V .
382LTR, (330KG)
1 3 7L T R,(l lS K G )
7 1 5K C
ll6 3 K G
SIEMENS

t0
o COOLING
th" ttansflo.mer
is a staticdevicewhichconvertsenergyat onevoltagelevelto another
voltagelevel'Duringthis processof energytransfer.lossesoccurin the windinesandcore
of thetransformer.
Theselossesappearasheat.The heatdeveloped
in thetrans-formers
is
dissipated
to thesurroundings.
Forthisemission
of heat,coolingbecomes
necessary
in
transformers.
The differenttypesof coolinginvolvedin transformers
are:
l. Oil naturalair natural.
2. Oil naturalair forced.
3. Oil naturalwaterforced.
4. Forcedcirculation
of oil.
a) Oil forcedAir natural.
b) Oil forcedAir forced.
c) Oil forcedWaterforced.
.

WINDTNGS
The anangement
aswell asconstruction
of transformers
variesin shellandcoretype
transformers.
Shelltypetransformers
usesandwichtypeof windingwith coilsshapedin
pancakes.
In thatcaseL.V. andH.V. windingsaresplitup intoa numberof coils.h,achhigh
voltagecoil is placedbetween
two low voltagecoils.Thissubdivision
of H.V andL.V coil
givesa benercouplingbetweenthetwo windings.Concentric
type of windingsis prefenedfor
coretypeof transformers.
Eachlimb is woundwith a groupof coilsconsisting
of bothprimary
andsecondary
windingswhichareconcentricto eachother.

tq

ll

19

It

GENERATINGTRANSFOBJVIER
FOR UNIT(l&2)

KVA RATING(KVA)
RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOAD)KV)
HV SIDE
LV SIDE
IMPEDANCEVOLTAGEAT 75"C

37s00

CONNECTION SYMBOL

Yndl

FREQUENCY

50Hz

WEIGHT OF CORE & WINDING(tones)

TOTAL WEIGHT (tones)

r32 f,v

6r v

I I .I O%AT ABOVERATING

JJ

66
4048
QUANTITY OF Oll(gallons)
MANUFACTUREDBY
ENGLISHELECTRICCO LTD.
Thereis a reactorthatlimitsthefaultcunent.Theratingof thereactoris 6.6KV. It is
usedfor feeding6.6KV for theplant.
. GENERATINGTRANSFORMERFOR UNIT(3&5)
a

MVA RATING (MVA)

RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOAD)KV)
TIV SIDE
LV SIDE

42.559.585

lcv

t32

II KV

LINE CURRENT(Amns)

HV SIDE
LV SIDE
CONNECTION
SYMBOL
FREOUENCY
TYPEOF COOLING
TEMPARATURERiSEOiL("C)
TEMPARATURERISEWINDINGfl C)
MANUFACTUREDBY
r

372.22
4679.3
Yndl

5OHz
ONAN.ONAF.OFAF
40
55
B.I{.E.L.

GENERATING TRANSFONMN,N FOR UNIT 4

KVA RATING KVA)

RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOADXKV)

85000

HV SIDE
LV SIDE

t an

LINE CURRENT(Amos)

L)Z

Kv

:'

FIVSIDE
LV SIDE

372
4680

CONNECTIONSYMBOL
FREOUENCY,
TYPEOI"-COOLING

Yndl
5}Hz

oFw

ll K V

2l
t1,

EARTHING TRANSFSRMER
RATEDVOLTAGE (V)
FREQUENCY (HZ)
NO OF PHASE (0)
CONNECTION ON SYIV{BOLS
TYPE OF COOLING

TOTAL MASS(KG)
VOLUMEOF INSULATINGOIL (LTR)
INSULATIONLAVEL
RATEDSHORTTIME CURRENT&
DURATION(AMPS,SEC)
ZEROSEQUENCEIMPEDENCE
MANUFACTUREDBY

33000
50
03
Z
ONAN,
I 980

s50
CLASSA
287,30
209,9
TRUVOLTENGG.CO.PVT. LIMITED
(KOLKATA)

EARTHING TRANSFORMER (CONNECTION DIAGRAM)

2 U 2 V 2 WN

ELECTRIC OIL HEATER:

SERIALNO
NO OF ELEMENTS
POV/ER(K

r-84-60-09
I

RATEDVo.TAGE_ryoL
MANUFACTUREDB'

PENNWALTM

lapggEp DRAUGHTFAN:

VITED POWER

REVOL Ufi O-NPERM INL]TE

FREQUENCY
(U.),PHASE
RATEDVOLTAGECVOL

6 7 1 . 4K W / 9 0 0HP

RATEDCURRTNTAMP
TNSULATiONTLASS

sI, cD (MOTOR
AMBIENT TEMPMTURE
MANUFACTUREDBY

CROMPTONGREAVES

FORCEDDNEUGHT FAN:
RATED CUNNEIVTG
RATEDVOI-AGE CVOL

RATED
POWsuHase

REVOLUTIONPERMTNdiE
POWERFACTOR
MANUFACTUNTOET

3?5KW / 500HP,03

FERRANTI TAP CHANGERGEAR:

NO. OF POSITION

RESISTOER
VALUE

qulll.Y ro MOroR
OIL QUANTITY:

swrTCHqOMPONENT

382LTR,(330KG

llzlTR, (l tsKG

TOTAL WEIGHT
MANUFACTUREDBV

715KG
1163KG

AIR BREAKERISOLATOR:

RATEDVOLTAGEryOL
RATEDCURRETTGMPS
SHORTCIRCUITTTME
(^-il4PS
VOLTAGE
II\4IlLSE
MANUFACTURED
BY

r050KV
1000Kc/A
S&SPOWERGean r-ilr,rlTeD

2-3

l+
T SILTCON RECTIFIER POWER UNIT:
TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
VOLT AMPS RATING
16
CONNECTION
(KVA)

TREQUENCY(HZ)
PHASE(d)

low voLTAcESrDE(V)

CURRENT(AMPS)
HIGH VOLTAGESrDE(-V)
CURRENT(AMPS)
% IMPEDENCE
WEIGHTOF THE
TRANSFORMER
(KG)
. BOILER FEED PUMP

SINGLE PHASE OPEN

BRIDGE CONNECTION

50

PEAKDC VOLTAGEry)

0l
380

AVARAGEDC cuRRENr (l'vrps]

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

600

0 .3

rorAi, WETGHT
(KG)

s.79

MANUFACTUREDBY

580
1550

53 3 0 0 WETGHTOF THE OIL (LTR)

BHEL

430

B4TEDPowER(Kw)

4000
2986
50,03
A
4 6600V,400
B
SQURRELCAGE
96.6
0.914
rgTAL WETGHT
(KG)
22000
MANUFACTUREDBY
BHEL
?_!!{D UCTI VE VOL TAGE TRANSF o RMER:
VOLTS
BURDEN (VA)

A.N

15000/{3

ia - ln

r00/{3
300
05

ACCURACY CLASS

HIGHESTSYSTEMVOLTAGE(KV)
THERMAL LIMITING O/? CVA)
VOLTAGEFACTOR
INSULATIONLAVEL (KV)
TOTAL WETGHT(KG)

170

1500
1.2CONT/1.5-3.00
SEC
325I 750

575xt}%

V/ELGHT
OFOrL(Kc)

100r 10%
CROMPTONGREAVES
:CAPACITO R VOLTAGE TRANSF ORMER
FREQUENCY(HZ)
' 50
MANUFACTUREDBY

TNSULATIONLAVEL (KV)
EQUIL CAPACITANCE(pF)

cAP OrL (KG)

EMUOrL(KG)

LlU

325 I 750
4400+ 10Vo-5oA
3 5 + r0 0 A

TOTAL WETGHT(KG)

65 + ljyo
450 + Ijyo

VF

1.2CONS/ i,5 - 30 sEC

A.N

VOLTS
BURDEN (VA)
ACCURACYCLASS
MANUT.AC|URED BY

6OUC

wErcHTOFCASEA Flrrnqc Kcl

A1

REVOLUTIONPERMINUTE
FREQUENCY
(HZ),PHASE(d)
STATOR
INSULATIONCLASS
ROTOR
EFFICIENCY(n%)
POWERFACTOR(COS0)

Hsv(KV)

70000
0.23

1s000/{3

la- ln

100/!3
200

1.0
CROMPTON GREAVES

t\

L4

PROTECTIVE RELAYS:

it detectsthe fault and initiates the operationof the circuit breakerto

isolatethe defectiveelementfrom the rest of the system.Therelaysdetectthe
abnormalcbnditionsby measuringthe electricalquantitiesrvhich are differentunder
normal and fault condition.
A fypical relay circuit hasthreeparts- (1) the primary winding of a current
transformer(C.T.) connectedin serieswith the line to be protected.(2) Secondpart consists
of secondarywinding of C.T. and relay operatingcoil. (3) It hasa sourceof supply,the trip
coil of the circuit breakerand the relay stationaryco?tacts.With a shortcircuit currentin the
line increasesenonnouslyand a healrycurrentflow throughthe relay coil causesthe relay to
operateby closingits contactsand it closesthe trip circuit of the breakermaking the circuit
breakeropen and isolatingthe faulty sectionfrom the rest ofthe system

(1)Selectivity (2) Speed (3) Sensitivity (4) Reliability (5) Simpticity (6)
Economy.
o Basic relays: Theseoperatewith the current or voltage suppliedby transformers
connectedin many combinationsto the systemelementto be protected.The two main
operatingprinciplesare Electromagneticattractionand Electromagneticinduction.
o Distance or impedancerelays: Here the operationis governedby the ratio of
appliedvoltageto currentin the protectedcircuit. The torqueproducedby a
currentelementus opposedbythe torqueproducedby a voltageelement.The
relay will operatewhen the ratio VA is lessthan a pre-setvalue .In operation,the
voltage elementof the relay is excited through a potential transformer(P.T.) form
the line to be protected.'Thecurrent elementof the relay is excited from a current
transformer(C.T.) in serieswith the line.
. Translav relay:
Here the balanceor oppositionis betweenvoltagesinducedin the secondary
coils wound on the magnetsand not betweenthe secondaryvoltagesof the line current
transformers.SinceC.T. usedwith translayschemehaveonly two suppliesto a relay coil,
they can be madeof normal designswith out any air gaps.It permitsthis schemeto be
usedfor feedersofany voltage.
r'
r Bucholz Relav
It is a gas-actuated
relay installedin oil-immersedtransformerto protectagainst
faults.
Construction:
I
A domedvesselis placedin the connectingpipe betweenthe main tank and the
conservatorwith two elementsthe upper elementhas a mercury type switch attached
to a flsat. The lower elementhas anothermercury type switch fixed on a hinged type
flap located in the direct path of the flow of oil from the transformerto the
conservator.The upper elementclosesan alarm circuit during incipient faults but the
lower elementtrips the circuit breakerfor severeinternalfaults.

lr
tt)

* BUSBABUATEruAT
FleremostlyAluminiumpipesconfirmingto IS-5032areusedto anange
the rigid bus connection.The size of the conductordependson the voltagelike:1 . 40 mm
2. 65 mm
3. 80 mm
4. 100mm
The materialscommonlyusedfor the bus bar and connectionof straintype
areACSR and AAAC.Bundled conductorsare also usedbut with higherrating or to
reducecoronalosses.
The bus bar materialand size of it shouldbe ableenoughfor the electrical
andmechanicalrequirementsof the applicationfor which they are chosen.

When a numberof lines operatingat a samevoltagehaveto be directly

electricallyconnected.
e

Bus bar arrangsment

a) Singlebus bar arrangement.

b) Singlebus bar systemwith sectionalisation.

c) Double bus bar anansement.
The bus bars and the connectionare supportedon pedestalinsulators.As
the bus bar is rigid, clearanceis remaining constant.The distancebetweenbus bar and
groundis not very large so maintenanceis easy.Now due to the large diameterof the
pipesthe coronaiossesare considerablyless.The systernis more stablethen the strain
types.

CIRCUIT BR.EAKER

A circuit breaker is a piece of equipments which can:i) Make or break a circuit either manually or by the remote control under
normal condition.
ii) Break a circuit automatically under fault condition.
iii) Make a circuit either manually or,by remote control under fault
condition.
A circuit breaker is consists of fixed and moving contacts remain closed and
not open automatically, until the system became faulty. When fauit occurs
then the trip coils of the breaker get energized and moving contacts are pulied
upuri, thus the opening the circuits under fault condition when two contacts
are separatedthen in that small space between two electrodes a high voltage is

L{

L\.

t+

of circuit brc:rkr:rs
CLissification
a) Bulk oil circuitbreaker'
b) Minimumoil circuitbrcaker'
c) Self blastoil cirdfrtbriaker.
d) Forcedblastoil circuit breaker'
e) Axial blastair circtritbreaker'
D Crossblastair circuitbreaker'
circuitbreaker'
B) SulphurHexa Fluride(SF6)
h) Vacuumcircuit breakerIVCB)'

aremostlyused'
now vAccUM and SFocircuitbreakers
Llorvever,
circuitbreakcrs
The
The circuitbreakersarenormallymountedon individualstructures'
scction
havefixed locationsand the stationla;'outis ii',sucha \\'aythatadequatc
from the live parts.
is al..va)'s
clearance
MINIMUM OIL CIRC UI T B RE A K E R (MO CB )

9 5 4 5 l, 5 2 .I
A S ME S I rCV I I I DI V l

DESIGNCORE
CAPACITY(LTIT)

(KG/CM')
wonrctNcPRESSURE
E G/C M
T E S TP R E S S U R(K
M A NUFA CTURE DB Y

SFoCIRCUITBREAKER;

RATEDVOLTACE(KV)

NOnunl cuRRENr(AM!!)
D D ENI

( H7 \

Itr NT T \/

NETEN LIGHTING IMPULSE WITI{S'I AN I-)

\ tTvsr
^ I T ^ T -:tr PtrA..-K { KV \
".

ffinreclqL
DU R S' | IO N

"rr

145
3150
50
650
1.5
40

Oh SH U K I U II(\,U I T

St-tonrctncutr enEnruNccuRRsry!
SYMMETRICAL(KA)
'
ASYMMETRICAI.(KA)
*
-- -SHOPRTCIREUITMAKINC CURP.ENT
PEAK(KA)
ouT oF PHASEBREAKiNCcu4BsNT'154)
AT 20"C' lOlJ llpa
SFr,OAS PRESSTJRE

roTAt-MAssoi' sFoGAs(KG)
T OT A LWE IGI.II'(K G)

40
44-8

r 00
10

0-0.3s-co-3MIN-CO
6.4 BAR
l')

I 402

td
la

ISOLATOR
By isolatorrvcdisconnecI
a part of the system for generalmaintenance
and
repairi n.t purpose.Isolatorare t\\'o types
i)
I'lorizontally.
ii)
V ertically.
Horizontalryisoratorstakesmorespacethan
the verticaill,isorators.
In a
substationhorizontatyisoratorsar6preferred
;.;-;;i,.
tr tot ma-ximurn
influenceor substationlayout.
",
r

A IR B RE A K E R IS oLAT o R:

L4TEDVOLI'AGrIryoL

RATEDCURRENT(AMPS

f |rN,,r:A MI' S
lll9gT crRCUr
IMPULSEVOLTT\C,I

WEIGHT
MANUFACTURED
BY

r600
76.24

r 0 5 0K V
1000KG/A
S&SPOW ER
GEARLIM III.D

2g

, lt
CURREI{T TRANSFORMER
This is a stepdown transformerwhich stepsdown the currentinto a known ratio.
Currenttransformermainly two types:
i)
BUSHTNG TYPE
This type of currenttransformeris usednormally within the
transformerbusing.

iD

woulYp IYPE

Theseare simply mounted current transformer,normally

backboneof the substation.The completelayout of the substationwith piotection
is very much dependedon the .urr.ni transforrner.The locationof current
transformermust proportional with the location of the circuit breaker.
This is a stepdown transformerwhich stepdown the current in
known ratio.

RATIO
VA
600-30060
150/5A
600-30060
i50/5A
600-30060
150/5A
INSULATIONLEVEL
STR
MANUFACTUREDBY

CLASS

ISF

5P

10

VK
200

5P

10

200

0.5

ALF

1.5

6501275KV
26KAl3SEC
TARIT APPLIANCES& EQUIPMENTPVT. LTD.

L)
{ro

{. POTENTIALTRANSFORMER
This is a stepdowntransformerwhichstepdownthevoltage
.

m Knownratlo.
They aretwo types:
Electromagnetictype.
D
ii)
Capacitortype.
capacitor type potentialtransformersarecheaperthan
electromagnetic
type. Electromagnetictype potentialtransformersare usedwhere
higheraccuracyneeded.ln normalapplicationcapacitorfypepotential
transformerare usedfor highervoltagedue to lower cost.
For synchronizationpurpose,anothertype potentialtransformer
is
used'Potentialtransformersare also connectedon ihe feederside
of circuit
breaker.

o INDUCTIVE TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:

BURDENryA
ACCURACYCLASS
HIGHESTSYSTEMVOLTAGE(KV
THERMAL LIMITING O/P ffA
VOLTAGE FACTOR

1.2CONT/1.5-3.00
sEC

INSULATION LAVEL
IOTAL WETGHT(KG

325/ 7s0
575tIj%
100r 10%
CROMPTONGREAVES

xiElcHT oF OrL (KG)

MANUFACTUREDBY
r

CAPACITIVE TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFoRMER

FREQUENCY(HZ)
HSV (KV)
fNSULATIONLAVEL (KV)
EQUILCAPACITANCE(pF)

50
T70

cAPOrL (KG)

35!. r0%

EMUorl ({c)

IqrAr wErcHr(KG)
VF

VOLTS
BURDEN (VA)
ACCURACYCLASS
MANUI.-ACUREDBY

325I 7s0
4400+ t0% -5%
I

65 ! 10V,
450+ 19o7"

1.2.CONS/ 1.s-30 sEc

A -N
15000/a/3

1n
100/{3
200
1,0
CROMPTON GREAVES
la

2b

1r

cLl

O IIIGHTNING ARRESTER
l

A Substationhasto be shieldedagainstdirect lightning strokeseither

by provisionof overheadearthwires or spikes.The choicesbetweenthe two methods
dependon severalfactors,economybeingthe most importantconsiderationamongthem.
Generallyspike method involves structuresthan the alternativeof using earth wires.
Sometime separatinglightning wastesare used on the sub stationon basisof the sub
station areaand height of the bus bars.Generally an angle of shield of about 450for the
areaconsidered-ailequate-fo}
the designof lightiringprotectionarrangement.
Without direct strokes,the sub stationdeviceshaveto be protected
againsttravelingwavesdue to the lightning strokeson the line enteringthe sub station
and for this purposelightning arresteris used.In a sub station the most important
equipmentsare transformersso, lightning arresterare situatedneartransformers.There is
a insulation co-ordinationwith the lightning arresterswith eachequipmentspresentin the
sub station.As the focal point of the investigation.The power frequencyand over voltage
exceedingthe rating on the arrestershould be calculated.
Classificationof lightning arresteris:
i)
Rod gap arrester.
ii)
Hom gap arrester.
iii)
Multigap arrester.
iv)
Expulsiontype lightning arrester
v)
Valve type lightning arrester.
.

SPECIFICATION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER

RATEDVOLTAGE(KV)
RATED CURRENTKA). uS
SHORTCIRCUITCURRENTfi(A). uS
RESIDUALDISCHARGEVOLTAGE
(KV)

110
10,10/20
100,5/10
73.24

ISL (AMPS)

400
SIMEANS-SCHEKERTWERKE

MANUFACTUREDBY

z1

Max steam Pressure

=721<g/cm2
At turblne lnlet
=158'c

Feecttank temperature
1
1't extracflonbteam quantity =15 ton/hr
=215'c
F.W. outlettemPerature
= ! 3-7 kg/cm2
2ndextraction pi:essut-e

2ndextraction steam temP- =3O4'c

i"o extractlon steam quantity =16-9 ton/hr
=158'c
F.W. temperature
=3-31 t(g/Cm2
4s exsaction pressure
4tr extractionbteam temP. =168'c
S extracuon steam quantity =15'4 ton/hr
=88 '2'c
F .W. tem P in VAC heat
condensate temp- in hot-well =45'c

THE 7jh ullr:r

1. Fumace ddails
i)Furnace Volume
iiltvtax net neat input per unit plan area
iiiltvtax bumer zone heat release rate

QF -DqL

=9 3 5 8 c u . m
=<4 . 6 5 2 M Wm ^ 2
| =<'l . 5 8 2 M Wm " 2

2. SH/RH/Economtzr tub Piching detalls =

1 l4mm
Primary Heater
=6 1 m m
Panel Divlsion superheater
=64mm (outermost space l s 67mm)
Piaten SuPerneater

3L

Final Superheater
walt Reheater
Medium Reheater
Final Reheater
Economizer

= 102mm
= 50-8m
= 70mm
= 120mm
= 102mm

3. Mllls
i)Total no. Of Mltts
!i) ry" of miils required with worst coat
ilr) No. of mllfs requlred wlth design coaf

=6 mins
=S mifts
=4 miils

4. IDiFDIPA fans

on Frow(%)(Basedon 50%BMCRfrow)

llYlgil
PA
FAN:4006
FD FAN: 2Oolo
tD FAN:
li) Marginon Head (%) (Based on SO%evrCn fiowj 2oolo
PA FAN.4O06
FD FAN: 4Oolo
ID FAN: 4oolo
5. Elcctro-staGlc prccipltator
l) No. of etectricfietds in sefies
=7fieids
li)Specific C oilectingArea
=247 -48m^Am^3/sec
lii)Treament fime
=39secs
lv)cas Vetocity
=O-63m/sec
v) Coftectingetectrodespacing
=3OOmm 1rs S tTetds)&4OOmm(tast
2
6. DuctThiclrncss
l) Air ducts
ii) Gas ducts

=6 m m
Before ESP plate thicl<ness
After ESP ptate thfckness

7. Turblno
Rated Output
Fresn Pressure
Fresh Temperature
Reheat Ternperature
Rated Speed
Exhaust Pressure
L Gincrator
Xaled Capactty

Faleq 9utput
lpr.ud.s_peeo
?tator Vottage
Stator Current
Frequency
PowerFactor
winctingconnection
cooun$-w-atl;ft& of srator winding
water pressure of statorwinoing
9!g!19
Fiefd Current

=gmrn
=gmm
=3O0MW
=1 6 - 6 7 M P a
=537cteg. C
=537cieg.C
=30O0rpm
=0 - O 0 9 6 M P a
=3S3MVA

=eooMW
=3o0orpm
=2OkV
_1o1g9A
=SOHz
=o-g5
]Xrr^rrn,
=o.idrvip"

Fierdvortase

:;8lf

9. Tnrnrf,ormcr
No- of Transformer
,)UnltAuxitfaryTransformerA

=3 ( 2 u n t t & l s t a t i o n )

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ZA
,l
t

R E LAYS
The main furrctionof a protectiverelay is to detectancjto measureabnornral
condition& isolatethe faufVsectionfrom the circuitby closingthe contactsin the
trippingcircuit.The faultedsignalachievedby cornparingtwo quantitieseitherin
amplitudeor in phase.
Signalrelaysfunctionto registerthe operationof some relay by flag indicalion.
Accordingto the natureof actuatingquantify to which the relay responds cunent,
impedanrei frequenoyand directionchange they
voltage.power. i:eactance,
respondto. Relaywhich respondto the actuatingquantitywhen it exceed a
predeternrined
valuesare over relays and if they operatewhen the value
actuatingquantitydrops belowa predeterminedvaluethey are known as under

relays

oF FRoTEcrlYF
THEeuRPo.sE
ASFEU\ys MAYBEcl-AsstFt,Ep
protection.
1, Cvercurrent
2. Eannfaultprotecticn.
po!'/er
prctection.
3. Reverse
.i. lirioer,;citag
protection.
protection.
5. Undeifrequency
T H ED I F F E R E NTTY P E SOF P R OT CTIVEBEI-AYSALONGWITHTHEIR
OPERAT IONS

1) Ovelcurren![9laYsTheoperating
timeof all overcurrentrelaystendsro
becomeasymptotic
to a definite
minimumvaluewithincreasing
the vafue of
current.Thisis inherent
in electrornagnetic
relaysdue to saturitionof the
magneticcircuit.So by varyingthepointof saturation
diiferentchar.acteristics
are
obtaineci
theseare
a) Defini:e
rime
b) Inversecjefinite
mininrum
lrnre.
I
c) Veryinverse
d) Extremely
inverse
Thetorqueof theserefaysareproportional
to the fluxproducedby rhesoihe
g u a n | i t y asi n cu rre n l o rvo |ta g eoper atedr etay
2) P-lre-ctlonal
rglfl,yp=
lt operates
al highspeed,witlrlrigh
& lon vatues
v sensitrvity
adequate
short
time
lhermal
rating.
lvith
3).Fls-taqce
rela.Ls.This
relayresponsbis somgfunctionof the ratiobeiweenthet
volls.
& amperes
& lor anygivenvalueof the ratiotlreremay be existan i.finite

number
efval*es
ofthevolt& emperes.

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33

Electricity distribution
Electricity distribution is the final stagein the delivery (before retail) of elecfricity to end
users.A
distribution system'snetwork carrieselectricity from the transmissionsystemand
delivers it to
consumels.Typically, the network would include medium-voltage(lessthan 50 kV)
power lines,
electrical substationsand pole-rlourted transforners, low-voltage (lessthan I kV)
distribution
wiring and sometimeselectricity meters

Power Distribution at DPL

Unlike many other places,a major incentive for any entrepreneurto set up industrial
units, to
expandexisting units in Durgapur is the gteadyand unintemrptedavailability of power.
Durgapur
ProjectsLtd is the sole supplier of polver (at I IKV) within Durgapur. It offers an
attrastive power
supply packageto industry:
To maintain the qualrty of the product, stablepower supply is one of the most important
ingredients.The industrial units in Durgapur unlike many other industrial zonesin the
country,
ertjoy this enviablepower situation.
Even the prospectiveinvestorscan feel huppy and comfortablewhile consideringnew
projects in
Durgapur industrial belt as DPL has surpluspower and offers a number of incentivesto
set up
units there.

DPL assures:
Continuousavailability of power
Quick responsefor Electricity connection
Tariff concessionsto all Industries(11 KV) link to Time-of-theDay (ToD) metering.
Further incentivesoffered to new industries,industrial expansionprojects and
Rehabilitationof sick units as approvedby the regulatoryCommission.

34

Transmission & Distribution

The transmissionand distribution systemof DPL with jurisdiction of an areaof about 60
sq
kilometersincludesthe following :a) 132 KV transmission line measuring 19 cirsuit kilometers servedthrough three substations
of 180MVA oapacrty.
b) 1l KV transmission/distributionline measuring393 circuit kilometers
c) LT distribution line network measuring4250.5circuit kilometers.

Distribution network configurations

Distribution networksare typically oftwo types,radial or interconnected.A radial
network leaves .
the station and passesthrough the network areawith no normal connection to hny other
supply.
This is typical of long rural lines with isolatedload areas.An interconnectednetwork is
generally
found in more urban areasand will have multiple connections to other points of supply.
These
points of connectionare normally openbut allow various configurationsby the operating
utility
by closing and opening switches.Operationof theseswitchesmay be by remotecontrol
from a
control centre or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnectedmodel is that in the
event ofa
fault or required maintenancea small areaof network can be isolated and the remainder
kept on
supply
Within thesenetworks there may be a mix of overheadline construction utilizing
traditional utility
poles and wires and, increasingly,undergroundconstructionwith cablesand iqdoor or
cabinet
substations.HoweVer, underground distribution is significantly more expensivethan
overhead
constructiort.In part to reducethis cost,undergroundpower lines are sometimescolocatedwith
other irtility lines in what are called Commonutitity ducts. Distribution feeders
emanatingfrom a
substationare generallycontrolled by a circuit breakerwhich will openwhen a fault is
detected.
Automatic Circuit Reclosersmay be installed to further segregatethe feeder thus
minimizing the

?{

impact of faults.
Long feedersexperiencevoltage drop requiring capacitorsor voltage regulators to be
installed.
Characteristicsof the supply given to customersare generally mandatedby contract
betweenthe
supplier and custolner. Variables of the supply include
' AC or DC - Virtually all public electricity suppliesare AC today. Usersof large
amountsof
DC power such as some glectric railways, telephone exchangesand industrial prooesses
such as aluminium smelting usually either operatetheir own or have adjacent dedicated
generatingequipment, or use rectifiers to derive DC from the public AC supply.
. Voltage, including tolerance(usually +10 or -15 percentage)
' Frequency,commonly 50 & 60 Hz,l6.6Hzfor somerailways and, in a few older
industrial and mining locations,25H2,
'Phase configuration (single phase,polyphase including two phaseand three phase)
'Manimum demand(usually measuredas thelargest amountofpower deliveredwithin a
l5 or 30 minute period during a billing period)
' Load Factor, expressedas a ratio of averageload to peak load over a period of time.
Load factor indicates the degreeof effective utilization of equipment (and capital
invesfinent) of distribution line or system.
. Power factor of connectedload.

38

Location and Capacity of three l32lll

l.- -".*--

-*- * ----..-,^..-*.--.-...-.-,-..,.-J,-, .**--

Location

KV Grid Sub-stations

-*--i.

At the factorypremisesof flindustanFertilizer

l

3l'txL+Lo+tu
31.5MVA

I
j
I

iAvailability
jAdvantage
j

%I<M from G T Roadand3 KM from

DurgapurRailway Station

By thesideof IWSMAMC

I
'

Jt'txf t JrzTt

31.5MVA
iAvailability

40 MVA

iAdvantage

I KM from G T Roadand4 KM from

DurgapurRailway Station
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:l32KV/ II KVB-Zane

To be constructed

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i
i

-----*j

By the sideof IWSDurgapurChemicals

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lGrowth

_ _ *- j

, 3t't1 |
'/,2,?*4,tLf-xt i

Underprocess

3 KM from G T Roadand3 KM from

DurgapurRailwayStation
: l 3 2 KV / l l K V C -Z o n e

Under commissioningphase

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CO NCL US I O N
one of the blggest aclvanhges for DPL to serve its clier*s ls its production lacllifies belng
loglstically linked wifi all the three major modes of transportafion. rall, roao and sea- Besides:
Kolkata and Halctla ln the east, ports like vishakhapatnam, chennal In the south ancl Mumhai
In the west also handle DPL products. cutting across the states - from east to west and south
to north- DPL is also gearing up to spread lts marketing wlngs abroad. The proposect ilst of
countriesincludes srl Lanka, Bhutan, Dhaka and Quiton.
To ensure quality in every step of the procluct processing. DPL has a weil equlpped
laboratory haying sophisticated and computerized instruments such as GSR, CRi ,'Gas
chromatograph, Spectro photometerEtc. Envlronmefit is a key concem to the DpL authortties.
The Environment laboratory is equipped wlth bacteriologicaf testing klts, ambieril air quality
testlng instrurnents, stack monitorlng instruments, gas anatlaers etc.
The sprawling township wift adequate lnfrastructure facillties speaks for Dpus concern
for its most valuable resources-lts employees. Besides adequate accommodation faciliiles. the
company rulns a hospital and an educatonal instituflon to take eare of its emptoyees.
Evel.
investors can Jeel happy and comfoftabte white consldering
new projects Yte_Prospective
in Durgapur industrial belt as DPL has surplus power and offers a number of
lficentlves to set up units there.
DP L as s u re s :
'' Continuous availabillty of power
'' Quick response for Electicity
connection
" Tariff concessionsto alt Industies (1 I KV) linkto Time-of-theDay (ToD) metering.
' Further incentives offered to ney/ industries, industrial expansion projects
and
' Rehabilitauonof sicl( units as approvectby the regulatory
commission_