American Pageant Homeworks

1
CHAPTER
New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.A.D. 1783
1. Part One Intro. (pp. 23) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors answers to certain key questions
about America up to the establishment of the United States. Look at this section and list three major questions you
think the authors will be addressing in the first eight chapters.
1.
2.
3.
2. The Earliest Americans (pp. 410)
a. List three things you found new or particularly interesting about the Native American societies that existed prior to
their discovery by Europeans.
1.
2.
3.
b. *** What comments do you have about the differing views (pp. 911) of the relation of humans to nature held by
Europeans (humans have dominion over the earth) and Native Americans (humans must live in harmony with
nature)? Is one better than the other?
3. Direct and Indirect Discovery of America (pp. 1014)

a. What is the connection the authors make between the eventual discovery of America and the Crusades, Marco Polo,
and the European taste for exotic goods from Asia?
b. List three of the factors mentioned by the authors on pp. 1314 as coming together to produce the voyage of
Columbus.
1.
2.
3.
c. How did the New World discovery build an interdependent global economic system? What were the distinctive
roles played by Europe, Africa, and America in this new system?
Europe:
Africa:
America:
4. Worlds Collide (pp. 1416)

a. List three of the most important plants and animals introduced from America to Europe, and vice versa:
America to Europe
Europe to America
1.
2.
3.
b. We usually think of military defeat as causing the downfall of most Native American civilizations. But in reality it
was _____________ that caused the decimation of up to _____ percent of Native American population. *** Hitler's
Holocaust in Europe was responsible for the extermination of 6 million Jews. List one similarity and one major
difference you see between the Holocaust and the fate of Native Americans at the hands of the Europeans.
Similarity
Difference
c. *** (Optional) Do you have any theories as to why Native Americans died of European diseases and Europeans
didnt die of Native American diseases?
5. Spanish Conquistadores (pp. 1624)

a. List the areas explored by the following Spanish expeditions to North America:
Ponce de Leon:
Hernando de Soto:
Francisco Coronado:
Hernn Corts:
b. In 1769, Father _________ ________ started a string of missions designed both to colonize California and
Christianize the native Californians. *** What is your view of this?
c. What main difference do the authors point out (pp. 2324) between Spanish interaction with native peoples and that
of the English? *** Can you think of any reason for this difference?
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company
Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
CHAPTER 1 TERM SHEET

New World Beginnings
Pages 410
Incas
Mayans
Aztecs
Pueblos
Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees
Iroquois Confederacy
Pages 1014
Vinland
Portuguese slave trade
Vasco da Gama
Columbus
Pages 1416
Hispaniola
Old World diseases
Pages 1624
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Vasco Nunez Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Juan Ponce de Leon
Francisco Coronado
Hernando de Soto
Hernn Corts
John Cabot
Giovanni da Verrazano
Robert de La Salle
Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo
Father Junipero Serra
CHAPTER
Planting of English America, 15001733
1. Englands Imperial Stirrings (pp. 2528)
a. The introduction notes that three major powers planted their flags in what would be the U.S. and Canada within
three years of each other: the Spanish at _______ ___ in 16___, the French at _________ in 16___, and the English at
_____________ in 16___. The Protestant English Queen ___________ ascended the throne in 1558 and intensified
the rivalry with Catholic Spain. She dispatched semipiratical sea dogs such as Francis _______ and encouraged the
ultimately failed attempt by Sir Walter _________ to establish a colony on Roanoke Island in 1585. When England
defeated the Spanish __________ in 1588 and ultimately signed a peace treaty with Spain in 1604, the English people
were poised to begin planting their own colonial empire.
b. The last paragraph of this section talks about the essential preconditions for English colonization in the early 1600s.
What do the authors say was responsible for each of the following?
(1) creating the opportunity:
(2) providing the colonists and workers:
(3) providing the motivation:
(4) securing the financial means:
2. Virginia (pp. 2833)
a. The form of organization of the various English colonies is important. The Virginia Company is described as a joint
stock company. What is a joint stock company? *** Do you think its any different from todays corporate form of
business organization? Was it designed to win territory for the crown or profits for its investors?
b. Why do the authors say that the charter of the Virginia Company is important to American history?
c. What is the connection the authors make between the results of the Second Anglo-PowhatanWar in 1644 and future
American policy toward Native Americans?
d. List one or two positive and negative consequences of the European incursion on Native American populations:
Positive
Negative
e. List two negative consequences of Virginias reliance on tobacco as its staple crop:
(1)
(2)
f. Limited self-government was allowed in Virginia in the form of the House of __________, established in 16___.
*** Why do you think the authors imply on p. 33 that the British crown eventually came to regret the establishment of
such mini-Parliaments?
3. Maryland and the Southern Colonies (pp. 3341)

a. List two things you found interesting about the Catholic Haven of Maryland:
(1)
(2)
b. Huge plantations producing _________ dominated the British West Indies. They were worked by African _______
that eventually came to outnumber Europeans four to one. This slave-based plantation agriculture model was
transplanted into the Carolinas around 1670 by a group of displaced settlers from Barbados.
c. How could a relatively small number of Europeans have forced perpetual slavery on so many Africans? Look at the
excerpt from the Barbados Slave Code (p. 36) that formed the legal basis for slavery in America:
(1) What were the legal rights of slaves relative to their masters?
(2) *** What underlying mental assumptions or rationales do you think could have led people of that time to enact
such a code?
d. List one or two distinguishing characteristics that you found interesting about:
(1) South Carolina:
(2) North Carolina:
(3) Georgia:
e. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the southern colonies discussed in the last section of this chapter?
(1) Economic:
(2) Social:
(3 Religious:

Planting of English America
Pages 2528
Queen Elizabeth I
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Walter Raleigh
Philip II/Spanish Armada (1588)
English enclosure of cropland
Laws of primogeniture
Joint-stock companies
Pages 2833
Virginia Company of London
Charter of the Va. Company
Jamestown, Va. (1607)
Capt. John Smith
Pocahontas
John Rolfe
Lord De La Warr
Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1614, 1644)
House of Burgesses (1619)
Pages 3341
Lord Baltimore (1634)
Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)
Barbados Slave Code
Charles II/Restoration (1660)
South Carolina
North Carolina
Georgia/James Oglethorpe (1733)
Iroquois Confederacy
CHAPTER
The Northern Colonies, 16191700
1. Puritanism and Pilgrims (pp. 4346)
a. In the introduction, the authors point out the differing motivations for colonization. If acquiring worldly riches was
the main motivation in the southern colonies, _______________ was the main motivator for people going to New
England. Based on the teachings of John ________ of Geneva, what were the main elements of Puritan theology?
(1) Relation of God to man:
(2) Good works vs. predestination:
(3) Signs of conversion, grace, membership in the elect :
(4) Visible saints only as church members:
b. What were the Puritans trying to purify?
c. *** What do you think of Puritan theology? How does it compare with other religions with which you are
familiar?
d. The Pilgrims were ______________, i.e., they wanted to split from the Church of England, not continue trying to
reform the Church. A small group who had settled in Holland left for America aboard the _____________ in 1620.
What do the authors say is the significance of the Mayflower Compact?
e. What eventually happened to the small Plymouth Colony in 1691?
2. Massachusetts Bay Colony (pp. 4649)

a. If, contrary to the Pilgrims, the Massachusetts Bay Puritans were nonseparatist (i.e., not in favor of breaking with
the Church of England), what motivated their mass exodus to the New World beginning in 1629?
b. What did Governor John__________ mean when he said that the new Bay Colony would be as a city upon a hill?
Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
c. Who had political power in the colony? Did the Puritans believe in the separation of church and state?
d. *** Do you agree that Massachusetts had little choice but to expel Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams lest they
pollute the entire Puritan experiment?
e. What is the most distinguishing characteristic of Rhode Island?
3. New England Spreads Out (pp. 49-56) Look at the map on p. 49. People from Massachusetts Bay spawned four
new colonies, three to the south and one to the north. They were: __________, _____________, _____________, and
_________________. Read the section on the decimation of native populations through disease and wars such as the
___________ War (1637) and King ___________ War (1675). *** What thoughts do you have about these early
encounters between Indians and Europeans? Could things have been done differently? Was conflict inevitable?
4. New Netherland/New York (pp. 56-59) The Dutch staked their claim in the New World through the explorations
of Henry ________, in the employ of the Dutch East _________ Company. The city of New ____________ was
established as a trading post and Dutch families built feudal estates up the __________ River Valley. The able
governor Peter ___________ solidified the Dutch position, but the British took over the colony and renamed it New
______ in 16___. (Note that the Dutch heritage is still evident in the Hudson River Valley and we owe our heartfelt
gratitude to the Dutch for leaving us with Santa Claus, Easter eggs, and sauerkraut.)
5. Pennsylvania and the Middle Colonies (pp. 5963)

a. List two distinguishing beliefs of the Quakers:
(1)
(2)
b. What was the objective of William Penn in founding the colony in 1681?
c. The Quakers tried out a rather novel and enlightened approach to the native populations. What do the authors mean
when they say that Quaker tolerance proved the undoing of Quaker Indian Policy?
d. List two distinguishing characteristics of the Middle Colonies (N.Y., N.J., Del., Pa.):
(1)
(2)
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe?
1. Concentrate on the first two paragraphs and the final paragraph of this section. They are important in emphasizing
that history is anything but static that historical interpretation is constantly evolving as new research is completed
and as new perspectives are developed. Based on these few paragraphs, see if you can summarize the perspective that
your parents and grandparents might have found in their U.S. history textbook as compared to the perspective that you
will expect to find in the remainder of this text:
(1) Parents/Grandparents:
(2) Current Perspectives:
2. Look over the following quotes from two prominent historians of the colonial period. *** In telling the story of early
European interaction with native populations, would you say that the authors tend to be closer to the interpretation of
Wertenbaker or that of Nash? What evidence did you find in the first three chapters for your view?
The most stupendous phenomenon of all history is the transit of European civilization to the two American
continents. For four and a half centuries Europeans have been crossing the Atlantic to establish in a new world their
blood, languages, religions, literatures, art, customs. This movement, involving many nations and millions of men
and women, has been termed the expansion of a new Europe in America.
Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Founding of American Civilization (1938)
The cultures of Africans and Indians their agricultural techniques, modes of behavior, styles of speech, dress, food
preference, music, dance, and other aspects of existence became commingled with European culture. . . . A New
World it is . . . for those who became its peoples remade it, and in the process they remade themselves, whether red,
white, or black.
Gary Nash, Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America (1974)

The Northern Colonies
Pages 4346
Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
Church of England (1530s)
Puritans
Pilgrims
Plymouth Colony
Capt. Myles Standish
Mayflower Compact
William Bradford
Pages 4649
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
Great Migration (1630s)
John Winthrop
Freemen
Congregational Church
John Cotton
Anne Hutchinson (1638)
Roger Williams
Rhode Island
Pages 4956
Pequot War (1637)
King Philips War (16751676)
New England Confederation (1643)
English Restoration (1660)
Bay Colony Charter Revocation (1684)
Dominion of New England (1686)
Navigation Laws
Sir Edmund Andros
Glorious Revolution/William and Mary (16881689)
Pages 5659
Dutch East India Company
Henry Hudson
New Netherland (16231624)
New Amsterdam
Peter Stuyvesant (1655)
New York (1664)
Pages 5963
Society of Friends/Quakers
William Penn
Pennsylvania (1681)
The middle or bread colonies
Benjamin Franklin
CHAPTER
Seventeenth-Century American Life, 16071692
1. Chesapeake Colonies (pp. 6670)
a. Read the first section about the diseases, high mortality rates, and predominantly male society that evolved in the
Chesapeake colonies. *** If you are male, would you have been motivated to leave England for this environment? If
you are female, would you have considered emigrating? Why or why not?
b. What were indentured servants and why were they needed in the tobacco economy?
(1) Definition:
(2) Need:
c. What was the headright system and how did it lead to the formation of an aristocratic landowning class?
(1) Definition:
(2) Effect:
d. Look over the indenture contract on p. 69. What would have motivated people to sell themselves into this type of
indentured servitude?
e. How was Bacons Rebellion of 1676 an example of the consequences of too many ex-indentured servants and the
conflict between the backcountry and the tidewater elite?
2. Colonial Slavery (pp. 7073)

a. With about _____ million Africans transported to the New World, the slave trade must have been a huge
business and a business conducted without much if any visible popular objection. Look at the chart on p. 70 and
note that only about _____ percent of the slaves sent on the dreaded Middle _________ actually ended up in British
North America. What happened in the 1680s to drastically increase the flow of slaves into the American colonies?
b. The authors conclude the section by noting that slaves in the South proved to be a more manageable labor force
than the white indentured servants. *** What ideas do you have about why this might have been the case?
c. Read the insert section about Africans in America. What two elements of the emerging African-American culture
and religion impressed you the most?
(1)
(2)
3. Southern vs. New England Society (pp. 7378) Read these two sections and list a few of the contrasting
characteristics of Southern vs. New England society. (Note that many of these distinctions constituted the seeds of future
discord and many of them persist to this day.)
Virginia and the South
New England
4. Evolving Life in New England (pp. 78-83)

a. How do the authors say that Puritanism changed over the course of the 1600s? *** Do you see any connection
between these changes and the Salem witch hysteria of 16921693?
b. What are two of the things the authors list at the end of the chapter as shaping the Yankee character of New
Englanders?
(1)
(2)
c. What were the contrasting views of land ownership (p. 81) held by Europeans and Native Americans? *** Do you
have a view on this?
(1) Native Americans:
(2) Europeans:
(3) Your View:

Seventeenth-Century American Life
Pages 6670
Indentured servants
Freedom dues
Headright system
William Berkeley
Bacons Rebellion (1676)
Pages 7073
Middle Passage
Slave codes
Pages 7378
First Families of Virginia
Pages 7883
Half-Way Covenant
Salem witch trials (1692)
Leislers Rebellion (16891691)
CHAPTER
Eighteenth-Century Colonial Society, 17001775
1. Population Portrait (pp. 8487)
a. Although the population of the thirteen colonies was growing rapidly, it amounted to only ____ million by 1775
about the same as the cities of Cleveland, Miami, or Seattle today. The largest city, _____________, had only 34,000
inhabitants. Look at the map of immigrant groups on p. 85. Where are the following groups congregated?
(1) Germans:
(2) Dutch:
(3) Scots-Irish:
(4) Africans:
b. Who were the Scots-Irish and why did they head for the backcountry? (Note: This is an important group. It has links
to the current troubles in Northern Ireland. This group will come to power under Andrew Jackson in the 1830s. Its
descendants still dominate the rural south and the backcountry to this day.)
2. Colonial Social Structure (pp. 8791) The authors emphasize the fluidity
of the colonial social structure i.e., for those not enslaved, it was
relatively easy to move up the ladder. However, as you read this section,
draw lines across the pyramid diagram to the right and identify the layers of
society who was on top, in the middle, and on the bottom and what were
the relative sizes of these groups? (It might be interesting to compare this
with a similar diagram you might construct of society today!)
3. Economics (pp. 9194)

a. _____ percent of the American population was involved in agriculture. Look at the map on p. 91. What were the
principal crops produced in each of the following regions?
(1) the North:
(2) the Chesapeake region:
(3) the deeper South:
b. The North was well situated for the ocean trade that was the leading business in most cities. What was the
triangular trade described on pp. 9192? (Note that the term Middle Passage, referring to the transport of slaves to
America, is part of this triangular trade.)
c. Page 93 refers to passage of the _________________ Act by the British in 1733. *** Why do you think the
British wanted to keep the Americans from either selling to or buying goods from anyone but themselves? (Note: This
is an introduction to the Mercantile Theory, i.e., colonies exist for the economic benefit of the mother country, that will be
further discussed in Chapter 7.)
d. What is the point the authors are trying to make on page 94 by comparing Franklins journey to Philadelphia to the
travels of Julius Caesar? (In an age of instant communications, this historical fact is hard for most people to comprehend!)
4. Religion (pp. 9497)

a. Are you surprised at the degree to which religion was state-supported in this period, especially considering the
separation of church and state that is inherent in the later Constitution? In what areas were the two main religions taxsupported and which colonies had no official religion?
(1) Congregationalism:
(2) Anglicanism:
(3) No official religion:
b. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s is important because it was the first genuine mass movement in the
colonies and because it was the first of a series of religious revival movements which have come down to evangelists
like Billy Graham and the religious right of today. ___________________ and ______________________ were the
two main leaders of the Great Awakening. What was the main message they tried to preach?
5. Education, Culture, Politics (pp. 97103)

a. After reading the section on education, list three main differences you see between colonial schools and those
youre familiar with today:
(1)
(2)
(3)
b. What do the authors see as the significance of the legal case involving John Peter Zenger (17341735)? How did it
affect future guarantees of freedom of the press?
c. Its important to note the variety of manners in which the colonies were governed. In 1775, _______ of them had
royal governors appointed by the king, _______ had proprietors who chose the governors, and ______were selfgoverning, electing their own governors. In the section on politics, why do the authors say that colonial governors
were left to the tender mercies of the elected legislatures? What was the main power of these legislatures relative to
the governors?
d. Who could vote in most colonies?

Eighteenth-Century Colonial Society
Pages 8487
Pennsylvania Dutch
Scots-Irish
Michel-Guillaume de Crvecoeur
Pages 8794
Bread colonies
Triangular trade
Molasses Act (1733)
Pages 9497
Established religions
Anglicans (Church of England)
Presbyterian Church
Great Awakening (1730s1740s)
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
Baptists
Pages 97103
Harvard College (1636)
Painters
John Trumbull
Charles Willson Peale
Benjamin West
John Singleton Copley
Poetry (Phillis Wheatley)
Benjamin Franklin
Poor Richards Almanack
John Peter Zenger
CHAPTER
The Duel For North America, 16081673
1. New France (pp. 106110)
a. After domestic tranquillity was restored in the late 1500s under King _______ XIV, France began to expand its
empire. A leading figure was Samuel de ______________, who established the province of ____________. The
French allied themselves with the _________ Indian tribes against their enemies, the _____________. (Note that
almost all European exploring parties, which were generally quite small in number, were able to control vast expanses by
playing one Indian group against another. Then, of course, when it came time for the white population to expand, all Indian
tribes were pushed aside indiscriminately. Perhaps because of their relatively small numbers, the Spanish were exceptions
to this rule, encouraging intermarriage with the Indians and producing the mestizo populations of Latin America.)
b. From their base in Quebec, the French pushed into the Mississippi valley as far as New Orleans, led by the
explorations of Robert de la _______ in the late 1600s. What was the economic basis of French settlement in Canada?
c. Looking at the map on p. 108, what conclusions can you make about the location of French trading posts in North
America?
2. The French and Indian War, 17541763 (pp. 11016)

a. In the section titled A Clash of Empires, the authors point out that there have actually been nine truly global wars,
not just two, and that Americans have been involved in all of them. The first were fought at various points where the
empires of England, France, and Spain came into contact, including North America. Involving Indian allies on all
sides, the first three of these wars were, in North America, called King ___________ War (16891697), Queen
_________ War (17021713), and the one proverbially called the War of Jenkinss _______ (17441748).
b. The pivotal conflict which set the stage for the American Revolution was called in America the French and Indian
War. The main bone of contention that led to this war in the 1750s was the ________ River Valley where George
_____________ and other Virginia land speculators had staked out vast claims. The war started in 1754 when the
French defeated a small force under Washington near the French Fort _______________, now Pittsburgh. The British
tried to encourage colonial support for their cause by calling the first intercolonial congress in 1754 at ___________,
N.Y., near their allies the ___________ Indians. Look at the famous sliced snake cartoon by Benjamin Franklin on p.
113. *** How do you interpret this cartoon? What does it have to say about colonial unity at the time?
c. This conflict soon turned into a global war in which Washington served as an aide to the British General
______________. When William _________ took over as British Prime Minister, he put more resources into the war.
Final victory was secured when Gen. James ______ defeated the French at the Canadian cities of ____________
(1759) and _____________ (1760). Why do the authors say in conclusion that the Battle of Quebec and the
subsequent Paris peace settlement (1763) were so significant for British and American history?
3. Consequences of the French and Indian War (pp. 116121)

a. The two maps on p. 116 summarize well the changed areas of imperial control in North America as a result of the
1763 peace settlement. Summarize the main features of this changed power structure.
(l) Before 1754:
(2) After 1763:
b. What do the authors believe the war did to the cause of greater unity among the colonies and to the sympathetic
understanding between the British and the colonials?
(1) Unity:
(2) Sympathy/Understanding:
c. What do the authors mean in the concluding section when they say that with the French hawk killed, the colonial
chicks had the confidence to range far afield?
d. After the British solidified their position in the Ohio Valley by defeating a united group of Indians under the
Ottawa chief __________, the colonials felt they had a free rein to expand beyond the ____________ Mountains. Just
then, the British issued the infamous Proclamation of 1763. What did this proclamation proclaim?
e. Why did the British issue this proclamation and how was it interpreted (or misinterpreted) by the Americans?
(1) British Reasoning:
(2) American Intepretation:
4. The French in America (pp. 118119) Look back at the first two paragraphs of this insert section. What is the
interesting connection the authors make here between French settlement on the islands north of Maine (Acadia) and
the current unique cajun culture of Louisiana?

The Duel for North America
Pages 106110
French Huguenots
Quebec
Samuel de Champlain
Huron Indians
Iroquois tribes
Robert de La Salle
Pages 110116
King Williams War
Queen Annes War
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Acadia
War of Jenkins Ear (1739)
George Washington
Fort Duquesne
Fort Necessity (1754)
French and Indian/Seven Years War (17541763)
Albany Congress (1754)
Gen. Edward Braddock
William Pitt
Louisbourg (1758)
Gen. James Wolfe
Quebec (1759)/Montreal (1760)
Peace of Paris (1763)
Pages 1161621
Chief Pontiacs War (1763)
Daniel Boone
Proclamation of 1763
CHAPTER
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION, 17631775
1. Introduction to the Revolutionary Period (pp. 122123)
In the introductory section, the authors state that Americans were reluctant revolutionaries, but that their unique
conditions and distance from Britain had imbued them with new ideas that made them especially sensitive to threats
to their liberties. *** Before reading the rest of the chapter, why do you think that many otherwise contented colonists
might have been ready after 1763 to resist Britains efforts to enclose its American colonists more snugly in its
grip?
2. Mercantilism (pp. 123125)

a. Mercantilist theory states that a countrys power is directly proportional to the amount of gold and silver that can be
amassed in its treasury. *** How is it that exporting more than one import leads to amassing more bullion in the
treasury?
b. *** Under mercantilist theory, how does the colonial role of supplying raw materials to the mother country and
buying its finished products contribute to making the mother country rich?
c. List two main features of the Navigation Laws that were passed to implement mercantilist theory.
(1)
(2)
d. From the perspective of the Americans, list two main negative and two main positive aspects of the Navigation
Laws.
(1) Negative Aspects:
(2) Positive Aspects:
3. Stamp Tax Uproar (pp. 125128)

a. Why did the British feel justified in beginning to levy taxes on the colonies after 1763, including the new Stamp
Tax instituted by Prime Minister ___________?
b. What do you think are the three most significant reasons that Americans objected to the Stamp Tax? *** If you list
Taxation Without Representation, do you really think they would have been happy to pay the tax if they had had
representation in Parliament?
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. What two measures did the colonists take to resist the Stamp Tax which, though the principle of absolute
sovereignty was reaffirmed in the ____________ Act, was ultimately repealed in 1766?
(1)
(2)
4. Townshend and Tea (pp. 129134)
a. In 1767, New British Prime Minister Charles ___________ decided to raise colonial revenues another way, by
taxing the importation of certain products, most notably tea. The ill-timed Townshend Acts produced an uproar,
including the formation by Samuel _________ of Committees of ____________, one of the first efforts to link the
colonies together in a common cause, and the famous _________ Tea Party of December 1773. *** Looking at the
issues, do you feel that it was the economic impact of these taxes (after all, a large share of what you now pay for gas
is actually a tax used by the government to build roads and no one objects) that bothered the Americans or certain
broader principles? What do you think was really bothering the Americans?
b. *** Which seems more significant to you in promoting rebellion throughout the colonies (not just in New England)
after 1774, the Intolerable Acts (passed to punish Boston after the Tea Party) or the Quebec Act (see the map on
p. 133), extending the province of Quebec to the Ohio River? Why?
5. Continental Congress of 1774 and Bloodshed (pp. 134135)

a. A Continental Congress has just met for the first time in 1774, sent a petition to the King, and agreed on a complete
boycott of British goods. *** Can you think of an enlightened response the British Parliament might have made which
might have defused the situation and avoided war by giving the colonies a greater degree of home rule while
preserving British sovereignty? What might this response have entailed?
b. To exert authority over the area outlying Boston, British troops marched on ____________ and ___________,
Massacusetts in May of 17___ where the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired.
6. The Power Line-Up (pp. 135139) As you read the final section, list the major strengths and weaknesses of the two
sides who were about to enter a military conflict.
British
Americans
(1) Strengths:
(2) Weaknesses:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Underlying Causes of the Revolution
It is important to understand how the views of historians have changed over time about the factors influencing critical
events like the American Revolution. It is especially interesting to see how the concerns of the present influence the
interpretations of the past. Look at the last two paragraphs of this section and summarize the views about the causes of the
Revolution of:
1. Bernard Bailyn (ideological and psychological factors):
2. Gary Nash (social and economic factors):
*** Which of these two viewpoints do you think more accurately reflects the emphasis of the authors of your textbook?
Why?

The Road to Revolution
Pages 122123
Republicanism
Radical Whigs
Pages 123125
Theory of Mercantilism
Navigation Law of 1650
Enumerated Products
Nullification of Laws (Royal Veto)
Pages 125128
George Grenville
Sugar Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Taxation Without Representation
Virtual Representation
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
Nonimportation Agreements
Sons of Liberty
Stamp Act Repeal (1766)
Declaratory Act (1766)
Pages 129134
Champagne Charley Townshend
Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Crispus Attucks
King George III
Lord North
Samuel Adams
Committees of Correspondence (1772)

British East India Company
Gov. Thomas Hutchinson
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Edmund Burke
Repressive/Intolerable Acts (1774)
Boston Port Act
Quebec Act (1774)
Pages 134135
Continental Congress (1774)
John Adams
Declaration of Rights
The Association
Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
John Hancock
Minute Men
Pages 135139
Hessians
Loyalists
Marquis de Lafayette
CHAPTER
Revolution, 17751783
1. Prelude to Independence, April 1775 to July 1776 (pp. 141146)
a. In May of 17___, one month after the first shots at Lexington and Concord, the Second ____________ Congress
met in Philadelphia. List two reasons this Congress selected George Washington to command the ragtag troops
besieging Boston.
(1)
(2)
b. How does the Olive Branch Petition of July 1775 on the one hand and the abortive invasion of Canada by
American troops under Montgomery and Arnold illustrate the authorspoint that the fighting between May 1775 and
July 1776 was a curious war of inconsistency?
c. What was significant about Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense? How did it turn a largely local
Massachusetts protest for redress of specific grievances into an ideological crusade for the idea of Republicanism?
2. Declaration of Independence (pp. 146148)

a. With the stern response of the British to American entreaties, Congress finally asked a committee headed by
Thomas ___________ to draft a Declaration of Independence. What was the main rationale for independence
advanced in the Declaration?
b. The authors seem to accept this rationale for independence, calling it an inspiration to countless revolutionary
movements against arbitrary authority (p. 148). *** With this in mind, do you expect that the authors will be
similarly sympathetic to the southern states in 1861 when they use a similar rationale to throw off the arbitrary
authority of the federal government?
3. Patriots and Loyalists (pp. 148152)

a. Read the section on Patriots and the insert on the Loyalists. *** If you had been a young person of military age
in, say, New York at the time, would you have been a Patriot or a Loyalist? Or would you have tried to stay neutral?
Why?
b. An old saying goes that history is written by winners. *** Had the British won the war, what might the patriots
have been called in the history books?
4. Military History of the War (pp. 152160)

a. Read this section to get an overview of the three distinct phases of fighting over the eight-year course of the War:
first, in the Patriot strongholds around Boston (17751776); second, in the New York/Pennsylvania area as the
British tried to split the northern from the southern colonies along the Hudson River Valley (17761778); and finally,
to the southern campaigns ending in the British defeat at Yorktown (17781781). As you read the account of the War,
identify the following:
(1) Gen. William Howe (Br.):
(2) Gen. John Burgoyne (Br.):
(3) Gen. Benedict Arnold (Am.):
(4) Valley Forge (Pa.):
(5) Saratoga (N.Y.):
(6) Comte de Rochambeau (Fr.):
(7) Gen. Nathanael Greene (Am.):
(8) Gen. George Rogers Clark (Am.):
(9) Gen. Charles Cornwallis (Br.):
b. Note the critical nature of the alliance with France, concluded by Franklin after the pivotal American victory at
Saratoga (1777). *** Do you think that victory would have been possible without the French (Yes___/No___) and
what do you think were their two main contributions?
(1)
(2)
5. Treaty of Paris, 1783 (pp. 160162)
a. On p. 162, the authors say that the final peace terms granted by the British were liberal almost beyond belief.
John _____, the main American negotiator, came to Paris expecting little more than recognition of sovereignty for the
thirteen ex-colonies. In addition, though, the British granted to the U.S. all the territory between the ____________
Mountains and the _______________ River. Why do the authors say that the British were so magnanimous to their
recently rebellious offspring?
b. *** Do you think this settlement was fair to the American ally France?
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (Appendix Page A31)

1. Read the second paragraph carefully and summarize in two or three sentences the rationale for independence
advanced in the Declaration. *** Does that rationale make sense to you?
2. Like a legal indictment, the Declaration then goes on to enumerate some eighteen specific grievances against the
present King (note, not against Parliament or the British government). *** Look over these grievances and list
the three that you think are the most significant, i.e., grievances that really are serious enough to warrant a break from
the mother country. Then list the three that you think are the weakest or most frivolous.
Most Significant
Most Frivolous
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
3. Look at the closing paragraph of the Declaration. Note phrases like these United Colonies are . . . absolved from all
allegiance . . . and as free and independent states, they have the right to levy war, conclude peace. . . . *** Do you
see any significance in the fact that the United States are referred to in the plural form rather than the singular?
What do you guess was the concept of nationhood held by the signers of the Declaration?

Revolution
Pages 141146
Second Continental Congress (May 1775)
George Washington
Ethan Allen/Ticonderoga
Bunker Hill
Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
Hessians
Invasion of Canada (Montgomery/Arnold)
British evacuate Boston (March 1776)
Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776)
Pages 146148
Lees Resolution (July 2, 1776)
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Pages 148152
Patriots
Tories
Patrick Henry
Pages 152160
Battle of Long Island
Gen. William Howe
Gen. John Burgoyne
Gen. Benedict Arnold
Valley Forge (17771778)
Saratoga (October 1777)
French support (1778)
Comte de Rochambeau (1780)
Arnold treason (1780)
British southern strategy

Gen. Nathanael Greene
Gen. Charles Cornwallis
Gen. George Rogers Clark
Adm. John Paul Jones
Yorktown (1781)
Adm. de Grasse
Pages 160162
Benjamin Franklin/John Adams/John Jay
A Separate Peace
Treaty of Paris (1783)
CHAPTER
CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION, 17761790
1. Part Two Intro. (pp. 164165) This introduction gives you a preview of the authorsanswers to certain key
questions about the new nation as it struggled to find its legs and then to grow into adolescence. Look at this section
and list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Impact of Revolution (pp. 166168)
a. Contrary to the French Revolution, the authors say that the break with England produced an accelerated evolution
rather than a full-scale social, economic, and political revolution. Nevertheless, list two areas you found interesting
where the authors say that striking changes did result from the Revolution.
(1)
(2)
b. Summarize the argument of the authors as to why slavery was not abolished in the new, supposedly democratic and
egalitarian nation. *** Do you buy this argument?
3. State Constitutions (pp. 168171) Significantly for the future national constitution, Congress asked the ex-colonies
to produce formal documents summoning themselves into being as new states. List two features of these new state
constitutions that you found to be particularly significant:
(1)
(2)
4. Articles of Confederation and Land Policy (171175) (Note: It's interesting to think of the similarities between the
U.S. under the Articles and the European countries today that are working gradually to come together under the European
Union. The method of tax collecting is also similar to the United Nations today which must rely on assessments from
member states. The U.S. and other countries often withhold their assessments if they disagree with certain U.N. policies.)
a. On p. 171, the authors call the thirteen original states essentially sovereign countries because they _________ their
own money, raised their own ___________ and navies, and erected their own _________ barriers. The ____________
of Confederation were passed by Congress in 17___, but required unanimous approval of the states. What had to be
done with regard to state claims to western lands before all states would concur?
b. List three features of the Articles of Confederation that differ from our current Constitution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. Despite its weakness under the Articles, the authors praise the passage by Congress of two highly significant redletter laws. The _______ Ordinance of 1785 called for the Northwest Territory to be surveyed and sold to pay off the
national debt, with a part of each section to be set aside for public education. Even more important because it meant
voluntarily giving up power, the _____________ Ordinance of 1787 set up the mechanism by which these territories
could become states on an equal basis with the original thirteen.
5. Creating the Constitution (pp. 175182)
a. The weak and divided American government was at the mercy of foreign powers, especially its previous mother
country, ____________. A debtor uprising in western _____________ in 17___ called _________ Rebellion
exemplified the potential for anarchy at home in the absence of a strong central government. Ostensibly to strengthen
the Articles, the states sent delegates to a convention in ______________ in May 17___. The method of selection (by
state legislatures) assured that delegates would be a select group of propertied men. *** Is it your sense that the
main interest of these delegates was stability and order or democracy and popular freedom? Why?
b. George _____________ was elected chairman of the convention, but the real Father of the Constitution, who
seized the initiative early, was James __________ of Virginia. When the convention decided to scrap the Articles and
start anew, the bargaining began. What was the
(1) Great Compromise:
(2) Three-fifths Compromise:
(3) Electoral College:
(4) Principle of Checks and Balances:
c. Look at the chart on p. 181. *** What two changes under the new Constitution do you think did most to strengthen
the federal government relative to the states?
(1)
(2)
6. Ratification (pp. 182187)
a. *** From your perspective, what were the two best arguments against the new Constitution advanced by the mostly
backcountry Antifederalists?
(1)
(2)
b. Ratification was helped by publication of The ____________, an eloquent theoretical defense written by Alexander
__________, James ________, and John _______. What do the authors mean when they say on p. 186 that the
minority had triumphed twice?
(1) First:
(2) Second:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
The Constitution: Economic or Ideological Interpretation
1. Summarize the economic interpretation of the Constitution put forward by progressive historian Charles Beard in
1913. Then list one or two pieces of evidence he uses to support his thesis.
Thesis:
Evidence:
2. Summarize the more revolutionary or ideological interpretation of historian Gordon Wood in 1969. Then list one or
two pieces of evidence, including Madisons creative justification for an extensive republic in Federalist 10.
Thesis:
Evidence:
3. *** Do you have any view about these differing interpretations? Do you see the Constitution as a revolutionary or
reactionary document or a little of both? Review again the authorsconclusions on pp. 186187. On balance, do you
see the Constitution as the triumph of a conservative minority out to protect their economic interests or as a triumph
of the countrys brightest minds who sought to apply republican theory better to the American situation?
THE CONSTITUTION (Appendix Page A34)

1. Preamble: Signers of the Declaration of Independence had referred to themselves as We, the representatives of the
United States of America . . ., whereas the Constitution starts off We the people of the United States. *** Can you
come up with a theory to explain this important distinction? If you are familiar with the political theories of John
Locke, can you make a connection between those theories and the phrase We the people . . .?
Skim over the Constitution and simply list the following main headings or bold-faced titles:
Article I
Art. I, Sec. II, Cl. 3
Art. I, Sec. III, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VIII
Art. I, Sec. VIII, Cl. 18
Art. I, Sec. IX
Art. I, Sec. X
Art. II
Art. II, Sec. I, Cl. 2
Art. II, Sec. 2
Art. III
Art. III, Sec. II
Art. IV
Art. V

Confederation and Constitution
Pages 166168
Society of the Cincinnati
Abigail Adams
Pages 168171
Massachusetts State Constitution
Fundamental Law
Bill of Rights
Pages 171175
Articles of Confederation (17781781)
Western land claims
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Pages 175182
John Jay
Requisition System
Shayss Rebellion (1786)
Alexander Hamilton
Philadelphia Convention (MayJuly 1787)
Benjamin Franklin
James Madison
Virginia (large-state) Plan
New Jersey (small-state) Plan
Great Compromise
Electoral College
Three-fifths Compromise
Checks and balances
Pages 182187
Antifederalists
Federalists
The Federalist (Hamilton/Madison/Jay)
10
CHAPTER
The New Republic, 17891800
1. New Government Launched (pp. 190193)
a. List two examples used by the authors to illustrate the precarious nature of the new country in 1789:
(1)
(2)
b. Drafted by James __________, the first ten amendments to the Constitution (the Bill of __________) are designed
to ____________ (enhance or restrict) federal power. Why was such an enumeration of rights one of the first orders
of business when the first Congress met in 1789?
2. Federal Finances (pp. 193196)

a. What was the theory used by Treasury Secretary Alexander ____________ in arguing that, regardless of the
sacrifice, the roughly $____ million of federal and state debt carried over from the Revolutionary War should be
funded at par, even though these obligations could have been purchased from speculators at well below their face
value?
b. Hamilton placed high value on a good credit rating for the country. Why did he feel that a reasonable national debt
would be a national blessing?
c. Looking at the chart on p. 195, define the two main sources of federal government revenue. *** Today the main
source of federal government revenue is _________ _____.
(1) Tariffs:
(2) Excise Taxes:
d. To further his goal of centralizing power and authority, Hamilton favored creation of a national bank modeled on
the Bank of England. His rival, Thomas Jefferson, wanted decentralized authority, so he opposed the idea of a central
government bank issuing currency and competing with state and local banks. To bolster his argument, Jefferson took
a literal or strict interpretation of the Constitution. What constitutional amendment did he rely on (p. A45) to
support his argument and what does that amendment say?
e. In successfully defending the bank (which came into existence in 17___ with a charter for ____ years), Hamilton
interpreted the Constitution broadly or loosely, invoking what came to be called the __________ clause (p.
A38). What does this seemingly contradictory clause say?
3. Political Parties (pp. 196198)

a. The 1794 _______________ Rebellion in western Pennsylvania showed the willingness of the once-revolutionary
Washington to use federal force to quell a popular uprising. Increasing trends toward the centralization of power
sparked the formation by Thomas ____________ and James Madison of the first permanent opposition political party,
the ______________-Republicans. What is the distinction the authors make between factions and permanent
political parties, which were not foreseen by the framers of the Constitution?
(1) Faction:
(2) Political Party:
b. The chart on page 197 shows that the modern Republican party traces its roots to the ____________ Party while the
present Democrats are linked to Jeffersons _____________ Party.
4. Foreign Affairs (pp. 198201) The major danger to the young republic was the real possibility of getting sucked into
the wars between Britain and France following the ___________ Revolution. Despite the wartime alliance with
France, an important precedent was set by Washingtons _____________ Proclamation of 1793, favored by the proBritish ____________ Party but opposed by the pro-French ___________________ Party. The weak terms
negotiated with Britain in _______ Treaty of 1794 further enraged the Jeffersonians. When he decided not to run for
re-election in 1796, Washingtons ______________ Address warned the country, in a phrase periodically quoted
thereafter, to stay out of European affairs and avoid all permanent alliances.
5. Presidency of John Adams, 17971801 (pp. 202207)
a. Look over the section on what the authors call the Federalist Adamss heroic effort to avoid a potentially disastrous
war with France which, they say, had fortuitous consequences for our ability to buy the territory of ____________ in
1803. Domestically, though, what did Adams and the Federalists hope to achieve by passing the Alien Laws and the
Sedition Act in 1798? *** Do you see these acts as constitutional?
(1) Purpose:
(2) Constitutionality:
b. The ______________and _______________ Resolutions authored by ___________ and ____________ in

response to the Alien and Sedition Acts are important because they set the conceptual groundwork for arguments later
used by southern states to justify secession from the Union. What is the Compact Theory, which the authors say
gives states ultimately the right to nullify acts of Congress?
c. According to the Federalists, however, it was the _________, not the states, who had formed the original compact,
and only the ____________ Court could nullify acts of Congress.
6. Federalists vs. Democcratic-Republicans (pp. 207209) What do you see as the main doctrine of each of these
parties? *** If you had been alive in the 1790s, which of these parties would you have favored and why?
(1) Federalists:
(2) Democratic-Republicans:
(3) Your opinion:
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS (Appendix Page A44)

1. Describe the alternative processes by which the Constitution may be amended. (See Art. V.)
2. For your notes, list the general subjects and the adoption dates of the 27 constitutional amendments below. The
adoption date of the first ten amendments is 1791. *** Put an asterisk by those amendments that, before further
study, you feel are probably the most significant.
Amendment
Year Adopted
Subject
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Amendment
Year Adopted
Subject
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

The New Republic
Pages 190193
Bill of Rights (1791)
Judiciary Act of 1789
John Jay
Pages 193196
Alexander Hamilton
Funding at par
Tariffs
Excise tax (whiskey)
Bank of the United States (1791)
Jefferson position (Tenth Amendment)
Strict interpretation
Hamilton position (Elastic Clause)
Loose interpretation
Pages 196198
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican Party
Pages 198201
French Revolution (1789)
Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
Citizen Edmond Ganet
Miami Confederacy/Chief Little Turtle
Gen. Mad Anthony Wayne
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Jays Treaty (1794) with Britain
Pinckneys Treaty (1795) with Spain
Washingtons two-term tradition
Washingtons Farewell Address (1797)

Pages 202207
John Adams vs. Jefferson (1796)
John Marshall
Talleyrand
XYZ Affair (1797)
Napoleon/Convention of 1800
Alien Laws (1798)
Sedition Act (1798)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
Compact theory
Nullification
Pages 207209
Hamiltonian Federalists
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
11
CHAPTER
The Jeffersonian Republic, 18001812
1. Revolution of 1800 (pp. 211215) The election of 1800 was the first between organized political parties and the
first of several to be decided on the basis of quirks in the Constitution. Why did Jefferson consider his victory in 1800
over the Federalist John ________ and his own vice-presidential running mate Aaron ________ to be
revolutionary? What other revolutionary aspect of this election is added by the authors on p. 215?
(1) Jeffersons point:
(2) The authorspoint:
2. Jefferson (pp. 216218) Jefferson was an aristocrat whose sympathies were with the common man perhaps like F.
D. Roosevelt and J. F. Kennedy in the twentieth century. Although his stump speeches called for a maximum of
personal liberty and a minimum of government intervention, cite two examples of how he accepted some Federalist
programs and became a moderate in practice:
(1)
(2)
3. Power to the Supreme Court (pp. 218219) The details of the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) are interesting
but not nearly as important as the precedent it set. There will always be disputes as to the constitutionality of laws.
Remember that Jefferson had made the case in the _________ and ____________ Resolutions that individual states
had the right to nullify laws they felt were unconstitutional. What extremely important legal principle did
Jeffersons cousin, the Federalist Chief Justice John _____________, establish in this case? Read the excerpt from
the case (p. 219) and try to summarize the reasoning of the Court in claiming such power for itself.
(1) Principle:
(2) Rationale:
4. Louisiana Purchase (pp. 219225)
a. True to his noninterventionist principles, Jefferson cut back the military forces, even though he did have to confront
some Barbary Pirates on the shores of __________. But he was willing to abandon his scruples about the limited
power of the federal government when the opportunity came to buy Louisiana. What two reasons caused Napoleon to
be willing to sell not only New Orleans but all of the Louisiana Territory to U.S. envoys Robert ______________ and
James ______________ in 18____ for $____ million?
(1)
(2)
b. In 18____, Jefferson sent Meriwether _________ and William _________ to explore the northern part of the
purchased territory and Zibulon ________ to explore the southern part. Besides the acquisition of territory, list two of
the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase that the authors mention at the end of this section.
(1)
(2)
5. Foreign PolicyJeffersons Second Term (pp. 225228) Again the fragile young nation risked being swallowed up
by European conflicts between ___________ and France. The issues involved the rights of U.S. ships to trade with
the belligerents (the same issues which precipitated U.S. Involvement in World War I, by the way), and the ____________ of
U.S. sailors onto British warships. (Note: You might note later how Jeffersons policies differed from those of Woodrow
Wilson over a century later during World War I over many of these same issues!) To avoid getting sucked into the
European wars, Jefferson tried the _____________ Act of 1807, effectively making most U.S. foreign trade illegal.
After much opposition, not only from Federalist commercial interests in the Northeast, but also from western and
southern farmers who couldnt ship their cotton and other crops, the Embargo was replaced by the milder _____________________ Act of 1809. *** After reviewing the authorsanalysis, what do you think of Jeffersons attempt to
stay out of war by removing the potential flash-points of ocean commerce with the belligerents?
6. Madison and War (pp. 228231)

a. Referring to the 1810 ____________ Bill No. 2 how did the willingness of President Madison to gamble and the
craftiness of French Emperor __________ move the U.S. closer to a second conflict with Britain?
b. Representative of the shift in population, power in Congress moved on to more belligerent Southerners and
Westerners, dubbed war ______, including the young Henry Clay of Kentucky. Their main motivation was to
eliminate the European allies of their Indian opponents and perhaps to annex Canada. A key reason why Indian
nations had failed to stop white westward expansion was their internal fighting and inability to unite. Shawnee leader
Tecumseh was one of the last to attempt an effective intertribal coalition with a bit of help from British Canada. In
1811, Gen. William Henry ______________ defeated Tecumseh at ______________, in Indiana, thus ending one of
the last major Indian coalitions against whites. (Hint to final blank: In 1840, Harrison wins the presidency under the
slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler too!)
c. The New England states, which had initiated the Revolutionary War, were dead set against going after the British a
second time. Ironically, it was the agricultural South and West that pushed for war. List the arguments of the War
Hawks from the South and West for going to war with Britain in 1812 and the objections advanced by Federalist New
York and New England:
FOR WAR (South and West)
AGAINST WAR (East)
d. *** What is your opinion of these reasons for sending young men into battle? How many of them represent
national rather than sectional interests? In Congress, how would you have voted?

The Jeffersonian Republic
Pages 211215
John Adams
Electoral college
Aaron Burr
Revolution of 1800
Pages 216218
Thomas Jefferson
Alien and Sedition Acts (repeal of)
Excise tax (repeal of)
Albert Gallatin
Pages 218219
Judiciary Act of 1801
John Marshall
William Marbury
James Madison (Secretary of State)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Samuel Chase
Pages 217225
Barbary Pirates (1801)
Tripolitan War
New Orleans/right of deposit
Louisiana Territory
Napoleon
James Monroe/Robert Livingston
Santo Domingo
Toussaint LOuverture
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacajawea
Zebulon Pike
Aaron Burr conspiracies
1804 election
British Orders in Council (1806)
Impressment of sailors
Chesapeake incident (1807)
Embargo Act (1807)
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Pages 228231
Two-term tradition
James Madison (President 1809)
Macons Bill No. 2
War Hawks
Henry Clay
Tecumseh (Shawnee chief)
Gen. William Henry Harrison
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
War declaration (1812)
12
CHAPTER
The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism, 18121824
1. A Scary War with Britain (pp. 233240)
a. What do the authors say at the outset is the supreme lesson of the War of 1812?
b. For two years, the Americans and British fought to a standstill in Canada. What event in Europe in 1814 allowed
the British to concentrate all their forces in America?
c. After American naval successes on Lake Erie under Admiral Oliver H. __________ and then on Lake Champlain, a
British force invaded the Chesapeake region and burned the new capital of _____________ to the ground in August
18___. They then were beaten off in the battle at Fort ____________ near Baltimore that inspired Francis Scott
______ to write the Star Spangled Banner. Finally, the victory of Gen. Andrew ___________, over the British at
New ___________ in January 18___ gave a boost to national morale, even though, because of slow communications,
it was actually fought after the Treaty of ____________ had been signed, officially ending the war. Why do the
authors say on p.238 that the Americans, who had wanted to conquer Canada at the outset, were relieved and even
happy to settle for a virtual draw?
d. What were the New England demands, as expressed in the 1814 ___________ Convention? When taken together
with the end of the war on unexpectedly favorable terms, how did they contribute to the final demise of the Federalist
Party?
(1) The New England demands:
(2) End of Federalist Party:
2. Nationalism and the American System (pp. 240242)

a. Increased security and self-confidence after the war produced a heightened sense of nationalism people
associating themselves with the nation first and their respective states second. A national literature developed in the
works of Washington ___________ and James Fenimore ___________ and in the construction of a new capitol
building in _____________. A revived Second Bank of the United States was established in 18____, this time with
the ________________ (support or opposition) of the Jeffersonian Republicans. (Note: Modern students can be excused
for finding a discussion about tariff policy a bit boring. This section covers the first of many tariff battles throughout the 1800s.
Tariffs today are not a big deal because there is a worldwide trend to reduce duties on imports and because the government gets
most of its revenue through income taxes. However, there was no income taxation until 1913 and the government therefore
depended almost exclusively on tariff duties for its revenue. So its important to have a general understanding.)
b. Look at the Tariff Chart on page A57 of the Appendix. At their peak in 1828, tariff duties on imported goods
amounted to _____percent of their value. In 1996, that tariff rate amounted to only about _____percent. The authors
say
(p. 241) that the Tariff of 1816 was the first in history instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. *** What is
a protective tariff? What does it protect?
c. List the three main elements of Henry Clays 1824 proposal for an American System of federal support for
internal development. Republicans considered this proposal unconstitutional.
(1)
(2)
(3)
3. Monroe, Sectionalism, and the Missouri Compromise (pp. 242246)

a. The _______ of 1819 was caused largely by over speculation in western lands. (Note that financial panic, or economic
depression, is a recurring theme that you will observe occurring every twenty to thirty years or so. Many consider it the curse
of capitalism. Yet another recurring theme introduced here for the first time is the sectional controversy between North and
South over the admission of new states as slave or free a question which was primarily one of political and economic power,
but which increasingly took on a moral character leading to the Civil War.) With its booming population, the North was
gaining power in the House of _____________ by 1820, while the South was only able to retain equal power in the
__________. New states east of the Mississippi had been admitted alternately slave and free to keep a balance, but
Missouri, the first new state to be carved out of the ____________ Purchase, threatened to upset this balance. What
were the three elements of the 1820 Missouri Compromise fashioned by Henry _________?
(1)
(2)
(3)
4. Nationalism and the Supreme Court (pp. 247251) Because he was its first major interpreter, the authors call Chief
Justice John _________ the principal Molding Father of the Constitution. In the case of _______________ v.
_________________ (1819), Marshall used Hamiltons __________ construction of the Constitution to declare the
Bank of the U.S. constitutional because Congress had the right to do anything necessary and proper to carry out its
functions. Also, the federal government today influences many aspects of our lives (like meat inspection and product
labeling, for example) through a drastic expansion of its constitutional power to control interstate commerce.
Marshall first strengthened this interpretation in the 1824 steamboat case of _________________ v.
_____________.
5. Expansion and the Monroe Doctrine (pp. 251255)
a. The expansionist President Monroe (1817-1825) and his Secretary of State John Quincy ________ concluded a
treaty with _____________ in 1818 which allowed for the joint occupation of the ____________ Territory. With
Spanish troops occupied by revolutionary wars to the south, General Andrew _______________ swept across
______________ leading to its ultimate purchase by the U.S. in 18___.
b. Worried that other European powers would take the place of Spain in the Western Hemisphere, the now-famous
Monroe Doctrine was issued in 18___. Its two principles were:
(1) Noncolonization:
(2) Nonintervention:
*** What do you think of the Monroe Doctrine? By what authority, if any, was it issued?

The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
Pages 233240
Invasion of Canada (1813)
USS Consititution (Old Ironsides)
Adm. Oliver Perry
Battle of the Thames (1813)
Thomas Macdonough/Plattsburgh (1814)
Burning of Washington (1814)
Fort McHenry/Francis Scott Key
Gen. Andrew Jackson
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
John Quincy Adams
Blue-Light Federalists
Hartford Convention (1814)
Pages 240242
Nationalism
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
North American Review
Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)
Stephen Decatur
Tariff of 1816
Henry Clay
American System
Erie Canal (1825)
Pages 242246
James Monroe (18171825)

Era of Good Feelings
Panic of 1819
Wildcat banks
Cumberland Road (1811)
Tallmadge amendment (1819)
Missouri Compromise (Clay, 1820)
Pages 247251
John Marshall
Loose construction
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Daniel Webster
Pages 251255
Oregon Territory
Treaty of 1818 (Britain)
Jacksons Florida campaign (1818)
Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
Canning proposal (1823)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
13
CHAPTER
The Rise of Mass Democracy, 1824-1840
1. Transition under John Quincy Adams (pp. 256260)
a. From the introduction, try to summarize what the authors say about the big changes in the nations political life
between 1824 and 1840.
(1) 1824:
(2) 1840:
b. In the __________ Bargain election of 1824, thrown to the House of Representatives because no candidate could
poll a majority in the ____________ College, Andrew ___________, the largest popular vote-getter, accused Henry
_______ of corruption for throwing his support to the eventual winner, John Quincy _________, in return for political
office. The authors seem to ___________ (agree or disagree) with this charge of corruption. A cold but honest
nationalist, Adams had trouble leading an increasingly rancorous and sectionalist country.
2. The Ascendency of Jackson (pp. 260263)
a. The election of Jackson in 18___ symbolized the shift of political power to the West and the increasing
participation of the common man in the political process. Read the section describing Old __________ and list
two major areas where Jackson was radically different from his predecessors:
(1)
(2)
b. Define spoils system. *** What do you think of Jacksons defense of this system?
Definition:
Justification:
3. Tariffs and Nullification (pp. 263265)

a. List two reasons cited by the authors, one economic and the other more political (related to slavery), why
Southerners took a stand against the very high Tariff of 1828, which they called the Tariff of ____________.
(1) Economic objection:
(2) Political objection:
b. What is the essence of the Nullification Doctrine put forward in 1828 by John C. _________ in his famous
South Carolina __________________?
c. Some in the defiant state of South _________ were ready to secede (they were the first to do so in 1861) over their
right to nullify a new tariff law in 1832. However, President ___________ was ready to use military force to
prevent this, and the old conciliator, Henry _________ of Kentucky, negotiated a compromise tariff law that allowed
both sides to save face. This was a warning of issues that would flare up again over the next twenty to thirty years,
leading to the ________ War.
4. Trail of Tears (pp. 265268)
a. *** If you were one of 125,000 Native Americans confronting 13 million Europeans, would you rather be treated
as part of a sovereign nation to be negotiated with or would you rather be called an American citizen like any other?
Why?
b. The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast were forcibly removed to the _____________ territory in the 1830s.
*** Can you reconcile the Indian Removal Act of 1830 with the authorsstatement (p. 267) that Jackson felt an
obligation to rescue this much-injured race?
5. The Bank War (pp. 268272)

a. The Bank of the U.S. was actually a private institution under the leadership of Nicholas __________. List two
functions of a national bank:
(1)
(2)
b. List two reasons why Jackson and his supporters disliked the bank:
(1)
(2)
c. Jackson vetoed the Bank Re-charter Bill in 1832. After winning re-election against Henry _____ later that year, he
then tried to kill the bank by ordering the removal of federal funds, whereupon Biddle contributed to a financial panic
by calling in the banks own loans. The banks charter was finally allowed to expire in 18___. (Note: The country would
have to do without a true central bank until the Federal Reserve Act of 1914!)
d. Reflect a bit on the leadership of Andrew Jackson (whose portrait adorns our $___ bill). He is often seen as one of our
top presidents. *** What do you see as the pros and cons of Jacksons presidency?
(1) Pros:
(2) Cons:
6. Whigs and Van Buren (pp. 272275) The current two-party political system begins to take shape during this period.
The new anti-Jacksonian ______ Party is described as favoring 1) the more prosperous classes, and 2) making active
use of the federal government to achieve national objectives. The Jacksonian _____________ Party is described as
favoring 1) the little guy, and 2) a small federal government. In 1836, Jackson engineered the election of his
successor, Martin ____ __________ of New York, whose term was dominated by the financial Panic of 18____.
7. Texas (pp. 275280) Prior to 1836, Texas was a northern province of ___________, whose government had
encouraged American colonizers in the 1820s under Stephen F. __________. Under the leadership of Sam
___________, Texas declared its independence in 18____ and won the military victory after eventually capturing
Mexican General _______ ______. Why was the U.S. government at first unwilling to accept the request of Texas for
admission to the Union?
8. Harrison and Popular Politics (pp. 280-284) The first Whig president, Gen. William Henry ___________, was
elected in 1840. What are the two major political changes noted by the authors in the concluding section as having
taken place by 1840?
(1)
(2)
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
What Was Jacksonian Democracy?
Look over the first three paragraphs of the historiography on pp. 285-286. Compare and contrast the perspectives on
Jacksonian Democracy put forward by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 and by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., in 1945.
(1) Turner:
(2) Schlesinger:
*** Which of these aspects of the movement to a mass democracy under Jackson do you feel the authors stressed
most in this chapter and why? Do you have any views?

The Rise of Mass Democracy
Pages 256260
Era of Good Feelings
1824 election (Jackson, Clay, Adams, Crawford)
Corrupt Bargain
John Quincy Adams
Pages 260263
1828 election
Old Hickory
spoils system
Pages 263265
1828 Tariff of Abominations
Denmark Vesey/slave rebellion (1822)
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina Exposition (1828)
Nullification
Clays compromise tariff of 1833
Force Bill (1833)
Pages 265268
Cherokee Nation/Sequoyah
Five Civilized Tribes
Supreme Court - support of Indian rights
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Trail of Tears
Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836)
Black Hawk War (1832)
Seminole War (1835-1842)
Pages 268272
Bank of the U.S.
Nicholas Biddle
Webster/Clay and Recharter Bill (1832)
Election of 1832
Anti-Masonic Party
National nominating conventions
Biddles Panic
Pet banks
Wildcat banks
Specie Circular (1836)
Pages 272275
King Andrew the First
Whig Party
Martin Van Buren
Panic of 1837
Divorce Bill
Independent Treasury Bill (1840)
Pages 275280
Texas
Stephen Austin (1823)
Davy Crockett/James Bowie
Sam Houston
Santa Anna
Texas Republic (1836)
Remember the Alamo
Battle of San Jacinto (1836)
Pages 280284
William Henry Harrison (Whig, 1840)
Tippecanoe and Tyler too
14
CHAPTER
The National Economy, 17901860
1. Westward Movement (pp. 287289) At the end of this section, the authors refer to the heedless exploitation of the
Wests natural bounty while going on to say that Americans revered nature and admired its beauty. *** Can these
two seemingly contradictory statements be reconciled?
2. Immigration and Urbanization (pp. 290297)

a. The population chart on p. 290 shows that, due to a high birth rate and immigration, the country in 1860 was
roughly _____ times bigger than it was in 1790. If the population today is about 275 million, it is approximately
_____ times bigger than it was in 1860. Also in this first section, the authors describe the squalid conditions in the
new booming urban centers. *** Can you think of any similar city in the world today where growth is much too fast
for the basic services (infrastructure) to catch up?
b. Briefly list a few distinctive characteristics of the Irish and the German immigrant groups.
IRISH
GERMAN
c. The Protestant majority was concerned about the growing influence of __________________ (a religious
denomination), which in the 1840s developed its own separate educational system. The American or ______________________ Party began about 1849 centered around the concept of anti foreignism. (Note how Americas
love/hate attitude toward immigrants constitutes a recurring theme.)
3. Industry and the Factory System (pp. 297304)
a. List two reasons cited by the authors that the Industrial Revolution didnt hit America until the 1830s and 1840s,
much later than it did in Britain.
(1)
(2)
b. What do the authors mean on p. 303 when they say that Eli Whitney gave a boost to slavery and perhaps made
inevitable the Civil War but at the same time helped factories to flourish in the North, thus contributing to the
ultimate Northern victory?
(1) Civil War inevitable
(2) ultimate Northern victory
c. What is distinctive about the new limited liability corporations (p. 304)? *** Can you guess why this form of
business organization was so important to industrialization?
4. Workers and Women (pp. 304309)

a. *** What do you think would be the main differences between working in a craft shop (illustration p. 305) and the
more efficient factories illustrated on pp. 307 and 309?
(1) Craft shop:
(2) Factory:
b. Regimented factory jobs, such as those at the first big water-powered textile mill at _________, Mass., were seen
by many single girls as a way to escape the farm. Besides factory work, the caring professions open to women
included nursing, domestic service, and ______________. Upon marriage, most women left the workforce. How do
the authors define the cult of domesticity (p. 307)? *** What is your reaction to this view of womens role in family
life?
(1) Definition:
(2) Reaction:
5. Transportation (pp. 309317) (Note: In 1800, the biggest obstacle to national development was that people, goods,
and even letters could not move faster than animals could walk, rivers could flow, or the wind could blow.
Revolutionary developments, primarily the steamboat and railroad, would change that fast.) The first major wagon
road west, the National or _____________ Road, was started in 1811. The revolutionary steamboat, invented by
Robert __________ in 1807, allowed people and goods to move upstream as well as down. The first big western
canal, the _________ Canal, pushed through in 18____ by Governor DeWitt ___________, benefited its Atlantic
terminus at _____ ________ City at the expense of cities like Boston. The first American railroad appeared in 18___
and soon superseded the canal system in terms of importance. Look at the railroad map on p. 313. By 1860, the
Midwest was sending its agricultural products and raw materials mostly to the __________ (North or South), enabling
that region to specialize in manufacturing and shipping. The South had to continue specializing in its cash crops such
as ___________ (its biggest cash crop), which it sent out via its navigable waterways. This new regional
specialization will provide a big advantage to the ___________ (North or South) in the eventual Civil War. (Note:
Without these new transportation links, the South might have expected closer ties with the Midwest because
Midwestern waterways all drain out through New Orleans.)
6. Market Revolution (pp. 317318) In this section, the authors summarize the drastic change from the home as a selfsufficient economic enterprise to the home as a refuge from more specialized, market-oriented work outside. They
also point to the growing gulf between rich and poor that caused class warfare in many European countries. What two
reasons do they give for the relative absence of class conflict in America, despite these wide disparities between rich
and poor?
(1)
(2)

The National Economy
Pages 287289
Natty Bumppo (James Fenimore Cooper)
Captain Ahab (Herman Melville)
Rugged individualism
Rendezvous system
George Catlin
Pages 290297
Urbanization
Immigration (first wave)
Irish potato famine (1840s)
Biddies and Paddies
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Molly Maguires
Tammany Hall
European democratic revolutions (1848)
Kindergartens
American or Know-Nothing Party (1849)
Pages 297304
Industrial Revolution
Factory system
Samuel Slater (1791)
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin
Interchangeable parts
Elias Howe (1846)
Isaac Singer
Patents
Limited liability corporations

Samuel F. B. Morse (1844)
Pages 304309
Wage slaves
Ten-Hour Day (1840)
Trade unions
Factory girls
Lowell mills
Catherine Beecher
Cult of domesticity
Womens sphere
Fertility rate
Modern family
John Deere (1837)
Cyrus McCormick (1830s)
Cash-crop agriculture
Pages 309317
Lancaster turnpike (1790s)
National/Cumberland Road (1811-1852)
Robert Fulton (1807)
Erie Canal (1817-1825)
DeWitt Clinton
Railroad (1828)
Cyrus field (1858)
Clipper ships
Pony Express (1860)
Pages 317318
John Jacob Astor
Social mobility
15
CHAPTER
Reform And Culture, 17901860
1. Religion (pp. 320324) Note: Try to figure out why waves of evangelical religion periodically sweep over the
country. The evangelical religious right makes up a potent cultural and political force today.
a. What do the authors mean on p. 331 when they say that the Second Great Awakening was a reaction against the
growing liberalism in religion? What ideas were they reacting against?
b. Revival religion stressed personal conversion (as opposed to predestination) and was particularly strong among
Methodists and ____________. The evangelist most associated with the religious Awakening of the 1820s to the
1840s is Charles Grandison ____________, and the movement was especially strong in western New York along the
route of the _________ Canal in what came to be called the __________-___________ District. Evangelical religion
tended to appeal to women more than men and women spearheaded moral reform movements including abolitionism.
One of the largest new denominations was ____________, founded in upstate New York in 1830 by Joseph
__________. Eventually this group migrated to _________ under the leadership of Brigham __________ *** What
do you find interesting about the Mormon Church?
2. Education and Reform (pp. 324330)

a. This section covers the growth of tax-supported public education in the mid-1800s, particularly the work of
reformers such as Horace _________. Emma _________ and Mary ________ led efforts to increase educational
opportunities for women. Reformers tackled many issues. The reformers included Dorothea _____, who successfully
fought to change criminal codes and treatment of the mentally ill.
b. The American _____________ Society, formed in Boston in 1826, was part of this reform spirit. (Note that alcohol
intake was then something like three times what it is today and its still a big problem today!) *** As you read the
section about the fight against alcohol abuse, try to think of one similarity and one difference with the war on drugs
of today.
(1) Similarity:
(2) Difference:
3. Womens Rights and Utopian Movements (pp. 330333)

a. What three examples do the authors use to support their argument that women were legally regarded as perpetual
minors?
(1)
(2)
(3)
b. In what areas do the authors say women were considered superior to men?
c. The three early feminist leaders mentioned here are Lucretia ________, Elizabeth Cady ____________, and Susan
B. _____________. Two of these women were _____________, one of the earliest religious denominations to stress
full equality. The Womans Rights Convention, commonly considered to mark the beginning of the modern feminist
movement, was held in ____________ _________, New York in 18____. The Declaration of _____________, issued
at the end of this convention, was modeled on the American Declaration of ______________, but it declared that All
men and ________ are created equal. Many women at this convention and later argued against including a demand
for the right to vote. *** If you had been a relatively conservative woman, what argument might you have used
against demanding the ballot?
d. Perhaps as a forerunner of the hippies of the 1960s (or of certain cults today), a variety of noble but largely
unsuccessful communalistic utopian societies sprang up in this individualistic and anti-authoritarian age including
New __________ in Indiana, _________ Farm in Massachusetts, and the __________ Community in New York.
4. Science and Art (pp. 333339)
a. *** What impressed you most when reading about the state of health and medicine in the mid-nineteenth century?
b. The section on art is not overly complimentary about American contributions but does mention Thomas
_____________ in the field of architecture and the _________ _________ school of landscape painters influenced by
the upsurge of nationalism after the War of 1812.
5. Blossoming of a National Literature (pp. 339345)
a. What was distinctive about Knickerbocker Group writers such as Washington _________, James Fenimore
___________, and William Cullen ____________?
b. How do you summarize the transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo ____________ and how did Henry
David ____________ implement that philosophy with his Waldon Pond experiences?
(1) Definition:
(2) Implementation:
c. Note a distinguishing feature of the works of three of the writers mentioned in the remainder of the chapter that you
found most interesting. *** Have you read anything by any of these writers?
(1)
(2)
(3)
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Reform Movements/Abolitionism
1. This essay is interesting because it points out how the historical interpretation of various social reform movements has
been related to the current level of reform activity. Read the fourth paragraph on pp. 346-347 about the
historiography of abolitionism. How were the abolitionists generally viewed in the early twentieth century when
African-Americans were institutionalized second-class citizens and there was little effort at reform? How has this
view changed since the civil rights movement of the 1960s?
Early twentieth century:
Later twentieth century:
2. Most of us have grown up with a positive view of abolitionists and crusaders for minority rights. But in such
movements, there are always those who argue for smaller, incremental steps and compromise rather than pushing for
a pure position - a demand for radical change that risks entrenchment of the opposition and possible conflict. From
this perspective, how might some historians have blamed the fanaticism of the abolitionists for the Civil War?

Reform and Culture
Pages 320324
Deism
Unitarians
Second Great Awakening
Charles Grandison Finney
Burned-Over District
Joseph Smith (1830)
Mormon Church (Latter-Day Saints)
Brigham Young (1846-1847)
Utah statehood (1896)
Pages 324330
Horace Mann
Noah Webster
McGuffeys readers
Emma Willard
Mary Lyon
Lyceum lecture associations
Dorothea Dix
William Ladd
American Temperance Society (1826)
Pages 330333
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Declaration of Sentiments
Communitarian utopias
Robert Owen/New Harmony (1825)

Brook Farm (1841)
John Noyes/Oneida Community (1848)
Shakers
Pages 333339
Louis Agassiz
Asa Gray
John J. Audubon
Monticello/University of Virginia
Hudson River school
Stephen C. Foster
Pages 339345
Knickerbocker group
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
William Cullen Bryant
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
John Greenleaf Whittier
Louisa May Alcott
Emily Dickinson
Edgar Allen Poe
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
George Bancroft
16
CHAPTER
The South and Slavery, 17931860
1. Part Three Introduction (pp. 348349) This introduction gives you a preview of the authorsanswers to certain key
questions about the causes and consequences of the nations awesome trial by fire, the Civil War. Look at this section and
list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Southern Economy and Social Structure (pp. 350356)
a. Explain the connection between the invention of the cotton gin by Eli _________ in 17___ and the rapid expansion of
short-staple cotton production based on slave labor in the South. If the cotton gin actually made picking seeds from cotton
much easier, why did planters perceive a vastly increased need for slave labor?
b. Cotton was king in both the South and in Britain. By 1840, cotton amounted to _____percent of U. S. exports and
accounted for more than _____percent of the worlds supply. Britains economy was based on cotton textiles, and Britain
got _____percent of its fiber supply from the South. (No wonder Southerners thought England would be tied to them by
cotton threads in the event of conflict with the North.)
c. List two negatives of this Southern plantation economy mentioned by the authors (pp. 352353).
(1)
(2)
d. Although most slaves were owned by the large-scale planters, most slave-owners held only a few slaves each, and
often worked together with them in the fields. The chart on p. 353 shows that, out of about 345,000 slave-owning families,
only about ________ families owned fifty or more slaves, representing about ____percent of the total. Fully _____percent
of Southern whites owned no slaves at all. List two reasons cited by the authors to explain why many poor whites without
slaves remained staunch defenders of the slave system.
(1)
(2)
3. Conditions of Slavery (pp. 356362)

a. If northerners were really against slavery, why do you think they treated individual free blacks with such disdain?
b. With slave importation outlawed since 1808, the slave population grew to a total of __ million by 1860 primarily
by natural reproduction. Unlike the North, wealth in the South was not held in monetary form, but rather in the form of land
and _________. What did it mean to sell a slave down the river? Slaves were being sold from where to where?
c. List two examples of the fact that slaves had absolutely no political or civil rights.
(1)
(2)
d. What do the authors conclude on pp. 360362 about black family and religious life?
e. *** Did anything surprise you about the extent of slave resistance and rebellion (p. 362)?
4. Abolitionism (pp. 362368)

a. The _____________ (a religious sect) were among the first to advocate abolitionism. In the early 1820s, the emphasis
was on sending ex-slaves back to Africa, especially to the West African country of ____________. A small minority of
fervent abolitionists emerged in the 1830s, encouraged by the freedom given by ___________ (a country) to its West
Indian slaves, and by the religious spirit of the Second Great ______________. What is the essential difference between a
radical abolitionist, such as William Lloyd ___________, and a more practical or political abolitionist, such as the ex-slave
Frederick ___________? *** Had you been against slavery at the time, put an (*) by the approach you would have favored.
(1) Radical:
(2) Political/practical:
b. *** If you had been a moderate Southerner at the time, list two legitimate arguments you might have used against
the call of the radical abolitionists for the immediate release of all slaves with no compensation to their owners.
(1)
(2)
c. Look at the cartoon on p. 367. In reaction against increasingly perceived threats to their way of life, Southerners
began advancing arguments as to why slavery was a positive good. *** What do you think of the argument that the North
was hypocritical because southern slaves had it better than did the wage slaves of the North? Was there any truth in this
charge?
d. Were the abolitionists popular or unpopular in the North? Why?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Nature of Slavery
Read the Varying Viewpoints essay and address ONE of the following questions:
1. According to historian Eugene Genovese, what motivated southern slave-owners to embrace a strange form of
paternalism toward their slaves? *** Do you agree with the authors that this paternalistic attitude had the effect of
subverting the racist underpinnings of the slave society?
2. Although economic historians have demonstrated that slavery was still a profitable proposition at the time of the Civil
War, it was dying out as an institution in other places around the world. *** Do you have any thoughts as to what
would have happened to slavery in America in the absence of a Civil War?
3. Slaves were purposefully kept illiterate and therefore left few written records of their life on the plantations.
Technology for audio and video recordings was unavailable and few travelers from the North recorded observations
on slave treatment, lifestyle, or culture. *** If you were a historian trying to make conclusions about these subjects,
what types of sources would you consult? Do you think an objective picture of southern slavery is possible to
construct?

The South and Slavery
Pages 350356
Eli Whitney
Cotton Kingdom
Planter aristocracy
Sir Walter Scott
Poor white trash/hillbillies/crackers
Pages 356362
Free blacks
Sold down the river
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Denmark Vesey (1822)
Nat Turner (1831)
Pages 362368
Abolitionism
American Colonization Society (1817)
Liberia (1822)
British emancipation (1833)
Theodore Dwight Weld
Lyman Beecher
William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator (1831)
American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
Wendell Phillips
David Walker
Sojourner Truth
Martin Delaney
Frederick Douglass
Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy (1837)
Free-soilers
17
CHAPTER
Manifest Destiny, 18411848
1. Politics of the 1840s (pp. 370374) The key theme of the 1840s is the growing urge for territorial expansion. The
first Whig Party president, ex-General William Henry __________, died shortly after taking office in 1841. The new
president was John ___________, an ex-Democrat from ____________, who disliked Andrew Jackson personally but
supported many of the Democratic states-rights positions. America, despite having used British capital extensively to
build its roads and canals, was at odds with ____________ during this period. Successful diplomacy, however,
between Britains Lord _____________ and Secretary of State Daniel ____________ resolved a sticky dispute over
the northern border of the state of __________ in 1842.
2. Texas and Oregon (pp. 374377)
a. Whether or not to annex the Republic of Texas (which, remember, became independent of Mexico in 1836 and was
looking for allies in Europe if it couldnt unite with the U.S.) became a big issue in the election of 1844. Democrat James
K. ________ wanted expansion but the Whigs, who nominated Henry _________, resisted not wanting to stir up the
debate about admitting a new slave state. The expansionists won, so President Tyler, as his last act in office,
shepherded through the admission of Texas in early 18___. This greatly angered ____________, which had not given
up its own claim to Texas. *** Based on what youve read, would you have been (check one) ____ a) in favor of, or
____ b) opposed to annexing Texas in 1845? Why?
b. The British had long traded in the Pacific Northwest while, in the 1840s, Americans were streaming into the
southern part of that territory over the _________ Trail. Americans claimed that part of the Oregon Territory north to
the ____ parallel (the present border with Canada) while Britain claimed territory south to the _____________ River (the
present Washington-Oregon border).
3. Polk and Manifest Destiny (pp. 377380)
a. Note the authorssummary on p. 377 of the gung-ho creed of Manifest Destiny i.e., taking over new territory to
gain riches and to spread Americas uplifting and ennobling democratic institutions. *** What do you think was the
real mix of greed and ideals empireand liberty in this philosophy? Do you think that some of this spirit lingers
in our national character today?
b. Although James K. ______ had won but a narrow victory in the election of 1844, it was seen by many as a mandate
for expansion. Expansionist Democrats wanted Polk to carry out his campaign pledge to fight Britain if necessary to
extend the border of the Oregon Territory as far north as the latitude __________ (the present southern border of
Alaska). But Polk, a Southerner more concerned with Texas and California, agreed with Britain in 1846 to accept the
present boundary with Canada at latitude _______. While this was Americas original objective, why did some in the
Northwest and some antislavery forces call the agreement a base betrayal by the South (p. 380)?
4. War with Mexico, 18461848 (pp. 380384)

a. Remembering how Texas gained its independence and then applied for admission to the U.S., what do the authors
mean when they say that, to gain California (his real objective), Polk thought he might be able to play the Texas
Game (p. 380)?
b. *** After reading about the Texas boundary dispute, the aborted mission of John __________ to try to buy
California from Mexico, the military mission of General Zachary __________ to the disputed area between the Rio
Grande River and the ___________ (means nuts in Spanish!) River; and Polks war message to Congress, what is
your response to the question posed by the authors on p. 383: Did Polk provoke war with Mexico? Explain.
c. During the ensuing war with Mexico (which was led by Gen. Santa ________), U.S. General Stephen W.
__________ and Captain John C. ______________ helped secure California, General Zachery ___________ won a
big battle in Northern Mexico at __________ __________ in early 1847, and the main force under General Winfield
__________ landed at Vera Cruz and successfully captured the Mexican capital of ___________ ________ in late
1847.
5. Consequences of the Mexican War (pp. 384388)
a. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe ____________ ending the Mexican War was negotiated for the U.S. by Nicholas P.
_______. The treaty confirmed American title to __________ and turned over to the U.S. all territory to the west,
including the coveted _____________, in return for the payment to Mexico of $____________. *** What do you
think of this outcome? If the U.S. won the war, why pay Mexico anything? If American troops had captured the
Mexican capital, why do you think the U.S. didnt press to annex all of Mexico?
b. What impact do the authors say (pp. 385388) the Mexican War had on each of the following?
(1) American lives lost:
(2) American military preparedness:
(3) Latin American relations:
c. What was the Wilmot Proviso and what was its significance? Why (although it was never adopted) does the proviso
illustrate the fact that the war re-aroused the snarling dog of the slavery issue?
(1) Proviso:
(2) Significance:

Manifest Destiny
Pages 370-374
William Henry Harrison (1841)
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
John Tyler (1841)
Canadian insurrection (1837)
Caroline incident (1837)
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Pages 374377
Texas Republic
James K. Polk (1844)
Admission of Texas (1845)
Oregon Country
Hudsons Bay Company
Oregon Trail (1840s)
Pages 377380
Manifest Destiny
1844 election
5440'Pledge
Oregon settlement (1846)
Pages 380384
California, 1845
Texas border dispute
John Slidell mission (1845)
Gen. Zachary Taylor
Nueces River (1846)
Polk war message (1846)
Gen. Santa Anna
Gen. Stephen W. Kearny

Capt. John C. Fremont
Bear Flag Republic
Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
Gen. Winfield Scott
Vera Cruz/Mexico City (1847)
Pages 384388
Nicholas P. Trist
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Californios
Father Junipero Serra
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
18
CHAPTER
Sectional Struggle, 18481854
(Note: As you read the next two chapters on the march of events leading to the thoroughly devastating Civil War, think
about the question of inevitability. Perhaps draw a timeline of the key events between 1848 and 1861, and try to decide at
what point you think an armed conflict between the two regions became inevitable beyond which even extraordinary
statesmanship could not have healed the wounds.)
1. Slavery in the New Territories (pp. 390396)
a. One proposed solution to the question of whether slavery should be allowed into the new territories acquired from
Mexico was called popular sovereignty. What was popular sovereignty and why did it appeal to many
moderates?
(1) Popular sovereignty:
(2) Appeal:
b. The authors say that, in 1848, both the Whigs and the Democrats were national parties, providing a vital bond of
national unity. The first truly sectional party to appear (foreshadowing the emergence of the Republican Party six
years later) was the Free-________ Party. How did they propose to handle the question of slavery in the territories?
c. In 1848, Whig General Zachery __________, a potential Southern ally, was elected president. Sectional passions
were aroused, however, when a gold rush prompted the new territory of _______________ to apply for early
admission as a free state in 1849. If accepted, this would upset the delicate North-South sectional balance, then
existing of ______ states each. Southerners were concerned about what they called the fugitive slave problem
(facilitated by people like Harriet __________ and the Underground _____________ to Canada). Does this worry
appear to have been a practical one or more a matter of the principle of protecting property rights? Why?
2. Compromise of 1850 (pp. 396401)

a. In the momentous debate sparked by Californias request for statehood, summarize the positions and critical roles
played by the following three Old Guard politicians in putting together the Compromise of 1850.
(1) Henry Clay:
(2) John C. Calhoun:
(3) Daniel Webster (7th of March Speech):
b. The Compromise of 1850 achieved some Northern objectives by admitting _____________ as a free state, taking
away some disputed territory from the slave-holding state of ____________, and abolishing the slave trade (although
not slavery per se) in _____________ D.C. In return, the main concession to the South was the tightening up of the
____________ Slave Law. Why do the authors conclude that the North got the better deal and that emphasizing
fugitive slaves was an appalling blunder on the part of the South?
3. Expansionism in the 1850s (pp. 401404)

a. In 1852, the Democrat and pro-southern northerner Franklin __________ won the presidency. Why, on p. 401,
do the authors conclude that this election was fraught with frightening significance?
b. Expansionists, especially in the South, had a field day in the early 1850s. Note the adventures of William
_________ in Nicaragua and the resolution of disputes with Britain over a potential canal route across the Isthmus of
Panama in the Clayton-_________ Treaty of 1850. A fleet under Commodore Matthew _________ helped open
________ to trade ties in 1854. And plans to grab _______ from Spain were foiled when the __________ Manifesto
became public in 1854.
4. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (pp. 404408)
a. The issue of a railroad to the Pacific precipitated a major sectional split in 1853 when the ___________ Purchase of
territory from __________ seemed to favor the technically easier southern route. Motivated by a desire to benefit
both his region and himself, Illinois Senator Stephen A. _____________ countered in 1854 with a northern route
proposal that would require the area west of the Missouri River to be formally organized into a territory. His proposal
was to split this territory into two parts, with the status of slavery to be decided on the principle of _____________
sovereignty. The northern territory, to be called _____________, would presumably vote for free-soil, while the
southern territory, to be called _____________, was expected to favor slavery. Despite opposing a northern railroad
route, why did the South rise to the bait (p. 406) and support this act?
b. The authors obviously consider pushing the Kansas-Nebraska Act to have been a major blunder on the part of
Douglas, making the dreaded sectional rift permanently irreversible. The act he pushed through in 1854 required
repeal of the _____________ Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery in any territories formed from the
____________ Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri (latitude 3630'). Why did Northern freesoilers, soon to form the purely-sectional ____________ Party around this very issue, so vehemently oppose the bill,
even though it would promote a railroad that would benefit their region economically?
TIMELINE TO CIVIL WAR

Refer to the note at the beginning of these questions. Draw a timeline of the key events between 1848 and 1861 and try to
decide at what point you think an armed conflict between the two regions became inevitable beyond which even
extraordinary statesmanship could not have healed the wounds.
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861

Sectional Struggle
Pages 390396
1848 election
Gen. Lewis Cass (Dem.)
Gen. Zachery Taylor (Whig)
Popular sovereignty
Free-Soil Party
Martin Van Buren
California gold rush (1848)
California admission application (1849)
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
Fugitive slave laws
Pages 396401
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Seventh of March Speech (1850)
William H. Seward
Millard Fillmore (1850)
Compromise of 1850
Pages 401404
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Dem.)
Gen. Winfield Scott (Whig)
Whig Party demise (1852)
William Walker
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Com. Matthew C. Perry (Japan, 1854)

Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Pages 404408
Pacific railroad route
Jefferson Davis
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Sen. Stephen A. Douglas
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Republican Party (1854)
19
CHAPTER
Drifting Toward Disunion, 18541861
1. Literary Incendiaries (pp. 409412) List two effects cited by the authors of the publication of Uncle Toms
________, written by Harriet _________ ___________ in 18____, including the significance of its impact on public
attitudes in England and France.
(1)
(2)
2. Bleeding Kansas (pp. 412414) Although not really suited for plantation agriculture, the South expected a proslavery vote in Kansas following the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. Outsiders in both New England and the South
helped finance settlers who would favor their position on slavery, creating an explosive situation. The most famous
and fanatical antislavery outsider was John ____________ who, in 1856, massacred some proslavery people at
_______________ Creek. In a semirigged 1857 election, the proslavery _______________ Constitution was passed
and sent to Democratic President _____________ in Washington, but Democratic Senator ____________ (author of
the Kansas-Nebraska Act) smelled a rat and blocked approval. What did this whole Kansas mess do to the nationwide
Democratic Party?
3. Election of 1856 (pp. 414417) The enflamed passions of the time were reflected in 1856 when South Carolina
Senator Preston ________ blasted abolitionist Massachusetts Senator Charles __________ over the head with a cane
on the Senate floor. In the 1856 election, the mediocre Democrat James ____________ beat the first candidate of the
two-year-old ____________ Party, John C. ____________ - the western explorer and California hero of the Mexican
War. (Remember, the Republican Party was formed largely of free-soilers and Northern Whigs after the
popular sovereignty Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854.) What do the authors believe (p. 417) might
have happened if the Republicans had won and the South had succeeded following the 1856 election?
4. 1857: Dred Scott and Financial Crash (pp. 417419)

a. The slave Dred Scott had been taken to a free territory by his master and therefore sued for his freedom. In 1857,
the Southern-dominated Supreme Court, under the leadership of Roger B. ___________, ruled 1) that slaves couldnt
sue, 2) that slaves were property and could be taken anywhere, and 3) that because property rights were protected by
the ______ Amendment, Congress didnt have the power to ban slavery anywhere. This effectively invalidated the
______________ Compromise of 1820 and caused deep resentment in the North. *** From a strictly legal
perspective, do you see any valid points in the Courts decision in the Dred Scott case?
b. Problems were exacerbated by the Crash of 1857. (Note again the more-or-less twenty year cycle of economic
downturns, so far 1819, 1837, and 1857.) The authors note that _______ prices remained high and the South
therefore avoided the full effects of the economic downturn. This, they say, gave the South a false sense that it could
prosper economically as a separate country and that it would inevitably gain the support of its major customers,
_________ and France. When the Democratic president vetoed a __________ act and Congress failed to raise
protective _________, the authors say that what two surefire economic issues were handed to the Republicans for
the 1860 election?
5. Abraham Lincoln (pp. 419422) In 1858, Lincoln challenged Sen. Stephen A. Douglas to a series of very high-toned
debates in their race for his Senate seat. Summarize the subtle differences between Lincoln and Douglas on the issue
of slavery in the territories.
(1) Lincoln:
(2) Douglas:
6. John Browns Raid (pp. 422424) After abolitionist John Browns unsuccessful and fanciful attempt to start a slave
rebellion by attacking the federal arsenal at ____________ Ferry, Virginia, in 18____, why do the authors say that
Brown realized that he would be worth much more to the abolitionist cause dangling from a rope than in any other
way?
7. The 1860 Election (pp. 424427) This most fateful election in American history was the first fought almost
exclusively along regional lines. The Democrats split in two, with the Northern Democrats nominating Steven A.
_____________ and the Southern Democrats nominating John C. _______________. The all-Northern Republicans
went for the little-known Abraham ______________. Look at the chart on p. 425. *** Testing your knowledge of
constitutional quirks (Art. II, Sect. I, Clause 2), explain how it is possible that Lincoln could receive only 40 percent
of the popular vote but still obtain almost 60 percent of the electoral vote (180 out of 303).
8. Secession (pp. 427431)

a. Before Lincoln could take office in March 1861, seven states led by South ___________ had seceded from the
Union, formed the _______________ States of America, and elected Jefferson _________ as president. Although
Lincoln pledged not to interfere with Southern institutions (i.e. slavery), these states felt they had lost all power in
Washington. Kentucky Senator James Henry _____________ then proposed a last ditch compromise, which would
have extended the old Missouri Compromise line (3630') all the way to California. Lincoln rejected this because at
least theoretically it might allow some extension of slavery. *** If you had just been elected president under these
circumstances, would you a) let the southern states go in peace, trusting that they would apply for readmission once
they discovered they couldnt make it on their own; b) try to buy time by accepting the Crittenden Compromise; or c)
prepare to use force to keep all states in the Union? Why would you choose this course?
b. Southerners felt that they were simply following the principles of the Declaration of Independence in seeking selfdetermination and freedom from oppression (p. 431). *** Do you buy this argument? What differences or similarities
do you see between the two cases?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Causes of the Civil War
1. Whether discussing current events or reading history, you always has to be sensitive to the value judgments contained
in the words we use and the names we give. The saying goes that history is a story told by winners, not losers. ***
With this in mind, put a check by the name for the 18611865 conflict that you think would appear today in most
history books if the South had won the war.
______ Civil War
______ War Between the States
______ War for Southern Independence
______ Other:
2. This section summarizes several ways in which historians have viewed the Civil War including:
(1) Nationalist/Neo-nationalist: It was an unavoidable clash between regions with differing views about the
morality of slavery and the nature of the Union as well as differing economic bases and social values and the
good guys won.
(2) Progressive: It was basically an economic struggle between the industrial North and the agricultural South.
(3) Political: The war was avoidable and resulted from the breakdown of political institutions within the
democracy and the failure of political leaders to act in the best interests of the country.
*** After reading about events leading up to the Civil War in the last two chapters and perhaps constructing a
timeline of events, write a few sentences about your thoughts on the essential causes of this massive conflict.

Drifting Toward Disunion
Pages 409412
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)
Hinton Helper (1857)
Pages 412414
New England Emigrant Aid Company
Henry Ward Beecher
John Brown
Pottawatomie Creek (1856)
Lecompton Constitution (1857)
Buchanan veto
Douglas reservations
Pages 414417
Sen. Charles Sumner
Sen. Preston Brooks (1856)
1856 election
James Buchanan (Dem.)
John C. Fremont (Rep.)
American (Know-Nothing) Party
Pages 417419
Dred Scott
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Crash of 1857
Homestead Act
Tariff of 1857
Pages 419422
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)

The Little Giant
Freeport Doctrine
Pages 422424
John Brown
Harpers Ferry (1859)
Pages 424427
1860 election
Douglas (No. Dem.)
John C. Brekinridge (So. Dem.)
John Bell (Const. Union)
William H. Seward
Lincoln (Rep.)
Pages 427431
South Carolina secession (December 1860)
Confederate States of America (February 1861)
Jefferson Davis
Sen. James Henry Crittenden
Crittenden compromise attempt
20
CHAPTER
North And South At War, 18611865
(Note: The last two chapters focused on the key questions of the avoidability and/or inevitability of the monumental Civil
War. If people before the war had had historical foresight and could have seen the true horror of the four-year fight to the
death which was to follow, do you think that leaders might have worked harder to find a compromise solution? Might the
North have let the South go in peace?)
1. Lincoln, Fort Sumter, and War Aims (pp. 434438)
a. Read the Lincoln quote leading off the chapter carefully. Lincoln had a unique opportunity and responsibility to
define the objectives of the conflict from the Union perspective. He clearly does not say that an objective of the war is
to free the slaves. What is the central idea for Lincoln? *** Why did he think that letting the South go in peace
would make the idea of popular government an absurdity?
b. List three of the more practical reasons for resisting southern secession mentioned by the authors in the first
section. *** Then put a (+) or a ( ) by each one, depending on whether or not you feel that the problem was serious
enough to have used force to keep the South in the Union.
(+) or ( )
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. Lincolns problem of uniting the North to resist southern secession was aided when southern soldiers fired first, on
the federal Fort _________ in the harbor at _____________, South Carolina, in _______ of 1861. He knew that the
balance of power could be tipped by the crucial border states of ___________, ___________, ____________,
____________, and ____________. How were Lincolns stated war aims designed to appeal to these slave-holding
border states?
2. Balance of Forces (pp. 438441) List below some of the relative strengths of both the North and South (assuming
that a strength of one side is a weakness of the other) going into the war.
SOUTH
NORTH
3. Foreign Involvement (pp. 441444)

a. How do the authors define the differing attitudes toward southern independence between the European aristocracy
and the masses of working people?
(1) Aristocracy:
(2) Masses:
b. Two incidents almost brought Britain, which needed cotton imports from the South, into the war. One was the
_________ Affair in which the U.S. took two Confederate diplomats off an English ship. The other involved the
willingness of the British to build ships for the South, which could be used for raids such as that of the
_______________ (ship name), on northern shipping.
4. Lincoln and Liberties (pp. 444447)
a. The authors imply here that Lincolns personality and temperament were better suited to national leadership in an
emergency than Jefferson Davis because Davis was too particular about following his own Constitution. List two
examples of Lincolns exercise of arbitrary power. *** What do you think of such actions in wartime?
(1)
(2)
(3) Opinion:
b. Although most fighting men on both sides were volunteers, the _________ (North or South) had a deeper pool of
manpower. Looking at the draft laws, cite an example for both North and South to support the charge that it was a
rich man's war but a poor man's fight.
(1) North:
(2) South:
5. Economic Aspects of War (pp. 447450)

a. (Note: You should have a basic understanding of who pays the huge cost of fighting a war. Especially try to
grasp the inflationary impact of a government just printing more paper currency to pay its bills.) The
____________ (North or South) was better able financially to pay for the war. As you read the section beginning on
p. 447, put a (+) in the column of the side that relied most heavily on each of these three means of financing, and a ( )
in the other column.
NORTH
SOUTH
(1) Taxes and tariffs:
(2) Bonds and borrowing:
(3) Printing money:
b. Compare and contrast how the North and the South emerged from the war economically.
(1) North:
(2) South:
c. During the war, many women went into industrial employment for the first time. In the caring professions, Dr.
Elizabeth ____________ helped organize the U.S. ____________ Commission (predecessor to todays Red Cross)
and Clara __________ helped expand and transform the ____________ profession.

North and South at War
Pages 434438
Fort Sumter (April 1861)
Richmond, Va.
Border states
Norths war aims
Pages 438441
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
Ulysses S. Grant
Pages 441444
Trent Affair (1861)
The Alabama
The Laird rams
Dominion of Canada (1867)
Maximilian/Mexico (1863)
Pages 444447
Jefferson Davis
Blockade
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Conscription Law (1863)
Three-hundred dollar men
Draft riots
Pages 447450
Income tax
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
Greenbacks
War bonds (Jay Cooke & Co.)
National Banking System (1863)
Homestead Act of 1862

U.S. Sanitary Commission
21
CHAPTER
Furnace Of Civil War, 18611865
(Note: The review in this chapter of the military leaders, strategies, and key battles cant fully convey the shear magnitude
of the conflict or the often horrendous human aspects of the Civil War. However, it is important to have a solid overview of
the military strategies involved and of those turning points that could have gone either way and thereby greatly influenced
the world we live in today.)
1. Strategy and Early Battles (pp. 451456) The authors contend that had the North prevailed at the first picnic-like
Battle of ________ Run (just south of Washington) in July 1861, southern states might have been re-admitted on easy
terms. But after the bloody ________________ Campaign, in which Union forces under young General George
______________ failed to take the Confederate capital of ______________, Virginia, the Union strategy turned to
total war. List the six elements of the new northern strategy mentioned on pp. 455456?
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
2. Antietam and Emancipation, 1862 (pp. 456462)

a. Note the importance of the embargo on southern ports (keeping cotton in and war supplies out). Southerners tried to
get around the embargo, partially through the use of their ironclad ship named the _______________, which in 1862
was challenged by the Northern cheesebox on a raft, the ________________.
b. Emboldened by his successes, Confederate Gen. Robert E. _______ advanced his army into northern territory and,
in September 18_____, was engaged at Antietam Creek, in the western part of the state of ______________. This
bloody battle was militarily a draw. However, list the two reasons why the authors call this engagement the most
decisive of the Civil War.
(1)
(2)
c. What were Lincolns objectives in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation? How did this proclamation signal a
change in northern war aims?
(1) Objectives:
(2) Changed war aims:
d. Why was the proclamation technically less than it appeared? Why do the authors summarize by saying . . . where
he could he would not, and where he would he could not?
e. About ___________ blacks joined the army after Emancipation, representing about ____percent of Union forces,
including the famed Massachusetts 54th, which attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina (dramatized in the feature
film Glory).
3. War at Midpoint (pp. 462468) After Antietam, Lincoln tried a variety of new generals, who proceeded to chase
Lees army around northern Virginia. Lee and his brilliant lieutenant Stonewall ____________ were then
encouraged by a stunning victory at C_________________ to advance into the North again in the hope of breaking
the Union will to fight. For three days in July 18____, at the Pennsylvania town of G_______________, his troops
assumed the unaccustomed offensive role against dug-in Union Army troops under General George G.
____________. After the famous charge by troops under Confederate General George ___________ on the last day,
Lee was forced to withdraw. His army would fight on for two years but was never again a real threat. In the west, the
Union strategy was to capture the mouth of the Mississippi at New Orleans and then for General Ulysses S.
__________ to move south and capture the rest of the river. This was accomplished with the Union victory at
V_______________ on the day after the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg. The remainder of the western strategy
involved the brutal march under Union Gen. William Tecumseh _____________ from the Cumberland Mountains,
through the burning of A__________ (Gone With The Wind), finally reaching the sea at Savannah.
4. Politics of War (pp. 468471) Objections to the war were always strong in the North, especially among Peace
Democrats mostly in the Midwest and the so-called ______________ (a poisonous snake), who openly obstructed the
war (using many tactics perfected later by Vietnam War protesters). Lincoln treated these critics harshly and, in 1864,
formed a political coalition between Republicans and War Democrats called the __________ Party, which - to
balance the ticket - chose as Lincolns running mate the War Democrat from Tennessee, Andrew ____________.
Lincoln was re-elected against the Democratic candidate, the erstwhile General _____________.
5. Wars End and Lincolns Death (pp. 471474) After Gettysburg, Grant was made commander of all Union armies
and proceeded to chased Lee around the Virginia countryside in a series of bloody battles until Lee was forced to
surrender at ________________ Court House in April 18____. Less than two weeks later, Lincoln was killed at
________ Theater by southern sympathizer John Wilkes _________. Lincoln and his Vice President Johnson had
many of the same views about quickly binding up the wounds of war and letting the Southern states back into the
Union on relatively easy terms. Why then do the authors argue on p. 473 that the highly contentious battle with
Congress over a harsh or gentle reconstruction policy after the war would have turned out much differently (and
better!) had Lincoln lived? *** Any thoughts on this hypothetical conclusion?
6. Reflections (pp. 474475) Over __________ men were killed or seriously wounded in this war (more than in ALL
other U. S. wars combined!) and $____ billion was spent. Despite this toll, the authors reflect a northern perspective
and are pretty positive about the outcome. List three positive results of the war cited by the authors. *** Then, on the
right side, come up with two or three counterarguments or differing interpretations that might be put forward by
skeptics or southern partisans.
Positive Results
Counterarguments
(1)
(2)
(3)

Furnace of Civil War
Pages 451456
On to Richmond!
Bull Run (July 1861)
Gen. Stonewall Jackson
Gen. George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign (spring 1862)
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Seven DaysBattles
Pages 456462
Merrimack (1862)
Monitor
Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)
Gen. John Pope
Antietam (September 1862)
Emancipation Proclamation (September 1862)
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
Pages 462468
Gen. Ambrose Burnside
Fredericksburg (December 1862)
Gen. Fighting Joe Hooker
Chancellorsville (May 1863)
Gen. George Meade
Gettysburg (July 1863)
Picketts Charge
Gettysburg Address (November 1863)
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Forts Henry and Donelson (February 1862)
Shiloh (April 1862)

Adm. David Farragut
New Orleans (spring 1862)
Vicksburg (July 1863)
Chattanooga (fall 1863)
Gen. William Tecmseh Sherman
Burning of Atlanta (September 1864)
March to the Sea
Savannah (December 1864)
Pages 468471
Election of 1864
Peace Democrats
Copperheads
Clement Vallandingham
Union Party
Andrew Johnson
Dem. George McClellan
Pages 471474
Wilderness campaign (May-June 1864)
Appomattox (April 1865)
Lincoln assassination (April 1865)
John Wilkes Booth
Pages 474475
Death toll
Monetary cost
22
CHAPTER
Reconstruction, 18651877
1. Problems of Peace (pp. 477479) In this section, the authors describe the collapsed economy and social structure of
the South and the beaten but unbent attitude of many white southerners. List in your own words the four main
questions that the authors say faced the country after the war.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2. The Freed Slaves (pp. 479481) After the war, Congress established the ______________ Bureau under sympathetic
Gen. Oliver O. _____________ (Note: He helped found a major university in Washington, D.C., that is named
after him.) to provide basic services, education, and confiscated land to the newly freed but unprepared ex-slaves.
(Note: This was the first attempt by the federal government to provide direct social services to the population.)
*** What do you think was the most immediate priority of black families in the South, education or land to farm?
Why do you think the North would not or could not deliver on its promise of 40 acres and a mule?
3. Johnson vs. Congress (pp. 481-489) The essential issue in the dispute after the war was whether to bind up the
wounds as quickly as possible - even if that meant perpetuating much of the old southern social structure versus
those who felt that, to justify the horrors of a four-year war, the North had a responsibility to force significant change
on the South land redistribution, education, punishment for rebels, political and economic rights for freed slaves,
etc. The basic problem was indecision: for two years the country started out under the easy presidential
Reconstruction and then shifted abruptly to the tough version when Congress took over.
a. The authors say that President Andrew _____________ was clearly not fit by ideology or temperament to lead the
postwar Reconstruction. Nevertheless, he had agreed with __________ before his death that easy terms should be
offered. With Congress not in session, Johnson issued a proclamation that states could be re-admitted simply by
renouncing secession, repudiating Confederate debts, and ratifying the ______ Amendment outlawing slavery.
Southern states, believing that they would not be occupied by a northern army, began instituting the infamous
_________ Codes, which regulated the social behavior of freed blacks and essentially bound them economically to
their former masters.
b. Aroused, Congress refused to seat the whitewashed rebels who showed up in Washington to represent the states
to be re-admitted under Johnsons plan. In March 1866, Congress passed a __________ Rights Bill over Johnsons
veto and then required that Southern states also ratify the new ____ Amendment, which granted full rights of
citizenship, excluding voting, to the freedmen. Assurance of voting rights would be required later under the ____
Amendment. The Radical Republicans strengthened their position in the 1866 congressional elections and then
prepared to impose their own plan under the leadership in the Senate of Charles ____________ and in the House of
Thaddeus _______________.
c. Read the following quotes from Lincoln and Stevens, then fill in the chart below.
Abraham Lincoln - Second Inaugural Address (March 4, 1865)
With malice toward none, with charity for all . . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nations
wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve
and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
Thaddeus Stevens
The whole fabric of Southern society must be changed. . . . The Southern states have been despotisms, not
governments of the people. . . . If the South is ever to be made a safe republic, let her lands be cultivated by the toil of
the owners or the free labor of intelligent citizens. This must be done even though it drives her nobility into exile. If
they go, all the better.
What objectives have the highest priority for Lincoln and for Stevens and which objectives are of lesser or no
priority? What is the underlying assumption of both men about why the war was fought and why so many sacrifices
were made?
Lincoln
Stevens
(1) High priority:
(2) Low priority:
(3) Underlying assumption:
c. *** If you had been a northerner after the war, do you think you would have been (1) a Radical ready to use
government power and money to force change in the South, or (2) would you have been in the Moderate camp,
passing legal protections for the freedmen but leaving it largely up to the states to rebuild their economies and
societies? Why?
4. Military Reconstruction, 18671877 (pp. 489494)

a. Congress finally sent in the troops to occupy ____ (number) military districts in 18___, two years after the war
ended. The purpose was largely to enfranchise blacks eventually through passage of the ____ Amendment, and to set
up friendly state governments dominated by the Republican Party. This generated massive resentment on the part of
white southerners. *** Do you think that military occupation would have been more acceptable in the South if it had
been instituted immediately after the war? Why or why not?
b. *** What do you think of the requirement that freed slaves, kept largely illiterate by their former masters, be given
immediate voting privileges?
c. After the northern troops left each state, the friendly Republican state governments were replaced by Redeemer
governments. Who were the Redeemers?
d. Why were womens rights activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony upset by the Fourteenth
and Fifteenth Amendments?
e. Be careful of the connotations of the words we use. How did southerners define the following terms and how might
sympathetic northerners describe the same people?
Southerners
Northerners
(1) Scalawags:
(2) Carpetbaggers:
f. Try to summarize briefly the authorsconclusions (pp. 491493) about the performance of state governments under
Radical Reconstruction, during which blacks exercised full political rights.
g. List two methods used by the Ku Klux Klan and others to keep blacks from voting and generally to keep them
subservient.
(1)
(2)
5. Impeachment of Johnson (pp. 494495) (Note: Under the Constitution, a president can be removed for
nebulously-worded high crimes and misdemeanors. Like bringing charges or indicting a person in a
criminal court, the House first has to approve impeachment. Then the Senate acts as a jury in a trial and must
vote to convict before the president can be removed. Johnson was impeached but not convicted. Nixon was never
formally even impeached because he resigned first. Clinton, like Johnson, was impeached by the House but not
convicted.)
a. What were the charges brought against Johnson by the House? *** What do you think of those charges?
(1) Charges:
(2) Evaluation:
b. The Radicals failed to convict by only one vote. Why do the authors conclude on p. 495 that the nation narrowly
avoided a bad precedent? *** How does this assessment apply to Clintons impeachment?
6. Reflection (pp. 496497)

a. What do the authors mean when they say on p. 497 that the Republicans acted from a mixture of idealism and
political expediency?
b. Note the quote from Frederick Douglass: The black man was free from the individual master, but a slave of
society. In this respect the authors accuse the Moderates of not fully recognizing the magnitude of the task of
reforming southern society. Further, they conclude that the Radical program just might have worked had it been fully
implemented land reform, etc. But this, of course, would have made the South even angrier! *** Do you have any
reaction to all this? What ideas do you have about what really should have been done?
7. Varying Viewpoints (pp. 498499) Early historians held the view that Reconstruction was a kind of national
disgrace foisted on the noble South by a vindictive North. (Note: This view was graphically presented and
popularized by the countrys first blockbuster movie, Birth of a Nation, produced in 1915 by D. W. Griffith.)
How did the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s affect the way historians have interpreted the
Reconstruction period?

Reconstruction
Pages 477479
Christmas pardons (1868)
Pages 479481
Conventions of Freedmen
American Missionary Association
Freedmans Bureau (18651872)
Gen. Oliver O. Howard
Pages 481489
Andrew Johnson
Lincolns 10 Percent Reconstruction Plan (1863)
Wade-Davis Bill (50 percent, 1864)
Pocket-veto
Radical Republicans
Johnsons Reconstruction Plan (May 1865)
Thirteenth Amendment
Black Codes
Sharecroppers
Civil Rights Bill (1866)
Fourteenth Amendment
1866 congressional elections
Sen. Charles Sumner
Rep. Thaddeus Stevens
Pages 489 494
Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
Fifteenth Amendment
Ex parte Mulligan (1866)
Radical regimes
Redeemers
Union League
Hiram Revels/Blanche Bruce
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
Ku Klux Klan
Force Acts (1870 1871)
Disfranchisement
Pages 494495
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Edwin M. Stanton
Rep. Benjamin F. Butler
Johnson impeachment
Sen. Ben Wade
Pages 496497
Alaska purchase (1867)
Sewards Folly
23
CHAPTER
Politics in the Gilded Age, 18691896
1. Part Four Intro. (pp. 500501) This introduction gives you a preview of the authorsanswers to certain key
questions about the pallid politics and corruption but at the same time massive changes taking place in American
life in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors
will be addressing in the next five chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Grant and Corruption (pp. 502506)

a. The authors, opinions are obviously not high regarding any of the late nineteenth-century political leaders,
especially Gen. Grant - calling him inept and a political greenhorn. How important was the black vote in electing
Grant and how did this political factor affect the Reconstruction policy of the Republican party? (Note that blacks, to
the extent they were allowed to vote, continued to support the party of Lincoln until Roosevelt in the 1930s.)
b. Jay ________ and Jim ______ are cited as examples of post-Civil War corporate corruption. Boss _________ in
New York City is cited as an example of political corruption. A combination of the two was the Crdit Mobilier
scandal. What did the Crdit Mobilier scandal involve?
3. 1873 Depression and Hard Money (pp. 506507)

a. The first paragraph of this section summarizes nicely the boom and bust cycles that seem to afflict American
capitalism every generation or so. In your own words, what caused the economic panic of 1873?
b. We are used to inflation today (i.e., prices being higher this year than last). But in the late 1800s, the government
actually contracted the money supply per capita, causing deflation (i.e., a loaf of bread would cost less this year than
last). Why would debtors in the countryside who owed people money want more silver to be coined and more dollars
to be printed? Why would eastern financial interests who lent money (creditors) oppose these inflationary actions?
(1) Debtors for inflation:
(2) Creditors against inflation:
Students Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
4. Death of Reconstruction and Birth of Jim Crow (pp. 507511)

a. Politics in the Gilded Age was passionate if not particularly inspiring. Party distinctions had many similarities to
the present day. List a few words to describe the Republican and Democratic parties of the period.
(1) Republican:
(2) Democratic:
b. The backroom Compromise of 1877 involved ____ (number) disputed electoral votes in the 1876 election between
Republican Rutherford B. ________ and Democrat Samuel J. _______. The deal gave the presidency to _________ in
return, among other things, for the Democratic desire to withdraw the last federal troops from the South. This ended
Republican commitment to racial equality in the South and completed the reversion of southern state governments to
the white redeemers. What effect did the following have on the institution of legalized social segregation (Jim
Crow laws) and black economic subservience in the South?
(1) Compromise of 1877:
(2) Civil rights cases (1883):
(3) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
5. The Chinese (pp. 511514) The Chinese mostly as single men from southern China came to the West Coast
primarily during the Gold Rush and to work on the railroads, after which they ventured into other areas. This created
resentment, especially during the hard economic times of the 1870s. Demagogues such as San Franciscos Denis
________ agitated and Congress finally passed the Chinese ___________ Act in 18___, creating ethnic-based
immigration restrictions that remained until 19___.
6. Politics of the 1880s (pp. 514521) Republican James __________ of the key swing state of ________ was elected in
1880 and assassinated by a disgruntled office-seeker less than a year later. Vice President Chester _________ then
took over and pushed through the _____________ Act of 1883, which started to control the abuses of the spoils
system by classifying government jobs, testing applicants, and setting up a ________ Service Commission.
Democrat Grover _____________ then beat Blaine in 1884 thanks to the desertion to the Democrats of some reformminded, sound-money Republicans called ____________. Cleveland liked small government which, when
combined with the revenues generated from high tariffs, was producing a large government budget surplus. Cleveland
tried to lower tariffs, which raised the ire of the Republicans and got Benjamin _______________ (grandson of ol
Tippecanoe) elected over Cleveland in 1888 in one of the first campaigns heavily financed by big industrialists.
7. Populists and Politics of the 1890s (pp. 521526)
a. The newly formed ___________ Party, or Populists, made a remarkable showing in the 1892 elections, backing
ex-general James B. _______________. Their platform called for unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax,
and government ownership of certain large industries such as railroads. *** Pick one of these planks and explain why
it would be favored by farmers and/or debtors.
b. Labor never fully joined the Populist crusade and southern whites used old racist arguments to make sure that the
white Populists would not join forces on a class basis with the Colored National Farmers Alliance. Jim Crow laws and
black disenfranchisement were tightened throughout the South. Though the Populists made a strong showing, the
Democrat Grover ____________ returned to the White House in 1893 in time for the worst economic depression the
country had yet seen. (Note: Today, the government would probably take steps to relieve suffering through welfare
and unemployment insurance and by pumping more money into the economy, but then the philosophy was to let
nature take its course.) To save money, Cleveland angered rural interests by suspending the 1890 ___________
____________ Purchase Act and borrowing $65 million from Wall Street banker J. P. _____________.
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
The Populists
From what youve read so far (theres more on the Populists in Chapter 26), do you tend to favor Richard Hofstadters
critical view of the Populists as rural hicks resisting inevitable progress? Or do you like the positive view of Lawrence
Goodwin (influenced by the popular uprisings of the 1960s) that the Populists represented a pure, progressive grassroots
movement (a shining, popular democratic moment)? Why do you favor one of these viewpoints?

Politics in the Gilded Age
Pages 502506
Ulysses S. Grant
Waving the bloody shirt
Jubilee Jim Fisk
Jay Gould
Boss Tweed
Thomas Nast
Crdit Mobilier
Whiskey Ring
Liberal Republicans
Horace Greeley
General Amnesty Act (1872)
Pages 506507
Panic of 1873
Greenbacks
Resumption Act of 1875
Crime of 73
Greenback Labor Party (1878)
Pages 507511
Gilded Age
Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)
Stalwarts/Sen. Roscoe Conkling
Half-Breeds/Sen. James B. Blaine
Rep. Rutherford B. Hayes (1876)
Dem. Samuel J. Tilden (1876)
Compromise of 1877
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Pages 511514
Denis Kearney
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Pages 514521
James A. Garfield (1880)
Charles Guiteau
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Pendleton Act of 1883
Civil Service Commission
Mugwumps (1884)
Dem. Grover Cleveland (1884)
Rep. Benjamin Harrison (1888)
Rep. Thomas B. Reed
Billion-Dollar Congress (1889)
McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
FarmersAlliance
Pages 521526
Peoples Party (Populists)
Gen. James B. Weaver
Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
Colored FarmersNational Alliance
Tom Watson
Depression of 1893
J. P. Morgan
Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)
24
CHAPTER
The Industrial Age, 18651900
1. Railroad Expansion (pp. 528 536)
a. The government gave away land bigger than the state of ________ to various railroad companies. What benefits
did the government get in return and why did private companies need these land grants or similar subsidies before
they would build the transcontinental railways?
(1) Benefit to government:
(2) Need for subsidy:
b. Besides the first transcontinental railroad built jointly by the _________ Pacific (building from the east) and the
__________ Pacific (building from the west), which was completed in 18___, three other transcontinental lines were
built with public funds while a fifth, the Great _________, was built by financier James J. ________. An ex-shipping
magnate named Cornelius _________ consolidated the New York __________ railroad empire in the East and
Midwest. In addition to creating our four standard time zones in 18___, what impact do the authors say (p. 534) that
the post-War railroad boom had on each of the following?
(1) Industrial Expansion:
(4) Immigration:
(2) Agriculture:
(5) Great Plains:
(3) Cities:
(6) Wealth concentration:
c. The monopolistic economic power of railroad moguls such as Jay ________ and Corneliuss son William H.
______________ finally motivated the government in 1887 to enact the ______________ Commerce Act. Even
though this act didnt do much to crimp the style of the Robber Barons, why do the authors on p. 536 call it a redletter law?
2. Industrialization (pp. 536537) Define the four factors the authors say came together at the end of the 1800s to
create the industrial boom:
(1) Liquid capital:
(3) Labor:
(2) Natural resources:
(4) Innovation:
3. Titans and Trusts (pp. 537543)

a. The steel interests of Andrew _________ are cited as an example of vertical integration, while the Standard Oil
Trust of John D. _____________ is an example of horizontal integration. What is the difference between these two
merger forms?
(1) Vertical integration:
(2) Horizontal integration:
b. The financier with the bulbous nose who dominated Wall Street, bought out Carnegie, and formed the U.S.
________ Company was J. P. __________. Rockefeller consolidated what appeared to be a dying petroleum industry
that was given new life by the internal-combustion engine used to power the ____________. *** If the New-Rich
of 100 years ago were concentrated in finance, transportation, and heavy industries, the New-Rich of today such as
______________ (name a person) are concentrated in the _______________ industry.
c. How were the biological theories of Charles Darwin used (or abused) to rationalize the accumulation of vast wealth
by a few and the relative poverty of the masses?
d. After the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act, the first government effort to control business excesses was the
___________ Anti-Trust Act of 18___. Though not effectively enforced, it put Congress on record as placing public
need over private greed. *** Whats so bad about a big company monopolizing an industry? Can there be
anything good about a monopoly?
4. Impact of Industrialization (pp. 543549)

a. How did industrialization affect the South?
b. List three major areas of American life permanently affected by the Industrial Revolution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
5. Workers and Unions (pp. 549555) (Note: As you read this section, think of the similar industrial transformations
going on today, where older skills are being rapidly replaced by computerized applications.)
a. Postwar industrialization changed the nature of work from small units and farms to the regimented factory. This
increased real wages, but the income gap between rich and poor was widening at an alarming rate. Unions tried to
balance the power of big employers to hire and fire at will and to control working conditions. The _________ of
Labor, organized in 18___ under the leadership of Terence V. ___________, was an all-inclusive union, meaning it
accepted skilled and unskilled, minorities and whites, women and men. What do the authors say caused this union to
lose influence after the violent incident in Chicagos ___________ Square in 18___?
b. The elitist ___________ Federation of Labor (AF of L), organized in 18___, was headed by Samuel __________.
How did the conservative AF of L differ from the Knights of Labor in each of the following:
(1) Membership:
(2) Philosophy:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Capitalists and Workers
1. Notice again the loaded terms that we often use to describe people or events. The authors point out here how the
same nineteenth-century industrial leaders have been called everything from Captains of Industry to Robber
Barons. After reading this chapter, how would you characterize people like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and
Morgan?
2. The labor movement in Europe, reacting to many of the same industrial conditions found in America, has been much
more heavily based on class considerations - i.e., the working class versus the capitalist class. It has tended to be
more Marxist and socialist in orientation - i.e., looking to overthrow the capitalist system of private ownership of the
means of production as opposed to simply trying to secure better terms for the working person within the existing
capitalist system. *** After reading the Varying Viewpoints essay, do you have any ideas as to why the American
labor movement has been less revolutionary and more accepting of the underlying capitalist structure?

The Industrial Age
Pages 528536
Union Pacific Railroad
Crdit Mobilier
Central Pacific Railroad
The Big Four
Transcontinental Line (1869)
Northern Pacific Railroad (1883)
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad (1884)
Southern Pacific Railroad (1884)
Great Northern Railroad (1893)
James J. Hill
New York Central
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
Time zones (1883)
Jay Gould
Stock watering
Pool arrangements
Wabash case (1886)
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Pages 536537
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas A. Edison
Pages 537543
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
J. P. Morgan
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
Trust
Standard Oil Trust
Interlocking directorates
Bessemer process
United States Steel Corp. (1901)
Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour
Gospel of Wealth
Social Darwinism
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Pages 543549
James Buchanan Duke
The New South
Pittsburgh plus pricing
Gibson girl
Pages 549555
Scabs
Lockout
Yellow-dog contracts
Black list
National Labor Union (1866)
Knights of Labor (1869)
Terence Powderly
Haymarket Square episode (1886)
American Federation of Labor (AF of L) (1886)
Samuel Gompers
Mother Jones
25
CHAPTER
Urbanization, Immigration, and Culture, 18651900
1. Urbanization (pp. 557560) This section highlights some of the postCivil War trends that helped transform rural
America into a country that would be much more familiar to us today. Looking at the chart on p. 559, you can see that
city-dwellers constituted only ____ percent of the population in 1790. By 1900, that had risen to _____ percent (about
half of the 1990 figure of _____ percent). Improved agricultural productivity helped feed the urban population. It also
forced European and American farmers off the land and into the cities looking for industrial jobs. Cities could grow
upwards because of the ___________ (means for moving people up) and the steel-framed skyscraper made popular by
Chicago architect Louis _____________. Commuting to the suburbs became possible because of mass transit
improvements such as the electric ___________. The city offered attractions such as electric light, indoor plumbing,
_____________ (the new communications device), and shopping at department stores. On the other hand, list a few of
the disadvantages of primitive city life:
2. The New Immigration (pp. 561571)

a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the new and old immigration.
(1) Old (1840s1880s):
(2) New (1880s1920s):
b. *** Can you make any general conclusions about immigration from the chart on p. 561?
c. Though America accepted large numbers of immigrants, the government provided virtually no social or economic
services to these immigrants. How and why did the urban political machines (such as Boss Tweed in New York)
provide many of these services?
d. The authors say that the social gospel, as advocated by ministers like Walter ___________________, tried to get
the churches involved in solving the new urban problems. They also mention the name of Jane __________ of
Chicago as a central person in bringing mostly middle-class women into the new occupation of social work and
founding the first American settlement house called ________ House. What connection do the authors make
between this movement and the changing roles of women?
e. What was the significance of the immigration law passed in 1882?
3. Religion and Education (pp. 571573) Many churches became more secular in the face of an increasingly
materialistic culture. The new immigration drastically expanded the ____________ and __________ faiths and new
varieties emerged, including the __________ Army and the Christian __________ Church. Finally this section covers
the important explosion of public and private schools (including parochial schools for the new Catholic immigrants).
4. African-Americans react to Jim Crow (pp. 573575) a. By 1900, the day-to-day plight of blacks was little better
than it had been under slavery. Summarize the views of these two leaders on the subject of black advancement. ***
Under conditions prevailing at the time, which of these would you have supported and why?
(1) Booker T. Washington:
(2) W. E. B. DuBois:
(3) Your view:
5. Universities, Press, and Literature (pp. 575581) Expansion of public universities was boosted by passage of the
__________ Act of 1862 granting land for this purpose, and robber barons such as Leland __________ used their
wealth to found many private universities. Andrew _________ funded the expansion of public libraries and the
circulation of newspapers increased, notably with the competition between yellow journalists Joseph __________
and William Randolph __________. Of the extensive list of quality writers and authors discussed at the end of this
section, pick three that you like and list a few of their characteristics. *** Have you read anything by any of them?
(1)
(2)
(3)
6. Moral Values and Womens Rights (pp. 581585) a. The new urban environment sparked debate over changing
sexual attitudes and the role of women in the family. A new generation of women activists formed the National
American Womens ____________ Association in 18___. What were the differing arguments of the following two
leaders in favor of womens suffrage? *** Then put a (W) by the leader whose argument seems to you to be most
similar to that of Booker T. Washington, and a (D) by the one whose argument you can connect to that of W. E. B.
DuBois.
____ 1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman:
____ 2. Carrie Chapman Catt:
7. Reform, Art, and Culture (pp. 585589) Women, most notably the colorful Carrie A. ________, led the fight
against excessive drinking (mostly by men!), forming the Womans ____________ ______________ Association in
1874. Artists of the period included James _________ and Winslow __________. Popular music blossomed,
including uniquely American forms of blues, ragtime, and jazz. The biggest worlds fair ever, the Great __________
Exposition, was held in __________ in 1893. And urban Americans had the time and money for new popular
amusements such as the circus and spectator sports such as baseball, football, and boxing. *** After reading this
chapter, reflect a bit on life at the end of the nineteenth century. Imagine growing up in this period and list one or two
advantages and disadvantages compared to today.
(1) Advantages:
(2) Disadvantages:

Urbanization, Immigration, and Culture
Pages 557560
Louis Sullivan
Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie, 1900)
Dumbbell tenements
Pages 561571
Padrone system
Boss Tweed
Walter Rauschenbusch
Social Gospel
Jane Addams
Hull House (1889)
Lillian Wald
Florence Kelley
Nativism
American Protective Association, 1887
Immigration restriction laws, 1882 and 1885
Pages 571573
Dwight Lyman Moody
Cardinal Gibbons
Mary Baker Eddy
Normal schools
Kindergartens
Chautauqua movement
Pages 573575
Booker T. Washington
George Washington Carver
W. E. B. DuBois
NAACP (1910)
Pages 575581
Morrill Act (1862)
Hatch Act (1867)
Dr. Charles W. Eliot
William James
Carnegie libraries
Joseph Pulitzer
Yellow journalism
William Randolph Hearst
Edwin L. Godkin (The Nation, 1865)
Henry George (Progress and Poverty, 1879)
Edward Bellamy (Looking Backward, 1888)
Gen. Lewis Wallace (Ben Hur, 1880)
Horatio Alger
Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass)
Emily Dickinson
Kate Chopin (The Awakening, 1899)
Mark Twain
Bret Harte
William Dean Howells
Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage, 1895)
Henry James
Jack London
Frank Norris
Pages 581585
Victoria Woodhull
Anthony Comstock
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
National Womens Suffrage Association, (NWSA, 1890)
Carrie Chapman Catt

Ida B. Wells
National Association of Colored Women (1896)
Pages 585589
Womens Christian Temperance Association (WCTA, 1874)
Frances E. Willard
Carrie Nation
Anti-Saloon League (1893)
Clara Barton
James Whistler
John Singer Sargent
George Inness
Thomas Eakins
Winslow Homer
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
Henry H. Richardson
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893)
Vaudeville
Phineas T. Barnum/James A. Bailey
Buffalo Bill Cody
Sports (participation and spectator)
Gentleman Jim Corbett
James Naismith
26
CHAPTER
The Great West And The
Agricultural Revolution, 18651890
1. Conquest of the Plains Indians (pp. 590600)
a. The intrusion of whites onto the Great Plains decimated native populations through disease and set tribes against
each other in competition for ever-dwindling resources. The government tried to pacify the Indians by signing treaties
with them treating them as sovereign nations and forcing them onto reservations in exchange for material benefits.
But these treaties assumed that Indians had basically European values. List the two basic white misunderstandings of
Indian society and beliefs cited by the authors.
(1)
(2)
b. The treaties were violated on both sides, resulting in continuous warfare from the 1860s to the 1880s. For each of
these tribes, list their geographic location, one prominent leader, and any other notes you think are interesting:
(1) Sioux:
(2) Nez Perc:
(3) Apache:
c. The authors attribute the taming of the Indians to the increased contact caused by the transcontinental railroad, to
the spread of European diseases, and to the virtual extermination of the buffalo, of which there were approximately
____ million in 1865. Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and help to civilize them, while the hardliners wanted to keep squeezing and punishing them. Humanitarians pushed for passage of the _________
Severality Act of 18___. This act tried to integrate Indians into American culture. What were the provisions and
results of this Act? *** What is your view of the integration effort? If not by integration, how was the Indian to
survive in a world dominated by whites?
(1) Provisions:
(2) Results:
(3) Your view:
2. Western Economy (pp. 600604) Mineral wealth, including the __________ Lode silver deposits in Nevada, played
a major part in the western economy, as did cattle and farming. The railroads, particularly using new refrigerated cars,
allowed cattle to reach the new meat-packing centers like Chicago and then be transported east. But the railroad
brought out a wave of farmers and the _____________ Act of 1862 gave them free land to cultivate. (Remember the
Jeffersonian idea that the country would be a better, more stable place if most people were small farmers?). But what
worked in the East was less successful in the West because land roughly west of the 100th meridian was too dry to
Student Reading Questions for Kennedy, The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
farm. When huge numbers of people abandoned their farms in the 1880s, the government again came to the rescue in
the form of giant dams and irrigation projects to facilitate agriculture. *** How would you respond to a westerner
who argued that the government should stay out of peopleslives and should leave the people free to go about their
business without interference?
3. The Frontier Analyzed (pp. 604608) With the 1889 land rush into previously Indian territory in _____________
and results of the census of 18____, it appeared to many that a frontier line is no longer discernible. In 1893,
historian Frederick Jackson ___________ delivered his famous thesis that the pioneer experience (about to come to an
end, he said) was the primary shaper of a distinctively American culture and set of values. Summarize the three
arguments cited by the authors about the significance of the frontier in American history:
(1) a safety valve:
(2) a cultural meeting place:
(3) dominant role of government:
4. Farmers and Populist Sentiment (pp. 608614)

a. By mechanizing and specializing, farmers greatly increased their output in the late 1800s, but the high cost of doing
so caused them to fall deeply into debt and they became more susceptible to the world price fluctuations of the few
crops they were producing. Explain what the authors mean by the section heading entitled Deflation Dooms the
Debtor on p. 609.
b. Notorious individualists, farmers (still representing _____ percent of the population) were being victimized by the
railroads and by various middlemen, but they were slow to act collectively. However, in 1867 a rural grouping called
the National ___________ (still active today) was formed, followed by the _____________ Labor party in the 1870s.
This was succeeded in the 1880s by the cooperative Farmers_____________, which evolved into the grassroots
Peoples Party of the 1890s (better known as the ____________). List the four main elements of the Populist Party
platform cited on page 613:
(1)
(3)
(2)
(4)
5. 1893 Depression (pp. 614615) The economic crash of the early 1890s added industrial workers to the embittered
farmers. Jacob S. _________ led a protest march of the unemployed in 1894. That same year, Eugene V. ______ led a
crippling strike in ___________ against the __________ Palace Car Company, a strike put down by federal troops on
the orders of President __________.
6. Watershed Election of 1896 (pp. 615621) With the potential for class conflict (workers and farmers vs. the
business class), the 1896 election loomed large. The Republicans nominated William _____________, whose
campaign was managed and financed by the ruthless Marcus Alonzo _________. The Democrats went for the
thunderous 36-year-old Boy Orator from the state of ____________, William Jennings _________, whose fiery
_________ of Gold speech (calling for inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver) won over the convention.
This left the Populists with a fateful choice. Even though the Democrats supported only one of their objectives (free
silver), they decided to join with the Democrats in supporting Bryan in order to improve their chances of winning.
When Bryan eventually lost to McKinley, the Populists had lost their identity for good and never recovered. On
p. 619, the authors call the election of 1896 the most significant political turning point in over 30 years. Why?
*** Can you draw any conclusions from this story?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
The Turner Thesis
1. In the first paragraph of this essay, Turners thesis (first expounded at the 1893 Great Colombian Exhibition) is
summarized. What role did Turner ascribe to the frontier in shaping the unique American culture?
2. Turner wrote in a eurocentric period in which the superiority and ever-onward advancement of the Anglo-Saxon
races was assumed. *** How does Turners thesis reflect this underlying assumption?
3. We currently live in an age in which multiculturalism and diversity are held in high regard. How do the theories
of the New Western historians about the unique nature of the West (described in the second half of this essay)
reflect these underlying multicultural assumptions?

The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
Pages 590600
Great Sioux reservation
Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Buffalo Soldiers
Sand Creek massacre (1864)
Fetterman massacre (1866)
Sioux/Sitting Bull
Custers Last Stand (1874)
Nez Perc/Chef Joseph (1877)
Apache/Geronimo
Buffalo Bill Cody
Helen Hunt Jackson (Ramona, 1884)
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
Dawes Severality Act (1887)
Carlisle Indian School (1879)
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Pages 600604
Pikes Peak Gold Rush (1858)
Comstock Lode (1859)
Long Drives (1866-88)
Homestead Act (1862)
Sodbusters
100th meridian
John Wesley Powell
Joseph F. Glidden
Pages 604608
Oklahoma sooners (1889)
Yellowstone (1872) and Yosemite (1890)

Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)
Pages 608614
cash crops
Montgomery Ward (1872)
Deflation
National Grange (1867)
Greenback Labor Party (1878)
Farmers Alliances (late 1880s)
Peoples Party (Populists, early 1890s)
Coins Financial School (1894)
Ignatius Donnelley and Mary Lease
James B. Weaver
Pages 614615
Panic of 1893
Coxeys Army (1894)
J. P. Morgan (1895)
Pullman strike (1894)
Eugene V. Debs
Gov. John Altgeld
A. G. Richard Olney
Pages 615621
William McKinley
Mark Hanna
William Jennings Bryan
Cross of Gold speech
Gold Bugs
Dingley Tariff Bill (1897)
Gold Standard Act (1900)
27
CHAPTER
U.S. Imperialism, 18901899
Note: The next two chapters cover the second great wave of expansionist fever to hit the country after the Manifest Destiny
phase of the 1840s. Think about why it was that, at the end of the century, the feeling again arises that the country must expand
or explode.
1. Imperialist Stirrings (pp. 623625) What do the authors mean by the following causes they ascribe to the new
imperialist stirrings:
(1) Overseas markets:
(2) Yellow press:
(3) Missionary impulse:
(4) Racism/Darwinism:
(5) New Steel Navy:
2. Venezuela and Hawaii (pp. 625-628) In 18951896, when President Cleveland thought that ________________
(a European country) was getting too powerful in Latin America, his Secretary of State Richard ___________ tried
successfully to invoke the _____________ Doctrine in a boundary dispute with Venezuela. Although war almost
resulted, the precedent of the United States acting as the protector of Latin America was further established. ***
After reading the section on the 1893 planter revolt in Hawaii and the eventual annexation of Hawaii in 1898, do
you see any similarities between these events and the way that Texas and California came into the Union?
3. Cuba and War with Spain (pp. 628631) Americans sympathized with the renewed Cuban fight for independence
from Spain, especially when the incoming Spanish General ___________ Weyler attempted its violent suppression.
To sell newspapers, the two big _____________ (a color) journalists, William R. __________ and Joseph
_____________ played up this brutality. They got their sensational story in February 1898 when the battleship
_______ blew up in Havana Harbor. Although the American reaction was one of outrage, the authors conclude that
the Spanish probably _________ (did or did not) blow up this ship. When McKinley asked for a war declaration,
Congress agreed and further self-righteously passed the _______________ Amendment, which forbade annexation
of Cuba after a successful war. *** Pause here to reflect on the causes and justification for war with Spain. In 1898,
would you have been one of those pushing for intervention, or would you have opposed a war declaration? Why?
4. Spanish-American War of 1898 (pp. 631636) Going beyond his authority, Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Theodore ___________ had ordered Commodore George _______ to attack the Spanish outpost in ____________
should war break out. Although having little relevance to the liberation of Cuba, this attack was a _______________
(success or failure). The capture of Manila was aided by the local revolutionary leader Emilio ______________.
Theodore ______________ resigned from the government and helped form a regiment called the Rough
____________ that captured _____ ________ Hill near the city of _________, leading to a naval victory over the
Spanish fleet. Many more Americans died of tropical diseases than from bullet wounds, and the war was over within
four months. *** Secretary of State John Hay dubbed this a splendid little war. After reading the military history,
what do you think?
5. Annexing the Philippines Imperialism or No? (pp. 636639) As a result of the peace treaty signed with Spain in
1898, Cuba was freed (with reservations!) and the United States took over responsibility for the former Spanish
possessions of ________, _______________ , and the __________________. President ____________ then faced the
devils dilemma what to do with the Philippines. Should he keep them and try to join the worlds imperialist
powers, or should he set them free as had been done in Cuba? List three imperialistic factors that convinced McKinley
to keep the islands and three arguments against annexation used by the newly organized Anti-Imperialist League.
***Evaluate these arguments. Which arguments are strongest and weakest in your opinion?
Imperialist Arguments
Anti-Imperialist Arguments
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Your opinion:
6. Problems of Empire (pp. 639643) Congress granted limited self-government to the island of _________
_________ and, in 1917, gave its people U.S. citizenship. Cuba was governed until 1902 by U. S. General Leonard
_________, after which, as required under the ____________ Amendment, U.S. troops withdrew. However, Cuba
was forced to write the so-called __________ Amendment into its own constitution. What were the three conditions
of Cuban independence (the consequences of which are still evident today) written into this amendment?
(1)
(2)
(3)

U.S. Imperialism
Pages 623625
Yellow press
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Rev. Josiah Strong
Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan
Big Sister policy
Pan-American Conference (1889)
Pages 625628
Richard Olney
Monroe Doctrine
Great Rapprochement
Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaiian planter revolt (1893)
Pages 628631
Cuban insurrectos
Gen. Butcher Weyler
de Lome letter (February 1898)
Remember the Maine (February 1898)
McKinleys war message (April 1898)
Teller Amendment
Pages 531536
John D. Long
Theodore Roosevelt
Com. George Dewey
Manila Harbor (May 1898)
Emilio Aguinaldo
Hawaiian Annexation (July 1898)
Adm. Cervera
Gen. William R. Shafter
Roosevelts Rough Riders
Col. Leonard Wood
San Juan Hill
Santiago (July 1898)
Gen. Nelson A. Miles
Pages 636639
Treaty with Spain
Philippine annexation
Anti-Imperialist League
Pages 639643
Foraker Act (1900)
Insular Cases (1901)
Dr. Walter Reed
Platt Amendment (1901)
Guantanamo Bay
Elihu Root
CHAPTER 28
America on the World Stage, 18991909
1. Part Five Introduction (pp. 644646) This introduction gives you a preview of the authorsanswers to the many key
questions about America in the first half of the twentieth century that will be addressed in the next nine chapters.
Look at this section and list three major questions that may interest you.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Philippine Insurrection (pp. 646648)

a. The authors devoted eight pages in the last chapter to the five-month Spanish-American War, but only two pages
here to the far more brutal three-year war against Filipino nationalists seeking their independence. The U.S. president
who decided to keep the Philippines after the war was William ______________. The leader of the insurrection in
the Philippines was Emilio _____________, while the first American governor of the Philippines was future president
William Howard ________. The Philippines were not granted their independence until after World War II, in 19____.
b. *** Given what you may already know about American involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, compare and
contrast that experience with our suppression of the Philippine independence movement in 18991901. Would you
have pursued the same or a different policy?
(1) Similarities:
(2) Differences:
(3) Your view:
3. China and the Open Door (pp. 648651) Trade with China has always been a prize coveted by countries around
the world. At the turn of the century, a weak China was being carved up by European powers and the United States
was late getting into the game. Secretary of State John ______ then worked to get acceptance of an _________ Door
Policy which would respect Chinese rights while opening up the market to all comers. Anti-foreign feelings in China
erupted in the _________ Rebellion of 1900, which was suppressed by a large international military force.
4. The Rise of Roosevelt (pp. 652655)

a. Look at the highlighted quotes from Senators Beveridge and Hoar on p. 653. What is the essence of their arguments
for and against U.S. imperialism?
(1) Pro-imperialism (Beveridge):
(2) Anti-imperialism (Hoar):
b. In the election of 1900, the Republicans renominated William _____________ but then added the young war hero
Theodore _____________ to the ticket as vice president. The Democrats again nominated the energetic orator
William Jennings ____________. The party that stressed free silver and anti-imperialism in the election was the
_________________ , while the _______________ Party stressed prosperity and the gold standard. In September
19___, the re-elected McKinley was assassinated and the amazing Roosevelt took over. List a few of the words used
by the author to describe this remarkable man:
c. *** What is your view as to whether or not a virile, cheerleading flag-waver such as Roosevelt could get elected in
America today? Why or why not?
5. Panama Canal (pp. 655657)

a. Why did the United States want to see a canal built across Central America?
b. The French had tried unsuccessfully to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama and were willing to sell their
rights to the United States Panama was then a province of ____________. When that country did not accept the
American proposal to build a canal across its territory, what was Roosevelts aim in so quickly coming to the aid of
those who wanted to secure independence for Panama? Was his ploy successful?
6. Big Stick in the Caribbean (pp. 657658)

a. The policy used by Roosevelt to justify intervening in Latin American countries to help collect the debts owed to
European countries (ostensibly to keep the European countries from intervening to collect the debts themselves) was
called the _____________ _______________ to the Monroe Doctrine. What is the essence of the Monroe Doctrine
and how was this essence modified by Roosevelt?
(1) Monroe Doctrine:
(2) Roosevelts Corollary:
b. What does Roosevelts Big Stick Policy in the Caribbean refer to? *** What do you think of this view that the
U.S. should be the protector of Latin America?
(1) Big Stick:
(2) Your view:
7. Asian Relations (pp. 658661) This section discusses how the great warrior Roosevelt actually won the _________
Peace Prize for mediating the 19041905 _________-Japanese War. It also talks about the influx of _____________
(nationality) workers into Hawaii and California before and after this war. An incident of school segregation in the
liberal city of San ________________ in 1906 caused an international crisis that only ended with the so-called
_________________ Agreement, whereby the Japanese government stopped issuing visas to additional immigrants.
(Note: You will see in Chapter 36 how many of these Japanese immigrants, and their offspring, ended up in internment
camps during World War II.) As a final show of American power in the Orient, in 1907 Roosevelt sent a naval task
force called the _________ _________ Fleet on a world tour ending in Tokyo Harbor and leading to the Root______________ Agreement with Japan.
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
American Imperialism
1. The authors rightly point out the contradiction between American imperialism and the ideals of the American
Revolution combined with the countrys democratic ideals. Summarize the three interpretations for American
expansionism at the turn of the century (and, off and on, throughout our history) that the authors discuss in this
section.
a. The Aberration School (Pratt, Hofstadter, Beale)
Yellow Press:
Psychic Crisis of the 1890s:
International Peer Pressure:
b. The New Left School (Williams, Lenin, LaFeber)

Economic motivation:
Strategy of Informal Empire:
c. Race/Gender Interpretation
Race:
Gender:
2. *** Of this mix of explanations, which ones do you feel the authors stressed most in the last two chapters? Do you
have any views on the motivations behind American expansionism?

America on the World Stage
Pages 646648
Emilio Aguinaldo
William Howard Taft
Philippine Independence (July 4, 1946)
Pages 648651
John Hay
Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Pages 652655
William McKinley (election of 1900)
Theodore Roosevelt
Imperialism
Anti-imperialism
McKinley assassination (1901)
Pages 655657
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Hay-Ponceforte Treaty (1901)
French Canal Company
Philippe Buneau-Varilla
Panamanian Revolution (1903)
Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Col. George Washington Goethals
Col. William C. Gorgas
Panama Canal completion (1914)
Pages 657658
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Dominican intervention (1905)
Cuban intervention (1906)

Pages 658661
Russo-Japanese War (19041905)
Portsmouth Conference (1905)
Japanese immigration/San Francisco school incident (1906)
Gentlemens Agreement with Japan (1908)
The Great White Fleet (1907)
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
29
CHAPTER
Roosevelt and Progressivism, 19011912
This chapter is about the new wave of reform efforts called Progressivism that swept the country in the early years of the
twentieth century. Recalling a similar reform mentality in the 1830s and 1840s, it was aimed at the excesses of monopoly,
corruption, and social injustice that were the by-products of industrial growth and urbanization. Progressives were mostly
middle class people seeking to reform the capitalist system, not overthrow it. The idea was to make government an active force
for good, not just a neutral bystander.
1. Roots of Progressivism (pp. 664667)

a. On p. 664, the authors say the battle cry of the Progressives was to Strengthen the _________, not overthrow it.
What do they conclude was the real heart of the movement?
b. Economist Thorstein ___________ attacked the conspicuous consumption of the rich and journalist Jacob A.
_________ exposed the sordid lives of urban slum-dwellers. Theodore Roosevelt called these commentators who
ruthlessly exposed the systems excesses ___________________. They included people like Lincoln
_____________, who exposed corruption in the cities; Ida M. _______________, who exposed shady dealings within
the Standard Oil Company; and David G. ______________, who pointed out the degree to which big-money interests
controlled the Senate.
2. Political Progressivism (pp. 667669)
a. Read the first paragraph of p. 667 carefully. It describes progressive reformers as feeling themselves squeezed
from above and below. *** Considering the growing disparities in wealth and power between rich and poor, what
pressures were these mostly middle class people feeling from above? What danger did they perceive from below?
(1) From above:
(2) From below:
b. Politically, reformers sought to take power from the special interests and return it to the people. Many states
today live with progressive institutions such as the ______________, which allows citizens to put issues directly on
the ballot by petition; the ______________, which allows citizens to vote on measures passed by the legislature; and
the ___________, which allows citizens to remove elected officials from office. U.S. senators, who had previously
been elected by state ______________, now were subject to direct election by the people as a result of the _____
Amendment passed in 19____. Gradually, progressive state governors such as Robert M. _________ of Wisconsin,
Hiram W. ___________ of California, and Charles Evans ________ of New York were able to reduce the power of
special interests, turn city government over increasingly to professional managers, and pass laws controlling the
excesses of capitalism.
3. Progressive Women (pp. 669672) Middle class women, though still without the vote and direct political power,
became active in the movement for reform, generally focusing on working conditions (particularly after the 1911 fire
at the Triangle ____________ Company) and other issues of family concern. As a result, new laws were passed
protecting women workers. *** Do you approve of the results of the 1908 Supreme Court case of ___________ v.
Oregon? What do you think of the Courts reasoning that womans peculiar structure requires special protections
(i.e. do you see a conflict between special protection and the concept of equality)?
(1) Results:
(2) Reasoning:
4. Roosevelt and Reform (pp. 672676)

a. Roosevelt, though a sturdy friend of business, was swept up in the need for some basic reforms. He called his
program the _________ Deal and his program centered on the three Cs control of ____________, protection for
the ___________, and ______________ of natural resources. Roosevelts threat to call out the troops during the
anthracite _______ strike of 1902 was significant because it was the first time that the federal government had
intervened on behalf of ______________ (owners or labor). The section called Corralling the Corporations points
out that Roosevelt did take on the railroad barons by strengthening the Interstate _____________ Commission and by
successfully breaking up the northwestern railroad monopoly called the ___________ Securities Company, headed by
moguls J. P. __________ and James J. ________, and by initiating some forty antitrust lawsuits. Did Roosevelt
believe that large business combinations were bad by definition? What was his view of the proper relationship
between government and business?
(1) Roosevelts view of trusts:
(2) Government and business view:
b. Roosevelt took action to protect consumers in 1906 through passage of the Meat ___________ Act and the Pure
_______ and _______ Act. This resulted directly from an expose of the meat-packing industry called The
______________ written by novelist Upton ______________.
5. Roosevelt and the Environment (pp. 676681) Roosevelt, and his forestry chief Gifford ________, saw the need
both to conserve natural resources for future generations and to develop them. The ___________ Act of 1902, for
example, started the massive damming of western rivers and associated irrigation projects. *** After reading the essay
about The Environmentalists and the summary of Roosevelts conservation philosophy, how do you compare that
philosophy to that of someone such as John Muir, who might be called a true environmentalist?
(1) Roosevelt the conservationist:
(2) Muir the environmentalist:
6. Summing up Roosevelt (pp. 681683) Note that in the election of 1908, Socialist Eugene Debs polled nearly half a
million votes. Socialism was gaining wide popularity in Europe as an alternative to the excesses of free-market
capitalism. *** Under socialism, _____________ (government, individuals, or corporations) own(s) the means of
production (like factories) and _____________ (government, individuals, or corporations) make(s) the key economic
decisions about allocation of resources (like who makes how much of what product). The authors sum up Roosevelt
on p. 682 by saying that he was the cowboy who started to tame the bucking bronco of adolescent capitalism, thus
ensuring it a long adult life. *** In your own words, what do you think they mean by this metaphor?
7. The Taft Years, 19091913 (pp. 683686) Taft worked to expand American investments abroad, called
__________ Diplomacy, and he initiated many antitrust lawsuits, including one against the U.S. _________
Company that infuriated Roosevelt, further splitting the Republicans into the Progressive and ______ Guard wings.
His actions brought Roosevelt back to challenge for the presidency in the election of 19_____.

Roosevelt and Progressivism
Pages 664667
Progressives
Henry Demarest Lloyd
Thorstein Veblen
Jacob A. Riis
Theodore Dreiser
Socialists
The social gospel
Muckrakers
Lincoln Steffens
Ida Tarbell
Thomas W. Lawson
David G. Phillips
Ray Stannard Baker
Pages 667669
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
Australian ballot
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
City manager system (Galveston, 1901)
Robert M. LaFollette
Hiram Johnson
Charles Evans Hughes
Pages 669672
Womens club movement
Florence Kelly (National Consumers League)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Louis D. Brandeis
Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire (1911)
Frances Willard and WCTU
Dry laws
Pages 672676
Square Deal
Coal Strike (1902)
Deparment of Commerce and Labor (1903)
Elkins Act (1903)
Hepburn Act (1906)
Corporate trusts
Northern Securities Case (1904)
J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill
Upton Sinclair
Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts (1906)
Pages 676681
Conservation movement
Gifford Pinchot
Newlands Act (1902)
John Muir and Hetch Hetchy (1913)
Pages 681683
Panic of 1907
William Howard Taft
Eugene V. Debs (election of 1908)
Pages 683686
Dollar Diplomacy
Nicaraguan intervention (1912)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
Progressives vs. the Old Guard (1912)
30
CHAPTER
Wilsonian Progressivism, 19121916
1. Wilson and the Election of 1912 (pp. 687690)
a. Dr. Woodrow Wilson was the progressive ex-president of ______________ University and he had previously been
governor of the state of _____ ____________. In the election of 1912, he was nominated by the _______________
Party to run against Taft, the ______________ Party nominee, and the jilted Theodore Roosevelt, who formed his
own third party called the _______________ or Bull-____________ Party. The authors state that in this election the
people were offered the choice between two varieties of progressivism. What was the main difference between the
following?
(1) Roosevelts New Nationalism:
(2) Wilsons New Freedom:
b. Taft and Roosevelt split the formerly Republican vote, handing the election to Wilson, who became only the second
Democratic president since the Civil War. List three things about Wilsons background and personality that you found
particularly interesting, unusual, or significant:
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Wilsonian Progressivism (pp. 691693)

a. The authors highlight Wilsons impressive progressive reform record in three areas all dealing with regulating,
controlling, or combating what he called the ___________ Wall of Privilege i.e. manufacturers, bankers, and
conglomerates. Briefly describe one specific example of his moves in each of these areas.
(1) Tariffs and taxes:
(2) A new central bank:
(3) Antitrust policy:
b. What 1916 agricultural acts actually implemented proposals of the long-dead Populist Party?
c. Was Wilson equally progressive in his attitudes toward race? Explain.
3. Wilsons Foreign Adventures (pp. 693696)

a. Though Wilson was less imperialistic than Roosevelt and rejected the dollar diplomacy of his predecessor Taft,
he did greatly expand American presence in the Caribbean by sending troops to _________ and the _____________
Republic and by purchasing the ______________ Islands from Denmark in 1917.
b. Although Wilson refused to protect American investments from expropriation during the Mexican Revolution in
1913, his attempts to influence Mexican politics created resentments and set the stage for an attack by the hothead
General ___________ Villa and a military expedition into Mexico in 19___ led by Gen. John J ______ _______
Pershing (future U.S. general in WWI).
4. World War I Begins in Europe (pp. 696700)
a. Because of the vast web of entangling alliances in Europe, a general war was touched off in August 19___ , when
the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed by a Serb nationalist in the town of ____________
(now the capital of Bosnia). On the one side were Germany and Austria-Hungary, called the ____________ Powers,
and on the other side were Britain, France, and ___________, called the ____________. Wilson urged American
neutrality, but in the battle for American affections, the ___________ (one of the two sides) clearly had the
advantage, largely because of cultural and economic ties. Wall Street bankers such as J. P. _________ lent huge sums
to the Allies and American firms traded heavily with the British not being able to do likewise with the Germans
mainly because of the British blockade of German ports. The German response was to launch attacks by submarines,
known as _____-boats, on merchant shipping entering British waters. Wilson, a moralist and legalist, continued to
insist on the right of neutrals to trade with warring parties. A major crisis occurred in 1915 when the Germans sank
the British passenger liner _____________ with much loss of life, including 128 Americans. *** Considering the
Cunard Steamship Co. newspaper ad on p. 701 and the fact that the ship was also carrying supplies of ammunition, do
you think the American reaction to this sinking was appropriate or was it overblown? Why?
b. Wilson then got the Germans to agree in the ___________ pledge (named after another sunken passenger ship) to
give fair warning and to stay away from American ships. Germany, of course, could always change that policy at any
time. *** On p. 699, the authors refer to the War of 1812, which Jefferson attempted to avoid by declaring an
embargo on trade with warring parties and Madison eventually was sucked into at least in part due to domestic
pressure to resist British attacks on American shipping. *** Compare and contrast the lead-up to the War of 1812 to
the situation Wilson and the country faced at the outbreak of World War I in Europe.
(1) Similarities:
(2) Differences:
c. If you had been making U.S. policy relative to the increasingly horrific conflagration raging in Europe, what would
you have done and why?
5. 1916 Election (pp. 700703) Roosevelt refused to run in 1916, which killed the ________________ Party. Wilson
then defeated the Republican candidate, ex-New York governor and Supreme Court justice Charles __________
____________, ironically (in view of what youll see in the next chapter happens shortly afterward) on the strength of
the slogan He Kept Us Out of _______.
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Who Were the Progressives?
In a way, its not surprising that historians should disagree about just who were the progressive reformers of the
early twentieth century. After all, Theodore Roosevelts Bull Moose Party notwithstanding, this was not a coherent,
centralized movement led by one identifiable group of people. Many people called themselves progressives during this
period. In this essay, the authors identify five different perspectives taken by historians on this question. In one or two
sentences each, who were the progressives according to each of these historical schools? *** Put a (1) by the side of the
school of thought that you feel the authors emphasized most in the last two chapters, and put a (5) by the one you think they
would most take exception to.
____ 1. Traditional view (first paragraph):
____ 2. Psychological view (Hofstadter):
____ 3. New Left view (Kolko):
____ 4. Organizational school (Weibe/Hays):
____ 5. Gender emphasis (Mancy/Gordon/Skocpol):

Wilsonian Progressivism
Pages 687690
Dr. Woodrow Wilson
Progressive (Bull Moose) Party
New Nationalism
Herbert Croly
New Freedom
Pages 691693
Triple Wall of Privilege
Underwood Tariff (1913)
Sixteenth Amendment
Elasticity of the currency
Federal Reserve Bank (1913)
Federal Reserve notes
Federal Trade Commission (1914)
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Populist farm laws of 1916
Workmans Compensation Act (1916)
Adamson Act (1916)
Louis D. Brandeis
Pages 693696
Jones Act (1916)
Haiti and Dominican Republic (1915)
Gen. Victoriano Huerta
Venustiano Carranza
Francisco Pancho Villa (1916)
Gen. John Black Jack Pershing

Pages 696700
Central Powers
Allies
Neutrality Proclamation (1914)
Kaiser Wilhelm II
British blockade of Germany
Neutral rights
U-boats
Lusitania (1915)
Sussex Pledge (1916)

Pages 700703
31
CHAPTER
The U.S. in World War I
1. U.S. Enters the War (pp. 705707)
a. Early in 1917, President Wilson pressed for a compromise end to the bloodshed by proposing the concept of peace
without _____________. However, desperate to use its strongest weapon to best advantage, the Germans declared
unlimited _____________ warfare, vowing to sink all ships in the war zone. This resulted in the sinking of four
unarmed American merchant vessels. Meanwhile, public sentiment was aroused when the _______________ note
was intercepted seemingly an attempt by the Germans to recruit _____________ (a country) as an ally in the event
of war with the United States. Wilson finally asked Congress for a declaration of war in April of 19____. It is pretty
clear on pages 705706 that the authors think that Wilson had little choice but to jump into this war. Wilson, they say,
was forced to lead a hesitant and peace-loving nation into war against Germanys warlords. *** Do you fully buy
this interpretation? Do you think that U.S. involvement could reasonably have been avoided? If so, how?
b. Because of Americas traditional hostility toward involvement in Europes wars, Wilson played to his own
idealistic inclinations by framing the war as a crusade to make the world safe for ______________ and a war to
end ________. Americans would be fighting not as just another greedy warmonger, but to help remake a corrupt
world and avoid future tragedies. These ideas were formalized in Wilsons famous ____________ Points Address, in
which he spelled out the democratic structure of the new world order he hoped to create. This address ended with the
proposal for a new international organization that came to be called the League of ___________. *** In his Peace
Without Victory speech of January 1917, Wilson had seen the war as a grubby nationalistic conflict that could be
settled by a territorial compromise. One year later, in his Fourteen Points speech, he saw the war as a moral crusade
in which righteousness belonged to only one side. What had changed in the year between January 1917 and January
1918?
c. *** Do you see any connection between Wilsons widening of the war goals into a moral crusade and Lincolns
issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation nearly fifty years earlier?
2. The Home Front (pp. 707715)

a. The U.S. mounted a vast pro-war and anti-German propaganda machine headed by George _________ and his
Committee on ____________ Information. With new laws like the _______________ Act of 1917 and the
________________ Act of 1918, free speech and other civil liberties were suspended and antiwar leaders such as
Eugene V. ______, the perennial Socialist candidate for president, were put behind bars. *** List one argument in
favor of and one argument against the restriction of civil liberties during wartime.
(1) For restrictions:
(2) Against restrictions:
b. The demand for labor during the war buildup brought many southern blacks to northern cities and put large
numbers of women to work, eventually prompting Wilsons reluctant support for womens suffrage, which was
passed in 19____ as the ______ Amendment. Typical of the voluntary nature of the domestic buildup was the call by
Food and Drug administrator (and future president) Herbert ____________ to grow ____________ gardens and
make ____________ loans to the government to finance the war effort. This spirit of self-denial may have aided the
eventual passage of Prohibition in 1919 in the form of the _____ Amendment. To raise the needed armies, a draft law
was reluctantly passed and ultimately, the size of the army was raised from 200,000 to about _____ million men, and,
for the first time, women.
3. Fighting in Europe (pp. 715718) After the communistic _________________ seized power late in 1917, Russia
withdrew from the war, leaving Germany free for a massive push on the _____________ front. Significant American
forces did not arrive in Europe until the late spring of 19___, over one year after U.S. entry into the war. Under
French Marshall ______ and U.S. Gen. Black Jack _______________, American forces had a significant role in
only two major battles, but it was the threat of unlimited American reserves that helped influence Germany to
surrender on November 11, 19____ (now called Veterans Day). The chart on page 717 shows that about _________
Americans were killed in WW I (about the same as in Vietnam), a number which amounted to only about _____
percent of the total killed by all parties to this most horrific armed conflict to date. The country that incurred the
greatest number of casualties was _____________.
4. Versailles Treaty (pp. 718722) Wilsons personal venture to the Paris Peace conference in January 19___ shows the
disillusionment that often develops when idealism confronts cold power politics. At Versailles, he met with leaders of
the victorious powers, including David Lloyd ___________ of Britain and Georges __________________ of France,
who were more interested in punishing Germany than in remaking the world. While in Paris, Wilson made few efforts
to convert domestic critics of a League of ____________, including Senate Republican leader Henry Cabot
_____________. In the end, Wilson lost stature and few were happy with the treaty, which was extremely harsh on
Germany (setting the stage for Hitler and World War II) and carried out few of the liberal ideas on self-determination
contained in Wilsons ________________ Points. However, Wilson thought that the centerpiece League of Nations
would eventually cure these injustices.
5. Failure to Ratify (pp. 722725)
a. With Senator ___________ delaying Senate action on the treaty, Wilson took off on a speaking tour that resulted in
his incapacitation from a stroke. Lodge then proposed approving the treaty with a series of (just coincidentally)
fourteen formal _____________ designed to protect American sovereignty and foreign policy flexibility in the face of
a new League of Nations. Wilson twice refused to accept Republican modifications to the treaty. The U.S. therefore
never ratified the Treaty and never joined the League. By the time the Republican Warren G. ____________ was
elected president in 1920, America had grown tired of Wilsons internationalism, moralism, and idealism. In one of
historys great ironies, the U.S. never joined the League (and largely doomed it to failure), for which its president had
been the primary advocate. In an unusually strong opinion, the authors conclude that the U.S. failure to ratify an
admittedly flawed treaty was tragically shortsighted, weakening an international structure that might have averted a
second world war. *** Do you agree with this? If so, who was primarily responsible for the failure to ratify?
b. *** Can you think of any way that one country could approve a treaty with reservations without opening it up to
proposed amendments from all other signing countries?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist
1. The second paragraph of this essay lists three elements of the Wilsonian vision of American foreign policy. *** Pick
ONE of these elements and write a short personal opinion as to its desirability and practicality in todays world.
(1) Isolationism is dead:
(2) U.S. should export its political and economic ideas:
(3) U.S. should push for a cooperative international system (i.e. support U.N., etc.):
2. Paragraphs 3 and 4 present a useful summary of the debate between foreign policy realists and idealists that
continues today. Briefly, what are the essentials of these two viewpoints? *** Into which of these two camps do you
think you would be inclined to fall and why?
(1) Realists (George Kennan/Henry Kissinger):
(2) Idealists (Arthur Link):
(3) Your view:

The U.S. in World War I
Pages 705707
Peace without victory (January 1917)
Unlimited submarine warfare (January 1917)
Zimmerman note (March 1917)
Russian Revolution (March 1917)
War declaration (April 1917)
War to end all wars / Make the world safe for democracy
Wilsons Fourteen Points address (January 1918)
Self-determination
League of Nations
Pages 707715
George Creel
George M. Cohans Over There
Espionage Act (1917)
Sedition Act (1918)
Eugene V. Debs
William (Big Bill) Haywood
Schenck v. United States (1919)
War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch)
Work or fight rule
National War Labor Board
AF of L
IWW (Wobblies)
National Womans Party (Alice Paul)
National American Woman Suffrage Assn.
Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
Food and Drug Administration (Herbert Hoover)
Victory gardens
Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
Liberty / Victory Loans
Doughboys
Draft Act (1917)
Pages 715718
Bolshevik Revolution (November 1917)
German spring offensive (1918)
Marshal Foch
Chateau-Thierry
Second Battle of the Marne
St. Michel salient
Gen. John J. Pershing
Meuse-Argonne offensive
German surrender (November 11, 1918)
Pages 718722
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge
Vittorio Orlando
David Lloyd George
Georges Clemeneau
Sen. William Borah (irreconcilables)
Versailles Treaty (June 1919)
Pages 722725
Wilsons tour and stroke (September 1919)
Lodges fourteen Reservations
Treaty rejection (November 1919 and March 1920)
Warren G. Harding
1920 election
AMERICA IN WORLD WAR I Key Dates

August 1914
War Starts
Central Powers: Germany
Austria-Hungary
Turkey
Allied Powers:
Feb. 1915
Germany announces submarine warfare
May 1915
Lusitania sunk (Wilson protests; Bryan resigns)
March 1916
Germany agrees to Sussex Pledge regarding U-boat activity
Nov. 1916
Wilson re-elected (He Kept Us Out of War)
Jan. 1917
Wilsons Peace Without Victory speech
Jan. 1917
Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare
March 1917
Russian Revolution; Zimmerman note
April 1917
U.S. enters the War; draft law passed
Nov. 1917
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
Jan. 1918
Wilsons Fourteen Points
Spring 1918
American troops arrive
May 1918
Chateau-Thierry
Sept. 1918
St. Michel salient and Meuse-Argonne offensive
Nov. 1918
Armistice signed (10 million killed; 53,000 are Americans)
Jan. 1919
Paris Peace Conference opens
June 1919
Treaty of Versailles completed
July 1919
Lodge holds hearings in the Senate regarding ratification
Sept. 1919
Wilson goes to the country; suffers stroke
Nov. 1919
Lodges fourteen reservations. Senate defeat of treaty
March 1920
Final defeat of treaty
Britain
France
Russia
Italy
32
CHAPTER
The Roaring Twenties,19191929
The popular image of the 1920s is of flappers and the Charleston. Indeed, the country changed radically during this decade into
one with which we would be much more familiar today a mass consumption society, strong economy, big time spectator sports
and entertainment, fads and superheroes, mobility, suburbs, etc. But notice as you read the chapter how strong the popular
resistance was in many quarters to the brave new world thus created. Todays societal changes provoke similar resistance in
many.
1. Prejudice, Immigration, and Anti-Foreignism (pp. 728732)

a. The authors attribute much of the anti-foreignism of the postWorld War I period to disillusionment after Wilsons
idealistic crusade in Europe had resulted in so little. The _____________ Revolution in Russia in 1917 sparked fears
that every labor dispute was stirred up by foreign communists bent on overthrowing the capitalist system and
installing a dictatorship of the proletariat. The ______ Scare of 19191920 was led by Attorney General A.
Mitchell ___________, who rounded up some ____ thousand suspected subversives on flimsy evidence. (Remember
him when we get to the rabid anticommunist of the 1950s, Sen. Joseph McCarthy.) Another example cited is the
famous case of Nicola ________ and Bartolomeo _____________, whose Italian origin and anarchist political
leanings were at least a contributing factor to their hysterical trial and ultimate execution for murder. *** Why do the
authors say on p. 729 that the Red Scare was a godsend to conservative businesspeople?
b. In this atmosphere, the once-moribund Ku _______ _________ expanded to some _____ million members and
marched openly on Washington, expanding its agenda well beyond its anti-black crusade to oppose anything not
purely Anglo-Saxon. The government moved to sharply cut back the new wave of immigrants now coming mostly
from the poorer regions of southern and eastern Europe. In the ____________ ________ Act of 1921, immigration
was restricted through the use of annual quotas related to the national origin of the population as of the 19____
census. Three years later, the _______________ Act of 1924 further reduced unwanted immigrants by pegging the
quotas to the census of 18____, when there were far fewer people of eastern and southern European origin. *** Look
at the chart on p. 732. How would you describe the change in immigration patterns between 1914 and 1924?
2. Booze and Monkeys (pp. 732738)

a. The temperance ladies finally got their way and booze was outlawed in 1919 by the ____ Amendment to the
Constitution (repealed in 1933). Gangsters such as Chicagos Al ___________ took advantage of Prohibition to sell
bootleg liquor. *** Remembering that Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy, what do the authors
mean on p. 752 when they say that this Amendment and its enabling _________________ Act made the world safe
for hypocrisy? What does hypocrisy mean in this context?
b. A high school education was largely mandatory in the 1920s under the progressive theories of Prof. John
_________ of Columbia. However, the fundamentalists got their day in court when science teacher John _________
was brought to trial in Tennessee for the crime of teaching the evolutionary theories of Charles ____________
rather than the biblical interpretation of creation. The old war-horse, William Jennings _________ came in to
prosecute the case, but he was bested in the battle by criminal lawyer Clarence ______________ and he died a few
days after the trial.
3. Automobile Revolution (pp. 738742) Just as the railroad was the catalyst for the Gilded Age industrial boom, the
automobile was the centerpiece of 1920s prosperity and cultural change, led by the scientific management theories
of Frederick W. __________ and the assembly line mastery of Henry ________. The chart on p. 740 shows that a
Model T cost about _______ months, wages for the average worker in 1924, down sharply from _____ months wages
in 1908. (If a schoolteacher now makes $30,000 per year after tax and an average new car costs $20,000, it takes
______ months, salary to pay for a new car today!) The automobile had huge spin-off effects on the country.
(1) Advertising What is the image being portrayed of the Model A in the ad on p. 742?
(2) Name a few non-automotive businesses that benefited from the auto boom.
(3) Name a few social changes that were spurred by the effect of the automobile.
4. Communications and Cultural Revolution (pp. 742751)

a. As you read these pages about the massive cultural changes in the 1920s, note one or more significant things in the
following areas.
(1) Airplane:
(2) Radio:
(3) Movies:
(4) Womans role/rights:
(5) Sexual mores/styles:
(6) Music:
(7) African-American culture:
(8) Literature:
b. *** Reflecting on this section, do you have any thoughts on what it would have been like to have been a middle
class, urban young person in the 1920s? What would be the pros and cons?
5. Wall Street Boom (pp. 751752) Wealth accumulation in the 1920s was encouraged by the probusiness policies of
people like Secretary of the Treasury Andrew ____________. On the stock exchanges, the authors say that
speculation ran wild and led to an excessive ___________ (bull or bear) market. *** What do you think the word
speculation means in this context? Are people still speculating in stocks, real estate, or other such investments
today?

The Roaring Twenties
Pages 728732
Bolshevik Revolution (1917)
Seattle general strike (1919)
Red Scare (19191920)
A. Mitchell Palmer
Sacco and Vanzetti (1921)
Ku Klux Klan
New Immigration
1921 Emergency Quota Act
1924 Immigration Act
Pages 732738
Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
Volstead Act
Speakeasies
Al Capone
Prof. John Dewey
Religious fundamentalists
John Scopes/monkey trial (1925)
Clarence Darrow
Pages 738742
Bruce Barton
Babe Ruth
Jack Dempsey
Frederick W. Taylor
Henry Ford
Model T (Tin Lizzie)
Pages 742751
Wright brothers (1903)
Charles A. Lindbergh (1927)
Guglielmo Marconi
Amos nAndy
Thomas A. Edison
D. W. Griffith/Birth of a Nation (1915)
Al Jolson/The Jazz Singer (1927)
Margaret Sanger
Flappers
Dr. Sigmund Freud
Jazz
Langston Hughes
Marcus Garvey
H. L. Menken
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Ernest Hemingway
Sinclair Lewis
William Faulkner
Ezra Pound/T. S. Eliot/Robert Frost/e. e. cummings
Eugene ONeill
Harlem Renaissance
Frank Lloyd Wright
Pages 751752
Speculation
Buying on margin
National debt
Andrew W. Mellon
33
CHAPTER
Politics of Boom and Bust, 19201932
1. Old Guard Returns (pp. 753755)
a. This section outlines the probusiness Republican administrations of the 1920s, which favored small government
and ended the push for progressive reforms. As with Grant after the Civil War, the authors spare little in their
caustic description of the first of these presidents, Warren G. _______________. Focus on the Supreme Court actions
(p. 755) affecting the status of women that the authors term anti-progressive. Do you remember the Supreme
Courts reasoning in the 1908 Muller v. Oregon case (p. 670) when it came out in favor of special protection for
women in the workplace? How and why was this view changed when similar protections were overturned in the case
of Adkins v. Childrens Hospital (1923)? *** Should the law treat women and men completely equally? If so, why? If
not, in what areas should women be treated differently?
(1) Muller v. Oregon (1908):
(2) Adkins v. Childrens Hospital (1923):
(3) Your view:
2. Harding Years, 19211923 (pp. 755760)

a. This section highlights the growth of big business and the difficulties of labor unions during the 1920s. Note also
on p. 756 a law passed in 1924 called the Adjusted __________________ Act that promised big benefits to World
War I veterans in twenty years. Internationally, America returned to its isolationist roots in the 1920s. Not being part
of the League of ____________, the country signed a series of disarmament treaties, including the 1922 ________Power ___________ Treaty (that limited U.S., British, and Japanese warship tonnage at a ratio of ___________).
Later in the decade, the idealistic _______________ - Briand Pact, supposedly outlawing war, was signed. Higher
American tariffs temporarily helped American business but hurt European economies trying to recover from the
devastation of World War I. Corruption was also exposed in the Harding administration typified by Interior Secretary
Albert B. _______ and the oil-related scandal called ___________ ________. After Hardings death in 1923, the new
president was the flinty, conservative, morally straight Calvin _____________ Cal Coolidge from the state of
_________________.
3. Coolidge Years, 19231929 (pp. 760764)
a. Farmers in the 1920s were in a depressed state a decade ahead of the rest of the nation. *** How did the end of
wartime demand plus farm mechanization (symbolized by the new tractors) contribute to lower prices for farm
products?
b. (Its important to have a general understanding of the structure of postwar debts and reparations because
they contributed both to the onset of the Depression and to the rise of Hitler in Germany.) Look at the flowchart
on p. 764. The U.S. insisted on getting its $_____ billion or so in war debts paid back from France and Britain.
Because they couldnt earn dollars by selling goods to the U.S., what was their main source of funds to repay these
war debts? What happened in 1929 when Wall Street bankers started calling in the loans they had made to Germany
under the 1924 __________ Plan?
4. Hoover Years, 19291933 (pp. 764767)

a. In the 1928 election, Republican Herbert Hoover defeated the first Catholic presidential nominee, Democrat Al
__________ of New ________. The authors use words like industry, thrift, self-reliance, dignity, integrity, and
humanitarian but also stiff and thin-skinned to describe the apparently well-qualified Hoover, a self-made millionaire.
With the 1929 Agricultural ___________________ Act, Hoover moved modestly to help farm cooperatives help
themselves, but soon afterwards, Congress passed the ___________- Smoot Tariff bill which raised average import
duties to _____percent. *** Why do the authors say on p. 767 that this move played directly into the hands of a hatefilled German demagogue, Adolf Hitler?
5. Crash and Depression (pp. 767770)

a. The chart on p. 768 shows that the value of common stocks declined by ____percent between its high when the
market crashed on Black __________ in October 19____ and its low in 1932. A stock market crash is caused
when everyone wants to ________ (buy or sell) and no one wants to _______ (buy or sell) their ownership of shares
in companies. *** What do you think might cause people suddenly to dump their shares on the market?
b. The authors provide a number of graphic examples of how the foundations of Americas social and political
structure were severely and almost fatally shaken by the decade-long Great Depression, which descended starting in
1930. The stock market crash, by reducing the savings of investors and creating a negative psychological mood, was
only one small factor in the onset of this Depression. Summarize these three main causes of the Depression cited by
the authors.
(1) Overproduction and income disparities:
(2) Overexpansion of credit:
(3) Economic problems abroad:
6. Hoover and the Depression (pp. 770773)

a. Hoover was a humanitarian, but as a conservative he felt government handouts to the poor would destroy the
national fiber. When Hoover did substantially alter his principles by spending large sums of government money, it
was for public works such as the ___________ Dam and for the _______________ Finance Corporation (RFC). Who
received funds from the RFC and how did this illustrate the conservative Hoovers belief that the benefits of such
programs would eventually trickle down to the masses?
7. Bonus Army and Foreign Events (pp. 774776) The final blow to Hoovers reputation occurred in 19____ when he
ordered General Douglas _______________ to evict the remaining elements of the __________ Army, a large group
of World War I veterans who came to Washington to demand early payment of war bonuses. Overseas, Japan was
expanding without restraint by the League of Nations. *** What do the authors mean (pp. 774775) when they
conclude that collective security died and World War II was born in 1931 on the windswept plains of Manchuria?

Politics of Boom and Bust, 19201932
Pages 753755
Warren G. Harding
Andrew W. Mellon
Herbert Hoover
Sen. Albert B. Fall
Harry M. Daugherty
laissez-faire economics
William Howard Taft
Adkins v. Childrens Hospital (1923)
Pages 755756
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920)
Merchant Marine Act (1920)
Veterans Bureau (1921)
Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill) 1924
Washington Disarmament Conference (19211922)
Five Power Naval Treaty (1922) / 5-5-3 ratio
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)
Death of Harding (1923)
Calvin Coolidge
Pages 760764
1920s farm depression
Capper-Volstead Act (1921)
McNary-Haugen Bill/Coolidge veto
John W. Davis
Robert M. La Follette
Allied war debts
German reparations
Dawes Plan (1924)
Pages 764767
Alfred E. Smith/1928 election
Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
Federal Farm Board
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Pages 767770
Speculative bubble
Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)
Great Depression
Hoovervilles
Pages 770773
Trickle down economic theory
Public works projects
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932)
Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)
Yellow dog contracts
Pages 774776
Bonus Army (1932)
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Manchuria (1931)
Henry L. Stimson
Collective security
Good Neighbor policy
34
CHAPTER
Depression and the New Deal, 19331938
1. Introducing FDR (pp. 777780)
a. You may get confused by all the acts and agencies set up by Franklin Roosevelt in an attempt to deal with the
massive Great Depression of the 1930s. In fact, people in the Roosevelt administration didnt really have a consistent,
coherent plan when they started out. Using the FDR quote leading off the chapter on p. 777, summarize in your own
words what FDRs underlying philosophy was when he took office in March 1933.
b. Roosevelt was greatly aided by one of the most active and popular first ladies ever, his wife ______________
(a niece of Theodore Roosevelt). As you read this section about FDR, list a few facts about his background and some
of his personal characteristics.
(1) Background:
(2) Personal characteristics:
c. Roosevelt defeated the Republican ______________ by a wide margin in the 1932 election. This election produced
what historic shift in the voting patterns of African Americans (p. 797)?
2. Money and Jobs (pp. 780787)

a. As soon as FDR was inaugurated in March 1933, the Democratic Congress passed a huge mass of New Deal
legislation in what became known as the first _______________ Days. The new laws dealt with the Three Rs of
the New Deal program: _______________ (aid to those in immediate and desperate need), ________________
(programs designed to stimulate the economy), and __________________ (efforts to change permanently elements of
the economic system that had contributed to the Depression). As you read the remainder of the chapter about New
Deal efforts to overcome the Depression, try to classify the major programs (not necessarily all of them) into one of
these three categories. Use the charts on pages 781 and 784 if needed. *** Then go back and put an asterisk (*) by
those programs that you think are still in effect today.
Relief
Recovery
Reform
b. Roosevelts first act in office was to declare a banking holiday as a prelude to reopening the sounder banks with
government backing through the Emergency _______________ Relief Act of 1933. Through the __________ ____________ Banking Reform Act, Congress restructured the financial services industry and established the
_________________ ______________ Insurance Corporation, (FDIC) which insures peoples deposits in national
banks. *** Looking at the chart on p. 782, what connection do you see between the establishment of the FDIC and the
virtual end to bank failures after 1933?
c. Generally, in reasonably good economic times, the unemployment rate is around 45 percent of the workforce.
When Roosevelt took office the unemployment rate was an unbelievable ______ percent. To help unemployed youth,
the _____________ _______________ ________ (CCC) was established. FDR aide Harry _____________ was in
charge of other agencies that passed out direct relief payments to people through the Federal Emergency
_____________ Administration (FERA) and gave adults jobs on federal projects temporarily through the Civil
____________ Administration (CWA) and later through the much larger and semipermanent Works _____________
Administration (WPA), which built many of the buildings and bridges were familiar with today.
d. Who were these three popular demagogues who argued against FDR and the New Deal?
(1) Father Charles _______________ of Michigan:
(2) Senator Huey __________ of Louisiana:
(3) Dr. Francis _______________ of California:
e. *** Remember the trickle down philosophy of Hoover as reflected in the aid to business given through his
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)? He hoped that business would use government money to build factories,
thus creating jobs and helping ordinary people. How do the relief and employment efforts of Roosevelt reflect more of
a bubble up philosophy as opposed to Hoovers trickle down approach?
3. Laborers and Farmers (pp. 787790)

a. Roosevelt first tried, ultimately unsuccessfully, to cooperate with business in putting people back to work. The
vehicle was the National _________ Administration (NRA), whose symbol, the Blue _________, signified that
business and labor in a particular company or industry had agreed on ways to increase employment and wages. The
Supreme Court (in the Schecter sick _________ case) killed this effort, but the authors that say it wasnt working
well anyway because it required too much altruistic self-sacrifice. Note the rather contradictory efforts of the
Agricultural ________________ Administration (AAA) to raise farm prices by promoting scarcity (i.e., paying
people not to produce) at a time of widespread hunger and unemployment. Drought and dust storms in the southern
plains compounded farm problems the famous ________ Bowl well portrayed in the Steinbeck novel ________ of
Wrath. *** As you read about the causes of the Dust Bowl on p. 789, what environmental lessons are contained in
this story?
4. Structural Reform (pp. 790795)

a. Match up the New Deal programs listed below that continue today to be an accepted part of the role of government
in the economy and society:
(1) Protects investors in stocks and bonds
against fraud, deception, and manipulation.
A. Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
(2) Planned development of a region and entry

by government into the power industry.
B. Securities and Exchange Commission

(SEC)
(3) Financial help to home-buyers and builders
C. Social Security system
(4) Unemployment insurance/old-age pensions
D. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
b. *** Pick ONE of these programs and comment as to why you either agree or disagree that this activity is a
legitimate function of the federal government. Program: _______________________
5. New Deal and Labor (pp. 795797) Remember that the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) was a craft union
organization, meaning that it was divided into skilled occupational groups such as carpenters, plumbers, electricians,
etc. To expand the labor movement beyond these skill-based groups, in 1935 John L. ____________ started what
came to be known as the Congress of ____________________ Organizations (CIO), which included many unskilled
workers and was organized by industry rather than craft steelworkers, auto workers, teamsters, etc. Congress, for the
first time, passed legislation supporting unionization in the form of the _______________ Act of 1935 which was to
be enforced by a new National ______________ ______________ Board. In 1938, the Fair _____________
_______________ Act was passed and helped set minimum wage and working conditions. Summarize the results of
the New Deals pro-labor stance as reflected in the chart on p. 797.
6. End of the New Deal (pp. 797802)

a. In the 1936 election, Roosevelt soundly defeated the Republican nominee, Alfred M. _____________ of
_______________. In this election, FDR was able to put together for the Democrats a coalition (or combination of
interest groups) that held together surprisingly well until just recently. Besides the New Immigrants, the authors say
on p. 798 that this coalition was composed of the ________________, the _________________, the
_______________, and the _________________. In the first act of his new term, Roosevelt squandered much of his
political capital by trying (unsuccessfully) to expand the size and change the composition of the conservative
_______________ Court, which had overturned much New Deal legislation. Although he lost this fight, the Court
thereafter became less hostile to the New Deals socialistic legislation. *** What does the chart on p. 800 tell you
about the New Deals success or lack of success in dealing with the huge unemployment problems of the 1930s?
b. On pp. 800801, focus on the economic reversals of the late 1930s caused at least partially by a slowdown of New
Deal subsidies ordered by Roosevelt when he thought times were improving and he should move to balance the
budget by cutting expenses. Its important to understand the basic theories of British economist John
_______________ Keynes, which were introduced at this time and still have influence today. *** Why do you think
Keynes would argue that governments should run an intentional deficit (i.e., spend more money than they receive in
tax payments) when unemployment is high and the economy is in bad shape? How can a government spend more than
it receives? Where does the extra money come from?
(1) Why deficit spending in bad times?
(2) Where does the money come from?
7. New Deal Evaluated (pp. 802804) The authors summarize well the many criticisms of the New Deal that it was
inefficient, bureaucratic, and inconsistent, and that it introduced big government, a high national debt, and elements of
socialism into the American capitalistic system. Perhaps most significant, they point out that the New Deal really
never ended the Depression and its high unemployment rates. These were only ended by the huge government
spending associated with American entry into __________ _________ ____. And it was the war, not the New Deal,
that caused the biggest expansion of the national debt, from $_____ billion in 1939 to $_____ billion in 1945. On
balance, the authors seem to _____________ (like or dislike) Roosevelt and his program. On p. 804, they say that
FDR was like _____________________ in his espousal of big government, but like ____________________ in his
concern for the common man. *** What do they mean, also on p. 804, when they conclude that Roosevelt may have
saved the American system of free enterprise . He may even have headed off a more radical swing to the left by a
mild dose of what was mistakenly condemned as socialism? Does this argument make sense to you?
8. Varying Viewpoints (p. 805) Against arguments by historians such Carl Degler that the New Deal was a
revolutionary response to economic depression, or by others such as Barton Bernstein that it was not revolutionary
enough, the authors obviously favor the more modern constraints school interpretation. *** What does historian
William Lauchtenburg, a member of this school, mean when he calls the New Deal a half-way revolution?
NEW DEAL HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS

From the Introduction to The New Deal by Anthony J. Badger (1989)
In the postwar years conservatives condemned Roosevelt for introducing socialism; liberals applauded him for extending
the responsibility of the federal government to cover the economic security of individual citizens. Most historians identified
with the Democratic Party and liberalism and in the 1950s and early 1960s many aspects of the New Deal appealed to
them. . . .
Both conservative critics and liberal defenders of Roosevelt believed that he had instituted a massive break with the
past. Radical historians in the 1960s saw the New Deal differently. Acutely conscious of continuing racism and poverty in
the 1960s, they believed that the New Deal had merely served to sustain the hegemony of corporate capitalism. . . . The
New Deal did not nationalize the banks or discipline American businessmen; rather the corporate leaders themselves
drafted the financial and industrial stabilization legislation. . . . Limited concessions, the radicals argued, undercut
radicalisms appeal. . . .
In the 1970s, ideologues of the right challenged the notion that New Deal change had been minimal. Instead, they
insisted that the New Deal had set the American political economy decisively and inexorably on the wrong course. . . .
Right-wing intellectuals saw the Reagan victory of 1980 as the turning-point when the American people reversed a half
centurys drive towards collectivism and chose freedom instead. . . .
My preconceptions and conclusions will soon become clear: that the New Deal did represent a sharp break with the
past; that the New Deals impact was nevertheless precisely circumscribed, often constrained by forces over which the New
Dealers had little control; that in the end the New Deal functioned very much as a holding operationfor American society;
and that for many Americans the decisive change in their experiences came not with the New Deal but with World War II.
Write a paragraph about ONE of the following two questions (the second question being a bit more challenging).
1. What does this summary by Badger of New Deal historiography say about the influence of the times in which
historians write on their interpretation of past events? If you had to classify the New Deal interpretation of your text
authors into one of the categories listed by Badger, what would it be?
2. What is your interpretation of the significance of the New Deal in terms of its break with the past, its effect on the
people it was designed to help, and its impact on the future course of history?

Depression and the New Deal
Pages 777780
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt
New Deal
Brain Trust
1932 election
Pages 780787
Bank holiday (March 1933)
The Hundred Days
The 3 Rs
Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)
Fireside chats
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Harry L. Hopkins
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Home OwnersLoan Corp. (HOLC)
Civil Works Admin. (CWA)
Demagogues
Father Charles Coughlin
Sen. Huey P. Long
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Works Progress Administration (WPA, 1935)
Pages 787790
National Recovery Admin. (NRA Blue Eagle)
Schecter sick chicken decision (1935)
Public Works Admin. (PWA)

Harold L. Ickes
Frances Perkins
Twenty-first Amendment (1933)
Agricultural Adjustment Admin. (AAA)
Parity prices
Dust Bowl
Grapes of Wrath
The Indian New Deal
Pages 790795
Truth in Securities Act
Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Social Security Act
Pages 795797
Wagner Act (1935)
National Labor Relations Board
John L. Lewis
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Sit-down strike
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Pages 797802
Alfred M. Landon
Twentieth Amendment (1933)
FDRs court-packing scheme (1937)
John Maynard Keynes
Hatch Act (1939)
35
CHAPTER
FDR and The Shadow of War, 19331941
1. Foreign Policy of the 1930s (pp. 806809) This first section stresses that, early in the Depression decade of the
1930s, even Roosevelt was an isolationist, effectively scuttling the London ________________ Conference of
19____. He preferred to deal with U.S. problems in isolation rather than to cooperate with other countries in attacking
the Depression on a global basis. With the Tydings -______________ Act of 1934, the U.S. signaled further
withdrawal from Asia by promising the Philippines their independence in _____ years. Also, in 1933, the U.S. finally
recognized formally the sixteen year-old Bolshevik regime in the __________________ Union. Withdrawal from
Europe and Asia was balanced by a much friendlier attitude toward Latin America, called the Good ____________
Policy. Paving the way for a boom in postWorld War II international trade, FDR and his Secretary of State Cordell
________ began drastically reducing tariff rates (if other countries would do the same) under the ______________
___________ Agreements Act of 1934.
2. Dictators and Neutrality (pp. 809811) Remember how, before U.S. entry into World War I, some were critical of
Wilson for allowing U.S. ships and people into the war zone and thus increasing the danger of getting sucked into that
conflict? Notice how the country tried to learn this lesson in order to avoid another conflict brewing in Europe in the
late 1930s and notice also how the authors brand this isolationist approach as a tragically shortsighted, head-inthe-sand policy which was one war too late. (See how useful it is to study history!!!)
a. *** To the best of your ability, define the following terms:
(1) Totalitarianism:
(2) Communism:
(3) Fascism:
b. List two reasons cited by the authors for the rise of communist totalitarianism in the USSR under Joseph
_________ and noncommunist fascist dictatorships in Italy under Benito ___________________ and in Germany
under Adolf _______________.
(1)
(2)
c. As the dictators pushed for expansion in Europe and Asia, Americans tried to avoid involvement at all costs. List
two reasons why most Americans were isolationist, as reflected in such things as the 1934 report of a committee
under Sen. Gerald _______ about causes of U.S. entry into World War I and passage of the ________________ Acts
of 1935, 1936, and 1937. *** Given what was known at the time, would you have been an isolationist or would you
have favored a more interventionist, or aggressive, American effort to stop totalitarian expansionism?
(1)
(2)
(3) Your view:
3. March Toward War (pp. 811814)

a. The authors list a stream of aggressive acts which were met with timid responses from America and the Western
European democracies. In ___________ (country), they failed to support the duly elected left-leaning government in
its civil war with the forces of General Francisco __________, who was receiving aid from Germany and Italy. In the
Far East, they failed to oppose the full-scale invasion of China by ___________ (country), which had controlled
Manchuria since 1931. In Europe, Germany built up its military forces; adopted a plan to exterminate its
___________ population; occupied the ______________ area of Germany, which was demilitarized under the Treaty
of Versailles; took over German-speaking _______________ (Hitlers birthplace); and moved on the Germaninhabited ________________ region of Czechoslovakia. Finally, in a move that proved to be folly but appeared
promising at the time, British Prime Minister Chamberlain met with Hitler in _________________ (German city) in
September 1938. He got Hitler to agree to take no more territory and declared on his return to Britain that he had
arranged for peace in our time. Hitler then proceeded to swallow up all of _____________ six months later. This
lesson has often been used by those who argue that one should never appease or attempt to compromise with an
aggressor. *** Do you agree with this lesson? If so, who is to decide when a country or leader is to be labeled an
aggressor? If not, how are future Hitlers to be stopped before they wreak havoc?
b. War was virtually assured in 1939 when two arch-enemies, Hitler and Stalin, signed a nonaggression treaty. What
were the rather cynical objectives of both parties?
(1) Objective of Hitler:
(2) Objective of Stalin:
c. Hitler then felt free to attack and take over ____________ (country), thus bringing in Britain and France and
launching World War II. Supposedly learning the lessons of WW I, America responded by passing the
_______________ Act of 1939, which was designed to keep Americans out of the war zone by requiring that all
warring parties (basically Britain and France) buying goods in America pay cash and carry those goods out on their
own ships.
4. Holocaust (pp. 818819) List three main reasons advanced by the authors in this section as to why America, which
selectively admitted some 150,000 Jewish refugees, did not do substantially more to aid the Jewish people being
targeted by Hitler. *** What would your policy have been?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Your policy:
5. Aiding the Allies (pp. 814817, 820824)

a. After a period of inaction over the winter of 19391940, called the _____________ war, Hitler invaded and
conquered _______________ (through Scandinavia, Netherlands, and Belgium). The British successfully evacuated
their troops from the French port of _______________. Prime Minister Winston __________________ then rallied
his country to resist massive German air bombardment in the so-called Battle of _____________. Alarmed, Congress
approved a huge military buildup and the first peacetime military draft. Although the population was much more antiGerman (or anti-Hitler) than it had been before World War I, there was no political will for direct intervention. The
domestic debate was between the Committee to _________________ America by Aiding the Allies and the pure
isolationist America _____________ Committee, whose chief spokesman was the aviator Charles A.
________________. Roosevelt, an interventionist, responded by selling fifty ______________ (type of naval vessel)
to Britain clearly against the recognized obligations of neutrals. In the election of 1940, Roosevelt ignored the
______ -term tradition and beat the able Republican challenger Wendell _______________. He then expanded on
his concept of massive military aid to the Allies by securing passage of the hugely important _________ ___________ Bill. America ultimately sent over $_____ billion of military equipment to the Allies, under the dubious
condition that the equipment be returned to America after the war. This was a clear abandonment of neutrality
(short of actual direct military involvement), and a transparent excuse for using Americas industrial might to aid
countries that could not afford to pay for the equipment. It also once again exposed American ships to German ____boat attacks. In a major and ultimately fateful change of tactics, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and,
in the summer of 1941, attacked his erstwhile ally in the East, _______________. Both sides ultimately racked up
massive numbers of casualties in this epic confrontation. The German attack threw the Russian dictator ___________
into bed with Churchill and Roosevelt. In August of 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met secretly on a destroyer off
the coast of __________________. They got along famously and issued what came to be known as the
_____________ Charter, a statement of war aims not unlike Wilsons ___________ _________. Immediately
thereafter, the U.S. navy began to escort Lend-Lease shipments to Britain, exposing itself to German attack. The first
U.S. ship to be hit by the U-boats in September of 1941 was the destroyer __________. The Neutrality Acts were
repealed, but the United States still refrained from war.
b. *** Comment on ONE aspect that you found interesting in this story of the lead-up to American involvement in
World War II. For example, what do you think of the way the country inched its way toward involvement on the side
of the Allies from selling destroyers to Lend-Lease to escorting convoys, etc.? Or do you think it appropriate that
Roosevelt would meet with Churchill and agree on the aims and strategies for a war in which the United States was
not yet involved?
6. Attack and Declaration of War (pp. 824825)

a. As the authors state concisely on p. 825, the United States faced a devils dilemma after war started in Europe
to keep Britain from collapsing, the Roosevelt administration felt compelled to extend the un-neutral aid that invited
attacks from German submarines. To keep Japan from expanding (referring to its continuing aggression in China),
Washington undertook to cut off vital Japanese supplies (gas, oil, metal, etc., essential to the resource-poor nation)
and invite possible retaliation. That Japan would opt for war was not surprising but that a U.S. target would be on
the hit-list appears to have been unexpected. The blow that brought the United States into the war came on Sunday,
December 7, _______ at the naval base of _________ ____________ in Hawaii. From the Japanese point of view,
what actions had the United States. taken that forced them to initiate a Pacific-wide war? What do the authors see as
both the short- and long-term consequences for Japan of its decision to directly attack a U.S. target at Pearl Harbor?
(1) U.S. provocation:
(2) Short-term Consequences:
(3) Long-term Consequences:
b. After World War I, people thought they had learned the lesson of how to stay out of European conflicts by sticking
firmly to isolationist policies. *** After reviewing the lead-up to U.S. involvement in World War II, do you feel there
are any lessons to be learned from that experience (especially as America decides whether to police the world as its
only superpower)? Should America be a leader in promoting democracy and free markets worldwide and take
aggressive stands when dictators attempt to impose their wills on others? Or do you feel that absolute proof should be
required that this countrys real and immediate interests are threatened before the United States. enters any foreign
conflict?

FDR and the Shadow of War
Pages 806809
London Economic Conference (1933)
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
Good Neighbor Policy
Nonintervention
Mexican oil expropriation (1938)
Cordell Hull
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)
Pages 809811
Joseph Stalin
Benito Mussolini
Adolph Hitler
Nazi party
Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
Ethiopian invasion (1935)
Isolationism
Nye committee (1934)
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937)
Pages 811814
Spanish Civil War (19361939)
Gen. Francisco Franco
Japanese invasion of China (1937)
FDRs quarantine speech (1937)
Panay incident (1937)
Rhineland invasion (1935)
Holocaust
Austrian annexation (1938)
Sudetenland (1938)
Munich Conference (1938)
Appeasement
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Treaty (1939)
Invasion of Poland (1939)
Neutrality Act (Cash-and-Carry) (1939)
Pages 818819
SS (Schutzstaffel)
American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Congress
Pages 814817, 820824
Phony War
Invasion of France (1940)
Winston Churchill
Havana Conference (1940)
Battle of Britain (1940)
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
America First Committee (Lindbergh)
Destroyer Deal (1940)
Wendell Willkie (1940)
Lend-Lease Law (1941)
Hitler Invades USSR (1941)
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Greer, Kearny, and Ruben James incidents (1941)
Pages 824825
Japanese embargoes (19401941)
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
German war declaration (December 11, 1941)
36
CHAPTER
America in World War II, 19411945
1. Grand Strategy (pp. 827828) In the so-called ___________ agreement with Britain, America had agreed to a grand
strategy of getting Germany first. The authors are effusive in their praise for the wisdom of this strategy, even
though it had incurred much ignorant criticism. *** If you had been an ignorant proponent of a get Japan first
strategy, what might have been your argument?
2. Japanese Internment (pp. 828832)

a. In a section called The Shock of War, the authors cite the relative lack of ethnic witch-hunting in this war.
They then devote one paragraph only to the one painful exception, the internment of _______________ (a number)
Japanese and Japanese-Americans in various isolated camps for the duration of the war. *** What is your reaction to
such a drastic deprivation of civil rights to one ethnic group in time of war?
b. Look over the box section on The Japanese. Note not only the aspects of racial prejudice against the Japanese,
but also that much Japanese emigration at the turn of the century was actively promoted by the Meiji government
which saw overseas Japanese as representatives of their homeland. *** If you had been an average American of
general goodwill on the West Coast in January of 1942, how might you have justified to yourself the sight of Japanese
being rounded up and sent to the internment camps?
3. The War Economy (pp. 832837)

a. With unprecedented national unity about the need to fight this war to the hilt, there was little objection to the heavy
hand of government agencies rapidly redirecting the economy away from consumer goods and toward production of
war material. The War ________________ Board orchestrated this transformation; rationing of nonessential items
controlled consumption; and both prices and wages were controlled by government agencies. Some ______ million
men (and a significant number of women) were enlisted into the armed forces, while some _____ million women
(dubbed _________ the Riveters) replaced men on the factory floor. How do the authors summarize the short- and
long-term impact of the war on the role and status of women?
(1) Short-term impact:
(2) Long-term impact:
b. Today, the populations of the northern cities are heavily African-American despite the original concentration of
blacks in the rural South. How did World War II and agricultural mechanization after the War contribute to this shift?
4. Financing the War (pp. 837838) The authors stress again that it was the war, not the New Deal, that blasted the
country out of the Depression. Production and profits doubled during the war and pent-up demand for consumer
goods caused by rationing and other wartime restrictions exploded after the war. The war, they say, even more than
the New Deal, launched the era of big government we are familiar with today. The chart on p. 837 is interesting
because it shows the magnitude of the national debt incurred to pay for the war as opposed to the debt people had
previously worried about to pay for New Deal programs. This debt amounted to some $______ billion in 1946, which
was more than _____ times the level ten years previously in 1936. Total World War II spending amounted to some
$_____ billion (which the authors say was ______ times as much as all previous federal spending in the history of the
republic!). Even though taxes were raised significantly, a full _____ percent of the war costs was paid with borrowed
money. *** Who do you think lent all this money to the government?
5. Pacific Theater of War (pp. 838841) This short section really cant do justice to the ferocity of the fighting in the
Pacific. After Pearl Harbor and simultaneous Japanese attacks on other South Asia locations, the Japanese tide
advanced rapidly, eventually forcing American commander General Douglas ________________ to evacuate the
___________________ (country) in April of 1942. Japanese advances were finally stopped with two huge naval
engagements, the battle of the ______________ Sea and the battle for __________________ Island, not too far from
Hawaii. Look at the Pacific map on p. 840 and review the strategic options open to American war planners. The grand
strategy chosen was that of island _____________ from the South Pacific island to the next, getting closer and
closer to the Japanese home islands. The first victory in this strategy occurred at __________________ in the
Solomon Islands, which the Japanese evacuated in February 1943. From there, the names and arrows on the map
show how U.S. forces used each new island won (after often horrendous fighting) as a base to launch air attacks
further north. Finally, with the capture of ___________ and _____________ islands in the Marianas and the recapture of the Philippines, it was possible to start long-range bombing of the Japanese mainland. This strategy, though
ultimately successful, was extremely bloody and involved ferocious fighting over desolate islands that could be used
only as air bases. *** Assume you had been a war planner at the time. Pick one of the alternative strategies listed in
the caption on p. 862 (or invent a new one) and make an argument for that alternative strategy.
6. European Theater of War (pp. 841846)

a. The authors begin by discussing the difficulty of keeping supply lines open to Britain against German U-boats, a
campaign aided by the British breaking of the German ________________ codes. They also discuss the success of
German Marshal Erwin ________________ in nearly capturing the Suez Canal and the massive German attack on the
Soviets, which was finally stopped at ____________________ in the fall of 1942. Remember the temptation of some
Western leaders to see the almost equally disliked Russian Communists and German Nazis kill each other off on the
Eastern Front? Soviet leader Joseph __________ was fully aware of this temptation and constantly pressured his
allies, Britain and the United States, to open a ______________ front by invading France to help divert German
forces from their invasion of Russia. Indeed, the biggest loss of life by far in the war occurred in _________________
(about 20 million people!!). Britain and the United States finally opened their second front not in France, as desired
by the Soviets, but in _________ Africa in November of 1942 a campaign headed by U.S. General Dwight D.
__________________. Six months later, this campaign was complete. Roosevelt and ________________ then met at
__________________ in re-occupied French Morocco and they agreed on the war goal of _________________
surrender. *** What are your thoughts on ONE of the two key strategic questions raised here? First, should the
Allies have opened a second front by directly attacking through France in 1942 or 1943, as desired by the Russians?
Second, were Allied options unnecessarily limited by the call for unconditional surrender made at Casablanca?
(1) Second front:
(2) Unconditional surrender:
b. At Casablanca, Roosevelt and Churchill determined to pursue the enemy up the Italian peninsula rather than to
immediately launch the invasion of France, desired by Russia. The soft underbelly proved to be not so soft and the
Italian campaign was slow, tough, and bloody. But the Italian capital city of _________ was finally taken on June 4,
1944, just two days before the invasion of France. To plan for the French invasion and Soviet advances from the east,
the Big Three of Churchill, Roosevelt, and ______________ met together for the first time in the Iranian capital of
_______________ in November 1943. After a huge military buildup in Britain, the invasion was finally launched on
June 6, 1944 (called ___ Day), on the French coast at __________________ This invasion was led by American
General _________________. After heavy losses, the French capital of ____________ was finally liberated three
months later, and Allied forces moved north toward Germany while Russian troops were advancing from the east.
7. Roosevelt and Hitlers Demise (pp. 846849) Despite failing health, Roosevelt won a fourth term in November
1944 against the youthful Republican governor of ______ _________, Thomas E. _________________. Roosevelts
compromise and little-considered vice-presidential running mate was little known Senator Harry S
_________________ of ___________________. In late 1944, Hitler determined to make one final effort to reverse
German fortunes by launching an offensive aimed at capturing the Belgian port of ______________that came to be
known as the Battle of the ___________. American defense of the bastion of ______________ was key in defeating
this thrust. British, American, and Russian forces finally met outside the German capital of ___________ in April
1945, liberating the horrendous Jewish concentration camps along the way. In timing reminiscent of Lincolns death
at the end of the Civil War, Roosevelt died in early April 1945 and Hitler committed suicide later that month. The
Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945 (called _______ Day).
8. The Atomic Bomb and the Defeat of Japan (pp. 849853) The War in the Pacific continued for four months longer,
and was projected to last into 1946 if a full invasion of the Japanese main islands had been necessary. The authors
first recount the massive U.S. firebombing of the Japanese capital city of _____________ in March-1945, which
killed ______________ people, perhaps to give you a reference point for the death and destruction caused later by the
atomic bombs. U.S. General Douglas ___________________ re-entered the _____________________ (country) in
October 1944 and the U.S. Navy ended Japans capabilities at sea in the giant clash at ______________ Gulf off the
Philippine coast. Two key Japanese-held islands, Iwo _________ and ______________ were taken by mid 1945, at a
large cost in casualties, in preparation for what was expected to be a final assault on the Japanese mainland. The
authors then discuss the amazingly complex and secretive American development of an atomic bomb, ostensibly in
response to work on a similar bomb by the Germans. This bomb was first tested at _________________, New
Mexico, in July 1945, the same month that President ______________ met with Stalin at _______________,
Germany, where they issued a demand to the Japanese for _________________ surrender. Despite overtures through
the Russians that the Japanese might be willing to accept a conditional surrender (the main condition being that they
be allowed to retain their emperor as head of state), the atomic bomb was used first against the city of
________________ on August 6, 1945, and then against the city of _________________ three days later, resulting in
a total of over ______________ casualties. _______________ entered the war on August 8 and, on August 10, Japan
finally surrendered (called _____ Day). *** Look over the last three paragraphs of the Varying Viewpoints
section on p. 855 and write a short paragraph about your reaction to the use of the atomic bomb to end World War II.
9. Overview (pp. 853854) The concluding section places the _____________ U.S. casualties in the perspective of the
larger losses of other countries and points out that the United States was the only combatant to emerge from the war
with its domestic economy not only intact but actually strengthened. The authors give good marks to U.S. political
and military leaders for their conduct of the war but reserve special praise for what they consider to have been the
decisive factor the American way of war more men, more weapons, more machines, more technology, and more
money than any enemy could hope to match. Can you think of a postWorld War II conflict, against a much lesser
opponent, in which all of these monetary and industrial advantages failed to achieve an American victory?

America in World War II
Pages 827828
ABC-1 Agreement
Pages 828832
Japanese internment
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Com. Matthew Perry
Meiji government
Gentlemans agreement
Issei
Nissei
Pages 832837
War Production Board
Henry J. Kaiser
Office of Price Administration
Rationing
War Labor Board
WACS and WAVES
GI
Braceros
Rosie the Riveter
A. Philip Randolph
Negro march on Washington (1941)
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE, 1941)
Pages 837838
Gross national product
National debt
Pages 838841
Burma Road
Gen. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
Bataan Death March (1942)
Battle of the Coral Sea (1942)
Battle of Midway (1942)
Adm. Chester Nimitz
Guadalcanal (19421943)
Island-hopping strategy
Marianas: Guam and Saipan (1944)
Pages 841846
Enigma codes
Marshal Erwin Rommel
Gen. Bernard Montgomery
El Alamein (1942)
Stalingrad (1942)
The second front
North African invasion (1942)
Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
Casablanca Conference (1943)
Unconditional surrender
Italian campaign (1943)
Anzio (1944)
Tehran Conference (1943)
D-Day Invasion (1944)
Gen. George S. Patton
Liberation of Paris (1944)
Pages 846849
Thomas E. Dewey
Harry S Truman
Battle of the Bulge (1945)
Elbe River (1945)
Deaths of Hitler / Roosevelt (April 1945)
German surrender V-E Day (May 1945)
Pages 849853
Tokyo fire-bombings (March 1945)
Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)
Adm. William F. Bull Halsey
Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945)
Kamikazes
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Albert Einstein
Atomic bomb (Manhattan) project
Alamogordo test (July 1945)
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Stalin enters war (August 8, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Japanese surrender V-J Day (August 14, 1945)
37
CHAPTER
The Cold War Begins, 19451952
The next two chapters present the story of the great postwar baby boom generation (i.e., people born between 1945 and 1960). This
generation was very much influenced and conditioned by the generally strong economy and by the major social and cultural changes
described here. Perhaps less directly, their world was molded by the nuclear arms race and the perilous Cold War with the Soviet
Union.
1. Unit Introduction (pp. 856857) The authors here summarize the formative forces for the generation born after
World War II. Explain what they mean in the first paragraph when they say that the two themes of promise and
menace mingled uneasily throughout the nearly five decades of the Cold War era . *** What is the difference
between Russia and the Soviet Union?
(1) Promise:
(2) Menace:
(3) Russia/Soviet Union:
2. Adjustment to Peacetime (pp. 858860) The authors describe the shock to both production and price levels as the
economy converted back from emergency wartime production and had to absorb large numbers of returning soldiers.
Postwar Republican efforts to slow down the New Dealinspired march of unionization came to a head in 1947 with
the passage of the __________ - ______________ Act restricting union activities. Congress passed the GI Bill of
___________, which helped educate some _____ million veterans and lent them money through the
___________________ Administration (VA) so they could settle down in their own houses. *** Did the government
pass this law primarily because it felt an obligation to those who had fought the war? If not, what other motivations
might have been involved? The authors say that this act produced big economic benefits for the country. Do you think
that taxpayers should pay for free higher education as they do in some other countries?
(1) Motivation:
(2) Free higher education:
3. Postwar Economic Boom (pp. 860864) The authors list several causes of the sustained economic boom that lasted
basically from 1950 to 1970. What do they mean by the following factors?
(1) World War II itself:
(2) Permanent war economy (charts, p. 861):
(3) Cheap energy:
(4) Productivity gains:
(5) Sunbelt and mobility:
4. Suburbs and Baby Boom (pp. 864-866, 868869)

a. A depression and war-weary middle-class population happily moved to the suburbs and began making babies in the
postwar years. As you read the section on The Suburbanites, list some of the pros and cons of the lifestyle
described.
(1) Pros:
(2) Cons:
b. The authors refer to the baby boom from 1945 to 1960 as a pig passing through a python. This caused a boom
in elementary school construction in the 1950s, then rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The baby boom generation is
now firmly in middle age. *** If you had some extra cash, what types of businesses might you invest in today that
will benefit from the Baby Boom Bulge over the next twenty years?
5. Harry S Truman (pp. 866867) In this short section, the authors pass judgment on Truman, a man from a relatively
plain Missouri background whose fate it was to be thrust into the presidency at a time in which some momentous
decisions had to be made. *** From what they say here, do you guess that the authors will be positive or negative on
Trumans performance in office? Why? What clues do they give?
6. Yalta Sets the Stage (pp. 867, 870) In the absence of a formal peace conference (like Versailles after World War I),
the wartime meeting at the Russian resort of Yalta in February 19_____ among Roosevelt, ___________________,
and ___________________ takes on huge importance. At Yalta, a new _______________ Nations organization was
agreed upon. Stalin promised free postwar elections for Eastern European countries such as __________, but Russian
forces were occupying these countries on their march toward Berlin and there was little the West could do to keep
Stalin from eventually breaking this promise. In return for a share of the goodies at the peace table, Stalin promised to
help the United States defeat Japan within _____ months of the final victory over Germany. (Remember from the
last chapter the argument of some that the prospect of Russia thus enhancing its postwar position in Asia MAY
have influenced the American decision to drop the A-bomb when it did.)
7. U.S. vs. USSR (pp. 870871) List a few of the ways that the authors, in their even-handed analysis, say that both the
differences and similarities between the United States and the USSR led to an almost inevitable conflict.
(1) Differences and suspicions:
(2) Similarities:
8. Cold War Begins (pp. 871879)

a. A new postwar international framework, this time with full U.S. participation, was established when the
International ____________________ Fund (IMF) and the ___________ Bank were established at the
_________________ Woods Conference in 1944. Replacing the old League, a new _______________ Nations was
established in San Francisco a year later. The U.N. had a number of successes but missed a golden opportunity to
control the massive dangers of atomic power when the _________________ Plan was never approved. Twenty-two
top Nazis were tried and convicted at ________________ after the war. *** If war involves mass killing by
definition, do you think its fair to hold trials for war crimes? If so, can you think of any acts by the United States
during its various wars that might justify prosecution?
b. After the war, both Germany and its capital _________ were each divided into four supposedly temporary zones
of occupation to be administered by the Big Four the United States, the USSR, ______________, and
_______________. These evolved into two separate countries, _________ Germany, tied to the Soviets, and
____________ Germany, tied to the western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, trying to starve the western
powers out of their sectors of Berlin, located deep inside the eastern sector. The United States responded with a
gigantic ________________ designed to keep the Berlin supply line open. Stalin finally called off the blockade in
May 19___. By 1947, the broad strategy of containing Soviet expansionism, first developed by Soviet specialist
George F. ___________, had become accepted in America. Following potential communist takeovers in Greece and
________________, this strategy became formalized in what came to be known as the ________________ Doctrine,
an open-ended American commitment to support free peoples resisting communist takeovers. *** What do you see
as the strengths as well as the potential dangers of this American holy-war against communism?
(1) Strengths:
(2) Potential dangers:
c. To keep communism out of Western Europe, Truman won approval in 1948 for the ______________ Plan, which
would eventually funnel $_____ billion into the successful reconstruction of Western Europe. It would also set the
stage for the eventual creation of the European ___________________ (EC) which is now unifying European
countries. In 1947, the National _____________ Act reorganized and unified the military in the face of the Soviet
challenge and created a new National _____________ Council (NSC) and Central _________________ Agency
(CIA). In a major break with the nations isolationist past, Congress in 1949 approved joining the North
______________ ______________ Organization (NATO), a defensive alliance of western European nations.
Japanese reconstruction proceeded quickly and efficiently under the command of U.S. General Douglas
______________ and with the cooperation of the Japanese. In China, however, Communist forces under Mao
____________ in 1949 forced the Nationalist government under Generalissimo Jiang __________ to leave the
mainland and set up on the island of ___________. This development, together with the first Soviet explosion of an
___________ bomb in 1949, further heightened American anxieties. A massive and fantastically dangerous nuclear
arms race ensued, beginning with the first explosion of an American ______________ bomb in 1952.
9. Cold War at Home (pp. 879883)
a. There is now no doubt that the Soviets did support a variety of front organizations in the United States (as well as
the open American Communist Party) and had a few spies planted within U.S. agencies. However, the frantic antiCommunist hysteria of the late 1940s and early 1950s was largely reprehensible. _________________ oaths were
required of teachers and government employees, and many good careers were ruined. Future president Richard M.
______________ came to prominence as a lowly congressman when he successfully pursued diplomat Alger
__________. Worst of all was the intimidation of Senator Joseph R. _____________, who started by accusing State
Department employees of Red ties and expanded from there. This hysterical period quieted down a bit after the 1953
execution of Julius and Ethel ______________ on charges of delivering atomic secrets to the Soviets. *** What
actions, if any, by people working to change or overthrow the U.S. government do you think should be illegal?
b. The 1948 election pitted the incumbent Democratic President ___________ against Republican New York
Governor Thomas E. _______________. Trumans party was divided on the right by ultraconservative J. Strom
_________________ and on the left by Henry A. ________________. Though apparently the loser, Trumans feisty
style won him another term.
10. Korea (pp. 883885)
a. This major war, which killed as many Americans as Vietnam, gets only a two-page treatment here. Remember the
concessions given to Stalin at Yalta in return for his agreement to help with the final defeat of Japan. As a result of
this, Russia occupied the northern half of the Korean peninsula and the United States the southern half. Two separate
antagonistic countries evolved. In June of 1950, the North Koreans crossed the ____th parallel in an attempt to defeat
the South and unify the country. Why do the authors say on p. 883 that this invasion provided proof to Truman of the
fundamental premise of the containment doctrine?
b. Code-named ______-68, the administration used this crisis as an excuse for a massive military buildup.
Implementing his containment policy, Truman obtained a U.N. Security Council resolution (in the absence of the
Soviet representative) condemning the invasion. He then sent in U.S. forces under General ___________________.
These forces made a surprise invasion behind enemy lines at ____________ in September 1950, and drove north to
the Chinese border, whereupon Chinese troops entered the war, crossing the ________ River and forcing the
Americans back to a long stalemate around the 38th parallel dividing line. Because General ________________
publicly demanded the right to widen the war by attacking parts of China, he was removed from office by President
__________________ in 1951. *** Do you agree with MacArthur that he was being asked to fight a war with one
hand tied behind his back? Do you agree with Truman that, despite his popularity and success, MacArthur should
have been removed from command? Why or why not?
(1) MacArthurs complaint:
(2) MacArthurs removal:

The Cold War Begins
Pages 858860
Gross national product (GNP)
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Employment Act (1946)
Council of Economic Advisers
GI Bill of Rights (1944)
VA loans
Pages 860864
Dr. Benjamin Spock
Sunbelt
Pages 864866, 868869
Suburbs
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Levittown
White flight
Baby boom
Pages 866867
Harry S Truman
Pages 867, 870
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Big Three
Pages 871879
Bretton Woods (1944)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
IBRD (World Bank)
United Nations (1945)
Security Council
Big five powers
Baruch Plan
Nuremberg trials (19451946)
Hermann Goering
German occupation zones
Iron curtain
Berlin blockade (1948)
Berlin airlift (19481949)
Containment doctrine
George F. Kennan
Truman Doctrine (1947)
European Community (EC)
Marshall Plan (1947)
Recognition of Israel (1948)
National Security Act (1947)
Pentagon
NSC
CIA
Voice of America (1948)
Selective service system (1948)
NATO (1949)
Japanese occupation
Jiang Jieshi
Mao Zedong
Communist China (1949)
Dean Acheson
Soviet A-bomb (1949)
H-bomb
Pages 879883
Loyalty oaths
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
Richard M. Nixon
Alger Hiss (1948)
Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy
McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950)
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1948 election
Thomas E. Dewey
Strom Thurmond
Henry A. Wallace
Trumans Point Four Program
Fair Deal Program
Pages 883885
Korea/38th parallel
North Korean attack (1950)
NSC-68
U.N. police action
MacArthurs Inchon landing (1950)
Yalu River
MacArthur firing (1951)
38
CHAPTER
The Eisenhower Era, 19521960
1. Ike, Nixon, and Korea (pp. 887890)
a. In 1952, grandfatherly war-hero General Dwight D. __________________ and his anticommunist running mate
Richard M. ____________ ran on the __________________ Party ticket and defeated Democrat Adlai E.
________________. Nixons famous ____________ speech illustrates the advent of television as a potent force in
politics. *** What do you see as the pros and cons of television in the democratic political process?
(1) Pros:
(2) Cons:
b. Eisenhowers first priority was to end the war in ___________. However, it wasnt until mid-19____ that an
armistice was finally signed ending that three-year conflict, which had killed some ____________ Americans
almost the same number who would eventually die in Vietnam. This settlement returned the dividing line between
North and South Korea to its original ____ parallel where it remains today.
2. McCarthys Witch-Hunt (pp. 890891)
a. To understand the Cold War and anticommunist sentiments, its important to review a few terms. The United States
has basically a capitalist economic system and a democratic political system. Communists believe in a
socialist economic system with a political system dominated by one party that supposedly best represents the will of
the common worker. To review these conceptual differences, fill in the chart below:
Enter G for government, I for individuals or corporations, or C for Communist Party
Democratic
Capitalism
Communistic
Socialism
(1) Who owns the means of production?
_________
_________
(2) Who makes most significant economic decisions?
_________
_________
(3) Who chooses the government leaders?
_________
_________
(As you can see, these economic and political systems are diametrically opposed in most important respects. The real
conflict, though, comes from the fact that Americans suspected the USSR with a certain amount of justification of
trying, often by underhanded means, to export its system worldwide. Of course, the Soviets, in turn, suspected again
with some justification that the Americans were also committed to exporting their system globally.)
b. Joseph R. McCarthy was a little known junior senator from ______________ when, in 19____, he began holding
hearings based on charges never proven that there were a large number of communists in the _________ Department.
McCarthy eventually overextended himself in 1954 when, through the power of television, it became clear that his
charges of communism in the United States _________ had no basis in fact. Is it legal or illegal in the United States to
be a communist or communist sympathizer? *** If its not illegal, how could McCarthy ruin a persons career
just by naming a person and bringing that person before his committee?
(1) Legality:
(2) Source of McCarthys power:
3. Early Civil Rights Movement (pp. 891897)

a. The first four paragraphs of this section paint a brief but chilling picture of life in the segregated south. *** What
was your reaction after reading these paragraphs? What, if anything, surprised you in this account?
b. Look over the section on The Great African-American Migration to the cities of the North and the West during
and after the World War II. What does NAACP leader Walter White mean when he says that the war immeasurably
magnified the Negros awareness of the disparity between the American profession and practice of democracy?
c. The 19551956 bus boycott in __________________, Alabama, sparked by the refusal of Rosa _____________ to
sit in the back of the bus, was led by a young, then unknown local minister named ______________ ______________
__________, Jr. With little support from either the executive or the legislative branches of government, the NAACP
switched its strategy for forcing change in the South to the _____________ branch. In the landmark 19____ case of
_______________ v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl
_________________, finally overturned the separate but _____________ concept allowed by the 1896
______________ v. Ferguson ruling. The court ruled that separate facilities in public schools were inherently
unequal (and thus in violation of the Equal Protection of the Laws clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) and that
the countrys public schools must be desegregated with all deliberate speed. Massive resistance developed in the
Deep South to the implementation of this ruling. *** If theoretically separate facilities are the same for both races,
what was the logic of the Court in declaring them inherently unequal?
d. Eisenhower refused to lead on civil rights matters, but in 19____ he was forced to act when Governor Orval
____________ of ____________________ moved to prevent nine black students from entering ______________
High School in ____________ Rock. Eisenhowers decision to enforce a Supreme Court ruling with which he
disagreed brought about the first intervention of federal troops in southern affairs since Reconstruction. In 1957,
Martin Luther King, Jr., followed up his Montgomery success by organizing the _______________
_______________ _________________ __________________ (SCLC). In 1960 a grassroots, student-led
_____________ movement was launched at a lunch counter in ________________, North Carolina. This
movement spawned a new organization called the ______________ ____________________ ________________
_______________ (SNCC). Compare and contrast these two major civil rights organizations.
(1) SLCC:
(2) SNCC:
4. Ike at Home (pp. 897899) Eisenhower modified some New Deal programs but left the big ones alone. He even
launched the massive _______________ highway system. What do the authors say were some of the effects, pro and
con, of this system that we take for granted today?
5. Dulles and Cold War Policy (pp. 899902)

a. What was the concept of massive retaliation favored by Secretary of State __________ ______________ Dulles?
*** What do you think of this policy as a deterrent to potential Soviet aggression?
(1) Concept of massive retaliation:
(2) Your view:
b. *** In Vietnam, why do you think that the United States, despite its general support for popular sovereignty and
self-determination, financed _____ percent of the costs incurred by the ____________ in trying to reclaim their
Vietnamese colony after World War II?
c. The French were defeated at ____________________ in 1954. A conference was then held in ________________,
which agreed to split Vietnam into two countries temporarily at the ____ parallel, with unifying elections to be held in
two years. The United States then supported the corrupt but anticommunist regime of Ngo Dinh __________ in the
South. *** Despite its support for democracy, why do you think the United States didnt want the agreed 1956
elections held in Vietnam?
d. Cold war tensions continued when the Soviets matched NATO with their own ____________ Pact in 1955 and
crushed a nationalist rebellion in ______________________ in 1956. In the Middle East, the American CIA brazenly
interfered in Iranian affairs by installing the pro-western ________ of Iran in 1953. However Eisenhower refused to
support the British and French during the __________ crisis of 1956. *** After reviewing this section on American
policy toward the Middle East, what do you think was (and to a large extent still is) the main objective of American
policy (anticommunism, nationalism, economic interests, etc.) in that region?
6. Ikes Second Term (pp. 902905)

a. Eisenhower was easily re-elected in 1956 against his Democratic rival Adlai _________________. In 1957, the
Soviets launched the worlds first satellite, called ________________, setting off competition to build more missiles.
The authors say that the United States was well advanced across a broad scientific front but that the Soviets had gone
all out for rocketry. *** What feature of communism do you think might allow an economically weaker country like
the Soviet Union to make rapid progress in a few narrow specialties?
b. With both sides building more and bigger bombs, Soviet leader Nikita _______________ created another crisis in
1958 by threatening to take over the Western sectors of ___________ (the old German capital). After a goodwill visit
to America in 1959, he and Eisenhower were to have met again in Paris in 1960 a meeting that was canceled after
America was caught spying over Russia with a ______ (type) spy plane.
c. America today has extensive relations with communist countries such as China and Vietnam, but not with its close
neighbor Cuba. Protesting against the expropriation of American property after the 1959 Cuban revolution led by Dr.
Fidel ______________, the United States cut economic and diplomatic ties, forcing the Cubans to rely even more
heavily on their newfound friends in Moscow. *** Do you have any thoughts on whether this policy of isolating Cuba
was good when it was enacted and whether it is still appropriate today?
(1) Then:
(2) Now:
7. Transition in 1960 (pp. 905907) In the election of 1960, young Senator John F. _____________ narrowly defeated
VP Richard M. ______________. This was the first election in which TV debates played a prominent role and the
first to be won by a _______________ (religious faith). The authors criticize Eisenhower for not using his great
popularity to further the cause of civil rights. However, they are generally positive on his leadership, pointing out the
great general prosperity of the 1950s and the fact that he kept the country out of a major conflict at the height of Cold
War tensions. Note though, that this peace was accompanied by a huge and unprecedented peacetime military
buildup. In the box on p. 908, Eisenhower, in his farewell address, warns the country to beware of the new militaryindustrial complex. *** What was this complex and why might Eisenhower have been worried about its growing
influence?
(1) Military-industrial complex:
(2) Growing influence:
8. Economic Trends (pp. 908910) The authors here describe the construction boom in the suburbs; transformative
technology advances in transistors, computers, and air travel; and the transformation of the economy from a
manufacturing to a service base. Employment opportunities for women surged at a time when middle-class women
were influenced by a new cult of domesticity an ideal challenged by Betty _______________ in her 1963 book
The Feminine _________________. *** How has the expected role of middle-class women changed between the
1950s and today?
(1) 1950s:
(2) Today:
9. The Consumer Culture (pp. 911915)

a. The authors describe the 1950s as a generally prosperous period when people moved to the suburbs, raised their
baby-boomer children, and spent a lot on leisure time activities and mass-produced, standardized, and heavily
advertised products. List some of the examples cited in the book to show new developments in each of the following
areas.
Consumer credit:
Mass communications:
Eating out:
Popular music:
Recreation/sports:
Movie stars:
b. Read about the Life of the Mind. Which listed books or plays have you read or seen?

The Eisenhower Era
Pages 887890
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Adlai E. Stevenson
Richard M. Nixon
Checkers speech (1952)
Korean armistice (1952)
Pages 890891
Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy
Gen. George Marshall
Army-McCarthy hearings (1954)
Pages 891 897
Jim Crow laws
Emmett Till (1955)
Gunnar Myrdal
Jackie Robinson
NAACP
Executive Order 8802 (1941)
Walter White
Thurgood Marshall
Rosa Parks (1955)
Montgomery bus boycott
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Declaration of Constitutional Principals (1956)
Orval Faubus
Little Rock Central High (1957)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)

Greensboro sit-ins (1960)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960)
Pages 897899
Bracero program
Operation Wetback (1954)
Indian New Deal (1934)
Interstate Highway Act (1956)
AF of L and CIO merger (1955)
Pages 899902
John Foster Dulles
Strategic Air Command (SAC)
Massive retaliation
Nikita Khrushchev
Geneva summit (1955)
Hungarian uprising (1956)
Ho Chi Minh
Dienbienphu (1954)
Geneva Conference (1954)
Ngo Dinh Diem
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Shah of Iran (1953)
Suez crisis (1956)
Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
OPEC (1960)
Pages 902905
James R. Hoffa
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)
Sputnik (1957)
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Missile gap
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Defense and Education Act (1958)
Lebanon intervention (1958)
Spirit of Camp David (1959)
U-2 spy plane (1960)
Guatemalan intervention (1954)
Fulgencio Batista
Fidel Castro (1959)
Pages 905907
Richard Nixon
Kitchen debate
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
New Frontier
Nixon-Kennedy TV debates (1960)
Twenty-second Amendment (1951)
Admission of Alaska and Hawaii (1959)
Pages 908910
Betty Friedan
Pages 911915
Television
Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton Sheen
Elvis Presley
Marilyn Monroe
Social critics:
David Riesman
William H. Whyte, Jr.
Sloan Wilson
John Kenneth Galbraith
Daniel Bell
C. Wright Mills
Novelists:
Ernest Hemingway
John Steinbeck
Norman Mailer
James Jones
Joseph Heller
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
John Updike
John Cheever
Louis Auchincloss
Gore Vidal
Poets:
Ezra Pound
Wallace Stevens
William Carlos Williams
Theodore Roethke
Robert Lowell
Sylvia Plath
Anne Sexton
John Berryman
Playwrights:
Tennessee Williams
Arthur Miller
Lorraine Hansberry
Edward Albee
Black/southern authors:
Richard Wright
Ralph Ellison
James Baldwin
LeRoi Jones
William Faulkner
Walker Percy
Eudora Welty
Robert Penn Warren
Flannery OConnor
William Styron
Jewish writers:
J. D. Salinger
Bernard Malamud
Philip Roth
Saul Bellow
E. L. Doctorow
39
CHAPTER
The Stormy Sixties, 19601968
Key questions in this chapter: How close did the world actually come to a nuclear catastrophe in incidents such as the Berlin and Cuban
missile crises? What lessons can be learned from the Vietnam War? Why and how were the passions of the civil rights movement
released and what is its legacy today? How have the cultural, sexual, and feminist revolutions of the 1960s affected life in America
today?
1. Kennedy and the New Frontier (pp. 916918) Kennedy took office in early 1961 and appointed to the highest
offices the best and the brightest including his brother _________________ as Attorney General and Robert S.
_____________________ as Secretary of Defense. Much of his domestic New ________________ program was
stalled in Congress, but Kennedy brought an inspiring and energetic new leadership style to the presidency. What did
Kennedy mean in his inaugural address (p. 916) when he declared that the torch has been passed to a new generation
of Americans?
2. Cold War and Flexible Response (pp. 918921) Soviet Premier Nikita ____________________ tried to test the
young president at a summit conference in ______________ in June 1961. He threatened again to cut off access to
_______________ and, in August 1961, constructed a wall separating the two halves of that city. Kennedy pushed to
integrate Europe further under American leadership, a move resisted by Charles ___________________ of France.
Civil conflict involving communist elements in newly independent countries such as the _______________ (African
country) and _______________ (Asian country) convinced Kennedy that a new Cold War strategy was needed. He
didnt like the devils choice inherent in the Eisenhower reliance on the doctrine of massive retaliation, i.e.,
keeping the peace by threatening aggressors with atomic weapons. What was this new strategy called flexible
response? *** While seemingly a more realistic strategy, what was the dangerous aspect of the concept of flexible
response that might have encouraged Kennedy to increase the U.S. presence in South Vietnam to a level of _____
thousand men before his death in November 1963 and to engineer a coup against its leader ___________ that same
month?
(1) Flexible response:
(2) Dangerous aspect:
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (pp. 921923)

a. This is the closest the world has yet come to a global nuclear catastrophe. Kennedy had pushed Cuban leader Fidel
________________ into an even closer relationship with the Soviets by going ahead with an invasion of Cuba by
CIA-supported Cuban exiles initiated under Eisenhower. The April 1961 invasion at the Bay of _________ turned
into a fiasco, as did other American efforts to topple Castro. Soviet Premier Nikita _______________ responded by
sending nuclear missiles to Cuba. Kennedy eventually decided to impose a naval _________________ of Cuba.
After a high-stakes game of nuclear chicken, the Soviets agreed to withdraw their missiles in return for an
American promise not to invade and a quiet agreement to dismantle U.S. missiles in Turkey. *** Besides the
blockade, what other options did Kennedy have? What other options did Khrushchev have in responding to the
blockade?
(1) Kennedys options:
(2) Khrushchevs options:

b. What are the consequences (or fallout) of the Cuban missile crisis listed by the authors for both the Soviets and
the Americans?
(1) Soviet consequences:
(2) American consequences:
4. Kennedy and Civil Rights (pp. 923926)

a. A grassroots movement beginning at the local level was now beginning to drag government leaders into action.
This section reviews the mounting civil rights tensions in the early 1960s, including the lunch counter ________ -ins
begun in 1960; the ________________ Rides designed to integrate interstate transport facilities forcibly in 1961; the
federal troops needed to protect the enrollment of James _________________ at the University of
_______________________ in 1962; the nationally televised suppression of King-led protests in _______________,
Alabama, in 1963; and the famous March on _______________ later in 1963. Why do the authors say that Kennedy
was initially reluctant to support civil rights? *** When did he change his mind and why do you think he did so?
(1) JFKs original position:
(2) JFKs changed position:
b. Look at the section on Examining the Evidence about differing newspaper interpretations of the March on
Washington. *** What factors do you think contribute to this type of press bias?
5. Kennedy to Johnson (pp. 926929)

a. The innocence of the age was shattered on November 22, 19_____ when Kennedy was shot in ___________,
Texas, by ________ ____________ Oswald, who was himself mysteriously murdered (on national TV!) while in
police custody a few days later. An investigation headed by Chief Justice Earl ________________ concluded that
Oswald had acted alone, but controversy over this issue remains to this day. Kennedys successor, Lyndon Johnson,
was a New Dealstyle legislative wheeler-dealer who vowed to finish off the Kennedy program. What were the
principal features, including an originally unintended one, of the major Civil Rights Act which he forced through in
1964?
b. Johnsons liberal leanings were evident in his call for a War on _____________ and his package of new
proposals called his Great _____________ program. Johnson wanted to make history, as FDR had done, by using
the massive power and resources of the federal government to uplift the bottom third of American society.
Unfortunately, Vietnam got in the way of this plan. In the middle of his 1964 presidential campaign, in which he
defeated conservative Republican Barry __________________, Johnson took advantage of a dubious attack on a U.S.
destroyer off the coast of Vietnam to secure passage by Congress of the Gulf of ____________ Resolution. This
resolution gave the president almost unlimited power to wage war in Vietnam. The Constitution (Appendix p. A37)
gives what branch of government the power to declare war?
6. The Great Society (pp. 929930) With a strong economy and a willing Congress, Johnson was able to secure
passage of most of his massive Great Society legislative agenda. This included two new government departments
(HUD and the Department of _______________), plus federal agencies to support the arts and humanities; Medicare
and ____________________ for the poor; removal of immigration restrictions (vastly increasing immigration from
Latin America and ____________); and other programs aimed at the disadvantaged, such as Project ________ Start.
*** In general, do you feel that future taxpayers should be obligated by the government to pay for entitlement
programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment insurance?
7. The Civil Rights Movement Turns Nasty (pp. 931934)

a. This section summarizes the high-water mark of the multiracial Civil Rights movement symbolized by passage of
the _________ Rights Act of 1964 and the __________ Rights Act of 1965. The 1965 Act outlawed many of the
ploys used by southern segregationists to deny blacks their voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. Black voter
registration and the number of black officeholders increased dramatically thereafter. Despite this slow but steady
progress, many more radical black leaders, such as the Black Muslim preacher ____________ X and Stokeley
________________, grew impatient, distrustful of liberal white allies, and convinced that blacks would be better off
by separating themselves from white mainstream society. The focus of the movement now shifted from the South to
the inner cities of the North, where riots broke out in the mid- and late 1960s from Watts in Los Angeles to New York
City. The end of the moderate phase of the movement was symbolized by the April 1968, assassination of King in
_______________, Tennessee. On p. 932, the authors say that 1965 marked the end of an era in the civil rights
movement. Compare and contrast the two eras by completing the chart below:
Pre-1965
Post-1965
(1) Geographic focus:
Rural South
__________________
(2) Main issues:
Civil rights
__________________
(3) Ultimate objective:
Integration
__________________
(4) Representative leaders:
M. L. King, Jr.
__________________
(5) Tactics used:
Nonviolent protest
__________________
(6) Representative slogan:
We shall overcome
__________________
b. *** What theories can you come up with as to why the nonviolent, multiracial phase of the Civil Rights movement
ended in 1965/1966 just after Congress had passed two monumental pieces of legislation advancing the cause of
equal rights for all?
8. Vietnam Quagmire (pp. 934937) This section describes Johnsons gradual escalation strategy in Vietnam
instituted in 1965 and designed to convince the Viet _______ (essentially fighting a civil war for control of their own
country) to give up. Against a mounting antiwar movement, LBJ had placed more than _____________ U.S. soldiers
in Vietnam by 1968. *** Why do you think that all of this American firepower couldnt defeat a small army from a
third-world country?
9. Johnson to Nixon (pp. 937941) The massive North Vietnamese and Viet Cong offensive launched during ________
(the Vietnamese New Year) in January 1968 proved to many that victory was impossible and convinced Johnson not
to run for re-election in 1968. But once Robert F. ________________ was murdered in Los Angeles in June 1968, the
only antiwar candidate remaining in that contest was Sen. Eugene ______________. Prowar VP Hubert H.
_________ won the Democratic nomination at a riotous convention in ________________, but he was defeated in the
election by Republican anticommunist hard-liner Richard M. _____________. Though an increasing number of
Americans were against the war by 1968, those views were not represented by any of the candidates, including thirdparty candidate George C. _____________. The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson at the end of this section gives him
credit as a great domestic legislator who could have gone down in history alongside FDR but for his understandable
yet ultimately disastrous policies in Vietnam. *** After looking over this section, to what extent can you sympathize
with his dilemma and that of the country in responding to a potential communist takeover in Vietnam? Where do you
think government leaders went wrong?
10. CounterCulture of the 1960s (pp. 941943)

a. In this section, the authors cite elements of the new youth-oriented counterculture that they say was launched in
youthful idealism but which sputtered out in violence and cynicism. This transformation was characterized by a
disillusionment with all kinds of authority, dropouts, draft-dodging, drugs, unconventional dress, peace signs, acid
rock, antimaterialism, gay rights, and a much more liberal attitude toward sex partially facilitated by the new birth
control pill. Explain what the authors mean when they say that these cultural upheavals can be largely attributed to
three Ps.
(1) Population bulge:
(2) Protest:
(3) Prosperity:
b. Many elements of the 1960s counterculture can seem quaint to us today. In fact, most hippies went straight
when they began having families of their own. *** However, what are the elements of this cultural revolution that you
think have been most permanent? Which ones have had the most impact on the values and cultural norms generally
accepted today?
11. Varying Viewpoints (pp. 944945) The authors say that four issues dominate historical debate about the 1960s: civil
rights, the War on Poverty, Vietnam, and the counterculture. Pick ONE of these four and summarize the essence
of the historical debate.

The Stormy Sixties
Pages 916918
John F. Kennedy
Robert F. Kennedy
J. Edgar Hoover
Robert S. McNamara
New Frontier
Peace Corps
Man on the moon (1969)
Pages 918921
Nikita Khrushchev
Vienna Conference (1961)
Berlin wall (1961)
Trade Expansion Act (1962)
Atlantic Community
Charles de Gaulle
Massive retaliation
Flexible response
Green Berets
Anti-Diem coup (1963)
Pages 921922
Alliance for Progress (1961)
Bay of Pigs (1961)
Cuban missile crisis (October 1962)
Peaceful coexistence/dtente
Pages 923926
Freedom Riders (1961)
James Meredith (1962)
Birmingham protests (1963)
March on Washington (August 1963)

Medgar Evers
Pages 926929
Lee Harvey Oswald (November 22, 1963)
Jack Ruby
Earl Warren
Lyndon B. Johnson
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Title VII
Affirmative action
War on Poverty
Great Society
Michael Harrington (1962)
Barry Goldwater (1964)
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
Pages 929930
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)
DOT and HUD (1965)
Robert C. Weaver
National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities
Medicare
Medicaid
Entitlement programs
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)
Project Head Start
Pages 931934
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)
Mississippi freedom summer (1964)

Selma march (1965)
Watts (1965)
Malcolm X
Elijah Muhammed
Black Panther Party
Stokeley Carmichael
Black Power
King assassination (1968)
Pages 934937
Dominican intervention (1965)
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)
Vietnam escalation (1965)
Domino theory
Six-Day War (1967)
Teach-ins (1965)
Sen. William Fulbright
Credibility gap
Doves and hawks
Pages 937941
Tet offensive (1968)
Sen. Eugene McCarthy
Johnsons abdication (1968)
Hubert H. Humphrey
R. F. Kennedy assassination (1968)
Chicago Democratic convention (1968)
Richard M. Nixon
Spiro T. Agnew
George C. Wallace
Pages 941943
Beat poets (1950s)
James Dean
Free speech movement
Mario Savio
Counterculture
Sexual revolution
Birth-control pill (1960)
Dr. Alfred Kinsey
Stonewall incident (1969)
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Weathermen
Flower children
40
CHAPTER
The Stalemated Seventies, 19681980
1. Stagnating Economy (pp. 946948)
a. Look at the chart on p. 947, which shows that the median family income went from $10,000 in 1970 to $50,000 in
2000. *** Given this dollar increase, how can the authors say on p. 946 that the baby-boom generation faced the
prospect of lower living standards than their parents? How is this also explained in the graph?
b. A contributing cause of the decline of optimism in the 1970s was the end of the postwar boom and the onset of
economic stagnation accompanied by inflationary price increases. What do the authors mean by the following cited
causes of the economic downturn?
(1) End to productivity gains:
(2) Oil price rises:
(3) Vietnam/Great Society spending with no tax increase:
(4) Foreign economic competition:
2. Nixon and Vietnam (pp. 948950)

a. To quiet the public uproar over Vietnam after taking office in early 19____, Nixon sought to win the war by other
means by instituting a policy called _______________________, designed to withdraw U.S. troops gradually and
turn the fighting over to the local South Vietnamese. *** If you had been a citizen at the time listening to Nixons
plan for the first time, what might have been your reaction?
b. Page 949 describes the structure of the fighting force as well as the day-to-day nature of fighting in Vietnam
(including the 1968 massacre of villagers at _____ ________). *** What aspects of fighting this war impressed you?
How do you think it was different from other wars?
c. In April of 1970, when most thought Nixon was pulling troops out, he announced that he was actually sending U.S.
troops into neighboring ___________________ (country) to clean out communist sanctuaries there. This caused a
storm of protest, highlighted by the Ohio National Guard firing on a group of demonstrators at _________
__________ University; the repeal by the Senate of the 1964 Gulf of __________ Resolution; and the leaking in 1971
of the top secret _____________ Papers, which detailed many of the Vietnam follies under Kennedy and Johnson.
*** Theoretically at least, Nixon had the opportunity when he took office to reverse completely the unpopular
Vietnam policies of his predecessor. Why do you think he did not do so?
3. Russia and China (pp. 950951) Historians generally give the anticommunist Nixon credit for establishing an
improved dialog with China and the USSR. This policy of Nixon and his foreign policy advisor Henry A.
__________________ was called __________________ (French word). Nixon made a historic journey of friendship
to Beijing in early 197____ and followed with a trip to Moscow a few months later. Resulting from this policy, two
agreements (known by the letters ______ and _________) were signed with the USSR and were designed to limit the
spread of the nuclear arms race. Nevertheless, loopholes were found and, by the end of the 1980s, the two sides had
more than _______ thousand nuclear warheads aimed at each other. *** What do the authors mean on p. 951 when
they summarize the objective of Nixons strategy as checkmating and co-opting the two great communist powers?
4. Nixon and Domestic Policy (pp. 951955)

a. Nixon didnt like the liberal Supreme Court he had inherited. It was headed by Chief Justice Earl
_______________. This court had moved aggressively to protect or establish individual rights in areas such as birth
control, criminal defendants rights, free press, school prayer, and reapportionment. In disagreeing with these liberal
interpretations and favoring a strict construction of the Constitution, Nixon was arguing very much in the same way
as ________________________ (Hamilton or Jefferson). Nixon appointed a new Chief Justice, Warren E.
___________________, who actually continued the trend of fairly liberal rulings, including the landmark 1974 case
of Roe v. ________, which legalized abortion. Pick TWO of the Warren Court cases described on p. 952 and
summarize their importance.
(1)
(2)
b. In many areas, Nixon actually expanded Great Society concepts and programs. How did his
_________________________ Plan of 1969 actually change and expand Johnsons concept of affirmative action.
*** What do you think of the charge that this new concept actually constituted reverse discrimination?
(1) Expanded affirmative action:
(2) Reverse discrimination:
c. The environmental movement got off the ground in the early 1970s, activated by books like ____________
_____________ by Rachel Carson and the establishment in 1970 of the _________________ ___________________
______________ (EPA). In 1972, proclaiming that peace in Vietnam was at hand, Nixon easily defeated the
Democratic antiwar candidate George _____________________. After the election, he ordered the most massive air
bombardment of the war on North Vietnam, eventually earning what he called peace with ________________, but
which the authors call a thinly disguised retreat.
5. Watergate (pp. 955957) The series of scandals called Watergate revolved around Nixons paranoia about his
political enemies and his obsession with reelection in 1972. They began with a bungled burglary of the Democratic
Party headquarters in the ______________ apartment complex in Washington, but soon spread to include exposure of
a huge number of dirty tricks perpetrated by the White House _____________ unit, created to plug up leaks of
confidential information. A Senate committee headed by aging Senator Sam _______________ held televised
hearings on the matter that involved detailed accusations about Nixons direct involvement in the cover-up of
relevant material, especially from former White House lawyer John _________ III. *** Look at the cartoon on p. 957
and Examining the Evidence on p. 961. How do they sum up what led to Nixons ultimate downfall?
6. Nixons Downfall (pp. 957960)

a. Nixons battered presidency was further tarnished with the revelations about fourteen months of secret bombings of
the neutral country of __________________. Congress attempted to re-assert its authority with the _________
Powers Act of 1973. In the Middle East, the United States supported _____________________ in the October War of
1973 and paid the price when Arab countries placed an ___________________ on oil shipments to the United States
Later, through agreement within the Organization of _________________ _______________ Countries (OPEC), oil
exporters were able to quadruple the price for their product. What do the authors mean on p. 958 when they call this
the end of an era?
b. When it became clear that the evidence against Nixon would eventually lead to his ____________________ by the
House and conviction by the Senate, Nixon became the only president ever to resign, on August 8, 197___. *** Any
final thoughts on Nixon and Watergate? Do you agree with the authorsupbeat conclusion on p. 960 that the United
States had given the world an impressive demonstration of self-discipline and self-government?
7. Ford and Vietnam Endgame (pp. 960965) Gerald R. ____________ was the countrys only non-elected president.
He had been appointed only the year before to replace the disgraced Vice President Spiro T. ____________, who had
himself resigned after being charged with corruption. In a controversial move, Ford began by giving a legal pardon to
his predecessor Richard ______________. He was also involved in signing the ________________ (city) accords,
which set international standards for governments to follow in their human rights policies. The North Vietnamese
finally overran the South in early 197___ and ended a conflict that had cost America $______ billion, ___________
dead, and ___________wounded. The authors conclude that Vietnam caused America to lose face, self-esteem,
military confidence, and much of its economic muscle. Looking at the section on The Vietnamese, how many came
to America after the war? Why did they come? How were they treated here?
8. Feminism and Affirmative Action (pp. 963, 966967, 968969)

a. In the section on The Feminists (pp. 966967), the authors link the second wave of feminists to the lessons
learned by activists in the civil rights movement. They date the second wave from the 1963 publication of The
_________________ Mystique by Betty _____________ and formation of the ______________
___________________ for Women (NOW). Feminist gains were made in 1972 with Title ______, which guaranteed
equal educational treatment and spurred a revolution in womens athletics, and the 1973 Supreme Court case of
____________ v. ____________, which guaranteed abortion rights based on a womans right to privacy. But splits
between radicals and moderates caused failure of the ______________ _________________ Amendment in 1982.
Read the text of this proposed amendment on p. 966. *** What do you think was the BEST argument of opponents
such as Phyllis ______________ AGAINST passage of this amendment?
b. School busing to achieve integration and affirmative action in the workplace and college admissions were trimmed
back in the 1970s. Who was Allan Bakke and what was the Supreme Courts ruling in his suit to be admitted to the
medical school at U.C. Davis?
(1) Bakke:
(2) Ruling:
9. Carter Administration, 19771981 (pp. 967, 970975)

a. Ford lost the bicentennial 197___ election to Democrat Jimmy Carter, the ex-governor of _________________.
Carter seemed like a squeaky-clean outsider to people tired of Washington politicians. Carters biggest diplomatic
success was the 1978 Camp David agreement between Egyptian President Anwar __________ and Isreali Prime
Minister Menachem ______________ that helped to set the Middle East peace process in motion. He stressed human
rights issues and doing the right thing internationally, as reflected in his agreement to end U.S. control of the
_________________ Canal by the year 2000. Carters biggest problem was the ailing economy, caused at least in part
by high inflation rates, in turn caused in part by the increasing cost of imported oil. Look at the chart on p. 972. The
inflation rate (average annual percentage rate change in prices) was _____ percent in 1980. If you needed $50 to buy a
pair of shoes in 1970, you would need $_____ in 1980 and $_____ in 2000. What do the authors mean on p. 971
when they say that the ________ shocks of the 1970s emphasized the nations new economic interdependence?
b. On the Cold War front, Carter tried to continue moves, together with the USSR, to reduce strategic nuclear
weapons with the _________ II Treaty never ratified by the Senate. Relations with the USSR cooled significantly,
though, when the Soviets invaded _____________________ in December 1979. In retaliation, Carter decided to
boycott the Olympics scheduled for Moscow in 1980. (Of course, the Soviets then boycotted the Los Angeles
Olympics four years later!) Carters most embarrassing and lingering problem involved about 400 American hostages
taken by Muslim militants in _________ and not released until after Carter left office. The authors conclude that this
incident seemed to symbolize the countrys sense of helplessness and even incompetence that had set in with the
Vietnam war.

The Stalemated Seventies
Pages 946948
Productivity
Inflation
Pages 948951
Vietnamization (1969)
Nixon Doctrine (1969)
Vietnam moratorium (1969)
My Lai massacre (1968)
Cambodian invasion (1970)
Kent State/Jackson State (1970)
Tonkin Gulf Resolution repeal (1970)
Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971)
Daniel Ellsberg
Pentagon Papers (1971)
Pages 950951
Henry Kissinger
China opening (1971)
Dtente policy
Antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty (1972)
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1972)
Pages 951955
Earl Warren
Liberal Warren Court decisions
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Miranda (1966)
Warren E. Berger (1969)
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Philadelphia plan (1969)
Reverse discrimination
Environmental Protection Agency (1970)
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Rachel Carson/Silent Spring (1962)
Clean Air and Endangered Species Acts (1970)
Nixons southern strategy
Sen. George McGovern (1972)
Vietnam pullout (1973)
Pages 955957
CREEP
Watergate break-in (June 1972)
White House plumbers unit
Sen. Sam Ervin
John Dean III
Spiro Agnew
Gerald Ford
Archibald Cox
Saturday night massacre (1973)
Pages 957960
Cambodian bombings (1973)
Pol Pot
War Powers Act (1973)
October War (1973)
Arab Oil Embargo (1974)
Energy crisis
Alaska pipeline
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Articles of impeachment
Nixon resignation (August 8, 1974)
Pages 960965
Nixon pardon (1974)
Helsinki accords (1975)
Vietnam defeat (1975)
Pages 963, 966967, 968969
Title IX (1972)
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Phyllis Schlafly
Betty Freidan
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Reverse discrimination
Bakke case (1978)
United States v. Wheeler (1978)
Pages 967, 970975
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Department of Energy
Human rights
Camp David accords (1978)
Return of Panama Canal
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
Brezhnev and SALT II negotiations (1979)
Iranian hostage crisis (19791980)
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Afghanistan invasion and Olympic boycott (1980)
41
CHAPTER
Resurgence of Conservatism, 19802000
Key questions: How permanent is the Reagan-era repudiation of New Deal liberalism? How dangerous was the military buildup under
Reagan? What caused the collapse of the Soviet Union? What should be the U.S. role in the postCold War world? How can we balance
social justice and economic growth?
1. Reagan and the New Conservatism (pp. 976979)

a. Ronald Reagan became the spokesman for a resurgent conservative movement in the early 1980s which merged the
economic concerns of the _______ Right with the social concerns of the ______ Right activists such as the
_________ Majority. Summarize the basic positions of these two conservative groups on the following.
(1) Economic issues:
(2) Social issues:
b. Reagan defeated the incumbent Jimmy ______________ by a wide margin in the election of 19_____. On p. 977,
how do the authors compare Reagan to his early hero Franklin Roosevelt?
(1) Similarities:
(2) Differences:
2. Reagan Revolution (pp. 979981)

a. Social Security, Medicare, unemployment insurance, and welfare are examples of entitlement programs, that had
been growing at a rapid pace as a result of New Deal and Great Society initiatives. *** What are entitlements and why
do you think that these types of expenditures are more difficult to control than other government costs such as
defense, transportation, or education?
(1) Entitlement programs:
(2) Difficult to control:
b. On p. 980, the authors say that Reagan now proceeded to rattle the welfare stateto its very foundations. What
did his domestic program, called ________________ economics or _________________, do in the following
areas?
(1) Welfare programs:
(2) Taxes:
(3) Military expenditures:
3. Reagan Renews Cold War (pp. 981987)

a. Reagans huge military expenditures, including a planned high-tech defensive shield against Soviet missiles
nicknamed ___________ ________ (name of a popular movie), was partly designed to accelerate purposefully the
highly dangerous arms race to the point where the weaker Soviet economy could not keep up. Why, on p. 982, do the
authors call this strategy a riverboat gamblers ploy?
b. Like Theodore Roosevelt, Reagan pursued an aggressive foreign policy, particularly in Central America where he
actively supported the __________________ rebels against the leftist Sandinista government in
_________________________.
c. Reagan was re-elected in 1984 over Democrat Walter ______________ and his running mate Geraldine
_________________. He then began to establish a personal relationship with the new Soviet leader Mikhail
____________________, who was trying to institute policies of openness to new ideas, called
________________________ (Russian word), and a more capitalistic economic restructuring, called
__________________________ (Russian word). He could not do this and compete with the United States militarily,
so he was forced to deal. In four summit meetings, the two leaders agreed on weapons reductions and other matters
that basically brought the Cold War to an end (and eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union). Reagan had
talked, and acted, tough while being willing to deal and the authors congratulate both leaders on the outcome. ***
What do you think might have happened, though, if the United States had miscalculated and if the Russians had
responded to the U.S. military escalation with an equally hostile additional nuclear buildup of their own? Why do you
think that Gorbachev today may be considerably more popular in America than in Russia?
(1) Consequence of U.S. miscalculation:
(2) Gorbachevs popularity in Russia:
d. In 19861987, Reagans two-fisted anticommunism and the eagerness of his staff backfired badly in the so-called
Iran-_____________ affair. When Congress wouldnt fund those trying to overthrow the Sandinistas in Nicaragua,
Reagan staffers Oliver _______________ and John ____________________ arranged to sell arms to Iran in return for
help freeing hostages in the Middle East, then used the money surreptitiously to fund the contras.
4. Reagans Legacy (pp. 987990)
a. How do the authors summarize Reagans economic legacy?
(1) Budget deficits and national debt (chart, p. 986):
(2) Containment of the welfare state:
(3). Income gap between rich and poor (chart, p. 988):
b. *** How do future generations pay when governments run up big annual budget deficits?
c. The Rev. Jerry _____________ and his Moral _______________ are used as examples of the growing political
power of the religious right. Reagan judicial appointees, including the first woman Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day
____________________, began to carry out this conservative social agenda. Two cases, especially the 1989
______________ v. Reproductive Health Services case, began to chip away at the abortion rights guarantees of Roe v.
__________. *** Do you have a view on the proper stance of the federal government relative to abortion?
d. Page 990 summarizes some of the ethical lapses of the Reagan administration, the savings-and-loan and bank
bailouts, and the financial wheeling-dealing characteristic of the 1980s. However, Reagans VP George _________
defeated Democrat Michael ___________ in the 1988 election.
5. End of the Cold War (pp. 990994) The speed with which the stampede toward more democratic forms of
government took place in the late 1980s was truly astounding. China introduced capitalist principles into its economy,
but remained staunchly communist politically, violently subduing a prodemocracy movement in
________________________ Square in 1989. But communist regimes collapsed in most Eastern European countries;
the ______________ Wall between the east and west sectors of that city was torn down and the divided country of
_________________ was re-unified. The Soviet Union itself disintegrated into its constituent states and its leader,
Mikhail _____________________, resigned in late 1991. Absolutely no one foresaw the speed with which this
transformation would take place. What do the authors see as the consequences of the dramatic end to the Cold War in
the following areas?
(1) Future of democracy:
(2) Ethnic conflicts:
(3) U.S. foreign policy:
(4) U.S. economy:
6. Persian Gulf War (pp. 994996) With the Cold War over and the world more united than at any time since 1945,
Saddam ___________________ picked a bad time to try to take over oil-rich Kuwait in 1990. With Russian
cooperation, the _______________ Nations approved first economic sanctions and then military action against Iraq.
The United States assembled a multinational force under General StorminNorman ______________________,
which unleashed precision bombing and a four-day invasion of Iraq code-named Operation _______________
______________. Though defeated, Saddam was not removed from power and the Middle East region remained
extremely unstable. *** Why do you think the United States moved so aggressively when one small country invaded
another on the other side of the world?
7. Bush to Clinton (pp. 9961000) This section focuses on the social and economic issues that dominated the Bush
administration. The lightening rod was Bushs nomination of conservative African-American Clarence
_______________ to the Supreme Court. His anti-affirmative action and supposedly anti-abortion stance were
highlighted at his ultimately successful televised confirmation hearings. These hearings were further dramatized by
charges of sexual harassment from former associate Anita ______________. On the economic front, a stagnant
economy and continued high budget deficits haunted Bush and opened the way for a Democratic challenge in the
1992 election. In this election, young, energetic, and telegenic Democrat Bill ________________ of
_____________________ defeated the incumbent George _____________ and third-party candidate Ross
___________. Though previously a quite liberal Democrat, Clintons term in office is covered in a chapter titled The
Resurgence of Conservatism. Look at the authors discussion of the Democratic ______________________ Council
on p. 999. How and why did Clinton and other _______ Democrats help change the orientation of the Democratic
Party prior to this election?
8. Clintons Diverse Domestic Agenda (pp. 10001005)

a. Though some 37 million people were without healthcare coverage, Clinton made a major political blunder early in
his administration by proposing an overly complex and ultimately defeated healthcare reform package put together by
a task force led by his wife _________________. She then retreated to the background and Clinton contented himself
with pushing more moderate efforts such as gun control legislation and deficit reduction measures. In 1994, a
conservative reaction led by Rep. Newt ______________________ and his ____________________ with America
produced a strong right-wing majority in Congress. This Congress, with some support from Clinton, produced the
_________________ Reform Bill of 1996, which has combined drastically reduced welfare benefits with incentives
for recipients to be trained for and find employment. However, the radical Republicans quickly overplayed their hand
and Clinton was able to defeat easily the Republican candidate Robert ________________ in the 1996 election.
Economic performance strengthened in the late 1990s, led by new advances in technology, communications, and the
internet. Increased tax revenues led to government surpluses for the first time in decades and led to debates about
whether these surpluses should be used to pay the national debt or to reduce taxes. Clinton supported growing trends
toward globalization by pushing the North American _________ ____________ Agreement (NAFTA) and creation
of the _____________ _________________ Organization (WTO). Protests against these trends emerged at a WTO
meeting in __________________ in 1999. *** What does the term globalization mean to you?
b. The authors also discuss here the growing efforts to make _________________ companies pay for the staggering
public health costs of smoking and the battle with the National ____________ Association (NRA) over the easy
availability of handguns. *** Do you feel that stronger government restrictions on the ownership of handguns would
be the solution to increasing violence like the violence that occurred at ___________________ High School in
Colorado in 1999?
9. Clinton Overseas (pp. 10051007) The authors here mention the search for a new postCold War international
strategy and mention the rather ad hoc involvement in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Middle East under
Clinton. *** What are your thoughts on Americas new international role? Should we get involved in international
crises only when our direct interests are clearly at stake? Or should we intervene when we feel that people are in
danger or that instability may spread? Should we act alone or as part of international groupings?
10. Clinton to Bush II (pp. 10071011) Scandal related to his personal conduct hounded Clinton. Beginning with an
investigation of some land dealings, special prosecutor Kenneth ________ nabbed Clinton for lying about a sexual
affair with former intern Monica ____________. The Republicans in the House seized on this to bring articles of
impeachment, but the Senate trial concluded that his reprehensible actions did not constitute high crimes and
misdemeanors. In the 2000 election, the challenge for Democratic candidate Al _______ was to distance himself
from this scandal while taking credit for the strong economy. Though winning in the popular vote, he lost in the
Electoral College to Republican George W. ______________ after the Supreme Court finally ruled on disputed
ballots and procedures in the key state of ____________.
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Modern Conservatism
1. In the first two paragraphs, how do the authors describe the traditional view of conservatives held by the
progressive and New Left historians?
2. In paragraph 4, how do the authors say that some historians writing in the Reagan era re-evaluated this traditional
interpretation?
3. In paragraph 3, the authors say that what flowed out of the turbulent decade of the 1960s was not a strengthened
liberalism, but a revived conservatism. List three developments of the 1960s and 1970s that the authors indicate (in
paragraph 5) may have challenged traditional beliefs and thereby contributed to the conservative reaction and revival
of the late twentieth century.
(1)
(2)
(3)

Resurgence of Conservatism
Pages 976979
Old Right
New Right movement
Ronald Reagan
Jimmy Carter
Sen. Edward Kennedy
Pages 979981
Iranian hostage release (1981)
James Watt
California tax revolt (Proposition 13) (1978)
Welfare state
Boll weevils
Supply-side economics (Reaganomics)
Yuppies
Pages 981987
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or Star Wars)
Solidarity
1984 Olympic boycott
Sandinistas
Contra rebels
Walter Mondale
Geraldine Ferraro
Mikhail Gorbachev
Glastnost
Perestroika
Geneva (1985) and Reykjavik (1986) summits
INF Treaty (1987)
Moscow summit (1988)

Ferdinand Marcos
Corazon Aquino
Iran-Contra affair (1986)
Oliver North
Pages 987990
Supply-side economic theory
Rev. Jerry Falwell
Moral Majority
Sandra Day OConnor
Abortion Rulings:
Webster v. RHS (1989)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Robert Bork
Savings and loan crisis
Third world debt crisis
Leveraged buyouts
Black Monday (October 19, 1987)
Gary Hart
Jesse Jackson
Michael Dukakis
Pages 990994
George H. W. Bush
Tiananmen Square (1989)
Berlin wall (1989)
German reunification (1990)
Boris Yeltsin
Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)
Commonwealth of Independent States
START II accord (1993)
Ethnic cleansing
Nelson Mandela
Pages 994996
Panama invasion (1989)
Manuel Noriega
Saddam Hussein
Kuwait invasion (1990)
Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf
Operation Desert Storm (1991)
Pages 9961000
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990)
Clarence Thomas (1991)
Anita Hill
Bill Clinton
Albert Gore
Democratic Leadership Council
H. Ross Perot
Pages 10001005
Dont ask, dont tell
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Brady Bill
Newt Gingrich
Contract with America
Welfare reform bill (1996)
Sen. Robert Dole
California Proposition 209
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993)
World Trade Organization (WTO) (1994)
Globalization
Sen. John McCain

Columbine High School (1999)
National Rifle Association (NRA)
Million Mom March (2000)
Pages 10051007
Somalia (1993)
Jean Bertrand Aristide
Slobodan Milosevic
Kosovo (1999)
Yitzhak Rabin
Yasir Arafat
Madeleine Albright
Pages 10071011
Whitewater
Vincent W. Foster, Jr.
Monica Lewinsky
Paula Jones
Kenneth Starr
Rep. Henry Hyde
William Rehnquist
Clinton impeachment/trial (19981999)
Joseph Lieberman
Ralph Nader
George W. Bush
Dick Cheney

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3. Direct and Indirect Discovery of America (pp. 1014)

4. Worlds Collide (pp. 1416)

5. Spanish Conquistadores (pp. 1624)

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Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

CHAPTER 1 TERM SHEET

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Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

3. Maryland and the Southern Colonies (pp. 3341)

(2) North Carolina:

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Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

CHAPTER 2 TERM SHEET

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Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

(2) Good works vs. predestination:

(3) Signs of conversion, grace, membership in the elect :

(4) Visible saints only as church members:

b. What were the Puritans trying to purify?

e. What eventually happened to the small Plymouth Colony in 1691?

2. Massachusetts Bay Colony (pp. 4649)

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

e. What is the most distinguishing characteristic of Rhode Island?

5. Pennsylvania and the Middle Colonies (pp. 5963)

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

(2) Current Perspectives:

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

CHAPTER 3 TERM SHEET

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

2. Colonial Slavery (pp. 7073)

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

Virginia and the South

4. Evolving Life in New England (pp. 78-83)

(3) Your View:

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

CHAPTER 4 TERM SHEET

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

3. Economics (pp. 9194)

(2) the Chesapeake region:

(3) the deeper South:

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

4. Religion (pp. 9497)

(3) No official religion:

5. Education, Culture, Politics (pp. 97103)

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

d. Who could vote in most colonies?

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Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition

CHAPTER 5 TERM SHEET

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