Color Processing

Color Image Processing
EEE 6209 Digital Image Processing
Outline
Motivation and Color Fundamentals
Standard Color Models (RGB/CMYK/HSI)
Demosaicing and Color Filtering
Pseudo-color and Full-color Image Processing
Color Transformation
Tone and Color Corrections
Color Image Smoothing, Sharpening, Segmentation,
Edge detection, and Denoising
Assignments
Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Motivation
Color is a powerful descriptors that simplifies feature extraction
and object identification from a scene
HVS is sensitive to thousands of color shades or intensities
instead of two dozens of shades of gray
Basics
Color spectrum of visible light has six broad regions, viz.,
Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (ViBGYOR)
Achromatic light is void of color. Chromatic light spans
electromagnetic spectrum from 400 nm to 700 nm.
Radiance is the amount of light energy radiates from light
source in Watts. Luminance is the energy perceives by viewer in
Lumen. Infrared spectrum may have significant radiance but zero
luminance
Brightness is a subjective measure, depends on the
reflectance or absorption characteristics of the observed body

Color Spectrum
Color spectrum of white light passing through a prism.

Experimented by Sir Isaac Newton in 1666

Absorption Characteristics
65% cones
are sensitive to
Red
33% cones
are for Green
2% cones
are for Blue,
but very
sensitive!
Absorption characteristics experimented in 1965.

Primary and Secondary Colors

In 1931, CIE (Commission Internationale de lEcairage
International Commission on Illumination) designated three
primary color : Blue = 435.8 nm, Green = 546.1 nm, and Red =
700 nm long before absorption characteristics are obtained.
Additive mixing of primary color lights provides secondary color
of lights: Magenta= Red+Blue, Cyan= Green+Blue,
Yellow=Red+Green.
Additive mixing primary color lights is used as principle of
modern display devices. CRT (cathode ray tube) uses electron
sensitive phosphor. LCD (liquid crystal displays) uses thin film
transistors (TFTs) to block or pass polarized light. In plasma units
pixels are tiny gas cells coated with phosphor.

Primary and Secondary Colors
Pigments act like

subtractive colors, and
hence mixtures of pigments
provide common primary
color of light. For example,
Magenta and Yellow
provides Red color.

Characteristics of Color
Brightness Achromatic notion of intensity.
Hue Dominant wavelength in the mixture of light waves, i.e.,
dominant color perceived by observer, say, Red
Saturation Relative purity or the amount of white light mixed
with a hue. For example, pink (red+white) and lavendar
(violet+white) are saturated. Degree of saturation is inversely
proportional to the amount of white light.
Chromaticity Hue and saturation together is the chromaticity.
Any color is specified a combination of tristimulus values
denotes as X (Red), Y (Green), and Z (Blue)

Characteristics of Color
A color is thus specified by trichromatic coefficients
X
Y
z
; y=
; z=
x=
X +Y + Z
X +Y + Z
X +Y + Z
x + y + z =1
CIE chromaticity diagram For a given value of x (red) and y
(green), a corresponding value of z=1-(x+y), i.e., blue is obtained
A color is thus specified by trichromatic coefficients
Any triangle inside chromaticity diagram shows all possible
colors which may be obtained mixing only three distinct
wavelength primary electromagnetic waves.

Chromaticity Diagram

Color Gamuts
CRT Display
Printing

RGB Color Model

Color space in terms of three primary colors of light, viz. Red,
Green, and Blue
Hardware oriented models, e.g., monitors, video camera,
internet etc.
Number of bits used to represent a pixel is called pixel-depth.
For a 8-bit image one needs 24 bits in color space
24-bit color cube

Coordinate

RGB Color Model
Acquiring the RGB

image in the reverse
process shown
Three hidden planes

in the cube

Safe RGB Colors

In practice, only 216
colors known as allsystem safe colors are
used in the internet and
represented by two
hexadecimal numbers
for each color
safe color cube


CMY/CMYK Color Model

Color space in terms of the primary colors of pigment, viz.
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, or Black
Printer or copier those use pigments on paper considers this
model. Four-color printing refers to CMYK model
Conversion of RGB and CMY model:
C
M
Y
1 R
= 1 G

1 B

HSI Color Model

Color space in terms of its Hue, Saturation and
Brightness
The model is used for interpretation of human
understanding of colors
This model is used for image processing.
The model decouples the intensity component from the
color descriptors
It is known that Hue purity of color
It is also known that Saturation degree of pure color
(diluted with white color)

HSI and RGB Color Model

Intensity of HSI space is the projection of a point on the
vertical line (connected line between black and white, called
intensity axis) shown in the RGB space
Locus of the color points lie on the plane perpendicular to the
intensity axis.
Conceptual
model in HSI
space

Hue/Saturation in HSI Model

The color vector perpendicular to the intensity axis creates a
triangular or hexagonal shape with the boundaries of the cube
or circular shape inside the cube.
The saturation is the length of the color vector. Hue is the
angle of the vector.

Hue/Saturation in HSI Model
Hue and saturation in the

triangular or circular color
planes

RGB to HSI Model

H =
Hue
360
with
= cos 1
[(R
if
B G
if
B > G
[(R
2
G)
1
2
G ) + (R B
+ (R B
3
Saturation S = 1
(R + G + B
Intensity
1
(R + G + B
I =
3
)
)
)(G
)]
)] 2
1
[min {R , G , B }]

HSI to RGB Model

RG Sector (0 0 H < 120
S cos H
B = I (1 S ); R = I 1 +
; G = 3 I- (R + B
0
cos 60 H
GB Sector
(120
H < 240
H = H 120
S cos H
R = I (1 S ); G = I 1 +
; B = 3 I- (R + G
0
cos 60 H
BR Sector
G =
I (1
S );
(240
H 360
H = H 240
S cos H
B = I 1 +
; R = 3 I- (R + B
0
cos 60 H

Components of HSI Model
(a) Original RGB

image. The
component images
are (b) Hue (c)
Saturation (d) Intensity
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Image Demosaicing
Demosaicing is a process of obtaining a full color image from
incomplete color samples
A single image sensor associated with the color filter array
(CFA) performs the demosaicing
A digital camera may store the raw data so that user-defined
software for CFA may be chosen instead of built-in firmware.
Problems of image demosaicing includes chromatic aliases,
zippering (abrupt change in intensity), and purple fringing.
Most commonly used CFA for demosaicing is the Bayer
Filter.

Bayer Filter
Bayer Filter has alternating Red
(R) and Green (G) filters in odd rows
and alternating Blue (B) and Green
(G) filters in the even rows.
Green filters are twice since HVS is
widely sensitive to Green color!
Optical anti-aliasing filter is used
between sensor and lens.
Image
due to
CFA
Original
CFA on pixel array

of image sensor
Reconstructed
(Adobe)

Pseudocolor Image Processing

In intensity slicing, a set of intensity levels are coded with a
particular color
Functional diagram
Geometric interpretation

Intensity Slicing
Monochrome is
color coded
Two colors
Eight colors

Intensity Slicing
Monochrome is color coded for SAR images

Pseudo-color Processing
Pseudo-color enhancement by gray level to color transformation
Explosive
detection

Two gray level transformation
functions for detection of
explosives in a luggage in a
typical airport
Functional diagram

Pseudo-color enhancement
of multispectral images
(a)-(d) Images of four

bands. (e) First three are
treated as RGB
components (f) Infrared
image is shown in red
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)

Pseudo-color enhancement
in terms of material deposition,
e.g., sulfur content shown in
yellow for Jupiter moon Io

Full-color Processing
Full-color processing uses independent mask processing of
individual RGB components

Full-color Processing
Components for full

color processing in
different color spaces

General transformation
For RGB or CMY or HSI
For CMYK
Color mapping
HSI
s 3 = kr 3
RGB
s i = kr i
CMY
s i = T i (r1 , r 2 , L , r n
n = 3
n = 4
(0 < k
(0 < k
s i = kr i + (1 k )
< 1 ) s 1 = r1 s 2 = r 2
< 1 ) i = 1, 2 ,3
(0
< k < 1 ) i = 1, 2 ,3

Intensity
reduction by
33% in three
different color
spaces using
full-color
processing

Color Complements
Hues directly
opposite to color
circle are called
color complements
Complements
are used to
generate color film
negatives

Color Complements
(a) Original image
(b) Transformation
functions for
generating
complements (c)
Resultant image for
RGB space (d)
Resultant image for
HSI space
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Color Slicing
Selection of a color using a hypercube in a color space
Red color in the RGB space using two

different set of cubes

Tone and Color Corrections

Digital darkroom Allows tone adjustment and color
corrections digitally by avoiding traditional wet processing
Most common use are photo enhancement and color
reproduction in the printing media and compression
For adjustment or corrections device-independent color
model should be used
Many color management system (CMS) consider the CIE
L * a *b *
or simply CIELAB model
CIELAB is proposed in 1976

CIELAB Model
The L * a * b * color components are
Y
16
L * = 116 h
YW
X
h
a * = 500 h
XW
Y
h
b* = 200 h
YW
where
Y
YW
Z
ZW
3 q
h (q ) =
16
7 . 787 q +
116
q > 0 . 008856
q 0 . 008856

CIELAB Model
The X W , YW , ZW
are the reference white tristimulus

values of a perfectly reflecting diffuser under CIE standard D65
illumination, which is defined as x=0.3127 and y=0.3290 in the
CIE chromaticity diagram
Features of
L * a *b *
color space
Colormetric Colors perceived as matching are

encoded identically.
Uniform perceptuality Color differences among
various hues are perceived uniformly
Device independent and gamut encompasses the
entire visible spectrum
Transformation to another color space is common

CIELAB Model
Other features of
L * a *b *
color space
Transformation to another color space is necessary

Excellent decoupler of intensity L * and color
Red-Green and b * for Green-Blue
a * for
Tonal adjustment and color corrections are done

independently and interactively (in other words
sequentially)
Three common tonal ranges (or key types) are (i) Highkey (colors at high intensities) (ii) Low-key (colors at low
intensities) (iii) Middle-key (lie in between high and lowkeys)
Intensites should be uniform in colors or shadows

Tonal Transformation
Tonal or contrast
correction and
corresponding
transformation function in
RGB color space
MiddleKey
HighKey
LowKey

Color balancing
correction and
corresponding
transformation function in
CMYK color space

Histogram Processing
Histogram equalization
followed by saturation
adjustment in HSI color
space

Processing of Color Image

RGB Components
HSI Components

Smoothing of Color Image
(a) (b) (c)
Image smoothing by 55 averaging mask using (a) RGB

components and (b) Intensity component of HSI space.
(c) Absolute difference between (a) and (b)

Sharpening of Color Image
(a) (b) (c)
Image sharpening by Laplacian using (a) RGB

components and (b) Intensity component of HSI space.
(c) Absolute difference between (a) and (b)

Segmentation of Color Image

Approaches for enclosing data regions for RGB vector
segmentation

Segmentation of Color Image

(a) Original RGB image (b)
Segmented region of red
color from the image
(a)
(b)

Gradient of Color Image

Gradient of color image
Maximum rate of
change would be at
2 g xy
1
1
(x, y ) = tan
2
g xx g yy
R
G
B
+
g xx =
+
x
x
x
2
R
G
B
g yy =
+
+
y
y
y
R R G G B B
g xy =
+
+
x y x y x y
The maximum gradient would be
F (x, y ) = {(g xx + g yy ) + (g xx g yy )cos 2 (x, y ) + 2 g xy sin 2 (x, y )}

2

Gradient of Color Image

(a) Original color image (b) Color
gradient (c) Added result of
individual gradients of RGB
components (d) Absolute
difference between (b) and (c)
Individual
gradients of RGB
components
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Noisy Color Image

(a) Red (b) Green (c)
Blue components of
RGB color space for
AWGN (d) Noisy
color image
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Noisy Color Image

(a) (b) (c)
(a) Hue (b) Saturation (c) Intensity components of HSI color

image for AWGN

Noisy Color Image

(a) Color image
corrupted by Saltand-Pepper noise (b)
Hue (c) Saturation (d)
Intensity components
of HSI color space
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Assignments
Problem #1
Problem #2

Assignments
Problem #3
Derive the CMY intensity mapping function from its RGB counterpart.
Problem #4

Color Processing

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Color Processing

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Color Image Processing

EEE 6209 Digital Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Color spectrum of white light passing through a prism.

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Primary and Secondary Colors

Color Image Processing

Primary and Secondary Colors

Pigments act like

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

RGB Color Model

24-bit color cube

Color Image Processing

RGB Color Model

Acquiring the RGB

Three hidden planes

Color Image Processing

Safe RGB Colors

safe color cube

Color Image Processing

CMY/CMYK Color Model

Color Image Processing

HSI Color Model

Color Image Processing

HSI and RGB Color Model

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Hue/Saturation in HSI Model

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Hue/Saturation in HSI Model

Hue and saturation in the

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

RGB to HSI Model

Color Image Processing

HSI to RGB Model

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Components of HSI Model

(a) Original RGB

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

CFA on pixel array

Color Image Processing

Pseudocolor Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman

Color Image Processing

Dr. S. M. Mahbubur Rahman