KINGDOM: ANIMALIA (Metazoans)

9 10 Million species
800,000 identified
36 official Phyla
108 classes
Mostly marine, few are in fresh water, fewer are
in land
Made up of organic molecules
Capable of Growth
Capable of reproduction
Irritable
Have a definite size and shape
Mostly motile
I. PHYLUM: ACANTHOCEPHALA
(Gr) akanthos= thorn + kephale= head

II.

Annelid worms have a body cavity called a

coelom which provides room for organ
development.
Examples:
- Hirudo Verbana
- Hirudo Medicinalis
- Nereis (The Sandworm)
- Pheretima (Earthworm)
- Tubiflex (Bloodworm)
- Leeches

3 CLASSES:
1.Class: Hirudinea
- Terrestrial
- Monoecious
- Segmentation inconspicuous
- Example:
o Hirudo Verbana
Thorny/spiny-headed worms
o Hirudo Medicinalis
With eversible proboscis
2.Class: Olygochaeta
1150 species
- Terrestrial
Parasitic members
- Monoecious
Found in invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds,
- Segmentation conspicuous
3.Class: Polychaeta
mammals
- Marine
Example:
- Dioecious
- Macrachanthorhyncus hirudinaceous
- Segmentation conspicuous
PHYLUM: ANNELIDA (segmented animals)
III.
PHYLUM:
BRYOZOA Moss Animals
(Annelus=a ring; segmented worms)
AKA Polyzoa, Ectoprocta
Moss animals
With fine bristle like setae for locomotion
Mostly marine, few are in fresh and brackish
Digestive tract complete
waters
Metanephridia for excretion
Mostly colonial (zooids)
Hydrostatic skeleton
5000 species
Circulatory system: with hemoglobin and other
Example:
pigments
- Triphyllozoon Trifoliatum
Has 5 hearts
Employ cutaneous respiration
IV. PHYLULM: CNIDARIA/COELENTERATA
Animal body is soft, elongated, bilateral, flattened. (two-layered animals)
(koilos=hollow; enteron= gut)
Body is divided into segments by rings like
groove and annule.
10,000 species
Body bears locomotory appendages, parapodia,
With Cnidocytes/Namatocysts
setae.
Symmetry: Radial
Alimentary canal is complete, straight and
No anus, head or other organ systems
extends from mouth to anus. These are first
animals to have true body cavity.
With gastrovascular cavity
The specialized cells called metanephridia helps
Habitat: Aquatic
in excretion.
Stages/ Body types:
Closed circulatory system has appeared and
1. Polyp- vase shaped
nervous system starts developing.
2.Medusa- umbrella shaped (ex. Sea Anemone)
Reproduction occurs by sexual means. Sexes may
They may be solitary or colonial.
be separate (unisexual) or united
They have tissue level of organization but lacks
(hermaphroditic).
organ and organ system. Symmetry is radial.

 It has a single aperture, the mouth. It has no anus.

Mouth bears tentacles (flexible processes).
They have special stinging cells, called
cnidoblasts for defense purposes.
Reproduction is mainly asexual but sometimes
undergoes sexual reproduction.
Fertilization may be internal or external. Hard
skeleton occurs in corals
Examples:
- Anemones
- Aurelia
- Chironex Fleckeri
- Fire Corals
- Hydra
- Jellyfish
- Sea Pens
- Sea Fans
- Other Corals In Deep Waters
4 CLASSES:
1. CLASS: ANTHOZOA
- Exclusively polyps
- Exclusively marine
- Some have a symbiotic relationship with
algae (e.g. Scleractinian corals and
Symbiodinium )
- In shallow waters
- Example:
o Anemones
o Sea Pens
o Sea Fans
o Other Corals In Deep Waters
2.CLASS: CUBOZOA
- Box jellies
- Have 4 tentacles/groups of tentacles
- Have well-developed eyes
- 20species in tropical, subtropical regions
- Example:
o Chironex Fleckeri
3.CLASS: HYDROZOA
- With polyp and medusa stages
- Usually colonial
- In fresh and marine waters
- Polyps reproduce asexually
- Medusae reproduce sexually
- Example:
o Fire Coral
o Hydra (fresh water polyp)
o Siphonphore
4.CLASS: SCYPHOZOA
- With polyp and medusa stages
- 12 mm 2m in diameter
- Exclusively marine
- Mostly pelagic, free swimming forms

- Cnidocytes in oral arms instead of

peripheral
- Example:
o Aurelia (jelyfish)

V.

PHYLUM: NEMATODA (round worms)

Pseudocoelomate
10,000 spp.
Mostly free living, few parasitic
Mostly dioecious, some are parthenogenetic
Dimorphic
Animal body is cylindrical, flattened, bilateral,
triploblastic(third layer), unsegmented.
Size of the body varies from microscopic to
several centimeters in length.
Body wall is covered with tough cuticle. Cilia
are absent.
Pseudocoelom (false body cavity) is present.
Digestive track is complete, with a mouth at one
end where food enters, and an opening at the
other end where wastes exit.
Sexes are separate (bisexual).
These are generally parasites and causes
diseases.
They may be free living in soil or water.
Not segmented
Examples
Anisakis Simplex
Ascaris (intestinal sound-worm),
Ascaris Lumbricoides (intestinal soundworm)
Dracunculus Medinensis
Hookworm
Loa loa
Pinworm filarial worm
Trichinella (pork worm)
Trichuris Trichiura
Tubatrix Aceti
Wuchereia Bancrofti (elephant)

2 CLASSES:
1.
CLASS: ADENOPHOREA
- Without phasmids
- Egg with bipolar plugs
- Anterior end with stichocytes
- Caudal end has no papillae/spines
- Example:
o Trichuris Trichiura
2.
CLASS: SECERNENTEA
- With phasmids
- Egg without bipolar plugs
- Caudal end with papillae/spines

VI.

- Example:
o Anisakis Simplex
o Ascaris Lumbricoides (intestinal
sound-worm)
o Dracunculus Medinensis
o Loa loa
o Tubatrix Aceti
o Wuchereia Bancrofti (elephant)
PHYLUM: PORIFERA (sponges)
( Porus=pore; ferre=bear; sponges)

Larva: free swimming

Adult: Sessile
Skeleton: Spicules and/or Spongin fibers
Habitat: Aquatic
Body is lined with choanocytes
Porifera are commonly called sponges, mostly
marine but may live in fresh water.
Mostly sessile (stalk less) and attach to
substratum.
They are asymmetrical.
They have cellular level organization.
They have a single large opening called osculum.
(intake and exit of food through a single
opening). They lack mouth, digestive cavity
and anus.
Sponges are covered with hard outer skeleton.
Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.
Examples:
Anthella Basta
Boring Sponge
Chalinula Nematifera
Clathrina Clathrus
Euplectella
Phakellia
Scypha
Staurocalyptus

4 CLASSES:
1. CLASS: CALCAREA
- Calcareous spicules
- Exclusively marine (Tropical)
- <10cm tall
- 400 species
- Examples:
o Clathrina Clathrus
o Scypha
2. CLASS: DEMOSPONGJAE
- 81% of sponge species
- Endoskeleton= Si spicules + spongin
fibers
- Marine and fresh water
- <1m in width

- Example:
o Boring Sponge
o Ianthella basta
o Phakellia
3. CLASS: HEXACTINELLIDA (6 spines)
- Phylum Symplasma
- Siliceous spicules
- Exclusively marine
- Habitat in 450-900 m (Antarctic and N.
Pacific)
- 10-30 cm in height
- Example:
o Euplectella
o Staurocalyptus
4. CLASS: SCLEROSPONGIA
- Coralline sponges
- Endoskeleton= CaCO3
- Long lived: 500 1000 years
- Exclusively marine
- Example:
o Chalinula Nematifera
Sponge Development
zygote free swimming larva, interted
luna, sessile stage

VII.

PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES (flat worms)

(platys=flat; helmins=worm; flatworm)

Symmetry: bilateral
Very thin and flat
Triploblastic
Acoelomate
Gut is blind-ended
Marine, fresh water, terrestrial
These are most primitive, soft, leaf or ribbon like
organisms without segmentation.
These are mostly parasites, few are free living.
They attach to the host by suckers or hooks.
They are the first animals to have third primary
germ layer, this shows tissue differentiation
leading to organ formation.
Digestive track is incomplete. They have flamecells for excretion.
They are mostly hermaphrophite (bisexual).
First animals to have a head.
Example:
Diplyidium Caninum
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Dugesia (Planaria)
Fasciola (Liver Fluke)
Faciolopsis Buski
Fasciola Spp.

Liver Fluke
Paragonimus
Schistosoma Spp.
Taenia Solium
Taenia Saginata
Taenia Solium (Tape Worms)

3 CLASSES:
1. CLASS: CESTODA
- Parasitic
- Monoecious
- Example:
o Diplyidium Caninum
o Diphyllobothrium Latum (sushi)
o Taenia Saginata (meat/beef)
o Taenia Solium (bbq)
2.CLASS: TREMATODA
- Parasitic
- Mostly monoecious
- Example:
o Faciolopsis Buski
o Fasciola Spp.
o Paragonimus
o Schistosoma spp.
3.CLASS: TURBELLARIA
- Free-living
- Marine, fresh water, terrestrial
- Monoecious
- Example:
o Dugesia